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Yuan Ming Yuan Nei Gong Ze Li 1 Workshop “Chinese Handicraft Regulations: Theory and Application” ρറᠲઔಘᄎشঞࠏ: ෻ᓵፖኔ܂πխഏٰ 3rd International Symposium on Ancient Chinese Books and Records of Science and Technology ㄀ϝሞЁ೑⾥ᡔ݌㈡೑䰙Ӯ䆂ⷨ䅼Ӯ March 31 – April 3, 2003 Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen These abstracts are for your personal use. ᴀӮ䆂䆎᭛ᨬ㽕ҙկখӮ㗙ϾҎՓ⫼DŽ Please do not circulate or quote without permission by the authors. ᳾㒣԰㗙ܕ䆌ˈϡᕫ݀ᓔᓩ⫼DŽ 2 Managing Mobility: Popular Technology, Social Visibility and the Regulation of Riverine Transportation in Eighteenth Century China Grant Alger Abstract This paper provides a case study of how local officials during the Qing sought to regulate the usage of privately constructed handicrafts by focusing on the administration of river boats in Fujian province during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Government officials, I argue, possessed a dual view of river boat operators as both marginal and potentially dangerous social figures and as important economic actors. As a result, officials sought to design regulations that decreased criminality on the rivers and also promoted the convenient flow of goods through the region. This study describe first how during the eighteenth century officials sought to police river boat operators by applying the baojia population registration system to the mobile world of the rivers. This policy included ordering that boats be painted, carved or branded with identifying information to lessen the anonymity of boat operators. Due to the state’s inability to execute fully this policy, however, in the early nineteenth century Fujian’s officials ordered instead the implementation of a boat broker system. This system was designed to enmesh all of the participants in the river transport trade, (boatmen, merchants, and brokers) into a relationship of mutual dependency and control as a way to maximize the regulatory impact over the transport trade while minimizing the need for day-to- day government involvement. ᴀ᭛ህ Ϫ㋔ঞ Ϫ㋔߱⏙ҷ⽣ᓎഄᮍᅬવㅵ⧚∳⊇Ϟ㠍䘟ὁⱘḜ՟䘆㸠ⷨおDŽ԰ 㗙䁡⚎ˈ⏙ᬓᑰᅬવᇡ㸠㠍Ҏ ᳝䲭䞡ⳟ⊩˖ϔᮍ䴶ˈ䗭ѯҎ㰩Ѣ⼒᳗䙞 ㏕ˈᮐ⼒᳗᳝ 䀺೪䀁㿜⊩㽣 ˈⳂⱘץ೼䓗ॅ䱾˗঺ϔᮍ䴶ˈᇡ㍧△ⱐሩজ㟇⚎䞡㽕 DŽ䨦ℸˈᅬવ◇ ᦣ䗄 Ϫܜᰃϔᮍ䴶ৃ⏯ᇥ㸠㠍Ҏⱘ⢃㔾џӊˈ঺ϔᮍ䴶জ㛑֗䘆ଚક⌕ࢩDŽᴀ᭛佪 ㋔⽣ᓎᅬવ⚎ԩ೼㸠㠍Ҏ Ё᥼㸠ֱ⬆ࠊᑺ DŽ䗭ϔࠊᑺ㽕∖㠍᠊ᣝ✻㍅ϔ῭⑪⊍ⓚ㠍 াˈࠏϞ㠍᠊ྦྷৡঞ᳝䮰῭䁠DŽџᅲϞˈ⬅Ѣഄᮍᬓᑰ⛵࡯᥼㸠䗭ϔᬓㄪˈࠄ Ϫ㋔ ߱ˈ⽣ᓎᅬવ≎ᅮ᥼㸠㠍ᵁࠊᑺ DŽ䗭ϔࠊᑺᮼ೼᠔᳝㟛㠍䘟ὁ᳝ 䮰ⱘҎવ˄㸠㠍Ҏˈ ଚҎঞ㠍㸠㙋વ ˅㛑ⳌѦⲷⴷ੠᥻ࠊ ˈ᮶ৃҹ᳔໻䰤ᑺᆺ ⧒⊩㽣ⱘᬜ࡯ˈজৃҹ⏯ᇥ ᬓᑰ᮹ᐌㅵ⧚ⱘວ࡯DŽ 3 Preliminary Observations on “Regulations and Precedents Related to River Hydraulics” (Hegong Zeli) During the Qing Dynasty Iwo Amelung, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ⏙ᳱlj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJ߱ℹⷨお 䰓ṙ啭 