LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME ENHANCING THE EVIDENCE BASE ON PLANNED RELOCATION CASES IN THE CONTEXT OF HAZARDS, DISASTERS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
By Erica Bower & Sanjula Weerasinghe March 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable support and feedback of several individuals and organizations in the preparation of this report. This includes members of the reference group: colleagues at the Platform on Disaster Displacement (Professor Walter Kälin, Sarah Koeltzow, Juan Carlos Mendez and Atle Solberg); members of the Platform on Disaster Displacement Advisory Committee including Bruce Burson (Independent Consultant), Beth Ferris (Georgetown University), Jane McAdam (UNSW Sydney) and Matthew Scott (Raoul Wallenberg Institute); colleagues at the International Organization for Migration (Alice Baillat, Pablo Escribano, Lorenzo Guadagno and Ileana Sinziana Puscas); colleagues at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Florence Geoffrey, Isabelle Michal and Michelle Yonetani); and colleagues at GIZ (Thomas Lennartz and Felix Ries). The authors also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Julia Goolsby, Sophie Offner and Chloe Schalit.
This report has been carried out under the Platform on Disaster Displacement Work Plan 2019-2022 with generous funding support from the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. It was co-commissioned by the Platform on Disaster Displacement and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law at UNSW Sydney. Any feedback or questions about this report may be directed by email to the Platform on Disaster Displacement Secretariat ([email protected]).
This report is part of a complementary set of studies aiming at enhancing evidence on planned relocation. This includes an IOM commissioned study identifying planned relocation cases referenced in Spanish and French language literature (forthcoming), a Pacific regional snapshot, an Asia regional snapshot and a case study compilation commissioned by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) (forthcoming), and a report on sea-level rise and planned relocation developed for the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law at UNSW Sydney (forthcoming).
This document should be cited as: Bower, E. & Weerasinghe, S. (2021). Leaving Place, Restoring Home: Enhancing the Evidence Base on Planned Relocation Cases in the Context of Hazards, Disasters, and Climate Change. Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD) and Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law. LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME ENHANCING THE EVIDENCE BASE ON PLANNED RELOCATION CASES IN THE CONTEXT OF HAZARDS, DISASTERS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
by Erica Bower and Sanjula Weerasinghe
March 2021
This report was commissioned by the Platform on Disaster Displacement with the generous support of Switzerland.
Federal Department of Foreign A airs FDFA Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2
ACRONYMS 6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7
1. INTRODUCTION 11
2. CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND 14
2.1 What is planned relocation? 14
2.2 Typology of spatial patterns of planned relocation 18
3. PLANNED RELOCATION AS CONCEIVED IN THIS REPORT 20
4. METHODOLOGY 23
4.1 Phase 1: Compiling a preliminary global dataset 23
4.2 Phase 2: Detailed mapping of characteristics of selected cases 25
4.3 Limitations 27
5. FINDINGS FROM THE GLOBAL DATASET 28
5.1 Where are the identified planned relocation cases? 28
5.2 What are the spatial patterns of identified planned relocation cases? 29
5.3 Which hazards drove identified planned relocation cases? 30
5.4 When were identified planned relocation cases initiated, and how many are ongoing? 32
6. FINDINGS FROM THE MAPPING OF DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS 33
6.1 Locations 33
6.2 Associated hazard(s) 33
6.3 Displacement 34
6.4 Distance from origin to destination 34
6.5 Number of households 34
6.6 Duration of the process 36
4 6.7 Indigenous groups 36
6.8 Rural or urban 36
6.9 Initiating actor(s) & supporting actor(s) 36
6.10 Assessments at site of origin and site of destination 39
6.11 Participation mechanisms 39
6.12 Legal and policy frameworks 39
6.13 Livelihood opportunities 40
6.14 Challenges 41
7. IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 42
7.1 Multiple drivers and stakeholder motivations 42
7.2 “Proactive” and “reactive” relocation 43
7.3 Multi-hazard contexts, coercion and agency 44
7.4 Four spatial patterns and unique features 45
7.5 Unique features of single origin to single destination cases 47
8. CONCLUSION 50
9. ANNEXES 52
Annex A: Context characteristics 53
Annex B: Design characteristics 56
Annex C: Methods employed by primary article for all cases 62
Annex D: Codebook questions, answers, and methodological notes 70
Annex E: Regional groups of countries 72
Annex F: Hazard definitions 73
5 ACRONYMS
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
COP Conference of the Parties
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DRM Disaster Risk Management
GCM Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee
IGO Inter-Governmental Organization
INGO International Non-Governmental Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PDD Platform on Disaster Displacement
TFD Task Force on Displacement
UN United Nations
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNDRR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
6 As hazards, disasters and climate change EXECUTIVE profoundly affect people’s lives and livelihoods, communities and authorities seek opportunities SUMMARY to move people permanently out of harm’s way. The planned relocation of communities, or groups of households, to areas with lower exposure and disaster risks is occurring around the world. Planned relocation is recognized in policy and practice as a tool for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). However, the process can also undermine socio-economic prosperity, cultural practices and human security. As such, planned relocation is generally considered as a measure of last resort. In this context, policymakers, practitioners and communities require refined information on how planned relocation could be undertaken to minimize negative impacts, avoid pitfalls and promote human rights and human dignity.
Attention to planned relocation in policy instruments, and interest in gathering insights on practice, have increased since it was included alongside displacement and migration in the 2010 Cancun Adaptation Framework. However, knowledge and data gaps remain. This report, which is undertaken pursuant to the Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD) 2019-2022 Strategy and Workplan, seeks to enhance the evidence base on planned relocation cases undertaken within countries. It provides: (1) a global dataset of 308 cases of planned relocation identified from English- language peer-reviewed scholarly articles and grey literature; and (2) an analysis of characteristics across 34 of the identified cases. These two related outputs serve as a foundation for future efforts to augment knowledge and data on planned relocation, and to promote approaches to policy and practice that mitigate risk and protect people from harm.
The process of identifying planned relocation cases is challenging because the term is not defined under international law and views on its key elements differ. Various entities including governments, the Nansen Initiative, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and experts have articulated definitions of planned relocation that include coherent and dissimilar elements. Some actors also use terms such as resettlement and managed retreat to refer
7 to movements that are similar to planned Findings from the 308 cases identified in the relocation. For the purposes of this report, a English-language global dataset include: planned relocation case is conceptualized as embodying six central elements as underlined • Planned relocation is a global in the following description: the planned, phenomenon. Identified cases span all permanent movement of a group of people inhabited regions and occur in 60 countries from identifiable origin(s) to identifiable and territories. The United States of America, destination(s), predominantly in association the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, China, with one or more hydrometeorological, Indonesia, Vietnam, Fiji, Japan and Colombia geophysical/geological, or environmental have the highest numbers of identified cases. hazard(s). About one half of identified cases are in Asia.
Through this research, it has become apparent • Many planned relocation cases occur that planned relocation cases do not follow in multi-hazard contexts. Cases are one spatial pattern. This report uses a typology most frequently associated with floods. with four distinct spatial patterns: cases Approximately two thirds of cases are involving a single origin to a single destination initiated in association with at least one site (type A); cases involving multiple origins to climate-related hazard. a single destination (type B); cases involving a single origin to multiple destinations (type C); • Most planned relocation cases involve a and cases involving multiple origins to multiple single origin to a single destination site. destinations (type D). These complexities About half of the identified cases follow the inform and guide the manner in which this spatial pattern of relocation from a single site report has been conceived and undertaken. of origin to a single destination site. About 16-18 per cent of cases involve multiple The methodology for this report included origins to a single destination or single origin two phases. First, a global dataset of planned to multiple destinations, while about seven relocation cases was identified from English- per cent involve multiple origins to multiple language academic and grey literature. As destinations. each potential case was identified, it was screened to ensure that it met each of the • Many planned relocation cases are six elements. In addition, only cases initiated ongoing. The physical relocation to the after 1970 were included to limit the mapping destination site had been completed in three to contemporary practice. Second, single quarters of the identified cases. However, origin to single destination planned relocation approximately one quarter of the identified cases were selected for deeper analysis due planned relocation cases were ongoing to their prevalence. A subset of these cases, as at the publication date of the reviewed selected based on the adequacy of information literature. This means that the physical move in the reviewed literature, was analyzed to to the destination site had not occurred for a assess context and design characteristics. This majority of households. methodology was refined through a working paper prepared for the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) Thematic Working Group on Environmental Change and Migration.
8 Findings from the analysis of 34 single origin Implications from these findings for to single destination cases include: policymakers, practitioners and researchers include: • Displacement: A little over half were undertaken after populations were displaced. GENERAL AND CONCEPTUAL • Distance: Most span short distances, less than two kilometers from origin to • Multiple drivers may underpin decisions destination. on planned relocation. In many instances multiple, diverse drivers may prompt • Demographics: About half involved less than decisions to participate in or undertake 250 households, and many were in fact far planned relocation processes. Deeper smaller. Nearly all concerned rural to rural research is required to understand how sites. Approximately half involved indigenous social, political, economic and demographic communities. drivers, alongside environmental drivers, influence: (1) mobility at the scale of entire • Duration: The time between initiation and communities or groups of households completion of the physical move ranges from grappling with relocation decisions; and (2) one to two years, to many decades for some motivations and decisions by authorities of the ongoing cases. and other stakeholders to initiate planned relocation. • Initiating and supporting actors: Community actors initiated half of the • Most cases fall within a continuum from cases, while the other half were initiated “proactive” to “reactive” relocation. by government actors. Government, non- Distinctions between “proactive” and governmental and community actors “reactive” relocation may not always supported the implementation of planned reflect the reality on the ground. Planned relocation processes. relocation cases have been undertaken both • Participation: Many relocation cases in reaction to realized harms (displacement, included some level of participation livelihood depletion, property damage or mechanisms, however, inclusivity varied. other forms of harm) and in anticipation of risks associated with future hazards. • Assessments and norms: The reviewed In this respect, most planned relocation literature contained insufficient information cases fall within a proactive to reactive on assessments and policy frameworks. In continuum. An alternative distinction for a fifth of the cases, there was evidence of informing policymaking and practice is formal assessments (e.g., environmental risk whether a planned relocation occurs: (1) or cost-benefit analysis) conducted both at pre-displacement; (2) post-displacement the sites of origin and destination. Few cases with options to reside in the interim in places appeared to have normative instruments that of origin; or (3) post-displacement without underpinned the planned relocation process. options to reside in areas of origin. • Livelihoods: In about half of the cases, • Overlapping sudden and slow-onset relocated persons were able to maintain hazards constrain choices. Planned similar livelihoods at sites of destination. relocation has been noted as a form of • Challenges: Identified challenges included human mobility that could be forced ongoing hazard exposure in destination sites; or voluntary. As with displacement and the availability and quality of infrastructure; migration, the preponderance of choice architectural layout of homes and is considered a key determinant of where incompatibility with traditional ways of life planned relocation falls within the forced- or expectations; social cohesion and cultural voluntary continuum. In this context, loss; and tensions and intergenerational the freedom - of individuals, individual differences relating to relocation. In some households, communities and groups of cases, relocated persons abandoned their households - to choose to participate in a new settlement to return to sites of origin or planned relocation, and accordingly the level to move to new places. of coercion underpinning their decisions,
9 may be affected by realized harms and risks. RELATED TO THE SUBSET OF SINGLE Many planned relocation cases demonstrate ORIGIN AND SINGLE DESTINATION CASES how available choices are affected by the overlap or sequential occurrence of both • Trade-offs and linkages may exist between sudden and slow-onset hazards. In other relocation design characteristics. Analysis words, the environmental drivers influencing of single origin to single destination cases some planned relocation cases often embody has highlighted the need for deeper multiple and diverse sudden and slow-onset understanding of a range of relationships hazards and constrain the choices available between relocation design features for to affected populations. Planned relocation policy and practice. These include potential: cases undertaken in the context of sudden- trade-offs relating to proximity of destination onset hazards such as flooding and storms, sites to places of origin; linkages between as well as slow-onset hazards such as sea- distance and duration of the relocation level rise and erosion, potentially compound process; connections between the actor the intensity and impacts of environmental initiating planned relocation and meaningful drivers. and inclusive participation in the relocation process; relationships between the actor RELATED TO THE TYPOLOGY OF SPATIAL initiating planned relocation and the scope, PATTERNS AND THE GLOBAL DATASET quality, level and duration of support (assessments, land, transitional housing, • The spatial pattern of planned relocation services, financial, in-kind and other) available has implications for policy and practice. for the relocation process; constraints and This is the first report to articulate a opportunities arising from differing legal and typology of the spatial patterns of planned policy frameworks underpinning planned relocation cases implemented in practice, as relocation; and connections between the documented in English-language literature. actor initiating planned relocation and public Insights from this typology, such as whether information available on the relocation a case has multiple origin communities process. or multiple destination sites, have critical implications for policy and practice. For This report and its global dataset are a first instance, a planned relocation with multiple step and foundation for further research and origin communities requires consideration analysis. They offer preliminary findings on of complex integration dynamics and of planned relocation cases across the world, and inclusive participatory mechanisms that insights on possible implications. Continuing engage distinct communities. In contrast, efforts to monitor and research planned a multiple destination relocation case relocation are needed to guide policy and may require consideration of the impacts practice that minimizes risks and harms to of disintegration of communities, and people and ensures protection of their human potential for maladaptive outcomes such as rights and dignity. inequitable access to services or tensions among affected persons. Further research questions arise from identifying this typology, including how different spatial patterns relate to displacement, hazard types, distance, rural and urban dynamics, indigenous communities, social cohesion, household size, initiating and supporting actors, participation mechanisms, assessments, legal frameworks, and challenges and outcomes.
10 Many people around the world live in areas exposed to evolving and intensifying effects of hazards, disasters and climate change. As authorities and communities seek to minimize harms to people living in such places, planned relocation to areas of lower exposure is increasingly salient. Attention to planned relocation in international normative and policy instruments on human mobility, climate change 1 action and disaster risk reduction (DRR) has increased in recent years, however, knowledge and data gaps remain.1 In this context, this report provides a preliminary baseline of evidence on planned relocation cases globally as a foundation for subsequent research and analysis. The evidence gathered is intended to inform policy and practice, to guide the development of sound approaches to minimize risk and to protect people from harm.
Specifically, this report presents the results of a global mapping exercise on planned relocation cases carried out within countries in relation to hazards, disasters or the adverse effects of climate change (hereinafter cases). It offers two related sets of data.
1. The report identifies 308 cases of planned relocation documented in English-language peer-reviewed scholarly articles or grey literature. A breakdown of geographic, spatial, status and hazard-related characteristics is shown LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING through infographics and discussed in the body of the report.2 This global dataset is available from the Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD) website, www.disasterdisplacement.org.
