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Diagnóstico De Inventarios De Aves Usando Plataformas De Ciencia Ciudadana En Tres Parques Nacionales De Panamá

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Diagnóstico De Inventarios De Aves Usando Plataformas De Ciencia Ciudadana En Tres Parques Nacionales De Panamá Diagnóstico de inventarios de aves usando plataformas de ciencia ciudadana en tres parques nacionales de Panamá Narciso Zapata Branda Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano Honduras Noviembre, 2020 ZAMORANO CARRERA DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO Portadilla Diagnóstico de inventarios de aves usando plataformas de ciencia ciudadana en tres parques nacionales de Panamá Proyecto especial de graduación presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Ingeniero en Ambiente y Desarrollo en el Grado Académico de Licenciatura Presentado por Narciso Zapata Branda Zamorano, Honduras Noviembre, 2020 i Diagnóstico de inventarios de aves usando plataformas de ciencia ciudadana en tres parques nacionales de Panamá Página de firmas Presentado por: Narciso Zapata Branda Aprobado: Oliver Komar, Ph.D. Erika Tenorio, M.Sc. Asesor Principal Directora Departamento de Ambiente y Desarrollo Eric van den Berghe, Ph.D. Luis Fernando Osorio, Ph.D. Asesor Vicepresidente y Decano Académico ii Diagnóstico de inventarios de aves usando plataformas de ciencia ciudadana en tres parques nacionales de Panamá Narciso Zapata Branda Resumen. Los inventarios biológicos son herramientas útiles para establecer planes de manejo y conservación, y para la valoración de servicios ecosistémicos. Las aves son un grupo importante por ser indicadores del estado de un ecosistema. Sin embargo, los inventarios de aves para las áreas protegidas de Panamá contienen información desactualizada y muchas veces poco confiable. Por otro lado, los encargados de áreas protegidas no cuentan con los recursos para financiar este tipo de actividad. Este estudio pretende evaluar plataformas de ciencia ciudadana como una fuente alternativa de inventarios de aves, usando los parques nacionales Volcán Barú, Soberanía y Chagres como ejemplos ilustrativos. Para determinar el avance de los inventarios obtenidos, se calculó el índice propuesto por Gómez de Silva y Medellín, y se elaboraron curvas de acumulación de especies con el programa “EstimateS” (versión 9.1). Se encontró que los inventarios generados con datos de “eBird” fueron más completos que los provenientes de “iNaturalist” y también de estudios realizados por biólogos profesionales. Por ello, se sugiere a los encargados de áreas protegidas considerar el uso de datos de “eBird” en la elaboración de inventarios de aves y/o actualización de los planes de manejo y conservación. Palabras clave: Áreas protegidas, eBird, iNaturalist, inventarios biológicos. Abstract. Biological inventories are useful tools for establishing conservation and management plans, and for valuing ecosystem services. Birds are an important group as they are indicators of ecosystem integrity. However, existing bird inventories for Panamanian protected areas have unreliable and outdated information. On the other hand, protected areas’ managers may not have resources to finance avian inventories. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate citizen science platforms as a source for bird inventories, using Volcán Barú, Soberanía, and Chagres national parks as illustrative examples. To determine the completeness of information from the citizen science platforms, the index proposed by Gómez de Silva and Medellín was applied, and accumulation curves were generated. Inventories generated with eBird data were more complete than those from iNaturalist or surveys conducted by biologists. Protected areas’ managers should consider using the eBird database to elaborate their bird inventories and update their conservation and management plans. Key words: Biological inventories, eBird, iNaturalist, protected areas. iii ÍNDICE GENERAL Portadilla ................................................................................................................... i Página de firmas ........................................................................................................ ii Resumen ................................................................................................................... iii Índice General ........................................................................................................... iv Índice de Cuadros, Figuras y Anexos .......................................................................... v 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 1 2. METODOLOGÍA.................................................................................................... 4 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................. 8 4. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................... 