lj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJ䖘ҞЎℶ䖬ᕜᇥ㹿ᑨ⫼ѢᄺᴃⷨおЁDŽ៥ⱘ䖭㆛᭛ゴˈޚ໛ᓔྟⷨおlj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJⱘ 䍋⑤੠থሩⓨবDŽlj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJ᳔ᮽߎ⦄Ѣ䲡ℷᳱˈᅗᰃ೼খ㗗њljⓩ㾘NJⱘ෎⸔ϞᢳህⱘDŽ䖭㆛ ᭛ゴⱘЏԧ䚼ߚˈᇚ䲚Ёⷨおlj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJⱘࡳ⫼DŽᇸ݊ᰃ݊ᇍѢ䋺Ⳃ⏙ㅫⱘ䞡㽕ᗻDŽ⊇Ꮉᅬਬ䳔 㽕ᣝ✻lj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJⱘᅮӋᴹ䌁ᕫ⠽䋼ᴤ᭭੠ࢇࡼ࡯DŽlj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJᅲ䰙ϞᰃᎹ⿟ㅵ⧚ྨਬӮㅵ⧚ ⠽ⲥᆳ䖭Ͼ乚ඳⱘЏ㽕᠟↉DŽ⬅Ѣlj⊇Ꮉ߭՟NJᰒ✊ᑊϡᅮᳳׂ䅶ˈѢᰃᔧђ䱚ᳱˈᇸ݊ᰃ௝ᑚᳱ Ӌϡᮁ亭छᯊˈݡ㽕ᣝ✻lj߭՟NJⱘ㾘ᅮᴹ㦋ᕫ⠽䋼ᴤ᭭੠ࢇࡼ࡯ህবᕫ᮹Ⲟೄ䲒њDŽ ᕜᯢᰒˈlj߭՟NJᕫϡࠄׂᬍⱘϔϾЏ㽕ॳ಴ᰃˈҎӀᗔ⭥ӏԩׂ䅶៪㗙ӏԩϔ⾡♉⌏ᴎࡼⱘ⊇Ꮉ ӋḐⲥⴷ㋏㒳ˈ䛑Ӯ㒭⊇Ꮉㅵ⧚㗙ҹ䋾∵᣾⫼ⱘᴎӮDŽ ߎডخѢᰃˈㅵ⧚㗙ህ㹿䖿೼ᅲ䰙᪡԰ᯊ䞛⫼ϔ⾡“ব䗮ⱘ䅵ㅫᮍᓣ”ˈҹ֓ᇍѢ⠽Ӌⱘবࡼ੠থሩ ᑨDŽ㗠䆑ࠎⱘᙄᙄᰃˈ䖭⾡“ব䗮ⱘᮍᓣ”೼ϔϾᵕ໻ⱘ㣗ೈݙˈৠḋৃҹ㹿⫼ᴹ䋾∵㜤䋹DŽ Recent years saw the publication of a considerable number of works related to river hydraulics during the Qing 堚 dynasty. All of these works offer insights into the administrative aspects of river control during that period. We are now fairly well informed as to how the special administration for the control of the Yellow River ႓ࣾ and the Grand Canal ሎࣾ came into being, how it was expanded and how it was eventually abolished for good. Although recent research could draw on a greatly expanded body of sources and especially use a large number of palace memorials related to river control stored in archives in Taibei ࠇ, our understanding of how the river administration in Henan ࣾত, Shandong ՞ࣟק and Beijing ק؀ 1 ত interacted with central government organs in Beijing is still limited at best. A commonۂ and Jiangnan assumption holds that the Board of Works (gongbu ՠຝ ), which was nominally responsible for the administration2 did not play any important role in decision-making and the execution of major river control works. In his classical study, Hu Ch’ang-t’u goes to considerable lengths to describe how the board was 1 These works are m entioned in m y review of Randall Dodgen’s Controlling the Dragon in T’oung Pao Vol. 88, 2003:1. W hile there is a considerable num ber of Chinese works on river- control, none focuses exclusively on the Qing dynasty. M oreover, m ost Chinese authors m ainly treat conceptional and technological issues and touch upon adm inistrative issues only in passing, cf., for exam ple, Zheng Zhaojing 1939, Zhongguo shuili shi (A ׾ܓᔤፌᆖ խഏֽ History of Hydraulics in China), Shanghai: Com m ercial Press; Yao Hanyuan 1986, ৔ዧᄭ Zhongguo shuilishi gangyao (Outline History of Chinese Hydraulics), Beijing: Shuili ׾ᙓ૞ܓխഏֽ dianli chubanshe; W uhan shuili dianli xueyuan and Shuili dianli kexue yanjiuyuan “Zhongguo shuili shigao bianxiezu” 1989, ׾ჶᒳᐊิܓሽઝᖂઔߒࢬխഏֽֽܓሽԺᖂೃֽܓࣳዧֽ Zhongguo shuili shigao (Draft History of Chinese Hydraulics), 3 vols., Beijing: ׾ჶܓխഏֽ Shuili dianli chubanshe; Zhang Hanying 1982, Lidai zhihe fanglüe tantao एֱࣾฃ൶ז૎ ᖵ്ܶ (Researches into River-Control Strategies of Historical Dynasties), Beijing: Shuili chubanshe; ಘ and Zhang Hanying 1986, M ing Qing zhi he gailun (Ouline of River Control ്ܶ૎ ࣔ堚एࣾᄗᓵ During the M ing and Qing), Beijing: Shuili dianli chubanshe. 