Working Papers in African Studies No. 269

A History of Christianity in Nigeria: A Bibliography of Secondary Literature

D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Working Papers in African Studies African Studies Center Pardee School of Global Studies Boston University

2017

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© 2017, by the author

ii Working Papers in African Studies No. 269 (2017)

The History of Christianity in Nigeria: A Bibliography of Secondary Literature*

By D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Introduction As long as scholars have been writing about the history of Nigeria, they have been writing about Christianity. After more than sixty years, however, it is time to take stock of this vast body of literature, and get a sense of where we have been and where we are going. It is my hope that the compilation of this relatively comprehensive bibliography, and a brief discussion of some of the gaps that need to be filled in the literature, will inspire scholars to take their historical research in exciting and novel directions. Based on a reading of this bibliography, I would like to suggest that future research into the history of Christianity in Nigeria should be directed in three broad directions. First, historians need to focus more research on the development of mainline mission churches following independence, because the historiography remains skewed in favor of independent churches. While the contribution of mission churches to the development of education, medicine, and language standardization in Nigeria has certainly received its fair share of attention, historians have neglected this research topic since nationalist scholars criticized them for not writing about the creative activities of African Christians in the late nineteen-sixties.1 Little information is known about Catholicism or the various Protestant denominations in Nigeria following the Second World War even though the majority of Nigerian Christians remain Catholic and Protestant.2 While this historiographical gap can partially be attributed to the lack of sources following the destruction of archival materials during the Nigerian Civil War, it is perhaps

* I would like to express my gratitude to Dana Bronson, Michael DiBlasi, Victor Manfredi, and Dylan Proctor for their thoughtful comments during the preparation of this working paper. 1 See, for instance, J.F.A. Ajayi and E.A. Ayandele, “Writing African Church History,” in P. Beyerhaus and C.F. Hallencreutz, eds., The Church Crossing Frontiers (Uppsala: Gleerup, 1969), 90–108. See also Adrian Hastings, “African Christian Studies, 1967–1999: Reflections of an Editor,” Journal of Religion in Africa 30, 1 (2000), 31. 2 An obvious exception is the small but growing body of literature that examines the relationship between mainline churches, especially the Catholic Church, and the Nigerian Civil War. To a certain extent, another exception is the literature on the history of Catholicism in Igboland. In the 1980s, the late Ogbu U. Kalu supervised many students at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, who made great strides in writing the history of Catholicism, but the majority of these theses and dissertations remain unpublished and thus inaccessible to most researchers.

2 D. Dmitri Hurlbut mainly the result of scholars’ fascination with the growing prominence of Pentecostal and charismatic churches throughout Nigeria.3 Second, historians should make an effort to explore the contributions of more recent additions to the Nigerian religious landscape beyond the Pentecostal and charismatic churches. Since independence, for instance, many American churches including the Seventh-day Adventists, the Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Mennonites, and the Latter-day Saints, have established a presence throughout the country. Historians have yet to explore fully these archives. Although the remote location of these materials might limit the ability of many researchers to access them, their histories can help shed light on the changes that have occurred in the Nigerian religious landscape since colonialism came to an end.4 These archives will further add to Nigeria’s postcolonial history more generally, given the absence of historical materials for the years after independence in the Nigerian National Archives.5 New additions to the Nigerian religious landscape that are worthy of investigation, might also include the rise of Christian non-

3 References to the destruction of religious documents are peppered throughout the secondary literature. See, for instance, G.B. Alegbeleye, “Archival Odyssey: A Study of the Problems of the Research in Using the Methodist Records of Nigeria,” History in Africa 14 (1987), 376, 379; Richard Burgess, Nigeria’s Christian Revolution: The Civil War Revival and Its Pentecostal Progeny (1967–2006) (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2008), 79; Felix K. Ekechi, Pioneer, Patriot, and Nigerian Nationalist: A Biography of the Reverend M.D. Opara, 1915–1965 (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010), xvii; G.O.M. Taise, Christian Missionary Enterprise in the Niger Delta, 1864–1918 (Leiden: Brill, 1978), 269; William H. Taylor, Mission to Educate: A History of the Educational Work of the Scottish Presbyterian Mission in East Nigeria, 1846–1960 (Leiden: Brill, 1996), 249; Robert Bruce Yoder, “Mennonite Missionaries and African Independent Churches: The Development of an Anabaptist Missiology in West Africa: 1958–1967” (Ph.D. thesis, Boston University, 2016), 8. 4 The LDS Church History Library, for instance, is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, while the archives of the Mennonite Church USA are located in Goshen, Indiana. David Maxwell has made a similar observation about the archives of the American Assemblies of God, which are located in Springfield, Missouri (“Writing the History of African Christianity: Reflections of an Editor,” Journal of Religion in Africa 36, 3/4 [2006], 386; “New Perspectives on the History of African Christianity,” Journal of Southern African Studies 23, 1 [1997], 147). The exception to this rule is the Sudan Interior Mission, whose archives, which are located in Fort Mill, South Carolina, Shobana Shankar used to write her 2014 monograph, Who Shall Enter Paradise? Christian Origins in Muslim Northern Nigeria, c. 1890–1975 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014). See also Barbara Cooper, Evangelical Christians in the Muslim Sahel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006). 5 For a summary of the holdings of the Nigerian National Archives at Enugu, Ibadan, and Kaduna, see Simon Heap, “The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings,” History in Africa 21 (1994), 435–40; Simon Heap, “The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings,” History in Africa 18 (1991), 159–72; Simon Heap, “The Nigerian National Archives, Kaduna: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings,” History in Africa 20 (1993), 395–407. On the challenges of writing postcolonial African history, see Jean Allman, “Phantoms of the Archives: Kwame Nkrumah, a Nazi Pilot Named Hanna, and the Contingencies of Postcolonial History-Writing,” American Historical Review 118, 1 (2013), 104–29. History in Africa 42 (2015) also contains a collection of thoughtful essays by Luise White, Florence Bernault, Gregory Mann, Moses Ochonu, and John Straussberger on the topic of “Writing the History of Africa after 1960.”

