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Blast Furnaces in Song–Yuan China
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (EASTM - Universität Tübingen) EASTM 18 (2001): 41-74 Blast Furnaces in Song–Yuan China Donald B. Wagner [Donald B. Wagner is an independent scholar, presently based at the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies in Copenhagen, Denmark. His research has in recent years focused on the history of ferrous metallurgy in China, his most recent book being The State and the Iron Industry in Han China (2001). He is also engaged in preparing a series of textbooks in Classical Chinese.1] * * * The Chinese "commercial revolution" of the eleventh century was accompanied by a number of important technical developments. In the iron industry, the last major advances in blast furnace design were made. Water power was widely used for the blast, and coal and coke began to take the place of charcoal for the fuel. New blast furnace structures came into use, in some cases foreshadowing early European designs and those known from the traditional Chinese iron industry of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article reviews the available evidence on the construction and operation of iron blast furnaces in the Song and Yuan periods, with special reference to the use of mineral fuel Blast Furnace Excavations Excavations of ironworks sites of the Song and Yuan periods have been reported in seven Chinese provinces.2 Of these a few are reported in sufficient detail to give us some idea of how blast furnaces in this period were built, and how they differed from what is known from periods before and after.3 1 E-mail address: [email protected]; web-site: http://staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner. -
China, Europe, and the Great Divergence: a Study in Historical National Accounting
CHINA, EUROPE AND THE GREAT DIVERGENCE: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL NATIONAL ACCOUNTING, 980-1850 Stephen Broadberry, London School of Economics and CAGE, [email protected] Hanhui Guan, Peking University, [email protected] David Daokui Li, Tsinghua University, [email protected] 28 July 2014 File: China7e.doc Abstract: GDP is estimated for China between the late tenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, and combined with population estimates. Chinese GDP per capita was highest during the Northern Song dynasty and declined during the Ming and Qing dynasties. China led the world in living standards during the Northern Song dynasty, but had fallen behind Italy by 1300. At this stage, it is possible that the Yangzi delta was still on a par with the richest parts of Europe, but by 1700 the gap was too large to be bridged by regional variation within China and the Great Divergence had already begun. JEL classification: E100, N350, O100 Keywords: GDP Per Capita; Economic Growth; Great Divergence; China; Europe Acknowledgements: This paper forms part of the project “Reconstructing the National Income of Britain and Holland, c.1270/1500 to 1850”, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, Reference Number F/00215AR. It is also part of the Collaborative Project HI-POD supported by the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme for Research, Contract Number SSH7-CT-2008-225342. David Daokui Li and Hanhui Guan also acknowledge financial support from Humanity and Social Science Promotion Plan of Tsinghua University (2009WKWT007) and National Natural Science Foundation (70973003) 1. INTRODUCTION As a result of recent advances in historical national accounting, estimates of GDP per capita are now available for a number of European economies back to the medieval period, including Britain, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain (Broadberry, Campbell, Klein, Overton and van Leeuwen, 2014; van Zanden and van Leeuwen, 2012; Malanima, 2011; Álvarez- Nogal and Prados de la Escosura, 2013). -
An Inquiry Into the History of the Chinese Terms Jiqi (Machine) and Jixie (Machinery)
ZHANG BAICHUN AN INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY OF THE CHINESE TERMS JIQI (MACHINE) AND JIXIE (MACHINERY) Within the context of modern mechanical engineering, the Chinese technical terms jiqi (‘machine’, ‘machinery’, ‘apparatus’), and jixie (‘machinery’, ‘mechanism’, ‘mechanical’), have long been given specialist definitions. In ancient China, however, the two terms were rarely used. Drawing on a selection of relevant texts and docu- ments this essay will trace their occurrences and changes of meaning. 