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The Development of Modern Medical and Health Services in the Warri/Delta Province, Nigeria 1906-1960

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The Development of Modern Medical and Health Services in the Warri/Delta Province, Nigeria 1906-1960 o;i.os .. 0;2, . 2 6 Ff.V. 1998 RG U /J03li :l, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEDICAL AND REALTH SERVICES . IN THE WARRI/DELTA PROVINCE, NIGERIA 190G-19GO .. coc1ca -· By SAMUEL CHUKWUDORUEM AGUDOSIM B.A.(Hons) (History), lbadan( M.A. (History) Ibadan ,,) A Thesis in the Department .ofHîstory Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHJLOSOPB.Y of . THE UNIVERSITY OF fflADAN CODESRIA - LIBRARY January, 1997 ii ABSTRACT This study examines the development of modem medical and health services in the Warri/Delta Province during the colonial period, emphasizing policies affecting development, their implementation and factors influencing acceptance or rejection of modem treatment by the people. It also highlights the contributions of the Delta peoples to the development programmes. Collaboration between governmental agencies ( central, provincial, local and regional governments) on the one hand and governmental and non-governmental agencies (Christian missions, commercial companies, individuals and communities) on the other hand constituted the bed rock of the developmentLIBRARY of modem medicine in the Warri/Delta Province. To maintain standards the -Medical Department approved the opening of, and supervised all medical institutions. Between 1906 and 1929, the colonial state instituted modem medicine by opening hospitals at the principal towns ofWarri, Sapele and Forcados and dispensaries at the other towns. Only emergency measures reached the rural communities during serious out-breaks of diseases. In 1930, the colonial government encouraged the NAs and the Christian Missions to institute medical and health facilities in the rural areas giving them financial assistance on some occasions.CODESRIA It also authorised the UAC to open dispensary services for its workers in 1942. The government proposed an expansion of urban and rural medical facilities in 1945, in its Ten Year Development Plan which it jointly financed with the British government to satisfy agitations for more medical facilities. It revised the plan in 1951 because shortage of manpower and materials frustrated implementation of most iii • proj~ts. The successful implementation of the Revised Plan, which was supplemented with the Western Regional government's health policy of 1952, resulted in a meaningful expansion of urban hospitals, NA dispensaries and maternity homes, public health measures as well as instituting rural hospitals. All the non-governmental agencies also expanded their medical activities. By 1960, each clan had at least one modem medical institution established in its area. The acceptance of modem medicine by the Delta peoples increased with the expansion of medical facilities and the educated elite. Between 1906 and 1929, only Christians, public servants and the educated elite, living mostly in the towns appreciated modem medicine because of their understanding and availability of medical facilities. Likewise, the rural dwellers startedLIBRARY appreciating modem medicine from the 1930s when the facilities became available- to them. Enlightenment campaigns and the presence of their western educated relatives who now lived in the rural areas as school and church teachers .and public servants also influenced them. Their acceptance stemmed mainly from the effectiveness of some modem methods of treatment. Between 1945 and 1960 more interest groups had started clamouring for modem medical facilities which, .in addition to medical care, had been conceived. as manifestations of modernity. Through experience,CODESRIA however, the Delta peoples had also identified diseases and areas of health care in which modern medicine did not prove effective. Moreover, it did not attempt to solve their socio-economic problems. For those health and socio-economic problems most Delta peoples continued to employ traditional medicine. Thus, what e~entually emerged at~ounted to medical pluralism. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT Many people and organisations made the completion of this study possible. I thank God for the inspiration to undertake the study and the timely and invaluable contributions of these people and bodies. My supervisor, Dr. LaRay Denzer, showed great interest in the study from the beginning and did all she could to facilitate its completion. She did not fail to draw my attention to relevant materials on the subject which she came across. She read all the drafts promptly and made impressive comments that improved the work. It was an ideal supervision. I remain most indebted and grateful to Denzer. The panelists that conducted my conversion examination,, Professor Omoniyi Adewoye, Dr. G.A. Akinola, Dr.G.O. Oguntomisin