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A New Species of Extinct Parrot (Psittacidae: Eclectus) from Tonga and Vanuatu, South Pacific1

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A New Species of Extinct Parrot (Psittacidae: Eclectus) from Tonga and Vanuatu, South Pacific1 A New Species of Extinct Parrot (Psittacidae: Eclectus) from Tonga and Vanuatu, South Pacific1 David W. Steadman2 Abstract: A new extinct species of parrot, Eclectus infectus Steadman, is described from 21 bones from archaeological (late Holocene) and paleontological (late Pleistocene) sites on three islands in the Kingdom of Tonga, with limited re- ferred material (ulna, tibiotarsus) from a late Holocene archaeological site on Malakula, Vanuatu. Probably, therefore, the range of E. infectus also included at least the intervening island group of Fiji. The extinction of E. infectus oc- curred since the arrival of people in this region ca. 3,000 yr ago and presumably was due to human impact. A single, very fragmentary parrot tibiotarsus from Rota (Mariana Islands) may pertain to an indeterminate species of Eclectus. The only extant species of Eclectus is E. roratus, which occurs from the Solomon Is- lands westward to the Moluccas. Eclectus infectus provides the first evidence of the genus east of the Solomon Islands, although its biogeographic implications are not unique. Within Oceania (outside New Zealand and the Hawaiian Is- lands), human activities have eliminated the easternmost species in at least 17 other genera of land birds. Parrots (order Psittaciformes, family materials and methods Psittacidae sensu lato) have a substantial late The prehistoric parrot bones from sites in Quaternary fossil record on tropical islands that includes many extinct species and popu- the Kindom of Tonga were obtained from vertically controlled excavations by sieving lations. In the West Indies, for example, such sediment through screens of 3.2- or 1.6-mm losses have involved all three indigenous gen- mesh. The stratigraphic, chronologic, and era (Ara, Aratinga, and Amazona [Williams cultural details of the Tongan sites are ex- and Steadman 2001]). Fossils also have docu- plained in Steadman (1993), Burley (1999), mented considerable late Quaternary losses of Dickinson et al. (1999), and Steadman et al. parrots on Pacific islands, especially in three (2002a,b). The Malua Bay archaeological site genera, Vini, Cacatua, and Eclectus (Steadman on Malakula, Vanuatu, is described in Bed- in press). Here I describe a new species of ford et al. (1998). Steadman (1992, 1999) de- Eclectus and discuss its biogeographic implica- tions. scribed the bone deposit at Payapai Cave on Rota, Mariana Islands. The prehistoric specimens of Eclectus 1 Financial support came from the National Science are cataloged in the Division of Ornithology, Foundation (grants BSR-8607535, EAR-9714819, DEB- Florida Museum of Natural History, Univer- 0228682) and National Geographic Society (grant 5123- sity of Florida (uf). Multiple five-digit catalog 93). Manuscript accepted 21 December 2004. uf 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of numbers for a single specimen, such as Florida, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, Florida 32611- 52069/52076 for the holotypical femur, are 7800 (phone: 352-392-1721 x465; fax: 352-846-0287; for bone fragments originally cataloged sepa- e-mail: dws@flmnh.ufl.edu). rately but found to fit together with further research. Modern comparative skeletons are from the American Museum of Natural Pacific Science (2006), vol. 60, no. 1:137–145 amnh uf : 2006 by University of Hawai‘i Press History ( ), , the National Museum All rights reserved of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 137 138 PACIFIC SCIENCE . January 2006 (usnm), and the University of Washington Sternum: distal tip of spina externa blunt Burke Museum (uwbm). Osteological nomen- and not strongly bifurcated; lateral surfaces clature generally follows Baumel et al. (1993). of spina externa partitioned by a muscle scar; The following modern skeletons were ex- in lateral aspect, overall anterior margin of amined: Cacatua ducorpsi uf 39463, 39446, spina externa convex rather than concave; 39513; C. galerita galerita uf 25728; C. oph- dorsal surface of spina externa with proximo- thalmica amnh 332597; C.(Eolophus) roseica- medial foramen; sulcus medianus sterni very pilla uf 25735; Callocephalon fimbriatum uf pneumatic. 