The History of Christianity in Nigeria 3 governmental organizations. While their presence has been felt throughout the continent, their contribution to the economic development and spiritual life of Nigeria remains unexplored.6 Third, historians ought to do more work on women’s religious orders. Although many scholars have demonstrated the central importance of women to both the spread and maintenance of global Christianity in the twentieth century, the literature on Christianity in Nigeria does not reflect this important reality.7 Over the past few decades, for instance, many women have chosen to become nuns, and historian Elizabeth Isichei has even claimed that “African nuns outnumber African priests.”8 Their presence will be felt by anyone who visits Nigeria today. Nevertheless, the history of Nigerian sisterhoods remains unwritten. Future research should explore the reasons why Nigerian women chose to become nuns, the functions that these religious orders perform in Nigerian society, and the extent to which they serve either as an oppressive or a liberating force for women throughout the country. Finally, I would like to discuss briefly the boundaries imposed on this bibliography. The bulk of this list consists of literature on Christianity in Nigeria from the sixteenth to the late- twentieth century. Readers will also notice the inclusion of some contemporary anthropological research as well. While I have chosen to exclude many works that deal with theological questions or contemporary policy issues, I have chosen to include many works on the history of Sierra Leone and Liberia given their connections to the development of Christianity in Nigeria at various times in their shared history. It is also worth pointing out that the literature in this bibliography is of uneven quality, but as the late linguist Bernhard Struck astutely observed at the beginning of the twentieth century, “in a bibliography no judgement of values is to be made” because “even a bad piece of work may be of use.”9 The ultimate goal of this bibliography is to provide a resource for future scholars to mine for materials as they take the plunge into Nigeria’s fascinating religious history.

6 See, for instance, Erica Bornstein, “The Verge of Good and Evil: Christian NGOs and Economic Development in Zimbabwe” PoLAR 24, 1 (2001), 59–77; Erica Bornstein, “Developing Faith: Theologies of Economic Development in Zimbabwe,” Journal of Religion in Africa 32, 1 (2002), 4–31; Erica Bornstein, “Rituals without Final Acts: Prayer and Success in World Vision Zimbabwe’s Humanitarian Work,” in Matthew Engelke and Matt Tomlinson, eds., The Limits of Meaning: Case Studies in the Anthropology of Christianity (New York: Berghahn Books, 2006), 85–103; Julie Hearn, “The ‘Invisible’ NGO: US Evangelical Missions in Kenya,” Journal of Religion in Africa 32, 1 (2002), 32–60. 7 Elizabeth Isichei, A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to Present (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1995), 79, 240, 243, 333; Dana L. Robert, “World Christianity as a Women’s Movement,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 30, 4 (2006), 180–88; Bengt Sundkler and Christopher Steed, A History of the Church in Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 85, 1039. 8 Isichei, A History of Christianity in Africa, 333. 9 Bernhard Struck, “A Linguistic Bibliography of Northern Nigeria: Including Hausa and Fula, with Notes on the Yoruba Dialects,” Journal of the Royal African Society 11, 41 (1911), 58. See also P.E.H. Hair, The Early Study of Nigerian Languages: Essays and Bibliographies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), v.

4 D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Monographs and Edited Volumes Adiele, S.N., ed. The Niger Mission: Origin, Growth, and Impact, 1857–1995. Aba: Isaeco Press, 1996.

Adogame, Afeosemime U. Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic-Charismatic Movement. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1999.

Agboola, David. The Seventh-Day Adventists in Yorubaland, 1914–1964: A History of Christianity in Nigeria. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1987.

Ajayi, J.F.A. A Patriot to the Core: Bishop Ajayi Crowther. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2001.

______. Christian Missions in Nigeria, 1841–1891: The Making of a New Elite. London: Longmans, 1965.

Akinyeye, Yomi, and Paul Osifodunrin. In the Service of God and Humanity, St. Peter’s Church (Faji) Lagos, 1853–2003. Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 2003.

Amuchieazi, E.C. Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria 1945–1966. Lagos: Macmillan, 1986.

Anyika, Francis. Methodism in Igboland, Eastern Nigeria (1919–1932): Genesis and Growth. Onitsha, Nigeria: Cape Publishers International, 1997.

Ayandele, E.A. A Visionary of the African Church: Mojola Agbebi, 1860–1917. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971.

______. African Historical Studies. London: Frank Cass, 1979.

______. Holy Johnson: Pioneer of African Nationalism, 1836–1917. London: Frank Cass, 1970.

______. The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria, 1842–1914: A Political and Social Analysis. New York: Humanities Press, 1967.

Baëta, C.G., ed. Christianity in Tropical Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Balogun, I.A.B. The Place of Religion in the Development of Nigeria. Ilorin, Nigeria: Unilorin, 1988.

Bamigboye, Ezekiel A. The History of Baptist Work in Northern Nigeria (1901–1975). Ibadan: Powerhouse Press and Publishers, 2000.

Bane, Martin J. Catholic Pioneers in West Africa. Dublin: Clonmore and Reynolds, 1956.

Barnes, Andrew E. Making Headway: The Introduction of Western Civilization in Colonial Northern Nigeria. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2009.

Bassey, Magnus O. Missionary Rivalry and Educational Expansion in Nigeria, 1885–1945. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, 1999.

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Batubo, A.B. The Dawn of Baptist Work in Eastern Nigeria. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Goodwill Press, 1964.

Bayo, Adebiyi. The Beloved Bishop: Bishop A.B. Akinyele, 1875–1968. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1969.

Boer, Jan Harm. Christianity and Islam Under Colonialism in Northern Nigeria. Jos: Christian Council of Nigeria, 1988.

Bunza, Mukhtar U. Christian Missions among Muslims: Sokoto Province, Nigeria, 1935–1990. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2007.

Burgess, R. Nigeria’s Christian Revolution: The Civil War Revival and Its Pentecostal Progeny (1967–2006). Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2008.

Butticci, Annalisa. African Pentecostals in Catholic Europe: The Politics of Presence in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.

Chigere, Nkem Hyginus M.V. Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland. Münster: LIT-Verlag, 2001.

Collins, Travis. The Baptist Mission of Nigeria, 1850–1993: A History of the Southern Baptist Convention Missionary Work in Nigeria. Ibadan: Associated Book-Makers Nigeria, 1993.