2. A subset of 34 of the identified cases is reviewed in more depth regarding further
1 For selected normative and policy developments at the international level, see table 1 in Ferris, E., & Weerasinghe, S. (2020). Promoting Human Security: Planned Relocation as a Protection Tool in a Time of Climate Change. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 8(2), 134-149. 2 These descriptive characteristics include: hazard(s); location(s) of the site(s) of origin and destination; the status of the process (i.e., whether the relocation is ongoing or completed at the time the source was published); and a
Introduction primary source. 1. INTRODUCTION
context and design characteristics.3 This Strengthening evidence on planned relocation information is analyzed in the report and has been identified as a knowledge gap by documented in annex tables. multi-stakeholder bodies concerned with human mobility associated with disasters and This is the first report to provide a global climate change. For instance, in its 2019-2022 mapping of information on planned relocation Strategy and Workplan, the PDD acknowledges cases. Earlier efforts regarding planned the importance of research and analysis on relocation have highlighted challenges, planned relocation to address knowledge and reinforced it as tool of last resort for moving data gaps and support policy development— people out of harm’s way and developed and indeed, this present report is undertaken in guidance and a toolbox to support this context.8 The Task Force on Displacement implementation.4 Until now, researchers and (TFD), an expert body established pursuant policy makers have relied on evidence from to the Paris Agreement, has also identified a number of well documented individual aggregation of effective practices and lessons cases, comparative analyses within a limited on planned relocation as an important subject number of countries such as the United States for further inquiry.9 of America or the Philippines5 or comparative research on a relatively small number of A global mapping of planned relocation is cases globally or regionally.6 Researchers and important for policy and practice, including to policy makers have also drawn analogies of advance commitments and outcomes reflected development-related ‘resettlement’ initiatives, in normative instruments.10 Notably, at the including lessons from theoretical frameworks 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the such as Scudder and Colson’s Four Stage United Nations Framework Convention on Resettlement framework and Cernea’s Climate Change (UNFCCC), States parties Impoverishment Risks and Resettlement were invited to undertake “[m]easures to (IRR) model.7 Understanding of the global enhance understanding, coordination and scale, diversity, and characteristics of planned cooperation with regard to climate change relocation cases in hazard, disaster and climate induced displacement, migration and change contexts is more limited. planned relocation, where appropriate, at the LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING
3 Context and design characteristics include: whether or not relocation took place after displacement; the distance between origin and destination sites; approximate year(s) the need for relocation was identified and the completion of the physical move for a majority of households; number of households; if the origin community identifies as indigenous; whether the relocation occurred in rural or urban settings; initiating and supporting actor(s); whether assessments were conducted at sites of origin and destination; participation mechanisms; legal and policy frameworks; livelihoods; and challenges. 4 Ferris, E., & Weerasinghe, S., above n 1; Weerasinghe, S. (2014). Planned Relocation, Disasters and Climate Change: Consolidating Good Practices and Preparing for the Future, Report. UNHCR, 32; Ferris, F. (2014). Planned Relocation, Disasters and Climate Change: Consolidating Good Practices and Preparing for the Future, Background Document. UNHCR, Brookings Institution, Georgetown University; UNHCR, Brookings Institution, & Georgetown University. (2015). Guidance on protecting people from disasters and environmental change through planned relocation, October: 1–22; UNHCR, Georgetown, & IOM. (2017). A Toolbox : Planning Relocations to Protect People from Disasters and Environmental Change; Nansen Initiative. (2015). Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change, December, I & II. 5 Government Accountability Office. (2009). Alaska Native Villages Limited Progress Has Been Made on Relocating Villages Threatened by Flooding and Erosion Highlights, June: 53; Palagi, S., & Javernick-Will, A. (2020). Pathways to livable relocation settlements following disaster. Sustainability, 12(8), 3474. 6 Piggott-McKellar, A. E., Pearson, J., McNamara, K. E., & Nunn, P. D., above n 5; Hino, M., Field, C. B., & Mach, K. J. (2017). Managed retreat as a response to natural hazard risk. Nature Climate Change, 7(5), 364-370.; Campbell, J., Goldsmith, M., & Koshy, K. (2005). Community Relocation as an Option for Adaptation to the Effects of Climate Change and Climate Variability in Pacific Island Countries (PICs), Final report for APN project 2005-14-NSY-Campbell, Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 1-61; Dannenberg, A. L., Frumkin, H., Hess, J. J., & Ebi, K. L. (2019). Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Climatic Change, 153(1), 1-14. 7 Wilmsen, B., & Webber, M. (2015). What can we learn from the practice of development-forced displacement and resettlement for organised resettlements in response to climate change? Geoforum, 58: 76–85. Elsevier Ltd; Piggott-McKellar, A. E., Pearson, J., McNamara, K. E., & Nunn, P. D. (2019). A livelihood analysis of resettlement outcomes: Lessons for climate-induced relocations. Ambio, 49(9), 1474–1489. 8 PDD Strategy and Workplan 2019-2022. See activity “IV.4.E) Support policy development and mapping of Planned Relocation in the context of disasters and the adverse effects of climate change.” 9 The TFD was established under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 10 For selected normative and policy developments at the international level, see table 1 in Ferris, E., & Weerasinghe, S., above n 1.
12 national, regional andinternationallevels”. 16 15 14 13 12 11 outcomes. human settlementsasatoolforachievingDRR General Assembly, identifiedthe relocation of 2015, andsubsequentlyendorsedbytheUN Conference onDisasterRiskReductionin country delegationsattheThird UNWorld Risk Reduction2015-2030,adoptedby187 (CCA). TheSendaiFrameworkforDisaster framework ofclimatechangeadaptation as anelementtobeaddressed withinthe This decisionidentifiedplanned relocation and migrationunderscore theimportance instruments onCCA,DRR,displacement in prominent andauthoritativeglobal The references toplannedrelocation degradation. effects ofclimatechangeandenvironmental context ofslow-onsetdisasters,theadverse tool tosupportcross-border mobilityinthe and highlightedplannedrelocation asa climate change-related humanmovement to address thechallengesofdisasterand Regular Migration(GCM),Statescommitted 2018 GlobalCompactforSafe,Orderly and Agenda). Climate Change(NansenInitiativeProtection Persons intheContextofDisastersand for theProtection ofCross-Border Displaced relocation intheNansenInitiativeAgenda is reflected intheframingofplanned return isnotfeasible.Thisdualunderstanding resolve displacement,insituationswhere planned relocation asadurablesolutionto addition, humanitarianactorstendtoconsider avert andminimizefuture displacement.In relocation isoftenconceivedasastrategyto their relevance tohumanmobility, planned Among actorsengagedinCCAandDRR cases isavailablefordownloadonthe PDDwebsite. analyzed initem2above;(E)theregional breakdowns; and(F)hazard definitions.Inaddition,theglobaldatasetofidentified (C) themethodsemployedbyprimary articleusedtocodethesubsetofcases(item2above);(D)codebook ofquestions Annexes provide informationon:(A)thecontextcharacteristics initem2above,(B)thedesigncharacteristics Francis. 31-55. Resettlement Process. TheFuture ofLarge Social,Environmental, with Dams:Dealing Costs.Taylor andPolitical Institutional and and Resettlement.UNSymposiumonHydropower and SustainableDevelopment,1–61.;Scudder, T. (2005).Theoriesofthe n 5;Cernea,M.(2000).ImpoverishmentRisks,RiskManagement,andReconstruction: AModelofPopulationDisplacement Weerasinghe, S.,aboven4;Ferris,F., aboven4;Piggott-McKellar, A.E.,Pearson,J.,McNamara,K.&Nunn,P. D.,above 2018, A/RES/73/195,11January2019(GCM),paragraph21(h). United NationsGeneralAssembly. GlobalCompactforSafe,Orderly andRegular Migration,Resolution73/195of19December Nansen Initiative.,aboven4,p.38. A/RES/69/283, 23June2015,paragraph27(k). United NationsGeneralAssembly. SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction 2015-2030,Resolution69/283of3June2015, FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 15March 2011,Decision1/CP.16 (CancunAdaptationFramework),paragraph14(f). UNFCCC. ReportoftheConference ofPartiesonitssixteenthsession,heldinCancunfrom 29Novemberto10December2010. 13 12 Alsoatthemultilaterallevel,in
14
1. INTRODUCTION 11
13 security. with implicationsforhumanrightsand economic prosperity andculturalpractices, relocation ofpeoplemayunderminesocio- processes, whichdemonstratethatthe analogies ofdevelopment-related resettlement dignity. Thisreflection stemslargely from while alsoupholdinghumanrightsand practice thatminimizesexposure andrisks, relocation are necessarytopromote policyand environment, deeperinsightsonplanned motivated byobservedchangesinthe comply withnormativestandards orbecome As policymakersandpractitionersseekto effective practicesandidentifyinglessons. of addressing knowledgegaps,aggregating areas forfurtherresearch andaction. implications from thefindingsandidentifies The finalsectionofthis report highlights with relevant informationincludedinannexes. of well-documentedcases(item2above), Section 6analyzescharacteristicsofasubset from theglobaldataset(item1above). a subsetofcases.Section5describesresults language globaldatasetandtofurtheranalyze the approaches usedtocreate theEnglish- describes themethodologyandlimitationsof conceptualized inthisreport, andsection4 3 explainshowplannedrelocation hasbeen practice. Drawingonthebackground, section diverse manifestationsofplannedrelocation in terminology, lackofaconsensusdefinitionand outlining thecomplexitypresented byvaried section provides background tothereport, as afoundationforsuchanalyses.Thenext a preliminary globalmappingofevidence rights andhumandignity. Thisreport offers to avoidsuchpitfallsandpromote human how plannedrelocation couldbeundertaken Policymakers andpractitionersneedtoknow 15
16
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 2.1
WHAT IS PLANNED RELOCATION?
While multilateral policy processes and instruments recognize planned relocation within States as a tool for reducing disaster 2 risks and adapting to climate change, as well as a possible pathway for cross-border mobility, the examples presented in this report concern movements within countries.17 Indeed, existing evidence on planned relocation cases generally concern internal movements.18 In this context, and in the absence of a binding or consensus multilateral definition, domestic conceptions underpin how planned relocation cases are conceived and implemented.19 This means domestic legal and policy frameworks provide an important lens to understand how States perceive and define such movements.
Domestic laws and policies focused solely on planned relocation are difficult to unearth, however. Frameworks specifically on planned relocation are uncommon and rarely define the term. An exception is Fiji’s 2018 national Planned Relocation Guidelines – A Framework to Undertake Climate Change Related Relocation, which explains that:
17 On cross-border planned relocation, see discussion in section 1 regarding GCM commitment to support planned relocation as a tool for cross-border mobility in the context of slow-onset disasters, the adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation. One case of cross- border relocation was identified in the literature review (a potential ‘ongoing’ case involving the Government of Kiribati purchasing land in Fiji), but this was not included in the global dataset as discussed in section 4, on methods. Note that this land was purchased with the primary objective of food security, not relocation. See: Republic of Kiribati Office of the President. (2014). Kiribati buys a piece of Fiji, Government of Kiribati Press Release.; See also: Hermann, E., & Kempf, W. (2017). Climate change and the imagining of Migration: Emerging discourses on Kiribati’s land purchase in Fiji. The Contemporary Pacific, 29(2), 231- 263. 18 UNHCR, Georgetown, & IOM, above n 4; Hino, M., Field, C. B., & Mach, K. J., above n 7; Correa, E., Ramirez, F., & Sanahuja, H. (2011). Populations at Risk of Disaster. The World Bank and the Global Facility on Disaster Risk and Recovery. 19 This does not mean that international human rights law standards are inapplicable, but rather that examining domestic definitions and descriptions provide a lens into how governments have conceived this form of human Context and Context and background mobility. risk-prone zones”. possible, ofhumansettlementsindisaster issues ofprevention orrelocation, where of formulatingpublicpoliciestoaddress “the Reduction 2015-2030identifiestheimportance risk, theSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRisk strengthen disasterriskgovernancetomanage instance, withintheframeworkofactionsto planned relocation mustbeundertaken.For applicable architecture pursuanttowhich environment dictate,defineorprovide the relevant todisasters,climatechangeorthe instruments, suchaslawsandpolicies Sometimes, non-relocation-specific national 25 24 23 22 21 20 Framework’s objectives,domesticdescriptions laws andpoliciestoaddress theSendai adopt, revise oraligntheirDRRandDRM uninhabitable. where placesoforiginbecome following evacuationsincircumstances relocation may, ofcourse,playarole the scopeofthisdocument.Planned planned relocation anddoesnotfallwithin approach, evacuationisdistinctfrom permanently there. Underthisschematic moved toanotherlocationandresettled from anindividual/household)isphysically State, inwhichacommunity(asdistinct solution-oriented measure, involvingthe Planned Relocationisunderstoodasa planned relocation. (United NationsGeneralAssembly., aboven12)andtheGCM(UnitedNationsGeneral Assembly., aboven14)donotdefine The CancunAdaptationFramework(UNFCCC., aboven11),theSendaiFrameworkforDisastersRiskReduction 2015-2030 have notbeenexaminedtodetermine iftheyincludedefinitionsordescriptionsof relocation orplanned relocation. See e.g.,notesonthecaseofGrantham, AustraliainAnnexB.Project-specific documents relating toplanned relocation cases Force onDisplacement,p.11,footnote54;seealso,Scottand Salamanca(eds),aboven22. see IOM.(2018).MappingHumanMobility andClimateChangeinRelevantNationalPoliciesInstitutionalFrameworks, Task Contribution, Malta’s 2010NationalCommunication, Rwanda’s 2015IntendedNationallyDeterminedContribution.Fordetails, Adapting toClimateChange-AnIntroduction forCanadianMunicipalities,Fiji’s 2015IntendedNationallyDetermined recognize therole ofplannedrelocation asastrategyforclimateadaptation.Thisincludes:Canada’s 2010documentfor Contributions, andnationalcommunications,carriedoutfortheTFDworkplan, indicatesthatanumberofStatesexplicitly they includedefinitionsof relocation orplanned relocation. Amapping ofNationalAdaptationPlans,NationallyDetermined Domestic climatechangeorenvironmental lawsandpolicieshavenotbeenexaminedsystematically todeterminewhether which soughttosubstantiallyincrease thenumber ofcountrieswithnationalandlocalDRRstrategiesby2020. paragraph 18(e)oftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030 (UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly., aboven12), Pacific:AHuman-Rights BasedApproach, Change,DisasterandInternalDisplacement inAsiaandthe (2021), Climate Routledge; onDisaster Displacement, 35-36.SeealsoScottandSalamanca(eds) And RegionalDisasterRiskReductionStrategies,Platform (2018). MappingTheBaselineTo WhatExtentAre DisplacementAndOtherFormsOfHumanMobilityIntegratedInNational India’s NationalPlan(2016),Rwanda’s NationalDRMPlan (2013),andNamibia’s NationalDRMPlan(2011).SeeYonetani, M. and DRM(2010-2015).Othercountrieshaveintegratedrelocation aspartofpost-disasterrehabilitation measures, including: Mitigation to2020(2007);Malawi’s policyonDRM (2015);andTonga’s JointNationalActionPlanonClimate ChangeAdaptation including: Pakistan’s NationalDRRPolicy(2013);Vietnam’s NationalStrategyforNaturalDisasterPrevention, Responseand of Stateshaveintegratedrelocation inthecontextofgraduallyincreasing riskintotheirnationalDRRandDRMstrategies, systematically todeterminewhethertheyincludedefinitionsof relocation orplanned relocation. Itisworthnotingthat anumber Domestic disasterriskreduction (DRR)ordisasterriskmanagement(DRM)lawsandpolicieshavenotbeenexamined United NationsGeneralAssembly., aboven12,paragraph27(k).Emphasisadded. discussed furtherinsection4onmethodology. captures theindividualand householdlevels.Theunitofanalysisaplannedrelocation caseforthepurposesofthis report is divergence betweenthe focus onthecommunitylevelinFiji’s instrumentascompared withtheexpertguidance,whichalso added. Theguidelinesdrawonexpertguidance,whichare discussedingreater detailbelow. It’s worthnotingthatthere isa Fiji. PlannedRelocationGuidelines-Aframeworktoundertakeclimatechangerelated relocation, December2018,p.7.Emphasis 20 21
AsStatescontinueto 2. CONTEXTANDBACKGROUND 15 relocation maybecomemore prominent. and definitionsof relocation orplanned relocation. essential elementsthatconstituteplanned and institutionalguidanceoffer insightson In thiscontext,globalinstrumentsandexpert way. conceptualized ordefinedinanidentifiable framework, andthusare notformally notwithstanding theabsenceofanormative planned relocation casesmaybeundertaken through documentanalysis.Finally, many customary rulesthatare noteasilyidentifiable involving indigenouspopulationsmayfollow temporally limitedintheirapplication. are adopted,whichare territoriallyand In otherinstances,project-specific guidelines likely toemerge inthesefields. and descriptionsofplannedrelocation are also pursuant tomultilateralinstruments,definitions policies, includingtofosterCCAobjectives climate changeandenvironmental lawsand Similarly, asStatesadopt,revise oralign Agenda describesplannedrelocation as: temporary residence, are settledinanew move awayfrom theirhomesorplacesof groups ofpersonsmoveorare assistedto [A] plannedprocess inwhichpersonsor 25 TheNansenInitiativeProtection 23
24 Cases 22
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 2. CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND
location, and provided with the conditions relevant to the context of sea level rise. In a for rebuilding their lives. Planned relocation resolution adopting the Sydney Declaration can be voluntary or involuntary, and usually of Principles on the Protection of Persons takes place within the country, but may, in Displaced in the Context of Sea Level Rise, very exceptional cases, also occur across planned relocation means: State borders.26 [A] planned process in which persons The above definition excerpts and draws on a voluntarily move or are forced to move away definition developed in 2015 by international from their homes or places of temporary lawyers and experts, which defines planned residence, are settled in a new location relocation as: within their own or another State, and are provided with the conditions for rebuilding [A] planned process in which persons or their lives. Planned relocation is carried groups of persons move or are assisted to out under the authority of the State and move away from their homes or places of is undertaken to protect persons from temporary residence, are settled in a new risks and impacts related to disasters and location, and provided with the conditions environmental change in the context of sea for rebuilding their lives. Planned Relocation level rise[.]29 is carried out under the authority of the State, takes place within national borders, At an operational level, the Inter-Agency and is undertaken to protect people from Standing Committee’s (IASC) Operational risks and impacts related to disasters and Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in environmental change, including the effects Situations of Natural Disasters, describes of climate change. Such Planned Relocation “permanent relocation” as: may be carried out at the individual, household, and/or community levels.27 The act of moving people to another location in the country and settling them In its 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and there when they no longer can return to Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, the Inter- their homes or place of habitual residence. governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Relocations can be voluntary, i.e. with the defines “planned relocation (of human)” as: consent of affected persons, or forced, i.e. against the will of such persons. Relocation A form of human mobility response in the is only successful if it leads to a durable LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING face of sea level rise and related impacts. solution […] in the sense of sustainable Planned relocation is typically initiated, settlement elsewhere in the country.30 supervised and implemented from national to local level and involves small communities Some policymakers, practitioners and scholars and individual assets but may also involve use the term “resettlement” to refer to a large populations. Also termed resettlement, similar process as that described by planned managed retreat, or managed realignment.28 relocation. The term “resettlement” (and involuntary resettlement) is more common in The International Law Association’s Committee the context of development projects, but it is on International Law and Sea Level Rise has also used to refer to people and communities also adopted a definition of planned relocation relocated in the context of hazards.31 For
26 Nansen Initiative., above n 4, p. 17. Emphasis added. 27 UNHCR, Brookings Institution, & Georgetown University., above n 4, p. 5. Emphasis added to the last sentence. 28 IPCC (2019), Special Report on the Ocean and the Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, p. 694. Emphasis added. 29 International Law Association, Resolution 6/2018: Committee on International Law and Sea Level Rise, 78th Conference of the International Law Association, Sydney, Australia, 19-24 August 2018, Annex: Sydney Declaration of Principles on the Protection of Persons Displaced in the Context of Sea Level Rise, definitions (f). Emphasis added. 30 Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), IASC Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters, 2011, p. 58. Emphasis added. 31 See e.g., McAdam, J., & Ferris, E. (2015). Planned Relocations in the Context of Climate Change: Unpacking the Legal and Conceptual Issues. Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4(1): p. 141; See also Ferris, E. (2012). Protection and Planned Relocation in the Context of Climate Change. UNHCR, p. 4.