1. JI , QI , AND XIE 1. Ji Ji has many meanings in ancient Chinese. In the early period, one of its basic meanings referred to the trigger mechanism on a crossbow, i.e., something with a controlling function. The Eastern Han glossary Shiming ʑ (Explanations of names, ca. 200 AD) mentions the term in the chapter “Shibing” (Explanations concerning the military): “Nu , the crossbow, is [pronounced like] nu , anger. … [it] is also used to refer to the skill of setting something in motion (ji zhi qiao ) or the guardian mechanism (shuji ) of doors and windows by means of which opening and closing are controlled.”1 In the Shuo- wen jiezi ʠ (Describing the pictograms and explaining the compound characters), published around the same time, we read: “Ji: what controls the beginning is called ji. It is written with [the radical] mu ‘wood’; and it is pronounced like ji .” 2 In the late Ming, Wang Zheng described and explained the crossbow and its ‘controlling mechanism’ (ji) in detail in his Xinzhi zhuqi tushuo ̅ (Illustrated explanations on new machines of all kinds) (cf. Figure 1).3 1 Liu Xi . -
The Disappearance of Silk Weaves with Weft Effects in Early China
Chinese Science 12 (1995): 41-76 The Disappearance of Silk Weaves with Weft Effects in Early China Angela Sheng [Angela Sheng was formerly Assistant Curator in the Textiles Department, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada. She is now living and researching in Japan. Material in Figures 5, Al, A2, and A4 has been reprinted from Dorothy K. Burnham, Warp and Weft: A Textile Tenninology (Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1980), with permission ofthe author.} * * * n 1982 spectacular costumes and textiles were unearthed from the Number I One Chu Tomb (340-278 B.C.) at Mashan in Jiangling (Hubei 1985). Complex patterns woven with weft effect were found on seven silk bands (taodai) trimming the opening of four robes. 1 This discovery all but shatters the misconception that the ancient Chinese learned to weave patterns in the weft from foreigners and obliterates the false debate about the origin of the Chinese drawloom. 2 But it also raises a new question: why did the Chinese not continue 1 The term "weaves with weft effects" follows Dorothy Bumham's classification ( 1980: 195-96). Textile terms are often confusing in both English and Chinese and this confusion is compounded in translation. As much as possible, I will use modem Chinese textile terms that refer to weave structures and provide their English equivalents. Where two different ancient textiles are the same in structure, I will use their historical names. For details on Chinese silk weaves, see Becker 1987: 23-25 and Zhao Feng 1992: 31-73. For an explantion of textile terins, see Appendix. 2 Based on textile finds from Antinoi!, Egypt dating to A.O. -
Iron, Steel and Swords Script - Page 1 Huh? Because They Are So Advanced They Cannot Discover a Simple Technology?
Iron in China I don't know a thing about iron in China. I have never been there and seen anything myself (e.g. in a museum) so all I can do is to summarize what I have read. Since Bennet Bronsons's article1) is relatively recent and rather illuminating (meaning it resonates with my own feelings or prejudices), most of what follows is based on his insights. We have met Bennet Bronson before; he also wrote the still best review about the history of wootz steel. Otherwise it is always a good idea to consult the work of Donald B. Wagner, e.g. his book "Iron and steel in ancient China" (Leiden: Brill, 1993), and what Vincent E. Pigott has to say about that book. 3) Many articles on ancient Chinese metallurgy appear to be heavily biased towards "China was always ahead by definition", and I have a problem with this kind of view. Here are some random examples from the Internet: During the Spring & Autumn Period of the Warring States Period, China invented many superior casting processes like the wrought iron technique, crude iron Advanced technique, wrought steel technique, cast iron technique, cast iron for decarburized steel technique, tempering technique and standardized iron casting technique." First, "the Warring States period is a period in ancient China following the Spring and Autumn period (771 BC - 476 BC) and concluding with the victory of the state of Qin in 221 BC, creating a unified China under the Qin Dynasty." says Wikipedia. Second, wrought iron casting techniques and so on are certainly impressive, in particular because they are oxymorons, i.e. -
Boundaries Andbeyond