Cookey, S.J.S. King Jaja of the Niger Delta: His Life and Times, 1821–1891. New York: NOK Publishers, 1974.

Crampton, E.P.T. Christianity in Northern Nigeria. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1979.

Dike, Kenneth O. Origins of the Niger Mission, 1841–1891. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1962.

Ebelebe, Charles A. Africa and the New Face of Mission: A Critical Assessment of the Legacy of the Irish Spiritans among the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria. New York: University Press of America, 2009.

Ekechi, Felix K. Missionary Enterprise and Rivalry in Igboland, 1857–1914. London: Frank Cass, 1972.

______. Pioneer, Patriot, and Nigerian Nationalist: A Biography of the Reverend M.D. Opara, 1915–1965. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010.

Epelle, E.M.T. Bishops in the Niger Delta. Aba: Diocese of the Niger Delta, 1964.

______. The Church in Opobo. Aba: Assemblies of God Press, 1958.

______. The Church in the Niger Delta. Port Harcourt: Niger Delta Diocese, 1955.

6 D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Erivwo, S.U. A History of Christianity of Nigeria: The Urhobo, the Isoko, and the Itsekiri. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1979.

Falola, Toyin, ed. Christianity and Social Change in Africa: Essays in Honor of J.D.Y. Peel. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005.

Familusi, M.M. Methodism in Nigeria (1842–1992). Ibadan: NPS Educational Publishers, 1992.

Feyisike, Esther. The History of Christianity in Oyo State of Nigeria: Its Influence on Yoruba Culture. Ibadan: Freeman Productions, 2000.

Graham, Sonia F. Government and Mission Education in Northern Nigeria, 1900–1919. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1966.

Hackett, Rosalind I.J. New Religious Movements in Nigeria. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellon Press, 1987).

______. Religion in Calabar: The Religion Life and History of a Nigerian Town. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989.

Hair, P.E.H. The Early Study of Nigerian Languages: Essays and Bibliographies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Hanciles, Jehu J. Euthanasia of a Mission: African Church Autonomy in a Colonial Context. West Port, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002.

______. In the Shadow of the Elephant: Bishop Crowther and the African Missionary Movement. London: Church Mission Society, 2008.

Hastings, Adrian. The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Hickey, Raymond. A History of the Catholic Church in Northern Nigeria. Jos: Augustinian Publication Nigeria, 1981.

______. Christianity in Borno State and Northern Gongola. Ibadan: Claverianum Press, 1984.

______. Heralds of Christ to Borno (The History of the Prefecture and Diocese of Maiduguri). Aachen, Germany: Institute of Missiology, 1978.

Holy Ghost Fathers Anniversaries Commission. Spiritan Anniversary Lectures: Commemorating the Mission of the Irish Province of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit since 1859. Dublin: Paraclete Press, 2004.

Ijagbemi, E. Adeleye. Christian Missionary Activity in Colonial Nigeria: The Work of the Sudan Interior Mission among the Yoruba, 1908–1967. Lagos: Nigeria Magazine, Federal Department of Culture, 1986.

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Ilogu, Edmund. Christianity and Igbo Culture. Leiden: Brill, 1974.

Isichei, Elizabeth. A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to Present. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1995.

______. Entirely for God: The Life of Michael Iwene Tansi. Ibadan: Macmillan, 1980.

______. Varieties of Christian Experience in Nigeria. London: Macmillan, 1982.

Issacson, A. Deeper Life: The Extraordinary Growth of the Deeper Life Bible Church. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990.

Johnston, Geoffrey. Of God and Maxim Guns: Presbyterianism in Nigeria, 1846–1966. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1988.

Kalu, Ogbu U., ed. A Century and a Half of Presbyterian Witness in Nigeria, 1846–1996. Lagos: Ida-Ivory Press, 1996.

______. Christianity in West Africa: The Nigerian Story. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1978.

______. Divided People of God: Church Union Movement in Nigeria 1875–1966. Lagos: NOK Publishers International, 1978.

______. The Embattled Gods: Christianization of Igboland, 1841–1991. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004.

Kalu, Wilhelma J., Nimi Wariboko, and Toyin Falola, eds. The Collected Essays of Ogbu Uke Kalu. 3 vols. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2010.

Kopytoff, Jean H. A Preface to Modern Nigeria: The “Sierra Leonians” in Yoruba, 1830–1890. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

Korieh, Chima J., and G. Ugo Nwokeji, eds. Religion, History, and Politics in Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Ogbu U. Kalu. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005.

Kukah, Matthew H. Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1993.

Makozi, Alexius Obabu, and Gabriel Afolabi Ojo, eds. The History of the Catholic Church in Nigeria. Lagos: Macmillan, 1982.

McKenzie, P.R. Inter-Religious Encounters in West Africa: Samuel Ajayi Crowther’s Attitude to African Traditional Religion and Islam. Leicester, UK: University of Leister, 1976.

Marshall, R. Political Spiritualties: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

Northrup, David. Africa’s Discovery of Europe. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

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Nwosu, V. The Catholic Church in Onitsha: People, Places, and Events (1885–1985). Onitsha, Nigeria: Etukokwu Press, 1985.

Oduyoye, Mercy Amba. Leadership Development in the Methodist Church Nigeria, 1842–1962. Ibadan: Sefer, 1992.

______. The Wesleyan Presence in Nigeria, 1842–1962: An Exploration of Power, Control, and Partnership in Mission. Ibadan: Sefer, 1992.

Ojo, Matthews A. The End-Time Army: Charismatic Movements in Modern Nigeria. Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 2006.

Okolugbo, Emmanuel. The Ndosumili and the Ukwuani: A History of Christianity in Nigeria. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1984.

Okorocha, Cyril C. The Meaning of Religious Conversion in Africa: The Case of the Igbo of Nigeria. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1987.

Okpo, S.K. A Brief History of the Methodist Church in Eastern Nigeria. Oron, Nigeria: Manson Publishers, 1985.

Okwu, Augustine S.O. Igbo Culture and the Christian Missions, 1857–1957: Conversion in Theory and Practice. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2010.

Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi. The School in the Service of Evangelization: The Catholic Educational Impact in Eastern Nigeria, 1886–1950. Leiden: Brill, 1989.