16 relocation ofstructures orabandonmentof set ofactors,anddescribedas“thestrategic recently, ithasbeenadoptedbyabroader is synonymouswithplannedrelocation. report seemstosuggestthatresettlement instance, theabove-mentioned2019IPCC 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 the population.” location oftheexposedelements,inthiscase, risk condition.Physically, itmeanschangingthe vulnerability, anditresults innullificationofthe the exposure thatisoneofthecomponents measure forinterventionthatseekstoaddress in 2011,explainsthat“[r]esettlementisa Global FacilityforDisasterRiskandRecovery Guide, publishedbytheWorld Bankandthe Populations atRiskofDisaster:AResettlement disasters andclimatechangedoesnotexist. “resettlement” inthecontextofhazards, A consensusdefinitiononthemeaningof eroding coastlinesandcoastalhazards.” and planneddevelopmentoutofthepath and mitigationtoolsdesignedtomoveexisting “the applicationofcoastalzonemanagement engineering actors,whichhasbeendefinedas of resettlement. laws mayalsooffer descriptionsanddefinitions DRR, DRM,climatechangeandenvironmental manage “retreat”, to relocation ofpeopleasonestrategyto Meanwhile, someadaptationexpertsrefer See Oliver‐Smith,A.(1991).Successes andfailures inpost‐disasterresettlement. Disasters,15(1),12-23. housing andpopularinputare presented ascrucialissuesin thedeterminationofsuccessorfailure inpost-disasterresettlement.” change. Science,334(6055),456-457,457.Ratherthan providing adefinition,Oliver-Smith (1991)suggeststhat“site,layout, 58-59;Preparing PacificPerspectives, South ChangeandMigration: B. (Ed.)Climate forresettlement associatedwithclimate community oforigin.”SeeCampbell, J.(2010).ClimatechangeandpopulationmovementinPacificIslandcountries. InBurson, characteristics andworldviews,are retained: thecommunitystaystogetheratdestinationinasocialform thatissimilartothe in whichimportantcharacteristicsofthe originalcommunity, includingitssocialstructures, legalandpoliticalsystems,cultural process as“thepermanent(orlong-term)movementofacommunity (orasignificantpartofit)from onelocationtoanother, for SocialAnthropology inOceaniaMonograph Series.TheUniversityPress ofHawaii,p.343;Campbell(2010)describesthe locale cometolivetogetherinadifferent locale”;seeLieber, M.D.,Ed. (1977).ExilesandMigrantsinOceania.Assocation For example,Lieber(1977)uses“resettlement” torefer to“aprocess bywhichanumberofhomogenouspeoplefrom one K. J.,aboven7. Discussion ofthesetypes“retreat” are beyondthescopeofthisreport. Forfurtherinsights,seeHino,M.,Field,C.B.,&Mach, IPCC., aboven28,p.694. of theIntergovernmental PanelonClimateChange.IPCC.97-98,916,and1375. IPCC, (2014)ClimateChange2014:SynthesisReport.ContributionofWorking Groups I,IIandIIItotheFifthAssessmentReport Hino, M.,Field,C.B.,&Mach,K.J.,aboven7,p.364. Springer. Neal, W. J.,Bush,D.M.&Pilkey, O.H.(2005).Managed Retreat. InSchwartzM.L. (eds)EncyclopediaofCoastalScience. (2020). ManagedRetreat Toolkit. For furtherdetailonstrategiesformanagedretreat, seeGeorgetown University’s toolkitonthesubject:Georgetown University. National DRMPlan(2011).SeeYonetani, M.,aboven 22. Management (2010);Vanuatu’s ClimateChangeandDRRPolicy(2016-2030);Rwanda’s NationalDRMPlan(2013); andNamibia’s incorporated thetermresettlement intotheirnationalDRMandDRRstrategies,includingBangladesh’s NationalPlanforDisaster examined systematicallytodeterminewhethertheyincludedefinitionsordescriptionsof resettlement. AnumberofStateshave Domestic DRRorDRMlawsandpolicies,domesticclimate,climatechangeenvironmental lawsandpolicieshavenotbeen on InvoluntaryResettlement. does notreplace anyprovision ofBankOperationalPolicies(OPs)orProcedures (BPs),includinginparticularOP/BP4.12. Correa, E.,Ramirez, F., &Sanahuja,H.,aboven18,p.18.Thedocumentindicatesthattheguidancenoteisforonlyand IPCC., aboven28,p.694. 34 33
Asnotedabove,domestic 35 atermfrom coastal 2. CONTEXTANDBACKGROUND 32 36
More 17 party”. involving “animplementingorenabling land tomanagenaturalhazard risk”,notably with plannedrelocation. that managedretreat isalsosynonymous Changing Climate,theIPCCseemstosuggest Report ontheOceanandCryosphere ina components. describe theformofmovementanditskey although notmanyendeavortodefineor determining the“success”ofoutcomes, importance ofparticularelementsin literature, manyscholarsemphasizethe conceptualizations ofmovement.Inthe and managedretreat –torefer tosimilar terms –plannedrelocation, resettlement Finally, scholarly literature alsousesthese human livesandlivelihoods. ecological dimensions,inadditiontoafocuson focus ontheeconomic,infrastructuraland such movementsasmanagedretreat often to property andassets.” well asameasure to“reduce long-termrisk retreat” asanadaptationoptionforpeople since 1990,andin2014noted“managed realignment andsetbacks. individual householdbuy-outs,managed other strategiesformanagedretreat include relocation ofgroups ofpersonstonewsites, 37 TheIPCChasreferred to“retreat” 41
39 38 Inadditionto Inits2019Special 40 Actorsframing
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 2. CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND
2.2 relocation was initiated after displacement due to a tsunami and an earthquake, and in 43 TYPOLOGY OF SPATIAL anticipation of future coastal hazards. PATTERNS OF PLANNED 2. Case type B (Multiple origin – single RELOCATION destination): Other cases involve communities or groups of households from multiple origin sites supported to relocate Beyond the definitional challenges, a review to one destination site. For instance, after of practice to date based on English-language tropical storm Stan devastated parts of scholarly and grey literature highlights Guatemala in 2005, households from two important dimensions of planned relocation communities (Tz’anchaj and Panabaj) were cases, and the multitude of ways in which relocated to a single site, Santiago Atitlán.44 States and communities have conceived and implemented such processes. Many of these 3. Case type C (Single origin – multiple dimensions are elaborated in the findings destination): Yet another configuration sections of this report (see sections 5 and 6). found in practice involves a community However, it is also worth noting certain spatial or group of households from one origin dimensions here, as they contribute to the site supported to relocate to multiple complexity in identifying what constitutes a destination sites. Of the many cases case of planned relocation. Figure 1 presents that took place after Typhoon Haiyan in a typology to reflect archetypes of planned Tacloban Philippines, in 2013, households relocation cases identified in the literature. The from Barangay 88 (San Jose) were relocated schematic presents cases across four quadrants to new sites in both Barangay 106 (Santo based on whether they relate to single or Nino) and Ridgeview.45 multiple origin sites and single or multiple destination sites. Four scenarios are discussed 4. Case type D (Multiple origin – multiple below. destination): Finally, some cases involve communities or groups of households 1. Case type A (Single origin – single from multiple origin sites supported to destination): The most common type relocate to any of multiple destination sites, of planned relocation cases involves a without measures to ensure that a majority community or group of households from of households from origin sites remain LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING one origin site supported to relocate to together at destination.46 For example, one destination site.42 Consider an example facing drought conditions starting in from the Solomon Islands, where 80 2003, households from many communities households from Mondo village relocated spanning Eastern, Western, and Central to Keigold, a site 145 meters above sea Oromia, Ethiopia were relocated to a total level and approximately one kilometer of eight relocation sites, with no efforts from the coast, while 20 per cent of the to ensure communities of origin remained community remained in the earlier site. The together in the destination sites.47 While
42 In some cases, communities/groups of households from multiple origin sites are in parallel supported to move to multiple destination sites; these cases are effectively multiple type A cases but are sometimes documented in the literature as one case given a single hazard trigger or single policy intervention by a supporting actor. Consider, for instance, Keta Ghana, where three indigenous villages in Keta (Adzido, Kedzi, and Vodza) were in parallel relocated inland away from coastal erosion. See: Salifu, Abdul-Moomin Ansong. (2016). Relocation Based on Slow-Onset Climate-Induced Environmental Change in Keta, Ghana. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, 1-142. 43 Otoara Ha’apio, M., Wairiu, M., Gonzalez, R., & Morrison, K. (2018). Transformation of rural communities: lessons from a local self- initiative for building resilience in the Solomon Islands. Local Environment, 23(3), 352-365. 44 Correa, E. (2011). Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disaster: Experiences from Latin America. The World Bank, 1-144. 45 Ong, J. M., Jamero, M. L., Esteban, M., Honda, R., & Onuki, M. (2016). Challenges in build-back-better housing reconstruction programs for coastal disaster management: case of Tacloban City, Philippines. Coastal Engineering Journal, 58(01). 46 Note that planned relocation cases with multiple origins and destinations (type D) are not individual household buy-outs, as they still involve movement of groups of people to designated settlement sites. 47 Nygren, A., & Wayessa, G. (2018). At the intersections of multiple marginalisations: displacements and environmental justice in Mexico and Ethiopia. Environmental Sociology, 4(1), 148-161.
18 Figure 1.Typology ofplannedrelocation spatialpatterns 49 48 destination site, have chosentoliveoutsidethedesignated some householdsfrom theoriginsitemay – singledestinationcasescenario(typeA), a givencase.Forinstance,insingleorigin consider onlythemajorityofhouseholdsin To distilltheseinsights,itwasnecessaryto case typesAtoDare alwaysclearinpractice. necessarily meanthatdistinctionsbetween The simplicityofthistypologydoesnot destination site(s). primary focusisconcernedwiththeoriginor spatial dimensionandalsowhetherthearticle’s relevant literature hasclassifiedthesitesor heavily dependentonthewaysinwhich and destinationsitesasunitsofanalysisare section 4below),theconsiderationoforigin research andthemethodology(discussedin over time.Inaddition,giventhenature ofthe relocated peopleremain attherelocation site However, thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanall relocation pathwayfrom origintodestination. is thatthemajorityofhouseholdsfollowthis site. Thecriticaldistinctioninthistypology outside theoriginsitemayjoindestination MULTIPLE DESTINATION SINGLE DESTINATION house inthereal estatemarket.See:Correa, E,aboven44. houses inoneoftwo“resettlement sites”,ElCaracolandArborizadoraAlta,oralternativelytopurchase anewhouseorexisting outs. ConsideracaseinBogotá,Colombia, where householdsfacingfloodandlandslide riskwere giventhe optiontoaccept In somecases,relocation toanewsitewasoffered tobeneficiariesasoneoptionalongsideoffers ofindividualhouseholdbuy- OrganizationInternational p.21. forMigration. Ahn, D.etal(2017).PlannedRelocation intheContextofEnvironmental ChangeinHoaBinhProvince, Northern Vietnam. destination sites. of landslidethatwere relocated tothree involve justtworemote villagesathighrisk the HòaBìnhRelocationProject inVietnam origins anddestinations,other cases suchas many typeDcasesinvolvelarge numbersof C A 49 andsomehouseholdsfrom 48
SINGLE ORIGIN 2. CONTEXTANDBACKGROUND 19 sections (3and4),respectively. its methodologyare discussedinthenexttwo relocation forthepurposesofthisreport and undertaken. Theconceptualizationofplanned in whichthisreport hasbeenconceivedand complexities informandguidethemanner consideration ofcasetypesB,CandD.These legal andpolicyframeworksapplytothe mechanisms, transitionalarrangements,and differences relating participatory tointeralia national administrativesettings.Myriadother or ofpotentialinequitiesindifferent sub- impacts ofdisintegrationcommunities cases mayrequire considerationofthe In contrast,multi-destinationrelocation originating from different vantagepoints. integration across multiplegroups ofpeople require considerationofcomplexdynamics For instance,multi-originrelocation cases different implicationsforpolicyandpractice. that eachrelocation typehasfundamentally phenomenon, withlittleacknowledgement tend tobepresented asahomogeneous that followthesedivergent spatialpatterns be wellunderstood.Plannedrelocation cases existence ofdifferent spatialpatternsmaynot as theyare notexplicitlyrecognized, the types ofplannedrelocation cases.Indeed, obfuscate thedifferences betweenthese At present, policyprocesses arguably MULTIPLE ORIGIN D B
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME The above-noted definitions and descriptions demonstrate the divergence in terminology, conceptual understanding and practice of planned relocation. Nonetheless, they also offer important insights into key elements to consider when identifying a global evidence base of planned relocation cases. Arguably, common to the terminology, descriptions and practice described in section 4 are two key 3 elements: the relocation of people from areas of origin exposed or impacted by hazards to a destination settlement site, with the intention of such movement being long-term or permanent, so as to distinguish it from more temporary forms of movement such as evacuations.50 In this context, for the purposes of this report, a planned relocation case is conceptualized as including all six elements in Table 1, left column.
The first element is concerned with the emphasis and interest in hazard-associated movements.51 Only cases where the physical relocation of people or households was initiated predominantly in association with one or more hydrometeorological, geophysical/geological, or environmental hazard(s) are included. Cases initiated predominantly in association with technological or biological hazards, with development initiatives (including dam construction), conservation efforts or conflict are excluded. For example, 50 cases of dam related resettlement identified by Scudder and Gay were not included in this mapping.52
The second element relates to the focus on people. Accordingly, only cases involving the movement of people are included; cases involving only the movement of dykes, assets or buildings (schools, hospitals, government offices, graveyards), or movement of animal species for conservation purposes, are excluded. Cases in the United States of America involving only movement of public parks, for instance, were not included in the mapping.