25737; Calyptorhynchus funereus uf 25729; Coracoid: medial half of facies articularis Probosciger aterrimus uf 25679; Vini australis sternalis gradually widens in a gentle arc. uf 25591; V. kuhlii usnm 498417; V. solitarius Humerus: crista deltopectoralis originates usnm 277040, 277322; Charmosyna papou uf nearly even with crista bicipitalis; fossa mus- 39659, uwbm 43041; C. pulchella uf 40403; culo brachialis shallow; attachment of ante- Trichoglossus haematodus uf 39561; Lorius rior articular ligament elongate; tuberculum chlorocercus uf 39487; Chalcopsitta cardinalis uf supracondylare ventrale large; sulcus humero- 39410, 39464; Eos bornea uf 18437; Pseudeos tricipitalis deep. fuscata uf 25577; Eclectus r. roratus (female, Ulna: minimal curvature of proximal half male) usnm 557136, 557137; Eclectus r. solo- of shaft in medial or lateral aspect; cross sec- monensis (2 males) uf 39525, 40175; Eclectus tion of midshaft more angular (less circular); roratus [captive] (3 females, 5 males, 2?) uf olecranon relatively large and distinctly offset 25936–25941, usnm 346723, 430501, 490124, by a deep sulcus tendineus; papillae remi- 557942; Geoffroyus geoffroyi usnm 560810; giales caudales relatively indistinct; in ventral Prosopeia tabuensis uf 26179, 26180, 40741, aspect, caudal margin of impressio brachialis 40743; Cyanoramphus auriceps uf 25961; C. n. relatively gently curved. novaehollaniae uf 25958; Eunymphicus cornutus Radius: minimal curvature of proximal uf 42707; and Micropsitta finschii uf 39450, one-quarter of shaft; margo interosseus very 39459. distinct; sulcus tendineus consistently con- cave; sulcus ligamentum not deeply excavated. comparative osteology Carpometacarpus: proximal intermetacar- and systematics pal symphysis wide; fovea carpalis caudalis shallow. I compared the fossils from Tonga and Va- Femur: in proximal aspect, facies articula- nuatu with modern skeletal specimens repre- ris antitrochanterica relatively deep, resulting senting most genera of cockatoos, lories, and in little constriction at attachment of facies parrots from Australia, New Guinea, and In- articularis acetabularis; linea intermuscularis donesia and all genera from Oceania (see cranialis avoids lateral margin of shaft but Materials and Methods), including especially originates on medial margin of crista trochan- the four genera that still occur in Polynesia teris; condylus medialis reaches its most prox- (Vini, Charmosyna, Prosopeia, and Cyanoram- imal point near bone’s midline rather than phus). The fossil specimens are referred to near epicondylus medialis; axis of condylus Eclectus because of the following unique com- medialis oriented diagonally rather than par- bination of characters. allel to axis of shaft; tuberculum musculo gas- Quadrate: base of processus orbitus trocnemialis lateralis located relatively distal. concave; dorsal surface of condylus caudalis Tibiotarsus: extending from the distal ex- bulbous and medially oriented; concavity of tent of crista cnemialis cranialis, the anterior lateral surface of condylus caudalis extends surface of the shaft is rather steeply raised di- posteriad to processus zygomaticus. agonally, rather than gently rounded, to at Mandible: symphysis relatively flat, shal- least the midpoint of crista fibularis; in lateral low, and wide, with rugose (not smooth) ven- aspect, crista fibularis thickens toward the dis- tral surface texture; smooth medial outline of tal end; in cranial aspect, shaft only slightly symphysis and ramus in ventral aspect. constricted above crista fibularis. New Species of Extinct Parrot from Tonga and Vanuatu . Steadman 139 Tarsometatarsus: shaft stout; sulcus exten- er I); uf 52003/52075 ulna, uf 52060/52062/ sorius long; fossa metatarsi I located at base of 52073 radius, uf 50608 tibiotarsus (Layer II); trochlea metatarsi II (rather than more proxi- uf 52784 sternum, uf 52057, 52549, 52900 mal); trochlea metatarsi II medially expanded. three radii (Layer III). Tongoleleka Site, Li- fuka, Tonga (various strata): uf 58284 quad- Eclectus infectus Steadman, n. sp. rate, uf 57920 mandible, uf 58294 coracoid, Figures 1–3 uf 58063, 58300 two humeri, uf 58548/ 58549 carpometacarpus, uf 58512 tarsometa- holotype: uf 52069/52076, complete fe- tarsus, uf 58518, 58519 pedal phalanges. Vai- mur, Unit S6W2, Layer II, Level 15, ‘Anatu, puna Site, ‘Uiha, Tonga: uf 58850 pedal ‘Eua, Tonga. Collected by D. W. Steadman, phalanx (Unit 7, Level 9). Malua Bay archae- T. W. Stafford Jr., and J. G. Stull on 25 No- ological site, Malakula, Vanuatu: uf 61449 vember 1989 (Figure 1). ulna, uf 61450 tibiotarsus. paratypes: ‘Anatu, ‘Eua, Tonga: uf diagnosis: A species of Eclectus that dif- 50652/50653 sternum, uf 52117 radius (Lay- fers from the only known congeneric species, Figure 1. Eclectus. a, b, Femur in ventral (above) and dorsal (below) aspects. c, d, Tibiotarsus in dorsal (above) and ventral (below) aspects. e, f, Tarsometatarsus in plantar (above) and acrotarsial (below) aspects. a, c, e, E. roratus roratus, usnm 557136. b, d, f, E. infectus, n. sp., uf 52069/52076, 50608, 58512. Scale bars ¼ 30 mm. TABLE 1 Measurements (in mm) of Skeletal Elements in Eclectus, with Range and Sample Size (if >1) E. infectus, E. cf. E. roratus n. sp., infectus, E. roratus roratus, Tonga: n. sp., solomonensis, Moluccas: E. roratus ‘Eua, Vanuatu: Solomons: Ternate, subsp.? Skeletal Element Parameter Lifuka Malakula Isabel Tobelo Captive Quadrate Total height 15.9
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