Omoyajowo, J. Akinyele. Cherubim and Seraphim: The History of an African Independent Church. Lagos: NOK Publishers International, 1982.

O’Neill, Patrick. The Catholic Faith in Ibadan Diocese: 1884–1974. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1981.

Peel, J.D.Y. Aladura: A Religious Movement Among the Yoruba. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.

______. Christianity, Islam, and Orisa-Religion: Three Traditions in Comparison and Interaction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016.

______. Religious Encounters and the Making of the Yoruba. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2000.

Rubingh, Eugene. The Sons of Tiv: A Study of the Rise of the Church among the Tiv of Central Nigeria. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1969.

Ryder, A.F.C. Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. New York: Humanities Press, 1969.

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Sanneh, Lamin. Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.

______. West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1983.

Shankar, Shobana. Who Shall Enter Paradise? Christian Origins in Muslim Northern Nigeria, ca. 1890–1975. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014.

Shenk, Wilbert R. Henry Venn: Missionary Statesman. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1983.

Tasie, G.O.M. Christian Missionary Enterprise in the Niger Delta 1864–1918. Leiden: Brill, 1978.

Taylor, William H. Mission to Educate: A History of the Educational Work of the Scottish Presbyterian Mission in East Nigeria, 1846–1960. Leiden: Brill, 1966.

Turaki, Yusufu. An Introduction to the History of SIM/ECWA in Nigeria, 1893–1993. Jos: Challenge Press, 1993.

______. Theory and Practice of Christian Missions in Africa: A Century of SIM/ECWA History and Legacy in Nigeria, 1893–1991. Nairobi: International Bible Society, 1999.

Turner, Harold W. African Independent Church. 2 Vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

Vaughn, Olufemi. Religion and the Making of Nigeria. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016.

Volz, P.M. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Nigeria, 1936–1961. Calabar: Hope Waddell Press, 1961.

Wall, Barbara Mann. Into Africa: A Transnational History of Catholic Medical Missions and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015.

Wariboko, Nimi. Nigerian Pentecostalism. Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press, 2014.

Wariboko, Waibinte E. Planting Church-Culture at New Calabar: Some Neglected Aspects of Missionary Enterprise in the Eastern Niger Delta, 1865–1918. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications, 1998.

______. Ruined by “Race”: Afro-Caribbean Missionaries and the Evangelization of Southern Nigeria, 1895–1925. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2007.

Webster, J.B. The African Churches among the Yoruba, 1888–1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

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Articles and Book Chapters Abasiattai, Monday B. “The Oberi Okaime Christian Mission: Towards a History of an Ibibio Independent Church.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 5, no. 4 (1989): 496–516.

Abba, Christopher B. “The Growth of the Catholic Church in Northern Nigeria.” The Ambassador 6 (1985): 5–11.

Adedeji, J.A. “The Church and the Emergence of the Nigerian Theatre: 1915–1945.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 6, no. 4 (1973): 387–96.

Adediran, Biodun. “The Ketu Mission, 1853–1859: An Abortive Experiment by the CMS in Western Yorubaland.” Journal des Africanistes 56, no. 1 (1986): 89–105.

Adesina, Segum. “Christian Missions Versus State in Nigeria.” Pan-African Journal 5, no. 4 (1972): 417–28.

Adewolo, E. Dada. “Mission Education among Yoruba Muslims of Nigeria: A Brief History.” Islamic Quarterly 26, no. 4 (1982): 216–27.

______. “Early Strategies of Proselytisation in South-Eastern Nigeria.” Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 22, no. 2 (1990): 87–101.

Adogame, Afe. “How God Became a Nigerian: Religious Impulse and the Unfolding of a Nation.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28, no. 4 (2010): 479–98.

______. “Religion and Economic Development in Nigeria.” Nigerian Journal of Economic History 2 (1999): 22–45.

Afigbo, A.E. “An Investigation of the Relationship between Christian Missions and Secular Authorities in South Eastern Nigeria from Colonial Times.” Oduma 1, no. 1 (1973): 15– 21.

______. “The Calabar Mission and the Aro Expedition of 1901–1902.” Journal of Religion in Africa 5 (1973): 94–106.

______. “The Missionaries and the Aro Expedition of 1901–1902.” West African Religion 9 (1971): 13–26.

Agbedo, Chris U. “Linguistic Labours of the Christian Missionaries on the Niger: Implications for Igbo Studies.” Nsukka Journal of the Humanities 13 (2003): 64–73.

Ahanotu, Austin. “The Nigerian Military and the Issue of State Control of the Mission Schools.” Church History 52, no. 3 (1983): 333–44.

Ajayi, J.F.A. “Bishop Crowther: An Assessment.” Odù: A Journal West African Studies 4 (1970): 3–17.

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______. “Henry Venn and the Policy of Development.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1 (1959): 331–42.

______. “How Yoruba was Reduced to Writing.” Odù: A Journal West African Studies 8 (1961): 49–57.

______. “Nineteenth Century Origins of Nigerian Nationalism.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (1961): 196–210.

______. “Protestantism in Africa.” Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 20 (1988): 35–46.

______. “The Development of Secondary Grammar School Education in Nigeria.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (1963): 517–35.

Ajayi, S. Ademola “A Consideration of the Impact of the Nineteenth Century Yoruba Civil Wars on Baptist Work in Yorubaland, 1850–1875.” Ibadan Journal of Humanistic Studies 8 (1998): 43–52.

______. “Christian Missions and Evolution of the Culture of Mass Education in Western Nigeria.” Clasphil: Journal of Philosophy and Culture 3 (2006): 33–54.

______. “Christian Missions and Socio-Cultural Change: Baptists and the Polygamy Question among the Yoruba, 1850–1960. Journal of Yoruba Folklore 1 (1997): 89–96.

______. “Christian Missions and Socio-Cultural Change: Baptists and the Polygamy Question among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria, 1850–2001.” Abibisem: Journal of African Culture and Civilization 4 (2011): 67–82.

______. “Schism and Church Growth in Yorubaland: The Baptist Experience, 1888–1914.” Oye: Ogun Journal of Arts 5 (1992): 138–46.