50 At times, however, cases of evacuation may become protracted and may lead to planned relocation. 51 This does not mean that other motivations and factors influencing planned relocation decisions, including political, economic and social factors, were not present. Indeed, many planned relocation cases identified occur in the context of other objectives including “land grabs” and “slum upgrades”, alongside a hydrometeorological, geophysical or environmental hazard. 52 Scudder, T. (2005). A Comparative Survey of Dam-induced Resettlement in 50 Cases. The Future of Large Dams: as conceived in as conceived in this report Planned relocation Planned relocation Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs. Taylor and Francis. p. 59. Table 1.Elementsforconceptualizingplannedrelocation 54 53 group(s) ofpersonsthathave already relocated is evidenceofacommunity/communitiesor with capturingonlythosecaseswhere there research, thethird elementisconcerned For thepurposesofidentifyingcasesinthis Operational Guidelinessimplyrefer topeople. International LawAssociationandtheIASC’s may involvelarge populations.Finally, the also recognizing thatplannedrelocation Climate emphasizessmallcommunitieswhile on theOceanandCryosphere inaChanging planned relocation inits2019SpecialReport levels. MeanwhiletheIPCC’s definitionof the individual,household,and/orcommunity international lawyersandexperts,captures whereas thedefinitiondevelopedin2015by Related Relocationfocusesoncommunities, – AFrameworktoUndertakeClimateChange Fiji’s national PlannedRelocationGuidelines individual levels.Forinstance,thedefinitionin households, singlehouseholdsand/oratthe are undertakenatthecommunity, groups of remain astowhetherplannedrelocation cases on theunitofanalysisiselusive.Questions is plannedrelocation, insection2,consensus As demonstratedbythediscussiononwhat 6. Identifiablesites 5. Planned 4. Permanent 3. Group 2. People 1. Hazard(s) Elements adaptations andresilience. GeologicalSociety, 39(1),471-488. Sword-Daniels, V., etal.(2014).Consequencesoflong-termvolcanic activityforessentialservicesinMontserrat:challenges, Office.Government Printing 1-61. Climate MigrationPilotProgram CouldEnhancetheNation’s ResilienceandReduceFederalFiscalExposure. GAO-20-488.U.S. the word couldrefer toaneighborhoodinmore populated area suchasMiami”GovernmentAccountabilityOffice. (2020).A depending onitslocation.Forexample, acommunityinAlaskacouldrefer toanentire Nativevillage,butinthecontinentalU.S. The term“community”hasdiffering meaningsindifferent spaces:“thetermcommunitycanhavedifferent connotations sites are identifiable Origin(s) anddestination(s) from asupportingactor coordination orassistance Evidence ofinitiation,and movement Permanent andlong-term persons A community/group of The movementofpeople environmental hazard(s) geophysical/geological or more hydrometeorological, in associationwithoneor Initiated predominantly Case included 3. PLANNEDRELOCATION ASCONCEIVEDINTHISREPORT Origin(s) anddestination(s)sitesare notidentifiable from asupportingactor No evidenceofinitiation,andcoordination orassistance Temporary orshort-termmovement,suchasevacuation Individuals orsinglehouseholds species forconservationpurposes hospitals, governmentoffices), ormovementofanimal The movementofonlydykes,assetsorbuildings(schools, conservation initiatives,orconflict hazards, developmentprojects (includingdams), Initiated inassociationwithtechnologicalorbiological Case notincluded 21 excluded. person orsinglehouseholdmovementare or intendtorelocate; casesofanindividual decision toundertakeplannedrelocation. It As such,itinvolvesaninitiation,meaninga households from agiven settlement oforigin. yet relatively simultaneous migrationofmany example, theuncoordinated andunsupported of a“planned”relocation incontrastto,for A fifthelementseekstocapture thenotion Overseas Territory ofMontserrat. volcanic eruptionintheCaribbeanBritish necessary, as wasthecaseafter1995-1997 became protracted andrelocation wasdeemed were includedwhenashort-termevacuation evacuations, are excluded.However, cases short-term movementofpeople,suchas cases involvingtheintendedtemporaryor or long-termrelocation ofpeopleare included; only casesinvolvingtheintendedpermanent movement, intendedtobetemporary. Assuch, evacuations thatare, atleastthetimeof attempts todistinguishplannedrelocation from The fourthelementintheconceptualization 53
54
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 3. PLANNED RELOCATION AS CONCEIVED IN THIS REPORT
also involves coordination or assistance from From the above-noted elements, a description a supporting actor. Only cases where there is of planned relocation which has become the evidence that the relocation process involved conceptualization used in this research, is: the initiation, as well as coordination or assistance planned, permanent movement of a group of from a supporting actor, are included; initiating people from identifiable origin(s) to identifiable and supporting actors may be members of the destination(s), predominantly in association community itself, or members of governmental, with one or more hydrometeorological, non-governmental or intergovernmental geophysical/geological, or environmental entities.55 Cases with no process of initiation hazard(s). This conceptualization has informed, and coordination or assistance, are excluded. and has been informed by, the methodology For instance, the mapping does not include for this research, which is described in the next a case where households simultaneously section. moved in the context of sea level rise from Nuatambu to varied existing and new sites across Solomon Islands, with no evidence of coordination, let alone financial or other assistance from a supporting actor.56
Finally, the sixth element concerns the spatial dimension. Only cases where there is evidence that the relocation process has identifiable origin(s) and destination(s) sites are included; cases where the origin and/or destination sites are not identifiable are excluded. Therefore, cases where individual households are offered buy-outs but do not relocate to an identifiable destination site, such as the flood-affected households in the Eferding Basin of Austria57 or the landslide-affected households in Cochabamba, Bolivia,58 are not included. LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING
55 An initiating actor may also provide support during the relocation process; this means that the actor who initiates the relocation may also be a supporting actor in that they provide assistance or coordinate the planned relocation process. For instance, an indigenous chief of a community may both initiate the relocation process and support its implementation through land identification and coordination with external stakeholders. See also the conceptual model introduced by Hino et al. (2017), where supporting actors play implementing or enabling roles to ensure that a planned relocation of a community occurs. Note that this conceptual model also applies to other forms of managed retreat, including household buy-outs Hino, M., Field, C. B., & Mach, K. J., above n 7. 56 Simon, A, et al. (2018). “Heading for the hills: climate-driven community relocations in the Solomon Islands and Alaska provide insight for a 1.5 C future.” Regional environmental change 18(8), 2261-2272. 57 Thaler, T., & Fuchs, S. (2020). Financial recovery schemes in Austria: How planned relocation is used as an answer to future flood events. Environmental Hazards, 19(3), 268-284. 58 Gemma Sou. (2015). Post-Disaster Resettlement in Urban Bolivia Forced Migration Review (49), 33-34.
22 As noted in section 1, the objective of this report was to produce two key outputs related to building a global evidence base of planned relocation cases. Correspondingly, the methodology spanned two distinct phases:
1) Compilation of a preliminary global dataset through identification and screening of cases documented in English-language academic 4 or grey literature; and 2) In-depth review of a selected subset of cases for identifying and analyzing relocation context and design characteristics.
The methodology used in this research was refined through the iterative process of drafting a working paper for the KNOMAD Thematic Working Group on Environmental Change and Migration, which featured a pilot analysis of six flood-related case studies.59
4.1
PHASE 1: COMPILING A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL DATASET
The first phase began with efforts to identify cases from English-language peer-reviewed scholarly or grey literature.60 While some prior efforts to consolidate evidence on planned LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING relocation cases were relevant to this exercise, a comprehensive and up-to-date database does not exist. The methods for this pilot study adapted approaches similar to previous comparative work on planned relocation cases, including Campbell (2005), Hino et al (2017), and Piggott-McKellar et al (2019).
These searches to identify planned relocation cases were undertaken between June and September 2020. Therefore, cases discussed only in papers published after September 2020 are not included in this database.
59 Weerasinghe, S and Bower, E. (forthcoming). Mapping Characteristics of Planned Relocation: Piloting a Methodology through Analysis of Six Flood-related Case Studies. 60 For the purposes of this report, grey literature means documents produced by governmental, non-governmental, inter-governmental, and other actors for whom publishing may not be the primary function, and that are not necessarily Methodology peer-reviewed. Examples of such documents include white papers, technical reports, and government or community led plans. 4. METHODOLOGY
These included: • Broader searches of literature in Elsevier’s SCOPUS database, for relevant search terms • Examination of references cited in relevant of (“Relocation” or “Managed Retreat” or papers, such as: “Resettlement”) and (“Disaster” or “Hazard” or “Climate” or “Environment”) in the – A number of academic publications abstract, title or keywords. that compiled relatively small numbers of planned relocation cases in disaster As each potential case was identified, it was contexts;61 screened to ensure that it met the minimum – An annotated bibliography of planned criteria across the six elements set out in relocation cases compiled by the Table 1 (see discussion in previous section). In Brookings Institution,62 and an updated addition, only cases initiated after 1970 were version compiled by Georgetown included; cases initiated before 1970 were University;63 excluded to constrain the sample to more – Guidance on Protecting People from contemporary practice. Further, only cases Disasters and Environmental Change on the physical movement of people within through Planned Relocation and A a country’s borders were included; cases on Toolbox: Planning Relocations to Protect the movement of people across borders were 66 People from Disasters and Environmental excluded from this mapping. Change;64 and All identified planned relocation cases that – Background and outcome papers from satisfied the six conceptualization criteria were planned relocation expert meetings.65 compiled. Through this identification and screening process, 308 planned relocation • Targeted searches using search terms cases were identified in a preliminary global “Relocation” or “Managed Retreat” dataset. The findings from these cases are or “Resettlement” in publicly available analyzed in section 5. The dataset available databases of articles on human mobility as a companion to this report from the PDD related to environment, disaster, or climate website features all these cases, and includes impacts. These databases were: information on geographic, spatial, status and hazard-related characteristics (as applicable – International Organization for Migration and available). These include: the associated (IOM)’s Environmental Migration Portal; hazard(s), region, country, specific location(s) of LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING – University of Neuchâtel’s CLIMIG the site of origin, specific location(s) of the site database; of destination, whether or not the relocation is – Colorado University Boulder’s Natural ongoing or completed at the time the source Hazards Center; and literature was published, and a primary source. Some of the above-mentioned characteristics – The Consensus Building Initiative’s are marked as “unknown” because many of Immigration Network. the cases were only briefly referenced in the literature with insufficient detail and description
61 Hino, M., Field, C. B., & Mach, K. J.; above n 7. Piggott-McKellar, A. E., Pearson, J., McNamara, K. E., & Nunn, P. D., above n 7; Campbell, J. R., Goldsmith, M., & Koshy, K. above n 7; Dannenberg, A. L., Frumkin, H., Hess, J. J., & Ebi, K. L., above n 7. 62 Petz, D. (2015). Planned relocations in the context of natural disasters and climate change: a review of the literature. Brookings Institution. 1-30. 63 Benton, G. (2017). Planned Relocations: Annotated Bibliography Update, Georgetown University. 1–15. 64 UNHCR, Brookings Institution, & Georgetown University., above n 4; UNHCR, Georgetown, & IOM., above n 4. 65 Weerasinghe, S., above n 4; Ferris, F., above n 4; KNOMAD (2018). Regional Workshop on Planned Relocations to protect persons from disasters and environmental change in the Latin American context. KNOMAD Thematic Working Group on Environmental Change and Migration. 66 Cross-border planned relocation cases that take place in the context of disasters or climate change are outside the scope of this report and are at present absent in accessible literature. This may be an important area for future attention, particularly in the context of sea level rise affecting island nations. As noted earlier, one case of cross-border relocation was identified in the literature review (a potential ongoing case involving the Government of Kiribati purchasing land in Fiji), but this was not included in the global dataset for the reasons detailed in above n 17.
24 SELECTED CASES OF CHARACTERISTICS PHASE 2:DETAILED MAPPING 4.2 sources were listed. discussed inmultiplearticles,allrelevant sources were alsocited.Ifagivencasewas to gathercriticalinsights.Corresponding 70 69 68 67 persons whowere relocated togovernmental and ontheselectionofkeystakeholdersfrom from focusgroups toindividualinterviews; number andformatofparticipantinterviews surveys tosemi-structured interviews;onthe articles varyonstructure from standardized The methodsemployedbytheidentified approach tointerviewsandsurveysdiffered. even iftheexactnumber, structure and surveys withkeystakeholderswere selected, articles thatemployedprimaryinterviewsor employed. Specifically, onthemethods,only detail inthearticleandresearch methods article wasidentifiedbasedonthedepthof source. Foreachcase,themostcomprehensive information dependentonthequalityof in theglobaldatasethavevaryinglevelsof As mentionedabove,thecasesidentified case. the spatialpatternofplannedrelocation of theinformationinsource literature and screening criteriawere used,namelythequality to includeinthisdeeperanalysis,additional analyzed further. To determinewhichcases relocation casesidentifiedinphaseonewere characteristics ofasubsettheplanned During thesecondphase,contextanddesign listed asasource foreachrelevant case. multiple plannedrelocation cases,thearticleis Weerasinghe, S.,andBower, E. (forthcoming)., aboven59.Seealsoacknowledgementsforthisreport’s reference group. Weerasinghe’s (Ferris,E.,&Weerasinghe, S.,aboven1)humanrightsandsecuritycentric approaches. Resettlement (Oliver-Smith, A.,above n41),andMcAdamFerris’(McAdamJ.,&FerrisE.,above31) Ferrisand Including Oliver-Smith’s applicationtodisaster contextsofScudder’s modelofDevelopment InducedDisplacementand and climatechange. concrete suggestionsforStatesandotheractorswhoare consideringrelocation ofpeopleinorder toprotect themfrom disasters University, UNHCR,andIOMinclosecooperationwiththeWorld BankandUnitedNationsUniversity, andseekstoprovide See thetoolboxdiscussedinUNHCR,Georgetown, &IOM.,aboven4. This toolboxwasdevelopedbyexpertsatGeorgetown coastal erosion inFijiandAlaska. the ZambeziinMozambiqueandofMekongdeltaVietnam,tsunami inmanycountriesadjacenttotheIndianOcean,and Cases thathadthehighestnumbersofsources includedrelocations afteravolcaniceruptioninMerapiIndonesia,flooding of 67 Ifanarticlediscussed 4. METHODOLOGY 25 and Environmental Change, Relocations toProtect Peoplefrom Disasters drawn largely from AToolbox: Planningfor context anddesigncharacteristicswere questions are presented inTable 2.These planned relocation process. Thecodebook key contextualanddesignaspectsofa A codebookwasdevelopedtocapture this deeperanalysisunderphasetwo. information were excludedforthepurposesof codebook were included;caseswithinsufficient a majorityofcharacteristicsasnotedinthe gathered from theoneprimaryarticlefor only caseswhere informationcouldbe characteristics (seediscussionbelow).Thus, sufficient levelsofdetailoncodebook articles were subjectivelyratedasincluding Cases were thenselectedbasedonwhich through thereview ofsecondarymaterial. rather thanperceptions gathered simply key stakeholderswere captured intheanalysis was toensure thatsomeperspectivesfrom emphasis onprimaryinterviewsandsurveys and non-governmentalsupportingactors.The Relocation Project Reference Group. verified byexpertsintheMappingPlanned Environmental ChangeandMigration,also the KNOMADThematicWorking Group on refined through pilotanalysisundertakenfor origin andsiteofdestination;participation supporting actor(s);assessmentsatsiteof of therelocation design: initiating and displacement. Italsocaptures characteristics whether ornotrelocation tookplaceafter indigenous ornot;ruralurban;and physical move;numberofpeople/households; identified; approximate yearofcompletion approximate yeartheneedforrelocation was capture thefollowingcontextcharacteristics: characteristics, thecodebookquestionsaimto spatial, statusandhazard-related basic addition totheinformationongeographic, theoretical frameworks. 69 Thecodebookwas 68 andrelevant 70 In
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 4. METHODOLOGY
Table 2. Codebook questions
Question Context Characteristics (see Annex A) What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? What is the province/State of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? What is the exact location of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? What is the location of the destination settlement site in the planned relocation case?71 Which hazard(s) is the planned relocation initiated in anticipation of/reaction to? What is the approximate physical distance (in km) between the site of origin and the site of destination? In approximately what year was the need for planned relocation first identified? In approximately what year was the physical relocation to the settlement site completed for the majority of households? Approximately how many households (people) have relocated, or are identified for relocation? Does the relocating community identify as part of an indigenous tribe or community? Does the relocating community identify as rural or urban? Was the planned relocation initiated after displacement? Relocation Design Characteristics (see Annex B) Which actor(s) initiated the planned relocation? Which actor(s) supported the planned relocation, including through funding? Is there evidence of at least one formal assessment (related to environmental impact, costs and benefits for people) of the: 1) location of origin to determine the need for the planned relocation; and/or 2) the settlement site to determine suitability for relocation? Is there evidence to suggest that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? Is there evidence to suggest that similar livelihood opportunities exist in the site of origin and in destination? What challenges have been identified during the relocation process or in the settlement site?
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING Methodology (see Annex C) Key Source Data Collection Methods Employed by Key Source
mechanisms; legal and policy frameworks; As this methodology was refined in an iterative livelihood opportunities; and challenges. For process, it became apparent that it was most the answers to the codebook questions, as well critical to focus first on cases that follow the as methodological caveats, see Annex D. type A path from single origin to destination as a foundation for future inquiry. This was As mentioned in section 2, the dynamics of a because the type A spatial pattern was the planned relocation case with multiple origins most prevalent in the literature. In addition, the and/or destinations (types B, C and D) are methodology and the codebook for this report fundamentally different from a case with a was developed with case type A in mind. It was single origin and single destination (type A). A only through the review of an extensive body number of characteristics – including distances of literature that the typology presented in between sites, the roles of various actors, section 2 emerged. Therefore, only cases that assessments, participation of communities of follow pattern A are included in the subset of origin, legal and policy frameworks, among cases analyzed under phase two; cases that others – are complicated and difficult to assess.
