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Question 9: Use Nyakabungo and Pamba rock hills illustrate how human settlements on rock pose threat to the environment component.(APPOSTLE’S GROUP) Introduction Environment, the environment is derived from “environ” which means “surrounding “ whereby our surrounding including biotic factor like human being , plant , animals microbes a biotic factor such as light, air, water and soil. In general we can say the environment is a complex of many variables, which surrounds man as well as the living organism (Kalavathy 2004) Settlement in geography statistics and archaeology. A settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live. The complicity Settlement can change from a small number of devilling grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized area. Settlement in geography can be defined as the description and analysis of the distribution of buildings by which people attach themselves in land (Kumarasamy 2004) BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Nyakabungo street and Pamba street are the among of the street which are found in Mwanza city council, whereby Nyakabungo is one of the street which is found in Isamilo ward. The Nyakabungo rock hill involve different street like Nyakabungo A, Nyakabungo B, Nyakabungo C and Nyakabungo plain Nyakabungo street and Pamba street are the among of the street which are found in Mwanza city council, whereby Nyakabungo is one of the street which is found in Isamilo ward. The Nyakabungo rock hill involve different street like Nyakabungo Nyakabungo B, Nyakabungo C and Nyakabungo plain. It comprises of 320 houses and house hold 700. According to chair person of streetand also pamba it involve the street like ,Miembeni Avillage, MiembeniB village, sahara viilage, bugando milimani, misheni, bugarika A, Bugarika B, Bugarika C M kanyenye,jeshini and bugandonkani. The pamba street according to the census of 2012 it comprise of household 351 whereby the total number of people are 3586, whereby means are 1687 and women are 1899.(According to chair person of the street). At Nyakabungo and Pamba are among of streets which are found in Rock hills at Mwanza city council, due to their arrangement can lead to cause the threat to the environment through various ways such as following Poor settlement plan, according to Cole (1995), is define as resident of buildings on “planed “or “unplanned” areas which do not have formal planning of approval. Poor settlement contributes environment pollution due to poor controlled settlements development. The results cause problem in the environment and health problem through uncontrolled settlement causing the environment pollution (liquids and sold) which promotes the physical disorder, eruption of disease. And also due to lack of collection points piles of garbage are scattered that tend to affect the environment. At Nyakabungo and Pamba rock hills are among of the streets that facing the problem of poor settlement and result caused environmental problem through shanty settlement slums that facilitate environmental pollution from solid and liquid waste. Poor settlement existed due to the growth of squatter and informal houses all-around the rapidly expansion of human settlement population. Pollution from liquid and solid wastes materials, pollution according to lyke (1987) is the addition of any substance solid, liquid, gas or any form of energy such as heat, sound, to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled or stored in some harmless form. Also pollution is the introduction of contaminant into the natural environment that causes adverse change. The major kind of pollution usually classified by environment are air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. Pollution may be in the form of gas, liquid and solid. At Pamba and Nyakabungo rock hills have high production of domestic wastes which lead to land pollution due to poor waste disposal of liquid and solid wastes which later cause bad smell at Pamba and Nyakabungo rock hills. Inaccessibility problem, (Jenkins,1996) due to poor transport that caused by poor planning of settlement leads to inaccessibility of transporting the wastes from the domestic area to the dumping place At Nyakabungo and Pamba rocky hills there is a problem of a transport system that thus why it could be difficult to transport the wastes from domestic to dumping place. So through facing this problem people produce high amount of wastes, leads to contribute the threats to an environment because of poor accessibility at Nyakabungo and Pamba rock hills from the domestic to the dumping places, it cause the high accumulation of wastes to an environment. So that it promotes the environmental pollution which produces the bad smell at Nyakabungo and Pamba rock hills. Poor sanitation; according to WHO(2010).The word sanitation came from the Latin word sanities that means health refer to the maintenance and delivery of clean hygienic condition that help to prevent diseases through services such as water supply , garbage collection and safe disposal of human waste. At Pamba and Nyakabungo rock hills as our case study the people living in poor sanitation because of the high population, houses have been very closely to one another and the nature of area covered by the rock hence it difficult for them to create the places for dumping the wastes. Poor sanitation affects the environment since the people does not make regular cleanness surrounding the environment. So leads to effect on health such as cholera and diarrhea diseases. The fallowing is the picture which shows poor sanitation at the Pamba and Nyakanungo rocky hills. Poor sewage system, According to the Caimcross & Breman(2006) is the term used for waste water that often contain feces, urine and laundry waste. The people of Pamba and Nyakabungo have produces the liquid waste which includes water from washing, laundry, kitchen, bath and other domestic uses is hazardly to an environment. This disposal practice which pollutes the groundwater that is a major cause of water born diseases that influencing the cholera and diarhoea. This water may be contaminated with the chemicals like from the different soaps. Also this had threatening the life of other living organism in the soil. There are billions of people in the world affected from sewage waste once the system under certain area is not good arranged and organized. Loss of biodiversity; according to Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), the term biodiversity thus refers to the variety of all life on earth, and explicitly recognizes how the interaction of the different components results in the provision of essential ecosystem services on the one hand, social and recreational opportunities on the other, including being a source of inspiration and cultural identity. This was occurred during the preparing the area for creating the new settlement in Pamba and Nyakabungo rocky hill, because people had cleaning the different species of plants and some animal and insect species were killed and others died due to the changes of the environment. This had caused the some species to disappear around those areas due to the different human activities which are continueining around. In those areas there are many houses which indicate that the cleaning of the areas for settlement was higher in order to get the bare land to build. Also the pollutant produced in the home stead like water contaminated with the different chemical soap are threat the biodiversities. In order to remove or to reduce those problems that associated or face people of Pamba and Nyakabungo rock hill are needed to come up with the solution. Example of those solution are town planers should provide settlement plan, to build the qualified toilets, also provided education to the people of Pamba and Nyakabungo hill on how to store waste, how to clean their environment. To encourage them to participate on the meeting in order to share about environmental conservation, introduction of campaign about environmental conservation, also those work collected should be removed at a time. Through those solutions at helps as to reduce or to remove several problems such as spread of diseases, pollution like air pollution, water pollution and land pollution, also it makes the settlement to be attractive. REFERENCE Archie, M.(2003), Advancing Education through Environment Literacy. Alexndaria: VA association center. Cole, L. (1995). National land use plan: Planning policies and proposal. (NLUP_S.01) Zanzibar Jenkins, H.(1996).Access to Environmental Justice in Africa and Asia cities. A Comparative Research methodology, Working Paper No 7School International of Oriental and Africa Stuctus.University of Landon. Lyke, E (1987) Mechanisms for the presentation of pollution . Statement of conference on Constitutional law. Laval university: Quebec October 3. Mensham, B. JG. et al (2006). Discus Control priorities and in developing Countries, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University press. (pp771-792) Vaddmanis, C.S.( 2006S) Supply Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion. In Jamison DT. WHO(2010).Progress on Sanitation and Drinking over 2010 Update. German: word Hearth organization .Gap water. Introduction This study is going to illustrate the effects of human settlements on the environment, as the study topic states that ‘how human settlements on rock hills pose threats to the environment components’ this because now days human activities contributing much in destruction of the environment components. This study is going to provide the background of case, effects of human settlement to the environment components and suggestion on what to do in order to reduce and combat these problems. Environment refers to all physical, chemical and biological factors external to the human host and all related behaviors (Business dictionary). Environment includes total surrounding of human being that is water, air, land and living organisms. Human settlement is defined as a place that contains buildings in which people live, this may contain many or few houses and may cover somekilometers and can be temporary or permanent.

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