______. “The Ijaye War of 1860–62: A Political Cankerworm of Early Baptist Missionary Enterprise in Yorubaland, Nigeria.” Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 39, no. 1 (2007): 1–12.

______. “The Place of Ogbomoso in Baptist Missionary Enterprise in Nigeria.” Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies 8 (2011): 16–38.

______. “The Planting of Baptist Mission Work among the Yoruba, 1950–1896: A Study in Religio-Cultural Conflict.” Ife: Annals of the Institute of Cultural Studies 5 (1994): 45– 56.

Ajayi, W.O. “Aspects of Protestant Missionary Work in Northern Nigeria, 1887–1910.” Odù: Journal of Yoruba and Related Studies 3, no. 1 (1967): 40–55.

______. “Christian Involvement in the Ijaye War.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 2 (1967): 224–38.

12 D. Dmitri Hurlbut

______. “The Beginnings of the African Bishopric on the Niger.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 1 (1964): 92–99.

______. “The Niger Delta Pastorate Church, 1892–1902.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 2 (1965): 37–54.

Akama, E.S. “Reasons for the Successful Planting and Growth of Christianity in Isokoland of Nigeria (1910–1960).” Bigard Theological Studies 12 (1992): 43–56.

______. “The Igbe Cult in Isokoland and Missionary and Government Reactions, 1915–1930.” Journal of Religion in Africa 15, fasc. 1 (1985): 25–49.

______. “The Initial Growth and Problems of the Pioneering Mission Churches in Isokoland of Nigeria (1914–1944).” Journal of Religion and Culture 22, no. 1 (2002): 7–23.

Akhilomen, D.O. “The Planting of Christianity and Cultural Imperialism in Nigeria: An Appraisal of the Euro-Centric and Afro-Centric Perspectives.” Epha: Ekpoma Journal of Religious Studies 3, no. 1–2 (2000): 127–44.

Akintunde, Dorcas Olu. “The Impact of Christian Women Organisations on the Nigerian Society.” Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 42 (2010): 113–31.

Alanamu, Temimola. “‘The Way of Our Fathers’: CMS Missionaries and Yoruba Health in the Nineteenth Century.” Lagos Historical Review 10 (2010): 1–27.

______. “‘You May Bind Me, You May Beat Me, You May Even Kill Me’: Bridewealth, Consent, and Conversion in Nineteenth Century Abeokuta (In Present-day Southwest Nigeria).” Gender & History 27, no. 2 (2015): 329–48.

Alegbeleye, G.B. “Archival Odyssey: A Study of the Problems of the Researcher in Using the Methodist Church Records of Nigeria.” History in Africa 14 (1987): 375–80.

Aliyu, Sani Abba. “Christian Missionaries and Hausa Literature in Nigeria, 1840–1890: A Critical Evaluation.” Kano Studies 1, no. 1 (2000): 93–118.

Allen, James B. “Would-Be Saints: West Africa before the 1978 Priesthood Revelation.” Journal of Mormon History 17 (1991): 207–47.

Amucheazu, Elochukwu C. “A Decade of Church Revolt in Eastern Nigeria, 1956–1966.” Odù: Journal of Yoruba and Related Studies 10 (1974): 45–62.

______. “The Background to the East Central State Public Education Edict of 1970.” Ikenga: Journal of African Studies 2, no. 2 (1973): 72–82.

Anugwom, Edlyne E. “The Bonnke Effect: Encounters with Transnational Evangelism in Southeastern Nigeria.” In Religion Crossing Boundaries: Transnational Religious and

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Social Dynamics in Africa and the New African Diaspora, edited by Afe Adogame, 211– 226. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

Anyanwu, Uchenna. “Christian Enterprise and Igbo Response: A Case Study of Northeastern and Southwestern Igboland, 1906–1960.” Nsukka Journal of the Humanities 15 (2005): 30– 41.

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______. “John Christopher Taylor: A Biographical Note.” Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 13, no. 1 (1981): 50–68.

______. “King Jaja of Opobo and the Christian Mission Under Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther: Aspects of the Clash Between Missionary Work and the Political and Economic Ambitions of a Nineteenth Century Niger Delta Nationalist.” Oduma 3, no. 1 (1976): 4– 10.

______. “The Story of Samuel Ajayi Crowther and the C.M.S. Niger Mission Crisis.” Ghana Bulletin of Theology 4 (1974): 47–60

Taylor, William H. “A Scottish Contribution to Eastern Nigeria’s Educational Development.” Scottish Educational Review 17, no. 1 (1985): 40–50.

______. “Mary Slessor (1848–1915), Pedagogue Extraordinary.” Scottish Educational Review 25, no. 2 (1993): 109–22.

______. “Missionary Education in Africa Reconsidered: The Presbyterian Educational Impact in Eastern Nigeria, 1846–1984.” African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society 83 (1978): 189–205.

______. “The Presbyterian Educational Impact in Eastern Nigeria.” Journal of Religion in Africa 14, fasc. 3 (1983): 223–45.

Turner, Harold W. “Pentecostal Movements in Nigeria.” Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 39–47.

______. “Prophets and Politics: A Nigerian Test-Case.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 2, no. 1 (1965): 97–118.

______. “The Church of the Lord: The Expansion of a Nigerian Independent Church in Sierra Leone and Ghana.” Journal of African History 3, no. 1 (1962): 91–110.

Ubah, C.N. “Christian Missionary Penetration of the Nigerian Emirates: The Village School Approach.” Transafrican Journal of History 17 (1988): 108–22.

______. “Christian Missionary Penetration of the Nigerian Emirates, with Special Reference to the Medical Missions Approach.” The Muslim World 77 (1987): 16–27.

______. “Problems of Christian Missionaries in the Muslim Emirates of Nigeria, 1900–1928.” Journal of African Studies 3, no. 3 (1976): 351–71.

______. “Religious Change Among the Igbo During the Colonial Period.” Journal of Religion in Africa 18 (1988): 71–91.

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Uchegbue, Christian O. “A Critical Review of the Impact of Christianity on Calabar, a Nigerian City.” Lumina 21, no. 2 (2010): 1–17.

Uchendu, Victor C. “Missionary Problems in Nigerian Society.” Practical Anthropology 11, no. 3 (1964): 105–17.