16 5. RECOMENDACIONES.......................................................................................... 17 6. LITERATURA CITADA ........................................................................................ 18 7. ANEXOS ................................................................................................................. 22 iv ÍNDICE DE CUADROS, FIGURAS Y ANEXOS Cuadros Página 1. Lista de "hotspots" existentes en “eBird” para cada una de las áreas de estudio. .......... 8 2. Índice de Gómez de Silva y Medellín para los inventarios generados haciendo uso de plataformas de ciencia ciudadana............................................................................... 9 3. Índice de Gómez de Silva y Medellín para los inventarios publicados por biólogos. .... 14 Figuras Página 1. Sección de la lista de aves por semana del PN Volcán Barú. ....................................... 6 2. Estimación de la curva de acumulación de especies para el PN Volcán Barú. .............. 10 3. Estimación de la curva de acumulación de especies para el PN Soberanía. .................. 10 4. Estimación de la curva de acumulación de especies para el PN Chagres...................... 11 5. Determinación de asíntotas de especies totales para las diferentes áreas protegidas...... 11 6. Número de especies (acumulativo) y listas completas (por año) ingresadas en “eBird” cada año durante el período 2000 – 2020, para el PN Volcán Barú.............................. 12 7. Número de especies (acumulativo) y listas completas (por año) ingresadas en “eBird” cada año durante el período 2000 – 2020, para el PN Soberanía.................................. 13 8. Número de especies (acumulativo) y listas completas (por año) ingresadas en “eBird” cada año durante el período 2000 – 2020, para el PN Chagres. ................................... 13 Anexos Página 1. Inventarios de aves del Parque Nacional Volcán Barú extraídos de “eBird” e “iNaturalist” al 9 de septiembre de 2020 .................................................................... 22 2. Inventarios de aves del Parque Nacional Soberanía extraídos de “eBird” e “iNaturalist” al 9 de septiembre de 2020 ........................................................................................ 40 3. Inventarios de aves del Parque Nacional Chagres extraídos de “eBird” e “iNaturalist” al 9 de septiembre de 2020 ........................................................................................ 61 4. Inventarios de aves publicados por biólogos para el PN Volcán Barú. ......................... 81 v 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Los inventarios biológicos constituyen una herramienta útil en la planificación de estrategias de conservación de especies (Duran y Molina, 2020). Además, la documentación de la biodiversidad juega un papel importante en los procesos de valoración de servicios ecosistémicos (Bennett et al., 2015; Mace, Norris y Fitter, 2012). Sin embargo, al requerir personal especializado como biólogos y ornitólogos, realizar esta actividad puede resultar muy costoso (Betancur y Cañón, 2016; Cruz, Martínez, Fontenla, y Mancina, 2017). Esto dificulta su implementación por parte de los administradores de áreas protegidas de Panamá, lo que se evidencia en que los planes de manejo no tienen información actualizada de la biodiversidad existente en dichas áreas (Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente [ANAM], 2004, 2005; Ministerio de Ambiente, 2017). Por otro lado, el uso de plataformas de ciencia ciudadana representa una gran oportunidad para obtener información sobre la biodiversidad de varias localidades, sin costo alguno (Nugent, 2018; Sullivan et al., 2017; Tejeda y Medrano, 2018a). En los últimos años se ha reconocido que la diversidad biológica es una de las bases del desarrollo (Delgado-Ramos, 2015). El Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica (CDB) define la biodiversidad como la variabilidad en todos los organismos vivos y en todos los ecosistemas (Organización de las Naciones Unidas [ONU], 1992). Sin embargo, y a pesar de lo amplio del concepto, este se puede simplificar a nivel local como la cantidad de especies presentes en una zona determinada (Cruz et al., 2017; Villarreal et al., 2006). Debido a la importancia que representa la biodiversidad en la sociedad, cada vez más estudios se enfocan en cuantificarla y caracterizarla. Una de las herramientas que se han propuesto para realizar esta actividad son los inventarios biológicos, los cuales permiten conocer la diversidad de especies de una región, a la vez que pueden ser útiles para elaborar líneas base para programas de monitoreo biológico (Cruz et al., 2017). Los inventarios biológicos se constituyen como listas de especies reportadas para un espacio geográfico; algunas veces presentan datos de abundancia, endemismo, e incluso sobre el estado de conservación (Medina, Macana y Sánchez, 2015). Además, estos sirven
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