2 In the Qing statutes (huidian ) the river adm inistration is listed as subordinate to the ᄎࠢ dushuisi of the Board of W orks, cf. (Qinding) Da Qing Huidian. Guangxu ershiwu nian ᅮֽ׹ keben (Im perially Approved Statutes of the Great Qing ءࠥڣΰཱུࡳαՕ堚ᄎࠢΖ٠ፃԲԼն Dynasty), Taibei: Zhongwen shuju 1967 (Reprint of the 1899 edition). 4 bypassed and marginalized3, and most researchers – including myself4 – have hitherto been content with looking into palace memorials in order to get an understanding of the intriguing issues of river control during most of the Qing.5 While it is certainly true that no major decision on river control was possible without the Emperor’s approval, and thus that palace memorials are of paramount importance for our understanding of many of the conceptional, financial and political aspects, such a focus tends to eclipse the more pedestrian problems of river control, like the planning of a work, procurement of materials, accounting, auditing, etc. However, these political and technical aspects are essential for a full picture of the functioning of the river administration and the evaluation of its efficiency. In this paper, I will try to present a preliminary assessment of the Regulations and Precedents for River Works (Hegong zeli ࣾՠঞ ࠏ) and their value as a source highlighting some of these neglected issues. At the outset, I will briefly discuss the origins and the evolution of Hegong zeli as a genre and describe the different editions which I could study in preparing this paper. In the main part of my paper, I will analyze the functions of the Hegong zeli within in the river administration and draw attention to the revisions of prices for labor and material which can be observed by comparing Zeli from different periods. I will suggest that a closer look into this problem can help us understand the function of Zeli within the framework of the river administration and that it may offer insights into the crucial, but largely neglected problem of the supply of materials and labor for river works. 3 Hu Ch’ang-t’u 1954, “The Yellow River Adm inistration in the Ch´ing-Dynasty”, Ph.D. dissertation, University of W ashington, p. 78. 4 Cf. Am elung, Iwo 2000, Der Gelbe Fluß in Shandong (1851-1911). Überschwem m ungskatastrophen und ihre Bewältigung im China der späten Qing-Zeit, W iesbaden: Harassowitz. 