Udo, Edet A. “The Missionary Scramble for Spheres of Influence in Eastern Nigeria, 1900– 1952.” Ikenga: Journal of African Studies 1, no. 2 (1972): 22–36.

Ukah, Asonzeh F.K. “Advertising God: Nigerian Christian Video-Films and the Power of Consumer Culture.” Journal of Religion in Africa 33, fasc. 2 (2003): 203–31.

______. “Re-Imagining the Religious Field: The Rhetoric of Nigerian Pentecostal Pastors in South Africa.” In Bordieu in Africa: Exploring the Dynamics of Religious Fields, edited by Magnus Echtler and Asonzeh Ukah, 70–95. Leiden: Brill, 2016.

Wall, Barbara Mann. “Changes in Nursing and Mission in Post-Colonial Nigeria.” In Colonial Caring: A History of Colonial and Post-Colonial Nursing, edited by Helen Sweet and Sue Hawkins, 188–207. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2015.

Walls, Andrew F. “A Christian Experiment: The Early Sierra Leone Colony.” Studies in Church History 6 (1970): 107–29.

______. “A Second Narrative of Samuel Ajayi Crowther’s Early Life.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 2 (1985): 5–14.

______. “Documentary Materials for the Study of Sierra Leone Church History.” Sierra Leone Bulletin of Religion 11 (1969): 57–61.

______. “Religion and the Press in ‘the Enclave’ in the Nigerian Civil War.” In Christianity in Independent Africa, edited by Edward Fasholé–Luke, Richard Gray, Adrian Hastings, and G.O.M. Taise, 207–215. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.

______. “Sierra Leone, Afroamerican Remigration and the Beginnings of Protestantism in West Africa (18th–19th Centuries).” In Transcontinental Links in the History of Non–Western Christianity, edited by Klaus Koschorke, 45–56. Wisebaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002.

______. “The Legacy of Samuel Ajayi Crowther.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 16 (1992): 15–21.

______. “The Legacy of Thomas Fowell Buxton.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 15 (1991): 74–77.

______. “The Usefulness of Schoolmasters: Notes on the Earliest Sierra Leone Documents of the Methodist Missionary Society.” Sierra Leone Bulletin of Religion 3 (1961): 28–40.

The History of Christianity in Nigeria 39

Wariboko, Waibinte E. “I Really Cannot Make Africa My Home: West Indian Missionaries as ‘Outsiders’ in the Church Missionary Society Civilizing Mission to Southern Nigeria, 1898–1925.” Journal of African History 45 (2004): 221–36.

______. “James Norris Cheetham and the CMS Civilizing Mission to Igboland: An Examination of His Letters to the Southport Visitor.” Nigerian Academic Forum 6 (2004): 15–30.

______. “The CMS Niger Mission, Extra-Territorial Forces of Change and the Expansion of British Influence in the Niger Delta During the Nineteenth Century.” In Missions, States, and European Expansion in Africa, edited by Chima J. Korieh and Raphael Chijioke Njoku, 12–35. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Waters, Ken. “Influencing the Message: The Role of Catholic Missionaries in Media Coverage of the Nigerian Civil War.” Catholic Historical Review 90, no. 4 (2004): 697–718.

Webster, J.B. “Independent Christians in Africa.” Tarikh 3, no. 1 (1969): 56–83.

______. “Source Material for the Study of African Church History.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 1, no. 2 (1963): 41–49.

______. “The Bible and the Plough.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (1963): 418– 34.

Williams, Peter. “‘Not Transplanting’: Henry Venn’s Strategic Vision.” In The Church Missionary Society and World Christianity, 1799–1999, edited by Kevin Ward and Brian Stanley, 147–72. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000.

Wilson, H.S. “E.W. Blyden on Religion in Africa.” Sierra Leone Bulletin of Religion 2, no. 2 (1960): 58–66.

______. “The Changing Image of Sierra Leone Colony in the Works of E.W. Blyden.” Sierra Leone Studies: The Journal of the Sierra Leone Society 11 (1958): 136–48.

Wiseberg, L.S. “Christian Churches and the Nigerian Civil War.” Journal of African Studies 2 (1972): 297–331.

Wood, C.T. “A Crowther Manuscript in Cape Town.” Bulletin of the Society for African Church History 1, no. 3–4 (1964): 99–100.

Yahya, Eliasu. “The Christian Missions and Western Education in Ilorin, Nigeria: A Century of Resistance and Challenge: 1847–1957.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 21 (2001): 149–54.

Yoder, R. Bruce. “Mennonite Mission Theorists and Practitioners in Southern Nigeria: Changing Contexts and Strategy at the Dawn of the Postcolonial Era.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 37, no. 3 (2013): 138–44.

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Dissertations and Theses Adebiyi, Peter Awalewa. “Christian Mission in Ekitiland 1893–1973.” PhD diss., Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987.

Adeleru, Joseph Bamidele. “The Formation of the Women’s Missionary Union of Nigeria: A Catalyst for Change through 1969.” PhD diss., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1991.

Adiele, S.N. “Anglican Mission in Imo State, 1889–1980.” MA thesis, University of Ibadan, 1980.

______. “The Role of the Christian Missions in the Development of Igboland.” PhD diss., University of Ibadan, 1988.

Adigwe, H.A. “The Beginnings of the Catholic Church among the Ibos of S.E. Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Vienna, 1966.

Ajayi, J.F.A. “Christian Missions and the Making of Nigeria, 1841–91.” PhD diss., University of London, 1958.

Ajayi, W.O. “A History of the Niger and Northern Nigerian Missions 1857–1914.” PhD diss., University of Bristol, 1963.

______. “A History of the Yoruba Mission 1843–1880.” MA thesis, University of Bristol, 1959.

Akama, E.S. “A Religious History of the Isoko People of the Bendel State of Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1981.

Anyabuike, I.D.E. “Christian Missionary Enterprise in Isuama Igbo, 1900–1945.” PhD diss., University of Ibadan, 1981.

Anyaegbu, O.J. “The Growth and Development of Pentecostal/Evangelical Movements in Igboland: A Case Study of North-West Igboland, 1956–90.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1991.

Anyia, Albert Ethasor. “Religion and Politics in Nigeria: The Role of Religious Actors in Government Decision Making, 1980–2009.” PhD diss., London Metropolitan University, 2013.