26 adduced are notedinAnnexC. through thecomprehensive articlewas additional informationbeyondthatgathered the comprehensive article.Thecasesforwhich hard tocapture orcouldnotbegleanedfrom code thecharacteristicsthatwere otherwise supplementary informationwasidentifiedto the extentnecessaryandwhere possible, to codecharacteristicsinthecodebook.To who thentriangulatedtheirunderstanding article wasreviewed bytworesearchers, selected case,thesinglecomprehensive pursuant tophaseone(above).Foreach from amongthehandfulofarticlesidentified Annex C).Thisprimaryarticlewasselected basis torespond tocodebookquestions(see comprehensive articlewasusedastheprimary 6, andsummarizedinAnnexA-B.Asingle findings from thesecasesare foundinsection the detailedmappingofcharacteristics.The information forcodingwere identifiedfor A totalof34typecaseswithsufficient the globaldatasetnotedunderphaseone. follow patternsB-Dare nonethelessincludedin 72 71 America. countries, andparticularlytheUnitedStatesof bias towards research inEnglish-speaking in English,findingsofthis report reflect a cases. Byconsultingonlyliterature published not beextrapolatedtoallplannedrelocation sample, andthuscomparativeinsightsshould (phase two)are notarepresentative random (phase one)andinthedetailedmapping The casesidentifiedintheglobaldataset LIMITATIONS 4.3 the geographicbias. language literature, may ameliorate someof relocation casesinSpanish andFrench developed inthisreport to identifyplanned under UNFCCC,applyingthemethodology and thePlanofAction2019-2021TFD in supportofthePDDWorkplan 2019-2022 For example,35casesinPeruwere notincludedastherelevant documentwasinSpanish. methodologies andcodebooks. It isproposed thatinthefuture casetypesB-Dmaybethesubjectofdeeperanalysisin linewithappropriately modified 72 Research tobeundertaken byIOM 4. METHODOLOGY 71 27 primary source articleswere published. also reflect where, andforwhatpurpose,the status ofthecaseatend2020.Itmay publication waswrittenandmaynotreflect the the timeeachrespective primarysource noted percasereflects circumstances at This approach furtherimpliesthatinformation was consultedtofillnotablegapsincoding. people. Inotherinstances,asecondaryarticle contacts withrelevant researchers orresource additional informationarose duetopersonal by case;insomeinstances,theabilitytoobtain information beyondtheprimarysource varied case. Theapproach toinclusionofadditional times two)scholarlyorgrey publication(s)per approach tocodingrelied uponone(andat not conductedforeachcase,andinsteadthe Finally, acomprehensive literature review was mechanisms, amongothercharacteristics. such policies,assessmentsandparticipation assess therobustness andcontributionsof that feature. Furtheranalysisisneededto rather thanajudgementonthequalityof mechanism, alegalorpolicyframeworketc.), of anassessment,communityparticipation given relocation feature (e.g.,theexistence on identifyingthepresence orabsenceofa Furthermore, theapproach tocodingfocused processes. government documentsonplannedrelocation researchers didnothaveaccesstointernal the literature reviewed. Thismayincludethat documents, there mayalsobelimitationsin employed focusonpubliclyavailable to thoseactors.Giventhatthemethods communities andhazard eventsofinterest researchers andinstitutions,aswellthe also produce abiastowards betterresourced interview orsurveyresearch methods,may relocation characteristicsandalsoemployed information onaspecificsetofplanned comprehensive articlesthatincluded Similarly, theemphasisinphasetwoon
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME This section presents key findings related to the global dataset of planned relocation cases. A total of 308 planned relocation cases were identified from English-language peer-reviewed scholarly articles and grey literature.73 Findings associated with these cases are discussed and analyzed based on geography, spatial patterns, hazard(s) and status while implications stemming from these findings are discussed in 5 section 7. The findings presented in this section are not exhaustive. Rather, they aim to provide an overview of high-level insights, and establish a foundation for further work. For this purpose, a mapping of basic characteristics applicable to each of the 308 cases are provided in the accompanying dataset available from the PDD website.
5.1
WHERE ARE THE IDENTIFIED PLANNED RELOCATION CASES?
Planned relocation is a global phenomenon. The 308 planned relocation cases identified occur in 60 countries and territories.74 As illustrated in Figure 2, identified cases span all inhabited regions, including Asia (160), the Americas (81), the Pacific (36), Africa (19), Europe (9) and the Middle East (3).75 While cases exist across every continent, approximately half are in Asia, with the highest numbers in South East Asia (63 cases), South Asia (54 cases), and East Asia (37 cases). The Pacific region has the same number of cases as East Asia. Annex E provides a breakdown of countries by region and sub-region.
73 As explained in the limitations (section 7), these global results must be recognized as a first and preliminary effort to gather information on planned relocation cases across the world. The methods used - of examining English- language scholarly and grey literature - were the most feasible and viable for the purposes of this research at the present point in time (late 2020). Yet this method also reflects biases, which imply that not all planned relocation cases as conceptualized in this report may have been captured. Beyond the language limitation, many cases of planned relocation, including in poorly resourced or under-researched settings may not have been captured in scholarly or grey literature. 74 Montserrat is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, which is identified as part of the corresponding sub-region of the Americas for the purposes of this report. 75 Refer to Annex E for a list of which countries fall under each
Findings from the the Findings from global dataset region, for the purposes of this report. Figure 2.Geographicdistributionofidentifiedcases,by region 76 relocation casesare inAsia. the highestnumbersofidentifiedplanned Colombia andFiji,allthecountrieswith exception oftheUnitedStatesAmerica, (15), Japan(15)andColombia(8).Withthe China (17),IndonesiaVietnamFiji the Philippines(29),India(22),SriLanka(19), order: TheUnitedStatesofAmerica(36), following countries,listedindescending of plannedrelocation casesare foundinthe Figure 3demonstrates.Thehighestnumber of plannedrelocation caseswere identified,as For somecountries,relatively highnumbers Asia -SouthEast This includesthosethatmaybemultiple typeAcases,butwhere theexactsitesoforiginanddestinationper caseisunknown. Middle East Europe Asia -South 20 3 Pacific 5. FINDINGSFROMTHEGLOBALDATASET 1 12 17 % 29 pattern wasunknown. the totalidentified.For19cases,spatial representing 21casesorsevenpercentof C) are theleastcommon among thefour, to multipledestinationcases(patterntype and reflect patterntype D. Thesingleorigin have multipleoriginsanddestinations pattern typeB,while49cases(16percent) origins andasingledestinationreflect identified cases(18percent)havemultiple within thisconfiguration.Afurther56of approximately halfofidentifiedcases,fall pattern typeA.AsseeninFigure 4,163,or a singledestinationsite,orcasesthatreflect cases identifiedinvolvesasingleoriginand The mostcommonspatialpatterninthe PLANNED RELOCATION CASES? PATTERNS OFIDENTIFIED WHAT ARETHESPATIAL 5.2 6 Africa 6 12 Americas -CentralAmerica 3 Asia -East 2 12 Americas -Caribbean 6 76 Asia -Central Americas -NorthAmerica Americas -SouthAmerica
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 5. FINDINGS FROM THE GLOBAL DATASET
Figure 3. Geographic distribution of identified cases, by country
36 1
5.3 mentioned in the literature.77 These other LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING hazards may occur before, after or alongside WHICH HAZARDS DROVE one another, and the combined harms or risks led to the need for relocation. IDENTIFIED PLANNED RELOCATION CASES? The hazards most commonly associated with the identified planned relocation cases are: floods (90 cases),78 tsunamis (60 cases),79 storms Many planned relocation cases are taking (57 cases), erosion (37 cases),80 earthquakes (26 place in multi-hazard contexts (see Annex F cases) and landslides (26 cases). Droughts were on definitions). In cases where one hazard linked to nine cases. Sea level rise was noted is described as the proximate or dominant in at least 22, most often for cases initiated in trigger influencing the decision to undertake anticipation of future risk. relocation, other hazards are often also
77 This is not to say that other non-hazard drivers are irrelevant. On the contrary, in many cases, socio-economic and political factors were also relevant to the decisions to relocate. 78 This includes riverine (fluvial) floods, coastal floods, flash floods and lake floods. 79 The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was the hazard event associated with the largest number of identified planned relocation cases (38), spanning across five countries: India, Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka and Thailand. These are only the cases identified in the literature, not necessarily all the cases of planned relocation that were undertaken after the hazard event. 80 This includes coastal and riverbank erosion.
30 82 81 water scarcity). (such assealevelrise,coastalerosion and to beaffected adverselybyclimatechange slow-onset environmental hazards alsoknown (such asfloods,storms,droughts), orwith frequency inthecontextofclimatechange are knowntobeincreasing inintensityand one ormore hydrometeorological hazards that identified were initiatedinassociationwith Approximately 219or70percentofthecases in 30percentofthecases,aclimate-related other geophysicalhazards. Inotherwords, earthquakes, tsunamis,volcaniceruptions,or about 97were initiatedin associationonlywith coastal hazards offloods,stormsor sealevelrise.Inthismulti-hazard context,the casewouldbecodedasclimate-related. For instance,anumberofcaseswere initiatedinrelation toatsunami(triggered byan underwaterearthquake),inadditionto Regional aspects.CambridgeUniversityPress. andvulnerability: adaptation p.7. change 2014–Impacts, event). Forfurtherdiscussiononattribution toclimatechange,see:Field,C.B.(Ed.).(2014).Climate climate-related ornotgivenIPCCconfidence inattributiontoclimatechangeforthebroad hazard category(notthespecific for therelevant case.Consequently, the hazards associatedwith eachrelocation caseare identifiedandcategorizedaspotentially was notpossibletoconfirmwhethertheauthorsofeachsource hadexaminedscientificevidenceonattributiontoclimatechange The sources forsomecasesexplicitlylinkagivenhazard inaspecificlocationtoclimatechange,whileothersources donot.It 81 Ofthe308casesidentified, 5. FINDINGSFROMTHEGLOBALDATASET 31 decision torelocate. geophysical hazards alsoinfluencedthe the literature, evenifnon-climaterelated or environmental hazard wasmentionedin one climate-related hydrometeorological in theother70percentofcases,atleast was notmentionedintheliterature, whereas hydrometeorological orenvironmental hazard 82
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 5. FINDINGS FROM THE GLOBAL DATASET
Figure 4. Spatial patterns of identified cases A (163 cases) B (56 cases) C (21 cases) D (49 cases) A 6 unknown (19 cases)
16 B
7 % C 53
18
D
5.4
WHEN WERE IDENTIFIED PLANNED RELOCATION CASES INITIATED, AND HOW MANY
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING ARE ONGOING?
While the database includes cases initiated after 1970, most planned relocation cases identified were initiated after 2000. There is a notable increase in the number of cases in 2004, as large numbers of planned relocation cases took place in reaction to the unprecedented displacement associated with the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Of the 308 identified cases, 240, or around three quarters, have been completed, meaning that the physical relocation to the new settlement site(s) had taken place for a majority of households. Approximately one quarter, or 68, of the identified cases were classified as ongoing, as the physical relocation had not taken place for the majority of households at the time of the primary source publication.
32 While the previous section provided a macro scale overview of global insights, this section provides a more in-depth analysis of a subset of 34 cases. As described in section 4 on methods, these cases have single origin and single destination sites and fall within type A cases. Type A cases comprised more than half of the global dataset of planned cases identified through this research (163 6 out of 308), however, detailed information was available for only 34 cases. Drawing on the information presented in Annex A-B, the discussion that follows synthesizes key observations on context and design characteristics across the 34 cases on which sufficient information was available. In Annex A-B, the 34 cases are ordered alphabetically by country, and then chronologically by the year of completion. Implications stemming from these observations are discussed in section 7.
6.1
LOCATIONS
The 34 type A cases included in this detailed analysis span the Pacific, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Ten cases are in the United States of America, including in the coastal states of Alaska, Washington and Louisiana, and mid-western flood-affected states of Illinois, LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING Wisconsin and Missouri. Fiji is the country with the second highest number of cases, followed by Colombia.
6.2
ASSOCIATED HAZARD(S)
As noted in section 5, most identified cases of planned relocation occur in the context of multiple hazards. For example, in El Choncho, Colombia, the relocation was initiated because of coastal floods and coastal erosion, accelerated in the context of an earthquake, land subsidence and sea level rise.83 Of the
83 Correa, I. D., & Gonzalez, J. L. (2000). Coastal erosion and village relocation: a Colombian case study. Ocean & Coastal
Findings from the the Findings from mapping of detailed characteristics Management, 43(1), 51-64. 6. FINDINGS FROM THE MAPPING OF DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS
34 type A cases analyzed in more depth, States of America).85 As Figure 5 demonstrates, 25 were initiated in association with at least all cases other than Isle de Jean Charles in the one climate-related hazard that was either United States of America spanned distances hydrometeorological, such as floods or storms, from origin site to destination site that were or environmental, such as erosion or sea level less than 20 kilometers, and for 15 cases the rise. Nine cases were initiated only in relation distance was in fact less than two kilometers.86 to geophysical hazards, such as volcanic It was not possible to determine this eruptions or earthquakes. information for two cases. In this limited set of cases, those that are categorized as ongoing, indicated in red in Figure 5, span farther 6.3 distances between origin and destination sites than completed cases. DISPLACEMENT 6.5 Eighteen of the 34 cases were carried out after community members were already displaced NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS from their homes following a hazard event. Households often stayed in shelters or other transitional arrangements until the new site was The number of households ranged from four built. In these cases, rebuilding in situ was not (Vunisavisavi village, Fiji) to 1000 (Gramalote, possible or desirable, if it was considered at all, Colombia). The majority of cases analyzed and relocation to a new site was determined involve less than 250 households, and many are to be necessary by the community or relevant in fact far smaller. Figure 6 depicts the number authorities to resolve displacement. Even of households relocated for completed cases in these reactive contexts, some of these in blue; it is generally easier to ascertain these decisions were also influenced by future figures once the physical relocation has been risks associated with hazards. In contrast, 14 completed. The red cases in Figure 6 represent planned relocation cases did not occur after the expected number of households to be community members were displaced, and relocated in the cases that are categorized as instead were initiated in anticipation of risks. ongoing. Figure 6 also includes cases where The circumstances were unclear for two cases. the number of people have been reported but not households, or where the population is LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING unknown. In general, the type A cases analyzed 6.4 in this section concern relatively small numbers of households compared to the cases featured DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN TO in the global dataset. For example, some type D cases involve hundreds of thousands of DESTINATION people.87
The distance from the site of origin to the site of destination ranged from 200 meters (Grantham, Australia) to approximately 64 kilometers84 (Isle de Jean Charles, United
84 For context, 1 kilometer is approximately 0.63 miles. Therefore, this distance is approximately 40 miles. 85 Other cases identified in the global mapping involved even greater distances, although distances were more challenging to calculate when a relocation process involves multiple origins or destinations. For instance, the distance from the six low-lying Carteret Islands (Han, Huene, Iangain, Yesila, Yolasa, Piul) to the relocation site in Woroav village of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea is approximately 84 kilometers (type B case). 86 If the status of a case was categorized as ongoing, rather than completed, the prospective location site under construction was used for the purposes of this analysis. 87 For instance, drought and the intention to avoid famine in northern Ethiopia (Wollo and Tigray) prompted the government to relocate approximately 600,000 people to six settlement sites between 1984 and 1988. See: Gebre, Y. (2003). Resettlement and the unnoticed losers: Impoverishment disasters among the Gumz in Ethiopia. Human Organization, 62(1), 50-61.