5 W e should note here that palace m em orials also form the core of the m ost im portant collections of sources on Qing river hydraulics, cf. especially Li Shixu, , Pan Xien ᕟ׈ݧ ᑰᙔ஑ (com p.) 1970, Xu Xingshui jinjian (Sequel to the Golden M irror for Controlling the ᥛ۩ֽ८ᦹ W aters) (Zhongguo shuili yaoji congbian 2), 10 vols., Taibei: W enhai (Reprint of the 1833 edition), hereafter quoted as XXSJJ; and W u Tongju (com p.) 1970, Zaixu xingshui ᜰٵࣳ jinjian (Further Sequel to the Golden M irror for Controlling the W aters) ٦ᥛ۩ֽ८ᦹ (Zhongguo shuili yaoji congbian 21), 10 vols., Taibei: W enhai 1970 [preface 1942], hereafter referred to as ZXXSJJ. 5 The technology of the vault structure in Chinese architecture: links between the Gongcheng zuofa, 1734, juan 44 and the contemporary building methods of yaodong houses in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces Caroline Bodolec Preliminary abstract: In Chinese architecture, vaults are very scarce. Apart from tombs, bridges and city gates, the brick and stone barrel vault can be found in two types of buildings: the wuliang dian ["beamless hall"] built during the Ming dynasty and the yaodong houses of Yellow earth Tableland. Using the same plan as cave-dwellings, the oldest brick and stone yaodong of Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces were built during the XVIIIth century. Their technics have been maintained until nowadays; in some parts of the two provinces almost 80% of the new yaodong have a vault with abutments. The wuliang dian and the yaodong present some similar technics of construction: front bricks layout and architectural calculations of the span and the rise of the vault. Those technical characterists of the Chinese vault are mentioned in a very little juan of the Gongbu zuofa, publication of the Qing Board of Work in 1734. Some of the calculations can be compared with the contemporary building site of Shaanxi province leading to an hypothesis of transmission from public and written architecture to popular architecture. Key words: Architecture, Cave dwellings, Transmission of technics, Board of Works, Popular craftsmen, Qing dynasty, Contemporary period ೇ۫ڇխഏ৬ᗰխऱ਑ື࿨ዌݾ๬Κπՠຝ೚ऄρΰ1734αร 44 ࠴ࡉ෼ ઊࡉ՞۫ઊऱ䋉੐ࢪৢ৬ᗰֱऄऱᜤᢀ ॣޡऱኴ૞ ࣍ࠟᣊ৬ᗰڇژ࿟ݮ਑ືفխഏऱ৬ᗰխ਑ືৰ࿕֟ΖೈԱችΕᖯࡉৄ॰؆Δᗤ ᑌऱֱऄΔೇ۫ઊࡉ՞ٵࡺلፖشऱྤඩᄥࡉ႓Ւ೏଺ऱ 䋉੐ࢪৢΖࠌګխΚࣔཛ৬ ⷇ २ 80%ऱᄅ䋉ֱچࠟઊऱਬࠄڇऱᗤ 䋉੐৬࣍ 18 ׈ધΖࠡݾ๬অఎ۟վΙڰઊ່۫ ݝࡉ਑ऱሀ܉ऱ࿨ዌݾ๬Κছ૿ᗤऱۿਬࠄઌق᧩ࠠ਑ஆऱ਑ືΖྤඩᄥࡉ 䋉੐ڶ੐ ༼πՠຝ೚ऄρऱৰ՛ऱԫ࠴խڇ৫Ε೏৫ऱ৬ᗰᖂૠጩΖխഏ਑ືऱ߷ࠄݾ๬௽រ ೇ۫ઊऱ৬ᗰढΔڇᣊֺ࣍෼ױठΖ،ऱਬࠄૠጩֱऄנ堚ՠຝطڣ 1734 ڇࠩΔᇠ஼ ၴ৬ᗰݾ๬ऱႚᐾΖاٻठऱ৬ᗰݾ๬נຍᑌԫጟ೗๻Κֆၲנຍ֧ ழཚڇၴՠٰΔ堚ཛΔ෼اࡺΔݾ๬ႚᐾΔՠຝΔلΚ৬ᗰΔڗᣂ᝶ 6 Comments on the Book Yuan Ming Yuan Nei Gong Ze Li Guo Daiheng Tsing Hua University School of Architecture Abstract: Among the extant construction files of the Yuan Ming Yuan, Yuan Ming Yuan Nei Gong Ze Li is of great value.
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