Awoniyi, Henry Olufemi. “An Assessment of the Nigerian Christian Magazine’s Response to Oppression in Nigeria as an Advocacy Journal, 1967–1987.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1995.

Ayandele, E.A. “The Political and Social Implications of the Missionary Enterprise in the Evolution of Modern Nigeria, 1875–1914.” PhD diss., University of London, 1965.

The History of Christianity in Nigeria 41

Ayegboyin, D.I. “Women in Mission: A Case Study of the Baptist Women's Missionary Union in Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Ibadan, 1990.

Broom, Wendell Wright. “Growth of Churches of Christ among the Ibibios of Nigeria.” MA thesis, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1970.

Burgess, Richard Hugh. “The Civil War Revival and Its Pentecostal Progeny: A Religious Movement among the Igbo People of Eastern Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2004.

Chukwuma, Michael. “Nigerian Politics and the Role of Religion: An Analysis of the Role of Religion in Nigerian Politics at the Early Stages of National Integration.” PhD diss., University of Bonn, 1985.

Chuta, S.C. “Africans in the Christianization of Southern Igboland.” PhD diss., University of Nigeria, 1985.

Cooke, C.M. “The Irish Diocesan Priests in Southern Nigeria, 1920–1942.” MA thesis, National University of Ireland, Cork, 1971.

______. “The Roman Catholic Mission in Calabar, 1903–1960.” PhD diss., University of London, 1976.

Daniel, W.H. “Patterns in Mission Preaching: The Representation of the Christian Message and Efik Response in the Scottish Calabar Mission, Nigeria, 1846–1900.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 1993.

Dosunmu, Joshua Toye. “The Missionary Impact on the Igbomina.” PhD diss., Michigan State University, 1980.

Doyle, Elaine. “The Qua Iboe Mission, 1887–1925.” PhD diss., Queen’s University, Belfast, 2010.

Ebeigbe, Isaac Prest. “The Development and Significance of Catholic Secondary Education in the Archdiocese of Benin City: Implications for the Future of Catholic Education in Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Dayton, 1997.

Eke, C.I. “The Development of Seminaries in E. Nigeria, 1924–1974.” MA thesis, University of London, 1983.

Ekechi, Felix K. “Missionary Enterprise in Igboland, 1857–1914.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1969.

Ekwueme, M.U. “Independent Churches in Igbo Church Historiography.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1988.

42 D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Elawa, Nathan Irmiya. “The Significance of the Cultural Context in the Christianization Process: A Comparative Study of Religious Change among the Jukun in British Colonial Nigeria and the Irish in Early Ireland.” PhD diss., University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, 2015.

Ene Etim, Patrick. “Christian Missions and Social Progress in Efikland of the South-Eastern Nigeria: 1846–1930.” PhD diss., Catholic University, Leuven, 1989.

Eze, E.N. “The Presbyterian Missionary Enterprise in Ohaozara Cross-River Igboland, 1903– 1966.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1989.

Gaiya, Musa A.B. “Missionary Activities on the Jos Plateau, 1900–1960.” PhD diss., University of Jos, 1996.

Gilbert, Juliet Caroline Maria. “‘Destiny is Not Where You Are Now’: Fashioning New Pentecostal Subjectivities among Young Women in Calabar.” DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 2014.

Graham, Richard J. “The Qua Iboe Mission: 1887–1945.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1984.

Hanciles, Jehu J. “The Sierra Leone Native Pastorate Church (1850–1890): An Experiment in Ecclesiastical Independence. “ PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 1995.

Herskovits, J.F. “Liberated Africans and the History of Lagos Colony to 1886.” DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 1960.

Higgins, Thomas Winfield. “Prophet, Priest, and King in Colonial Africa: Anglican and Colonial Political Responses to African Independent Churches in Nigeria and Kenya, 1918–1960.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 2010.

Howell, E.M. “Nigerian Baptist Leaders and Their Contributions.” DTh diss., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1956.

Igwe, Samuel Okoronkwo. “Church, State, and Education in Eastern Nigeria (1847–1975).” PhD diss., University of London, 1977.

Inyang, P.E.M. “The Provision of Education in Nigeria with Reference to the Work of the Church Missionary Society, Catholic Mission and the Methodist Missionary Society.” MA thesis, University of London, 1958.

Iwuagwu, A.O. “The Spiritual Churches in the Eastern States of Nigeria: A Selected Study.” PhD dissertation, University of Ibadan, 1971.

Knight, Charles. “A History of the Expansion of Evangelical Christianity in Nigeria.” ThD diss., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1952.

The History of Christianity in Nigeria 43

Kuranga, Abraham Akanbi. “Seventh-Day Adventism in Western Nigeria, 1914–1981: A Study in the Relationship between Christianity and African Culture from the Missionary Era to the Introduction of African Leadership.” PhD diss., Miami University, 1992.

Lere, Pauline M. “The Activities of the S.I.M./S.U.M. among Leprosy Patients in Northern Nigeria, 1928–1988.” PhD dissertation, University of Jos, 2005.

Manton, John. “The Roman Catholic Mission and Leprosy Control in Colonial Ogoja Province, Nigeria, 1936–1960.” DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 2004.

Marshall, R.A. “The Politics of Pentecostalism in Nigeria: 1975–2000.” DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 2006.

Mbon, Friday Michael. “Brotherhood of the Cross and Star: A Sociological Case Study of New Religious Movements in Contemporary Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Ottawa, 1986.

McKinney, Carol Virginia. “The Bajju of Central Nigeria: A Case Study of Religious and Social Change.” PhD diss., Southern Methodist University, 1985.

Melle, Bradley Michael. “North American Evangelical Perceptions of Africans in Colonial Northern Nigeria, 1890–1939.” MA thesis, Trent University, 2011.

Ndubuisi, C.O. “Evangelical Pentecostalism in Southern Igboland, 1930–90.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1991.

Ndubuisi, C.S. “History of Assemblies of God in South-Eastern Igboland.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1989.