34 Isle DeJeanCharles,Terrebonne Parish origin -singledestinationcases Figure 6.Numberofhouseholdsrelocated, oridentifiedfor relocation tothenewsite,insingle Figure 5.Distancebetweenoriginanddestinationsites(inkilometers) Isle DeJeanCharles,Terrebonne Parish (Old) FadsarVillage,JamnagarDistrict (Old) FadsarVillage,JamnagarDistrict Dabashan village,SongpanCounty Shishmaref Village,SarichefIsland Dabashan village,SongpanCounty Shishmaref village,SarichefIsland Higashiyama districtinOjiyaCity Higashiyama districtinOjiyaCity Biausevu villageatBusadule Biausevu villageatBusadule Grantham, Lockeyer Valley Grantham, Lockeyer Valley Lower villageofTaholah Lower villageofTaholah Sathankuppam Village Sathankuppam village Kandholhudoo Island Kandholhudoo Island Dheye (Dhey)village Dheye (Dhey)village Vunisavisavi village Gardi SugdubIsland Vunisavisavi village Gardi SugdubIsland Vunidogoloa village Vunidogoloa village El Chonchovillage El Chonchovillage Anoling Barangay Anoling Barangay Denimanu village Denimanu village Narikoso village Narikoso village Kivalina village Kivalina village Soldier’s Grove Soldier’s Grove Gampong Baro Gampong Baro Mondo village Mondo village Talalla village Talalla village Pattonsburg Pattonsburg Gramalote Gramalote Rhineland Rhineland Valmeyer Valmeyer Allenville Allenville Verapaz Verapaz Newtok Newtok Aponte Aponte Letau Letau Xaia Xaia Taro Taro 6. FINDINGSFROMTHEMAPPINGOFDETAILED CHARACTERISTICS 0,05 0,05 0,2 unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown 0,25 0,25 0,25 4 0,3 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 0,8 14 1 18 19 19 1.3 1.5 26 28 2 2 2 2 35 3 52 57 60 5 5 80 6 7 115 120 120 8 141 10 12 12 206 14.5 244 16 300 300 20 317 35 376 500 600 1,000 64
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 6. FINDINGS FROM THE MAPPING OF DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS
6.6 6.8
DURATION OF THE PROCESS RURAL OR URBAN
As shown in Figure 7, for completed cases, The sites of both origin and destination for the time between identification of the need nearly all the 34 planned relocation cases were for planned relocation (year of initiation) rural. This is perhaps a result of the focus on and the physical relocation of the majority single origin and single destination type A of households to the settlement site (year of cases, as in urban areas, cases with multiple completion) ranged from approximately one origins and destinations are more common.90 to two years (Denimanu, Fiji) to eight years However, interestingly, two cases involved the (Vunidogoloa, Fiji; Soldier’s Grove, United relocation of households from rural to urban States of America; and Letau, Vanuatu). For areas: from a remote location to the flatlands some cases, these years were not identifiable. in Ojiya City in Japan,91 and from the remote In many of the ongoing cases (in red), the village of Dabashan to the capital of Songpan process has taken decades, as is the case in in China.92 Shishmaref, Alaska which first initiated their relocation process in 1976.88 6.9 6.7 INITIATING ACTOR(S) & SUPPORTING ACTOR(S) INDIGENOUS GROUPS In 17 of the 34 cases, actors from within Almost half of the cases analyzed in this the relocating community or group were section, 16 out of 34, involve communities identified as responsible for the decision that identify as indigenous.89 Indigenous to initiate planned relocation. In some communities may be over-represented in instances, village leaders or elders played the type A pattern of single origin to single a leading role, while in other cases, specific destination, as retaining community cohesion, bodies or committees were more active. In traditions and cultures of the group in a new another four cases, community members LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING site may be particularly important. The other were identified as initiating the decision to 18 planned relocation cases involve groups of undertake planned relocation in association households that do not identify as indigenous. with other stakeholders, suggesting some level of joint decision making regarding the decision to move. For instance, in the case of Gampong Baro, Indonesia, community members collaborated with an NGO to initiate planned relocation.93 In 14 cases, government actors were recognized as the initiating actors with a small minority of these cases initiated
88 Simon, A. et al. above n 56. 89 Concepts of indigeneity vary by country, depending on colonial, political and other historical factors; in the United States of America the concept refers to “Indian Nations” recognized at federal or state levels, while in Vietnam refers to Dao ethnic minority. In El Concho village, the relocating community was described as mixed “Indians” and “Blacks”. 90 For instance, after Typhoon Haiyan struck the city of Tacloban in the Philippines, planned relocations often had multiple origins and/or destinations, following spatial patterns B, C and D. See Palagi, S., & Javernick-Will, A., above n 6. 91 Iuchi, K. (2014). Planning resettlement after disasters. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(4), 413-425. 92 Xu, Yun, et al. (2020). Disaster risk management models for rural relocation communities of mountainous southwestern China under the stress of geological disasters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 1-14. 93 Sina, D., Chang-Richards, A. Y., Wilkinson, S., & Potangaroa, R. (2019). What does the future hold for relocated communities post- disaster? Factors affecting livelihood resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 34, 173-183.
36 Initiating actor Isle DeJeanCharles,Terrebonne Parish Figure 7.Year ofinitiationandyearcompletioninsingleorigin-destination cases destination cases Figure 8.Examplesofconfigurationsinitiatingandsupportingactorsinsingleorigin- Government Community (Old) FasdaVillage,JamnagarDistrict Dabashan village,SongpanCounty Shishmaref village,SarichefIsland Higashiyama districtinOjiyaCity Biausevu villageatBusadule Grantham, Lockeyer Valley El ChonchoVillage, Lower villageofTaholah Sathankuppam village Kandholhudoo Island Vunisavisavi village Gardi SugdubIsland Vunidogoloa village El Chonchovillage Community Anoling Barangay Denimanu village Colombia Narikoso village Kivalina village Soldier’s Grove Gampong Baro Mondo village Talalla village Dheye (Dhey) Pattonsburg Gramalote Rhineland Valmeyer Allenville Verapaz Newtok Aponte Letau Xaia Taro 6. FINDINGSFROMTHEMAPPINGOFDETAILED CHARACTERISTICS 1970 1975 1976 1975 1978 1980 United StatesofAmerica 1983 1981 Anoling Barangay, Supporting actor 1983 1985 Government Philippines Rhineland, 37 1990 1992 1993 1993 1993 1993 1994 1996 1996 1995 1997 1995 1995 1998 1998 1998 2001 2001 2000 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 NGO, IGO,orDonor 2003 2003 2006 2005 Dheye Village, 2007 Talalla village, 2005 Sri Lanka 2006 2006 2009 2009 Nepal 2010 2010 2011 2011 2010 2012 2012 2010 2015 2013 2013 2013 2016 2015 2014 2016 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 6. FINDINGS FROM THE MAPPING OF DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS
in conjunction with community members. The Government actors at national, sub-national level of authority varied, from that of a Prime and local levels were the primary actors Minister (Narikoso village in Fiji) to national, engaged in supporting the process of sub-national and local authorities. In at least planned relocation. In relative terms, national- two cases, an NGO was also engaged in the level government ministries, departments decision to initiate planned relocation.94 and agencies were referenced more often as compared with sub-national or local- Figure 8 provides examples of diverse level government bodies. A wide range combinations of initiating and supporting of ministries and departments responsible actors. In some cases, such as El Choncho for disaster management, emergencies, village in Colombia, community members housing, urban development, rural and both initiated and planned the relocation maritime management, and defense and process, with only very minimal support from military were noted in the literature. Beyond other actors. In contrast, relocation from the facilitating and navigating administrative, town of Rhineland, Missouri in the United policy and bureaucratic processes, the support States of America was initiated by community provided by government actors included members and then supported by government the provision of land, houses or financial at local, sub-national and national levels.95 aid, in some cases. Some planned relocation Other relocation cases, such as that of Dheye cases were also supported by international village in Nepal, were initiated by community and domestic NGOs, including faith groups, members and then supported by national and intergovernmental organizations connected international NGOs.96 Relocation cases initiated to the United Nations as well as through by government actors are, understandably, donor governments. Community members, often also planned and supported by irrespective of whether they initiated the government actors. This occurred in Anoling, planned relocation process, were also Philippines, where the local government supporting actors to the process. In some initiated the relocation and then local and instances, community members provided national government actors jointly supported manual labor,99 construction or technical the process.97 In other cases, as in Talalla assistance; community land for the settlement village, Sri Lanka, the government initiated site; or established community planning the relocation and then international non- groups and other committees to oversee and governmental organizations were the primary navigate bureaucratic, administrative and other force behind coordination and support of the processes relevant to the planned relocation.100 LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING relocation.98
94 It was not possible to ascertain the initiating actor in the case of Vunisavisavi village in Fiji. 95 VanPelt, A. (2010). Response to Flood Hazards: Assessing Community Factors that Affect the Decision to Relocate. Master’s thesis Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. 96 Bernet, D., Pittet, D., Kappenberger, G., Passardi, M., Shrestha, R., & Ambrosi, C. (2012). Moving down or not? A key question for Samzong, Yara, and Dheye, three villages in Upper Mustang, Mustang District, Nepal, Part IV: DHEYE. Kam For Sud/SUPSI. 1-45. 97 Usamah, M., & Haynes, K. (2012). An examination of the resettlement program at Mayon Volcano: what can we learn for sustainable volcanic risk reduction? Bulletin of Volcanology, 74(4), 839-859. 98 Vithanagama, R., Mohideen, A., Jayatilaka, D., & Lakshman R. (2015). Planned Relocations in the context of Natural Disasters: The Case of Sri Lanka. Brookings Institution and the Centre for Migration Research and Development. 99 This practice is known as “sweat equity” and is widespread in the Philippines. See Palagi & Javernick-Will, see above n 6, p. 5. 100 For further information, see Annex B.
38 environmental conditionswasavailable. community-based knowledgeofchangesin the vastmajorityofliterature suggeststhat the casesinvolvingindigenouspopulations, conducted ordocumented.Withrespect to conditions, evenifnoformalassessmentswere impacts onlivelihoods,health,andotherliving changes intheirenvironment andassociated highlighted communityunderstandingsof destination site.Manyarticlesdiscussedand was conductedateithertheoriginor For anotherfifthofthecases,anassessment the siteoforiginanddestination. assessment hadbeenconductedatboth environmental risk,cost-benefitorotherimpact the reviewed literature indicatesthat In approximately onefifthofthe34cases, DESTINATION OF ORIGINANDSITE ASSESSMENTS AT SITE 6.10 105 104 103 102 101 initiated plannedrelocation processes may mechanisms, suggestingthatcommunity- of theavailabilitycommunityparticipation by communitymembers,there wasevidence Notably, inall thecasesthatwere initiated not possibletoascertainthisinformation. were notavailable,whileintwocases,itwas that communityparticipationmechanisms four cases,thereviewed literature indicated the plannedrelocation process. Inatleast some scopeforcommunityengagementwith participatory mechanismsthatprovided Twenty-eight ofthe34casesincluded PARTICIPATION MECHANISMS 6.11 Disasters, 39(3),592-609. Bavinck, M.,etal(2015).Post‐tsunami relocation offishersettlements inSouthAsia:evidencefrom theCoromandel Coast,India. Sina, D.,Chang-Richards, A.Y., Wilkinson,S.,&Potangaroa, R.,aboven94. in theLockyerValley. 8,20–31. JournalofDisasterRiskReduction, International Okada, T., Haynes,K.,Bird, D.,vandenHonert,R.&King,D.(2014). Recoveryandresettlement followingthe2011flashflooding International JournalofDisasterResilience intheBuiltEnvironment. 140-155. Barenstein, J.E.D.(2015).Continuityandchangeinhousing settlementpatternsinpost-earthquakeGujarat,India. available. assessment ofthebreadth anddepthofparticipationinthecaseswhere there isevidencetosuggestmechanismswere infact As notedearlier, thisreport seekstoprovide thetypesofinsightsnecessarytoundertakesubsequentresearch thatwouldenable 6. FINDINGSFROMTHEMAPPINGOFDETAILED CHARACTERISTICS 39 been adopted. specific legalandpolicyinstrumentshad the reviewed literature indicatedthatproject- In somecases,suchasGrantham,Australia, applicable toeachcaseofplannedrelocation. details ofdomesticlegalorpolicyframeworks It wasdifficult todeterminetheexistenceand FRAMEWORKS LEGAL ANDPOLICY 6.12 approaches. not ascertainorassessthequalityofthese in agivenplannedrelocation casebutdoes the availabilityofparticipationmechanisms methodology, thisreport seekstoidentify and implementingphases.Asnotedinthe lead tomore engagementduringtheplanning States ofAmericaindicatedthatthedomestic Literature concerningcasesintheUnited relocation process, however, isunclear. of human-related implications thatspanthe regulation; whetheritaddresses therange coastal zoningandenvironmental protection existence ofarelocation policyunderpinnedby Sathankuppam village,India,mentionsthe with therelocation process. Theliterature on legal orpolicyframeworkconcerneddirectly association withanationalorsub-national not appeartohavebeenundertakenin frameworks, plannedrelocation casesdo of ano-buildzone. land-use policy, whichencompasseddetails Indonesia, minimalreference wasmadetoa For instance,inthecaseofGampongBaro, habitation orbuildinginrisk-prone locations. frameworks thatplacedrestrictions on made passingreferences tolegalandpolicy consulted. the group ofpeopletoberelocated were that atleastinonecase,“elite”membersof 102 101 There isevidencetosuggest 103 Inothercases,theliterature 104 Beyondproject-specific 105
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 6. FINDINGS FROM THE MAPPING OF DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS
framework related to disaster and disaster 6.13 relief may not adequately accommodate planned relocation in anticipation of harm, LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES where relief funds were conditional upon the occurrence of a disaster.106 Deeper analysis may be needed to determine if similar impediments In approximately half of the cases, reviewed arise in other countries and how existing literature suggested that relocated persons frameworks perform when planned relocation were able to maintain similar livelihoods at sites cases are undertaken in the aftermath of a of destination. Often, these were the cases disaster. with shorter distances between sites of origin and settlement allowing community members For the vast majority of cases, understanding to commute to their earlier sites, including if a specific instrument on planned relocation, for agriculture, fishing, or livestock raising. or instruments on DRR, DRM, climate change, In contrast, in approximately one third of the environment or other themes applicable to cases, livelihood opportunities similar to those planned relocation existed, was challenging. available at sites of origin were not available In many respects, this is a function of at sites of destination. Interestingly, in one the methodology used for this detailed case involving a relocation from a rural origin analysis; it is conceivable that literature that to urban destination in China, community emphasized stakeholder perspectives through members shifted from agrarian to market- informant interviews and surveys may not based livelihoods.110 In another rural to urban necessarily discuss the applicable normative relocation case in Japan, the new location architecture.107 However, this discussion has enhanced rather than hindered their existing also identified knowledge gaps on applicable livelihood strategies as it shortened their daily domestic legal and policy frameworks. In the commute.111 contemporary policy environment in which States continue to develop instruments on In a number of the cases, such as FVR- human mobility, DRR, DRM, climate change FNM village (named after President Fidel V. and the environment, a better understanding Ramos and Mayor Florencio N. Munoz) in the of frameworks and provisions that have Philippines, relocated people continued to underpinned planned relocation may be return to places of origin to continue their valuable. For instance, and as referenced former livelihoods, pursuing “translocal” earlier, in 2018 Fiji developed national lifestyles with regular movement between both LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING Planned Relocation Guidelines – A Framework sites.112 Skills training or livelihood restoration to Undertake Climate Change Related programs were provided to relocated Relocation.108 Similarly, relocation is extensively persons in some instances, such as livelihood discussed in Vanuatu’s 2018 National Policy initiatives of fish ponds and copra dryers in on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced the settlement site for Vunidogoloa, Fiji.113 Displacement.109 As noted in section 2, some For some cases, particularly those that were instruments on DRR, DRM, climate and categorized as ongoing, it was not possible the environment also discuss relocation or to ascertain detailed information relating to resettlement of populations. Once adopted livelihoods at sites of destination. and operationalized, these instruments will guide how States implement future cases of planned relocation.