Spine width: 32.5 mm Ng Chin-keong Ng Ng Chin-keong brings together the work Throughout his career, Professor Ng of forty years of meticulous research Chin-keong has been a bold crosser on the manifold activities of the coastal Boundaries of borders, focusing on geographical Fujian and Guangdong peoples during boundaries, approaching them through the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since the one discipline after another, and cutting publication of his classic study, The Amoy and Beyond across the supposed dividing line Network on the China Coast, he has been between the “domestic” and the “foreign”. sing the concept of boundaries, physical and cultural, to understand the pursuing deeper historical questions Udevelopment of China’s maritime southeast in Late Imperial times, and He demonstrated his remarkable behind their trading achievements. In its interactions across maritime East Asia and the broader Asian Seas, these Boundaries versatility as a scholar in his classic the thirteen studies included here, he linked essays by a senior scholar in the field challenge the usual readings book, Trade and Society: The Amoy Network deals with many vital questions that help of Chinese history from the centre. After an opening essay which positions on the China Coast, 1683–1735, which China’s southeastern coast within a broader view of maritime Asia, the first us understand the nature of maritime explored agriculture, cities, migration, section of the book looks at boundaries, between “us” and “them”, Chinese China and he has added an essay that and other, during this period. The second section looks at the challenges and commerce. -
Dagmar Schäfer, Curriculum Vitae
Dagmar Schäfer, Curriculum Vitae Contact: Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany +49 30 226 67 151, [email protected] Dagmar Schäfer is the director of Department III, "Artefacts, Action and Knowledge" at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin; Honorary Professor, History of Technology, Technical University, Berlin; Adjunct Professor, Institute of Sinology, Freie Universität, Berlin; and Guest Professor, School of History and Culture of Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Her main research interest is the history and sociology of technology of China, focusing on the paradigms configuring the discourse on technological development, past and present. She has published widely on materiality, the processes and structures that lead to varying knowledge systems, and the changing role of artefacts – texts, objects and spaces – in the creation, diffusion and use of scientific and technological knowledge. Her monograph The Crafting of the 10,000 Things (University of Chicago Press, 2011) won the Pfizer Award of the History of Science Society in 2012 and the Association for Asian Studies: Joseph Levenson Prize (Pre-1900) in 2013. Her current research focus is the historical dynamics of concept formation, situations, and experiences of action through which actors have explored, handled and explained their physical, social and individual worlds. ACADEMIC POSITIONS Director, Department III, Max Planck Institute for the 04/2013–present History of Science, Berlin Adjunct Professor, Institute of Sinology, -
Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China Author(S): Justin Yifu Lin Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol
The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China Author(s): Justin Yifu Lin Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Jan., 1995), pp. 269-292 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1154499 Accessed: 14/01/2010 14:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Economic Development and Cultural Change. http://www.jstor.org The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originatein China* Justin Yifu Lin Peking University,Australian National University, and Duke University I. -
Energetics Science and Technology in China
Energetics Science and Technology in China Energetics Science and Technology in China James M. Short Robert A. Kavetsky Michael G. Pecht Davinder K. Anand Center for Energetic Concepts Development Series University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938181 The book contains information from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted and credit is given when appropriate. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. The views of this book are solely the views of the authors. No opinions, statements of fact, or conclusions contained in this document can be properly attributed to the Department of Defense, the Office of Naval Research, or its contracting agencies. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from CECD. CECD consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CECD for such copying. Direct all inquiries to: CECD 2140 Glenn L. Martin Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Ph.: (301) 405-5205 http://www.cecd.umd.edu 2010 CECD International Standard Book Number 978-0-9846274-0-0 Printed in Hong Kong Preface Two monthefore its use, the thermobaric warhead u When we think of energetics, inevitably we think of explosives, propellants, firecrackers, gunpowder, and then China, since it is there that gunpowder was first invented. -
Hist History Master 100 2011