______. “Fifty Years of Assemblies of God Mission in Igboland, 1930–1980.” PhD diss., University of Nigeria, 1992.

Nickel, Sandra Michelle Ingrid. “Linguistic Power in Mid-19th Century Correspondence from the Church Missionary Society Yoruba Mission.” PhD diss., University of Leeds, 2015.

Njoku, Anthony. “Vatican II and the Process of Its Reception in the Igbo Speaking Church of Southeastern Nigeria: 1959–1995.” PhD diss., Catholic University, Leuven, 2002.

Nnabuife, F.C. “The History of the Catholic Church in Eastern Nigeria, 1885–1905.” PhD diss., Urbana University, 1983.

Nwosu, L.A. “Roman Catholic Historiography in Igboland, 1935–85.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1986.

______. “Christianization of South-Western Igboland, 1902–1967.” PhD diss., University of Nigeria, 1989.

Nwosu, P.A. “A Critical Analysis of Okonko Society and Christianity in Igboland, Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Ilorin, 2010.

44 D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Nwosu, Vincent A. “Catholic Women and Catholic Education in Eastern Nigeria, 1945–70.” MA thesis, University of London, 1982.

______. “The Contribution of the Laity to the Growth of the Catholic Church in the Onitsha Province of Eastern Nigeria, 1905–1983.” PhD diss., University of London, 1988.

Obasi, Winifred Uche. “From Shrine to Prayer Houses: A Religious History of Igbo Women, 1900–1970.” PhD diss., Michigan State University, 2013.

Obi, C.A. “Igbo Response to the Holy Ghost Missionary Presence at Onitsha, 1885–1930.” MA thesis, University of London, 1980.

Obiabo, E. “The Idema of Benue State Nigeria: Their Reception and Development of Christianity Since 1924.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 1999.

Obinna, Elijah Oko. “Negotiating Culture: Christianity and the Ogo Society in Amasiri, Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 2011.

Odili, Jones Ugochukwu. “The Roles of Pastoral Agents at Indigenising Anglican Churches in Ukwuaniland, 1841–1941.” PhD diss., University of Port Harcourt, 2010.

Oduro, Thomas Asante. “Christ Holy Church International (1947–2002): The Challenges of Christian Proclamation in a Nigerian Context.” PhD diss., Luther Seminary, 2004.

Ogbonnaya, Kalu Kalu. “Case Study of Christian Missionary Work among Lepers in South Eastern Nigeria.” MA thesis, University of Nigeria, 1995.

Ogharaerumi, Mark O. “The Translation of the Bible into the Yoruba, Igbo, and Isekiri Languages of Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1986.

Ojo, Mathews A. “The Growth of Campus Christianity and Charismatic Movements in Western Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of London, 1987.

Okafor, Stephen O. “The Quest for Authenticity in the Christianity of Southern Nigeria.” MPhil thesis, University of Leicester, 1980.

Okeke, D.C. “Policy and Practice of the C.M.S. in Igboland, 1857–1929.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1977.

Okeke, Okechukwu E. “Religious Change in Ikenanzizi.” MA thesis, University of Benin, 1985.

Okon, A.A. “Church of Scotland and the Development of British Influence in Southern Nigeria 1846–1885.” PhD diss., University of London, 1972.

Okorocha, C.C. “Salvation in Igbo Religious Experience: Its Influence on Igbo Christianity.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1982.

The History of Christianity in Nigeria 45

Okwu, Augustine S.O. “The Mission of the Irish Holy Ghost Fathers among the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria, 1905–1956.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1977.

Olumuyiwa, Olubunmi Taiwo. “A History of the Methodist/Anglican Collaboration in Nigeria within the Yoruba Socio-Cultural Context.” PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2011.

Olupona, Jacob Obafemi Kehinde. “A Phenomenological/Anthropological Analysis of the Religion of the Ondo-Yoruba of Nigeria.” PhD diss., Boston University, 1983.

Onyeidu, S.O. “The Anglican Mission to Asaba, 1875–1930.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1985.

Oshun, C.O. “Christ Apostolic Church of Nigeria: A Pentecostal Considerations of Its Historical, Theological, and Organizational Developments, 1918–1978.” PhD diss., University of Exeter, 1981.

Ozigbo, Ikenga R.A. “A Christian Mission in the Era of Colonialism: A Study of the Catholic Missionary Enterprise in South-Eastern Nigeria, 1885–1939.” PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 1980.

Premack, Laura. “Hope and the Holy Spirit: The Global Pentecostal Movement in Brazil and Nigeria, 1910–2010.” PhD diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2013.

Rengshwat, Jordan Samson. “The Sudan United Mission British Branch, 1934–1977: An Examination of the Mission’s Indigenous Church Policy.” PhD diss., University of Jos, 2012.

Shankar, Shobana. “Children of the Mission in Kano Emirate: Conflicts of Conversion in Colonial Northern Nigeria, c.1899–1953.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2003.

Shenk, Wilbert R. “Henry Venn as Missionary Theorist and Administrator.” PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 1978.

Sorensen-Gilmour, Caroline. “Badagry, 1784–1863: The Political and Commercial History of a Pre-Colonial Lagoonside Community in South West Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Stirling, 1995.

Taylor, William H. “Calabar: An Education Experiment in Nigeria.” PhD diss., University of Exeter, 1980.

Udo, Edet A. “The Methodist Contribution to Education in Eastern Nigeria, 1893–1960.” PhD diss., Boston University, 1965.

Ukah, Asonzeh F.K. “The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria: Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalisms.” PhD diss., University of Bayreuth, 2004.

46 D. Dmitri Hurlbut

Vanden Berg, Todd Martin. “The Integration of Traditional Religion and Christianity among the Longuda of Adamawa State, Nigeria.” PhD diss., State University of New York, Buffalo, 1996.

Walsh, M.J. “The Catholic Contribution to Education in Western Nigeria.” MA thesis, University of London, 1951.

Yoder, Robert Bruce. “Mennonite Missionaries and African Independent Churches: The Development of an Anabaptist Missiology in West Africa: 1958–1967.” PhD diss., Boston University, 2016.

D. Dmitri Hurlbut is a Ph.D. candidate in the African history program at Boston University, and the managing editor of the African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review. He earned an MA in history from Boston University, and a BA in history from Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon. His dissertation investigates the rise of Mormonism in Southeastern Nigeria.