106 See e.g., Marlow, Jennifer J., and Lauren E. Sancken. (2017). Reimagining relocation in a regulatory void: the inadequacy of existing US federal and state regulatory responses to Kivalina’s climate displacement in the Alaskan Arctic. Climate Law 7(4), 290- 321. 107 Certainly, most articles reviewed did not relate to legal scholarship. 108 Fiji., above n 20. 109 Vanuatu. National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement, 2018. 110 Xu, Y., above n 93. 111 Iuchi, K., above n 92. 112 Usamah, M., & Haynes, K., above n 98. 113 Piggott-McKellar, A.E.; McNamara, K.E.; Nunn, P.D.; Sekinini, S.T. (2019). Moving People in a Changing Climate: Lessons from Two Case Studies in Fiji. Social Sciences, 8, p. 133. 40 complication. levels ofgovernmentsurfacedasa coordination andalignmentacross different Gramalote, Colombia,forexample, In thecasesofGrantham,Australiaand relating torelocation. and tensionsintergenerational differences expectations; socialcohesionandculturalloss; incompatibility withtraditionalwaysoflifeor site; architectural layoutofhomesand and qualityofinfrastructure atthesettlement and economicdimensions;theavailability concerns inrelation tolivelihoodopportunities Annexes AandB.Challengeshaveincluded regarding challenges,whichare notedin have alsohighlightedimportantinformation literature inrelation tothe34typeAcases Nonetheless, themore detailedreview of interventions. merits andpitfallsofparticularapproaches or towards determiningoutcomes,aswellthe principled andmethodologicallyrefined efforts This isintendedtoserveasafoundationfor planned relocation casesacross theglobe. of singleorigintodestinationsite on contextualanddesigncharacteristics aims toprovide informationandevidence of plannedrelocation cases.Rather, it to assesstheoutcomesor“success” As notedearlier, thisreport doesnotattempt CHALLENGES 6.14 118 117 116 115 114 left relocation sitesandreturned toareas at places. Forinstance,relocated personshave to return tositesoforigin ormovetonew have chosentoabandontheirnewsettlement challenge. with governmentsupportwasnotedasa Gramalote andElChoncho,dissatisfaction Piggott-McKellar, A.E.;McNamara,K.E.;Nunn,P.D.; Sekinini,S.T. above n114. Responses,131-148. Change:EvidenceandPolicy Risk ManagementandClimate Migration PolicyintheMaldives.Migration, Simonelli, A.C.(2016).GoodFishing in RisingSeas:Kandholhudhoo,Dhuvaafaru,andtheNeedforaDevelopment-Based El Salvador:toward understanding social andgeophysicalvulnerability. Volcanology, JournalofApplied 4(1),p.14. Bowman, L.J.,&Henquinet,K.B.(2015). Disasterriskreduction andresettlement efforts atSanVicente(Chichontepec)Volcano, See Oliver-Smith, A.&Arenas, C.,aboven115;Correa &Gonzalez,aboven 84, p.51-64. disaster Resettlement:TheTransition totheNewCommunityinGramalote, Columbia. NaturalHazards Center, respectively. Okada, T., Haynes,K.,Bird, D., vandenHonert,R.&King,D.,aboven104;andOliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2015).Post- 115 Inothercases,relocated persons 114 Intwocasesfrom Colombia, 6. FINDINGSFROMTHEMAPPINGOFDETAILED CHARACTERISTICS 41 origin tosingledestinationcases. characteristics ofaselectsubsetsingle dataset, andsection6oncontextdesign of plannedrelocation casesintheglobal discussed insection5onbasiccharacteristics implications are drawnfrom theobservations and practiceonplannedrelocation. The inform andguidefurtherresearch, policies and suggestionsonplannedrelocation to This sectionoffers aseriesofimplications networks, sociallinksandculturalpractices. and concernsrelating tofragmentationof bureaucratic coordination andconstraints, including duetoongoinghazard exposure, funding, identificationofsuitableland, in theliterature relate toaccessingsufficient key challengesthathavebeenilluminated With respect tocasescategorizedasongoing, Salvador tocontinuetraditionallivelihoods. high riskofvolcaniceruptioninVerapaz, El and tsunamiriskintheoldnewsites, Maldives facessimilarhazards ofsealevelrise Kandholhudoo toDhuvaafaruislandinthe noted. Thecommunitythatmovedfrom floods, landslidesorsealevelrisehavebeen related tosecondaryhazard exposure from Notably, inanumberofcases,concerns – landslidesinthedestinationsite. Denimanu villageofFijinowfaceanewhazard while thehouseholdswhorelocated from 118 117
116
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME Implications 7 and suggestions an importantrole inthedecisiontorelocate. overcrowding onthesmallislandalsoplayed sea levelrise,butdemographicchallengesof relocation toamainlandsitelessexposed community inPanamainitiatedplanned For example,membersoftheGardi Sugdub relocation isneeded-ormore indirect. - anotherstatedjustificationforwhythe The influenceofthesedriversmaybedirect political, economicanddemographicdrivers. amidst environmental, aswellsocial, to undertakeplannedrelocation are situated context ofenvironmental drivers.Decisions relocation casesdonotoccursimplyinthe literature hashighlightedthatplanned climate change,thescanofEnglish-language cases associatedwithhazards, disastersor has soughttoidentifyplannedrelocation a plannedrelocation. Whilethisreport drivers mayprompt decisionstoundertake that, inmanyinstances,multiple,diverse At theoutset,itisimportanttorecognize STAKEHOLDER MOTIVATIONS MULTIPLE DRIVERSAND 7.1 121 120 119 land transformedintoan“ecopark”. Dominican Republic,wasrelocated andvacant informal settlement,LaBarquita inthe objectives; forinstanceafloodimpacted context ofbothfloodsand“slumupgrade” Other relocation caseshaveoccurred inthe National Park. motivations toclearpeopleoutofCelaque took placealsointhecontextofpolitical after HurricaneMitch’s devastatingimpacts to relocate communitiesinLempira,Honduras pastoralists inSomaliaamidstdrought, and as boatpeopleinVietnamafteratyphoon, nomadic peoplesintosedentarylifestyles,such and riskshaveinvolvedmovingformerly processes plannedtoaddress disasterimpacts 43(4). Antipode, Coerced Relocationfrom CelaqueNationalPark,Honduras. Timm, B.F. (2011).The(Mis)UseofDisasterasOpportunity: from p.104. LatinAmerica.Cities, and climatechangeadaptationmitigation: Lessons Collado, J.R.N.,&Wang, H.(2020). Slumupgrading Mission Report.October2016. of GunaIndigenousCommunitiesinGunayala,Panama: Displacement Solutions.AnOverviewontheRelocation 121 Finally, anumber ofrelocation 120 Efforts 119
earthquake. nomadic TibetancommunitiesinChinaafteran 125 124 123 122 initiate orsupportplannedrelocation also Further, are thereasons whyexternalactors community orgroup ofhouseholds’ level? influence decisionstoinitiate relocation atthe relocation. Inotherwords, domultipledrivers groups ofhouseholdsundertakingplanned apply atthescaleofentire communitiesor helpful tounderstandifsimilarconclusions this isindeedaccurate.Inaddition,itmaybe further research maybevaluabletoverifyif to participateinaplannedrelocation, and households makingdecisionsaboutwhether applies toindividualsandindividual This frameworkofmulticausalitypresumably household decisionsonmigration. considering driversinfluencingindividualand and articulatedawidelycitedframeworkfor Foresight Reportunderscored theseinsights movement. TheUnitedKingdom’s Government factors aloneare rarely thesoledriverof multiple drivers,andthatenvironmental that mobilitydecisionstakeplaceamidst policy andpractitionercommunitiesrecognize individuals orindividualhouseholds,academic, With respect tomigrationordisplacementof support plannedrelocation. authorities orotheractorstoinitiateand/or in plannedrelocation; and(2)decisionsof households orcommunitiestoparticipate individual households,andgroups of dimensions: (1)decisionsofindividuals, decisions onplannedrelocation undertwo economic anddemographicdriversinfluence social,political, with drivers incombination engagement tounderstandhowenvironmental suggest thatthisissuerequires deeper report. However, the above-notedinsights planned relocation wasnotexplored inthis diverse driversinfluencingdecisionson A systematicanalysisofthemultipleand UNHCR, Brookings Institution,&Georgetown University., aboven4,p.10.Emphasisadded. Nansen Initiative.,aboven4,p.10.Emphasis added. Foresight. (2011).MigrationandGlobalEnvironmental Change:Future ChallengesandOpportunities.UKGovernment. (Qinghai Province, Peoples, 22(2),222-248. PRC).Nomadic M. (2018).Post-DisasterDevelopment amongYushu Peri-Urban Nomads:LocalAgency, RiskPerception andLegalFramework (2007). Negotiatingchanginglivelihoods:thesampandwellersofTam Giang Lagoon,ViệtNam.Geoforum,38(1),190-206;Chies, Tsui, A. O.,Ragsdale,T. A.,&Shirwa,A.I.(1991).ThesettlementofSomalinomads. Genus,131-152;DaCosta,E.,&Turner, S. 122
7. IMPLICATIONS ANDSUGGESTIONS 123
43 displacement.” or responsive measure todisasterriskand use ofplannedrelocation asapreventive Agenda identifiestheneedtoimprove “the instance, theNansenInitiativeProtection reactive tooltoaddress realized harms.For as apreventative tooltoaddress risks,ora Planned relocation issometimesreferred to RELOCATION “PROACTIVE” AND“REACTIVE” 7.2 to greenwash othercovertmotives. against misuseofthenarrativeDRRorCCA rights implicationsandviolations,guard analysis alsoprovide evidencetoassesshuman processes tobescrutinized.Suchresearch and requires decision-makingandimplementation to initiateorsupportplannedrelocation cases non-environmental driversinfluencingdecisions possibility. Understandingthemultipleand insights from thisresearch indicatesucha influenced bymultipledrivers?Preliminary Ocean tsunamirendered KandholhudooIsland hazards. Forinstance,after the2004Indian and inanticipationofrisksassociatedwith property damageorother formsofharm) harms (displacement,livelihooddepletion, been undertakenbothinreaction torealized instances. Plannedrelocation caseshave “reactive” relocation maybeblurred insome distinctions between“proactive” and in thismapping(section6)suggestthat However, plannedrelocation casesidentified disaster andenvironmental change. environmental changeand/orinresponse to ofdisastersand situations: inanticipation may beappropriate inatleasttwotypesof Relocation explainsthatplannedrelocation Environmental Changethrough Planned on Protecting Peoplefrom Disastersand 124 The2015expertGuidance 125
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 7. IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
in the Maldives uninhabitable, the displaced including displacement and barriers to return, population was relocated to the previously as well as anticipated risks associated with uninhabited Dhuvaafaru Island; however, future hazards, influence the decision to the relocation decision also reflected how undertake planned relocation. the community already experienced floods and land degradation prior to the tsunami, In this context, an alternative distinction that and anticipated these hazards to intensify may be particularly helpful for informing in the context of sea level rise.126 In another policymaking and practice is whether a planned scenario, Shishmaref, an Alaskan native village relocation case occurs: (1) pre-displacement; in the United States of America, is planning (2) post-displacement with options to reside for relocation in anticipation of melting in the interim in places of origin; or (3) post- permafrost, sea level rise and associated risks, displacement without options to reside in areas yet people have already experienced the of origin. This information may be particularly adverse effects of flooding and coastal erosion relevant for understanding applicable for years.127 Some planned relocation cases international and domestic normative may be undertaken in-between episodes of frameworks and for making operational displacement associated with recurrent hazards decisions related to interim arrangements, - be it spontaneous flight or government transitional housing, participation approaches, ordered evacuations - when displaced assessment needs, institutional engagement, communities have returned to their places funding and governance. of origin. Consider, for example, the flood- affected town of Valmeyer in the United States of America, where the decision to relocate was 7.3 made after evacuated community members returned to their damaged homes but decided MULTI-HAZARD CONTEXTS, that the risk of repeat flooding was too high to rebuild in place.128 Other planned relocation COERCION AND AGENCY cases may arise de facto, if displacement situations, including those associated with When considering displacement - which evacuations, become protracted due to is generally understood as predominantly barriers to return or local integration. forced - a sudden-onset hazard such as a flood or storm is a dominant trigger for These examples suggest that the sharp flight.129 In such situations, while the multi- LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING distinctions articulated in normative causality of displacement is acknowledged, instruments may not always reflect the reality other non-environmental drivers are not on the ground. Rather, the proactive and immediately visible. When considering reactive dichotomy could be considered to migration - which is generally understood as represent two ends of a continuum with most predominantly voluntary movement - multiple planned relocation cases falling somewhere non-environmental drivers and environmental in between, influenced by realized harms, drivers may influence the decision to move.130 including displacement, and undertaken in In contrast to displacement which is regarded anticipation of risks. Cases in which protracted as falling closer to the forced end of the displacement leads to planned relocation forced-voluntary continuum, and migration also fall within this conceptualization. They which is regarded as falling closer to the too present a scenario where realized harms voluntary end, planned relocation has been
126 Simonelli, A. C., above n 118. 127 Simon, A. et al., above n 56. 128 Gaetano, G., (2002). From River Rats to Bluff Dwellers: A Study of Community in a Relocated Town: A Sociological Case Study of the FEMA Flood Mitigation Project at Valmeyer, Illinois. 129 See e.g., Warner, K., Afifi, T., Kälin, W., Leckie, S., Ferris, B., Martin, S. F., & Wrathall, D. (2013). Changing climate, moving people: Framing migration, displacement and planned relocation. UNU-EHS. 130 See e.g., Warner, K., Afifi, T., Kälin, W., Leckie, S., Ferris, B., Martin, S. F., & Wrathall, D. (2013). Changing climate, moving people: Framing migration, displacement and planned relocation. UNU-EHS.