and Dr. L. Denzer made very LIBRARY useful suggestions that improved the quality of the- work generally. Professor J.D.Y. Peel read my outline and chapter two and made very useful comments. I am very grateful to all of them. I am also thankful to other lecturers in the Department of History, University of Ibadan, Doctors S.A. Ajayi, O.C. Adesina, P.A. Oguagha, B.A. Mojuetan, 0.B. Olaoba and Messrs. B. Osadolor and C.B.N. Ogbogbo for their concern and friendly disposition throughout the period. All the members of the non-academic staff of the History Department,CODESRIA University of Ibadan, also deserve my gratitude for their friendliness. Fellow research students of the History Department, University of Ibadan proved very helpful. Gabriel Nyityo and Mohammed Kyari borrowed books for me from outside the University at several occasions. Dr. Simon Heap bought and photocopied books for me from Britain and always collected relevant materials that V he came across in my subject. Simon's overall assistance is inestimable. Miss Ruth Watson, a research student from Oxford University read my chapter two and made useful suggestions. I thank them. My thanks also go to the staff of the National Archives Ibadan and the Research Section of the Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan for their services and friendliness. My gratitude to the Delta State University, Abraka for a two-year full time study leave which made the study really possible, is unalloyed. The assistance of my colleagues in the Department of History, Delta State University Abraka, Doctors. O.A. Akinwunmi, E.N. Mordi, B.J.E. Itsueli, Professor A.E. Ekoko, Messrs. D.M. Odafe, L. Etemike, Christian Ojie, and Felix Forea isLIBRARY appreciated. I also thank the following students of the Department who helped- me collect some oral data: J.O. Dabis, I.B. Ofodoh, P.G. Orherhe, P. Sagay, and I. Koka. The role of my neighbours at Abraka, taking care of my children in my absence is appreciated. In addition, Mr. J. Denedo proved a very reliable and willing informant, while his son, Martins, Messrs. Wilfred Ujoh and Salami Adarighofua assisted me as interpreters. I heartfully thank all my informants as well as such personal friends at U.I. as Dr. Herby Igboanusi,CODESRIA Messrs. E.Jedo, O.J. Akpodiete, Tunji Ojo, 0. Uche, G.Shoki and V. Edo whose company made me feel at home at Ibadan. Finally, I acknowledge and thank CODESRIA for financial assistance under its Small Grants for Thesis Writing, 1993. Samuel Chukwudoruem Agubosim Department ofHistory, University oflbadan Vi CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Mr. Samuel Chukwudoruem Agubosim in the Department of History, University ofibadan, Ibadan. SUPEJ}'VI OR Dr. LaRay Denzer B.A. (Hons) Kalamanzoo; M.A. Legan; Ph.D. Birmingham Senior Lecturer and Acting Head, Department of History, UniversityLIBRARY ofibadan, Nigeria. - January, 1997 CODESRIA vii DEDICATION Dedicated to members ofmy family who missed me most and suffered most during the period of my programme. Ukamaka Victoria (wife) Ezinne Chika (daughter) Onyemaechi Chinaka (Son) Oluchi Chidinma (daughter) LIBRARY - CODESRIA viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Abstract II Acknowledgment iv Certification by Supervisor VI .Dedication vii Table of Contents viii List of Maps xiii List of Tables xiv Abbreviations xvii Preface LIBRARY XX CHAPTER ONE: TRADITIONAL MEDICAL- PRACTICE AMONG THE DELTA PEOPLES 1 Introduction 1 Indigenous Medical Practices of the Delta Peoples 2 Beliefs about Disease Causation 6 Indigenous Healing Process 11 Therapeutic Methods 14 IndigenousCODESRIA Preventive Medicine and Measures 16 Specialists in Indigenous Medical Practice 20 Methods of Acquiring Knowledge of Traditional Medical Practice. 22 Efficacy of Traditional Medicine 24 Development Affecting Customary Ideas 34 ix CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT MEDICAL POLICY IN TOWNSHIPS, 1906-1929 38 Prelude to Government Medical Services 38 Government Medical and Health Institutions, 1906-1929 46 Hospitals and Dispensaries 46 Preventive Measures and Medicine 54 Sanitation 55 Preventive Medicine 59 Local Response to Colonial Health Policies and Institutions 63 Assessment of Policy 70 CHAPTER THREE:EXPANSION OF URBAN, AND INSTITUTION OF RURAL MEDICAL FACILITIES,LIBRARY 1930-1944 82 Reforms and Colonial Medical Policy - 82 Implementation of Policy in Warri Province: Expansion of Provincial Infrastructure and Programmes 88 Hospitals 88 Sanitation 89 Propaganda/Education 92 Disease ControlCODESRIA 93 Smallpox 93 Malaria 97 Yaws 99 Leprosy 103 Native Administration Medical and Health Activities 109 Dispensaries 109 X Maternal and Child welfare programme 118 Sanitation 121 Popularising Public Health Policy 123 Co-operation Between the Missions and the State 128 Private Proprietors. 132 Assessment of Policy and Implementation. 135 CHAPTER FOUR: POST WORLD WAR II DEVELOPMENT
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