Index for History 100BC-2011 with approx page numbering 1st century BC 2 1st century 11 2nd century 20 3rd century 28 4th century 37 5th century 46 6th century 55 7th century 64 8th century 73 9th century 81 10th century 90 11th century 99 12th century 108 13th century 117 14th century 125 15th century 134 16th century 143 17th century 152 18th century 161 19th century 170 20th century 178 21st century 187 http://cd3wd.com wikipedia-for-schools http://gutenberg.org page no: 1 of 194 1st century BC zim:///A/1st_century_BC.html 1st century BC 2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: General history Millennium: 1st millennium BC The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. It is Centuries: 2nd century BC · 1st century BC · 1st century considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. An alternative name for this Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC century is the last century BC . The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC astronomical year numbering does use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year -1'. Categories: Births – Deaths In the course of the century all the remaining independent lands surrounding the Mediterranean Establishments – Disestablishments were steadily brought under Roman control, being ruled either directly under governors or through puppet kings appointed by Rome. The Roman state itself was plunged into civil war several times, finally resulting in the marginalization of its 500 year old republic, and the embodiment of total state power in a single man - the emperor. -
Bintie: the Wootz Steel in Ancient China
Indian Journal of History of Science, 44.3 (2009) 369-388 BINTIE: THE WOOTZ STEEL IN ANCIENT CHINA WILLIAM LOX* (Received 13 January 2009; revised 8 April 2009) Bintie was a highly-praised steel in ancient China similar to Wootz in ancient India. It was either imported from India or Central Asia or produced in China. Some have asserted that it was nothing else but Indian Wootz steel, others that it was a special steel produced locally with an indigenous origin. The brief history, appearance, and property of Bintie are described here, and three possible methods to produce it are discussed. Bintie was most likely a co-fusion crucible steel that was both imported from Indo-Persia and produced by the ancient Chinese at the same time. Key words: Appearance, Bintie, Co-fusion, Crucible Process, History, Iron, Metallurgy. China has a long history of iron-smelting and steel-making, and developed an isolated, unique system of iron metallurgy in ancient times, especially in technologies of cast iron production. In the various types of ancient Chinese Fe-C alloys, a high carbon steel called “Bintie” or “Pin t’ieh” became famous. The nature and the production of Bintie has been a mystery from early times until now, and it attracts more attention than even the cast iron of ancient China. 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF BINTIE IN ANCIENT CHINA The term “Bintie” firstly appeared in historical documents of the Beiwei Dynasty (386 AD - 534 AD), and was mentioned in official history books such as Wei Shu, Zhou Shu, Bei Shi and Sui Shu many times. -
The European Discovery of China Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona
THE EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF CHINA POMPEU FABRA UNIVERSITY BARCELONA THE 17th CENTURY TIANGONG KAIWU-MINES AND WEAPONS The transport section opens with the humble wheelbarrow, an ingenious piece of craftmanship that is still in use today. Its centrally mounted wheel distributes weight so evenly that it is capable of transporting up to six human passengers at once. Boats are also meticulously described, specially the flat-bottom river boats used to transport the grain tribute along the Grand Canal. Due attention is given to essential elements of navigation, like compass and anchors. A scaffold is erected from which a number of workers lift the trunk of the anchor to allow it to be hammered by those working below. The four claws of the anchor are forged first and then attached to the trunk one by one applying to the joints a soldering material with the help of long sticks. A brief mention of Western technology appears in this section when the author mentions that the countries of the West have a remarkable chemical solder. Coal mining is also described together with the many kinds of coals. Coal was widely used as a fuel during the Ming dynasty, but they never attempted to convert the energy released from its heat into the power of motion: that was always provided by human beings and domestic animals. was so large, that they never had to worry about having insufficient manpower and thus never tried to develop labour-saving mechanical devices. Special attention is given to the timber erected to prevent collapse of the galleries, and to the thick hollow bamboo pipe to channel the poisonous gas.