44 be forced orvoluntary. noted asaformofhumanmobilitythatcould 134 133 132 131 section 6reflect thesedimensions. The plannedrelocation casesidentifiedin of humanmobility. For instance, planned hazards mayoffer newinsightsonpatterns in thecontextofbothsuddenandslow-onset In addition,plannedrelocation casesinitiated of households. individual households,communitiesandgroups and delimitschoicesatthelevelofindividuals, hazards affect plannedrelocation decisions how theoverlapofsuddenandslow-onset context, itmaybevaluabletounderstand with otherdriversofmovement.Inthis in turncompoundrealized harmsassociated These intensifiedenvironmental driversmay environmental driversandtheiradverseeffects. overlap andinteractionpotentiallyintensify level riseanderosion, demonstratehowtheir as wellslow-onsethazards suchassea onset hazards suchasfloodingandstorms, cases undertakeninthecontextofsudden- to affected populations.Plannedrelocation hazards andconstrainthechoicesavailable suddenandslow-onset anddiverse multiple some plannedrelocation casesoften embody words, theenvironmental driversinfluencing sudden andslow-onsethazards. Inother overlap orsuccessiveoccurrence ofboth how availablechoicesare affected bythe many plannedrelocation casesdemonstrate with respect torisksandrealized harms, authorities orotheractors. bywhethertherelocationalia, wasimposedby be affected byrealized harms,risks,andinter of coercion underpinningtheirdecisions,may planned relocation, andaccordingly thelevel households -tochooseparticipateina households, communitiesandgroups of the freedom -ofindividuals,individual voluntary continuum. planned relocation fallswithintheforced- is considered akeydeterminantofwhere and migration,thepreponderance ofchoice discussion onmultipledriversandstakeholder motivations. would beanimportantarea fordeeper research, particularly inlightoftheinsightsandimplicationshighlightedabove from authoritiesandotheractors.Understandinghowcoercion mayarisefrom theactionsofauthorities or otherstakeholders The discussionunderthissubsection is primarilyconcernedwithcoercion asitarisesfrom theenvironmental drivers,ratherthan Ibid; UNHCR,Brookings Institution, &Georgetown University., aboven4,p.6. See McAdam,J.,&Ferris,E.,aboven 31,p.143,quotingKälininWarner, K.,etal.,aboven130. Ferris, E.,aboven31,p.11. 132 131 Inthiscontext, Aswithdisplacement 133
7. IMPLICATIONS ANDSUGGESTIONS 134 Notably, 45 comparable outcomesmaybeparticularly regulatory procedures andfostering tensions amongaffected persons. Navigating access toservicesandotheropportunitiesor for maladaptiveoutcomessuchasinequitable disintegration ofcommunities,andpotential require considerationoftheimpacts multiple destinationrelocation casesmay engage distinctcommunities.Incontrast, and inclusiveparticipatorymechanismsthat complex integrationdynamicsandappropriate multiple originsitesrequire considerationof For instance,plannedrelocation caseswith critical implicationsforpolicyandpractice. origin sitesormultipledestinationsites,have as whetherarelocation casehasmultiple literature. Insightsfrom thistypology, such practice, asdocumentedinEnglish-language planned relocation casesare implementedin a typologyofthespatialpatternsinwhich destination. Thisisthefirst report toarticulate and typeDcasesare multipleoriginto cases are singleorigintomultipledestination; multiple origintosingledestination;typeC origin tosingledestination;typeBcasesare of spatialpatterns:typeAcasesare single cases identifiedinthismappingfollowarange As introduced insection2,plannedrelocation UNIQUE FEATURES FOUR SPATIAL PATTERNS AND 7.4 relocation process. displaced byhazards, butneverparticipateina may differ from peoplewhoare repeatedly implications andtheneedsofsuchpopulations the contextofplannedrelocation. Therights hazard andmaybeforced tomoveagainin are displacedinthecontextofasudden-onset hazards demonstratethatsomepopulations and toavoidrisksassociatedwithslow-onset relocation decisionsmadepost-displacement
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 7. IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
complex if origin and destination sites are destination sites for the vast majority of located in different administrative jurisdictions. type A cases were located in rural areas. Are other spatial patterns more common to Further research on type A, B, C and D cases urban areas? Does the location of the origin is necessary to consider unique features and to site(s) or destination site(s) affect the spatial appreciate implications for policy and practice. pattern? There are countless research questions that could be explored. The following are some • Related to livelihood opportunities: Are examples on a small number of themes particular spatial patterns more common in examined in this report: areas where particular livelihood strategies are dominant? For instance, is multiple origin • Related to displacement: Which spatial to multiple destination relocation more patterns are prevalent when planned common where people earn their livelihoods relocation processes are carried out prior to through non-place-based professions (e.g., any displacement? Which spatial patterns are not subsistence agriculture or fishing)? prevalent when planned relocation is carried out post-displacement, but when interim • Related to indigenous communities return to areas of origin is possible? Which and cohesion: Do indigenous or other spatial patterns are prevalent when planned communities focused on retaining social relocation occurs in the context of protracted cohesion reflect a preference towards displacement or when interim return to areas particular spatial patterns? A large portion of origin is unviable due to destruction or of the analyzed type A cases concerned regulations imposing no build zones? indigenous communities; are indigenous communities also represented in the other • Related to hazard types: Are particular spatial patterns? hazard types more aligned with certain spatial patterns? For instance, are sudden- • Related to the number of households: Does onset hazards more likely to be linked to the number of households participating in a single origin to single destination (type planned relocation cases influence the spatial A) case? Which spatial patterns correlate pattern implemented? Do smaller groups of with slower-onset hazards such as sea level households reflect a bias towards particular rise? Are there notable differences in the spatial patterns? spatial patterns implemented to address LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING geophysical/geological hazards as compared • Related to duration and in situ adaptation: to hydrometeorological hazards? What role Does the spatial pattern have any connection does the geographic scope and duration, to the duration of time that elapses between and reach of a hazard(s) and its impacts the decision to initiate a planned relocation play in the selection of a particular spatial until the physical relocation process is pattern? Does the hazard type influence complete? Are some spatial patterns more which spatial pattern is selected, and what complicated to implement and therefore other factors play a role? result in protracted processes? What in situ adaption options have been explored under • Related to distance: Are there relationships each type of spatial pattern? In this context, between spatial patterns and distance how do communities and authorities decide between origin and destination sites? Do when in situ adaptation measures (e.g., sea single origin and single destination relocation walls) are unviable or exhausted and decide cases (type A) span the shortest distances? to undertake a planned relocation? Do cases with multiple origins and multiple destinations (type D) span longer distances, • Related to actors initiating planned on average? relocation cases: Have communities initiated planned relocation under each type of spatial • Related to rural and urban dynamics: Are pattern or is there a community-initiation particular spatial patterns more prevalent bias towards particular spatial patterns? For in rural or urban areas? The identified cases instance, is community initiation more likely (in section 6) indicate that the origin and under the single origin to single destination
46 • • • • evaluation criteria? populations, asmeasured underdifferent patterns offer betteroutcomesforrelocated coordination andgovernance? Whichspatial to servicesandopportunities,supporting considerations, promoting equitableaccess recognizing gender, ageanddiversity arrangements, ensuringparticipation, assessments, providing transitional to securinglandandfunding,undertaking each spatialpattern,includingasitrelates What are keychallengesforimplementing Related tochallengesandoutcomes: administrative andgovernancezones? destination site(s)are locatedindifferent types ofcomplicationsarisewhenoriginand particular typesofspatialpatterns?What and regulatory challengesassociatedwith each spatialpattern?Are there greater legal planned relocation casesimplementedunder regulatory frameworkshaveunderpinned frameworks: Whattypesoflegaland Related tolegalandregulatory multiple destinationcases(typeCandD)? of potentialsettlementsitescarriedoutin B andD)?Are assessmentsoftheviability for casesinvolvingmultipleorigins(type originsitesundertaken assessments ofall cases thatfollowcertainspatialpatterns?Are more frequently carriedoutinrelocation Related toassessments:Are assessments patterns ascompared toothers? better implementedunderparticularspatial engagement more viable,inclusiveand into account?Isparticipationandcommunity age anddiversityconsiderationsbeentaken each typeofapproach? Howhavegender, are theadvantagesanddisadvantagesof used underdifferent spatialpatterns?What types ofparticipatorymechanismshavebeen Related toparticipatorymechanisms:What other typesofspatialpatterns? external actorinitiationmore likelyunderthe (type A)case?Isgovernmentorother 7. IMPLICATIONS ANDSUGGESTIONS 47 • • following themes: practitioners andresearchers relate tothe insights thatmaybehelpfultopolicy-makers, (see section6).Implicationsfrom these destination) casestoinformpolicyandpractice a subsetoftypeA(singleorigintosingle This report identifiedinsightsuniqueto DESTINATION CASES SINGLE ORIGINTO UNIQUE FEATURES OF 7.5 have protracted periodsoftimepassing period orevendecades.Such casesoften ongoing andspannedarelatively longer are amongthosethatwere classifiedas between thesiteoforiginanddestination Cases thatinvolverelatively furtherdistances and thedurationofrelocation process. Linkages betweenthephysicaldistance when consideringdestinationsiteselection. these typesoftrade-offs may beneeded regardless ofdistance.Closeattentionto Differential riskprofiles existacross sites that are furtherawayare inherently safer. not mean,however, thatdestinationsites unanticipated hazards andrisks.Thisdoes to originsmayalsohaveexposure toother Equally, destination sitesincloseproximity necessitate secondaryonward relocation. that prompted theinitialmoveandmay the sameobservedhazards andfuture risks proximity mayimplyongoingexposure to programming. Ontheotherhand,closer challenge, suggestinganeedforlivelihoods joblessness washighlightedasakey the livelihoodopportunitiesare dissimilar, to allowforadailycommute,and/orwhere sites are toodistantfrom thesitesoforigin In relocation caseswhere thedestination with implicationsforpsychosocialwellbeing. livelihoods andplacesofculturalsignificance may provide continuedaccesstopre-existing relocation sitethatisclosetotheorigin and destinationsites.Ontheonehand,a relatively smalldistancesbetweenorigin many plannedrelocation casesinvolve The analyzedtypeAcasesillustratethat destination sitestoplacesoforigin. Trade-offs relating toproximity of
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 7. IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
even before the physical move takes place. regardless of age, gender, ability, livelihood Conversely, relocation cases with closer profiles and land or housing tenure. Close proximity between origin and destination attention should be paid to capturing diverse sites are associated with shorter durations, perspectives, needs, contributions, and suggesting that the relocation process capabilities of community members in the in these cases is perhaps less complex decision-making process. and challenging to implement, at least as it relates to the physical move. On the • Relationships between the actors other hand, relocation cases that involve initiating the planned relocation and the further distances may be beyond local land scope, quality, and duration of support systems, outside pre-existing community and (assessments, land, transitional, services, cultural affiliations, or across sub-national financial, in-kind, and other) available for jurisdictions, raising cross-jurisdictional the relocation process. Planned relocation governance considerations. cases initiated by community members may have different levels of engagement with • Relationships between the actor(s) government and other supporting actors. initiating planned relocation cases and Some cases initiated by community actors meaningful and inclusive participation may receive little support from government in the relocation process. Different or external actors; relocating persons may configurations of actors initiate and support have to identify land and sources of funding planned relocation cases with important or in-kind support, build new homes, and implications for governance. Findings in rely on traditional monitoring systems and section 6 suggest that planned relocation knowledge of environmental change. In cases initiated by relocating persons such as other instances, government actors may an indigenous community chief, a group of offer land and provide some support in the leaders, a community organization or a group form of access to relevant services but offer of households may have more meaningful little else. In yet other cases, there may be opportunities for consultation, participation, much closer collaboration throughout the and self-determination.135 Deeper analysis relocation process. In cases initiated by on whether, and under what conditions, the government or external entities, there may actor(s) initiating a planned relocation affects be more consistent engagement and support meaningful participation and engagement from these actors. opportunities throughout the relocation LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING process, and thereby also influences This does not necessarily mean that outcomes, may offer important insights for communities always receive the support actors developing policies or identifying they desire or request, regardless of who communities for relocation support. initiates the planned relocation case. The support and assistance provided by the There may also be linkages between the government and other external actors may actor(s) initiating the relocation and inclusive need to be scrutinized to understand how participation of diverse stakeholders in the they comply with substantive and procedural community. In some planned relocation cases duties under international and domestic supported by government and NGO actors, normative frameworks. This also means participation in decision making was not assessing the commitment of government always equal among household members actors throughout the duration of the across gender or generational divides. In relocation process. For instance, it may other cases, only “elite” community members be useful to understand what levels and were able to engage in participation and sectors of governments are engaged in consultation opportunities.136 Meaningful planned relocation cases, and implications participation in a planned relocation requires of any evolving commitments for effective inclusive involvement of all stakeholders, implementation of these processes.
135 See McAdam, J., & Ferris, E., above n 31, for discussion on the spectrum of engagement options. 136 Barenstein, J., above n 103.
48 • • easily accessibletoresearchers. information isalwaysinthepublicdomainor However, thisdoesnotmeanthatsuch available, inadditiontoempiricalresearch. site assessments)andevaluationsmaybe analyses, environmental impactassessments, process suchasassessments(cost-benefit process, formaldocumentationonthe initiate orare engagedintherelocation where governmentorexternalactors such cases.Ontheotherhand,incases formal documentedinformationregarding empirical research. There maybelimited relocation process mayoftendependon engagement, obtainingknowledgeofthe is limitedgovernmentorexternalactor a plannedrelocation, andwhere there process. Whencommunityactorsinitiate availableontherelocationinformation a plannedrelocation caseandpublic Connections betweentheactor(s)initiating customary norms,couldbevaluable. environmental lawsandpolicies,aswell human mobility, DRR,DRM,climateand normative landscape,includingapplicable context, furtherresearch onthedomestic on theplannedrelocation process. Inthis instruments providing specificguidance underpinned bynormativeandpolicy to understandhowmanycaseshavebeen management frameworks.Itischallenging in hazard-prone locations,ortodisaster restricting habitationandconstruction to project-specific instruments, regulations cases. Insomeinstances,reference ismade that haveunderpinnedplannedrelocation on thetypesoflegalandpolicyframeworks The reviewed casesprovide limitedinsights differing constraintsandopportunities. planned relocation casesmayoffer Legal andpolicyframeworksunderpinning 7. IMPLICATIONS ANDSUGGESTIONS 49
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME 8 Conclusion case. circumstances, objectives, andreality ofeach policy andpracticetailored totheunique relocation casesunderscores theneedfor The diversityofspatialpatternsplanned discussed asahomogeneousphenomenon. planned relocation isconceptualized and are particularlymeaningful incontextswhere and spatialpatternsmayexist.Theseinsights In thereality ofpractice,evengreater variation have beenreflected inthe reviewed literature. implemented atthedomesticlevel,asthey a typologyofplannedrelocation cases Notably, this research hasalsoidentified livelihoods; andchallenges. assessments andregulatory frameworks; supporting actors;participatorymechanisms; the physicalrelocation process; initiatingand pre- orpost-displacement;thedurationof undertake aplannedrelocation occurred or urbansettings;whetherthedecisionto of destinationandtheirlocationwithinrural distance betweenthesiteoforiginand they identifyasindigenous;thegeographic number ofhouseholdsinvolvedandwhether the findingsonthesecasesshedlight policymakers andpractitioners.Forinstance, depth tooffer insightsonthemesof interest to destination -havebeenanalyzedingreater spatial pattern-asingleoriginto of plannedrelocation casesreflecting one related characteristics.Inaddition,asubset country-level breakdowns, statusandhazard- cases across theworld,theirgeographicand the patternsandscaleofplannedrelocation grey literature hasstrengthened knowledgeon a review ofEnglish-languageacademicand Developing thisbaselineofevidencethrough dignity. from harm,andsecure theirhumanrightsand practice thatmitigaterisk,protect people and topromote approaches topolicyand knowledge anddataonplannedrelocation, as afoundationforfuture efforts toaugment planned relocation casesglobally. Itserves and annexesenhancetheevidencebaseon This report anditsaccompanyingdataset climate change. increases withtheevolvingramificationsof of thephenomena,particularlyasitssalience practitioners toimprove theirunderstanding characteristics willallowpolicymakersand database ofplannedrelocation casesandtheir over time.Maintainingarobust andup-to-date relocate, andwhoremain atrelocation sites people whoare considered forrelocation, who Monitoring couldalsotrackthenumberof mapped characteristics,amongotheraspects. cases, andenhancetheinformationon confirm thestatusandprogress ofidentified cases notincludedintheavailabledataset, Such efforts couldidentifyplannedrelocation to continueupdatethisinitialevidencebase. relocation casesandtheircharacteristics, synthesize dataandknowledgeonplanned efforts are neededtomonitor, research and As such,targeted, consistentanditerative researched. undocumented, under-documented orunder- Nonetheless, manycasesmayalsobe literature, willbolsteravailableknowledge. documented inSpanishandFrench-language build evidenceonplannedrelocation cases research project referenced earlier, seekingto for biasesanddeficiencies.Acomplementary 4 ofthisreport explore someofthereasons the world.Thelimitationsdiscussedinsection small fractionofplannedrelocation casesin planned relocation, itmaydrawononlya contribution tothestateofknowledgeon in thisresearch provides apreliminary While theevidencegathered andsynthesized 8. CONCLUSION 51 human rightsanddignity. harms toaffected peopleandpromote their policymakers andpractitionerstominimize generate refined understandingsandenable and dataonplannedrelocation could concerted efforts togenerateknowledge planned relocation. Ultimately, persistent, critical toidentifying“effective” practicesof relocation designcharacteristics,isarguably any relationships betweenoutcomesand planned relocation cases,andthenidentifies that systematicallyassessestheoutcomesof key challengesemerged. Empiricalresearch relocation cases,inreviewing theliterature, did notassesstheoutcomesofplanned these purposes.Moreover, whilethisresearch may offer particularlyhelpfulinsightsfor in section7onimplicationsandsuggestions, including alongthelinesofinquiryidentified and practice.Inthisrespect, furtherresearch, relocation cases,supportingpolicymaking design characteristicsassociatedwithplanned stakeholders todistilllinkagesincontextand trend analysisandtoenableinterested date databasehasthepotentialtopromote In addition,acomprehensive andup-to-
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME ANNEX A.
CONTEXT CHARACTERISTICS
9 Which natural hazard(s) What is the location of the was the planned relocation What is the exact location of the site of destination settlement site in the initiated in anticipation/
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned case? relocation origin in the planned relocation case? planned relocation case? reaction to? the initiation decision Was made post sudden-onset displacement? related hazard What is the approximate physical distance (in km) between the site of origin and the site of destination? what year In approximately was the need for planned first identified? relocation what year In approximately to was the physical relocation site completed the settlement for the majority of households? how many Approximately households (people) have identified for or are relocated, relocation? Does the relocating community identify as part of an indigenous tribe or community? Does the relocating or community identify as rural urban? Australia Grantham, Lockeyer Valley, Grantham Riverine floods Yes 0.05 km 2011 2013 115 No Rural Queensland China Dabashan village, Songpan Songpan Capital Landslide No 0.25 km Unclear Unclear 19 No Rural to County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Urban Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province Colombia El Choncho village, El Choncho "Santa Barbara beaches", Coastal floods, coastal No 0.2 km 1996 1998 Unclear Partially Rural Barrier Island, San Juan River Delta across tidal channel erosion, accelerated in context of earthquake, land subsidence, and sea level rise Colombia Aponte, Nariño Department New Aponte (exact location Land subsidence, Slow- Yes Unclear Unclear Ongoing (4,000 Yes Rural TBD) onset geological mass people) movement Colombia Gramalote, Norte de Santander Miraflores Rainfall, landslide Yes 7 km 2010 Ongoing 1000 No Urban El Salvador Verapaz, San Vicente Department New Verapaz Lahars Yes 2 km 2009 2013 244 No Rural Fiji Biausevu village at Busadule, Viti Koroinalagi Riverine flood, tropical Yes 0.5 km Unclear 1983 (150 people) Yes Rural Levu cyclone Fiji Denimanu village, Yadua Island Korovou Cyclone, coastal floods, Yes 0.5 km 2012 2013 19 Yes Rural sea level rise, coastal erosion, storm surge, landslide Fiji Vunidogoloa village, Vanua Levu Vanua Levu Island, Fiji Coastal erosion, coastal No 2 km 2006 2014 26 Yes Rural Island, Cakaudrove Province floods, tidal inundation, saline intrusion Fiji Vunisavisavi village, Vanua Levu Vunisavisavi village Coastal erosion, coastal Yes < 0.5 km Unclear 2015 4 Yes Rural Island, Cakaudrove Province floods, king tides, sea level rise Fiji Narikoso village, Ono Island, Kadavu New site, another mataqali in Sea level rise, coastal No < 0.5 km 2011 Ongoing 28 Yes Rural Island chain Narikoso erosion India (Old) Fadsar village, Jamnagar (New) Fadsar village Earthquake Yes 0.05 km 2001 2003 317 No Rural District, Gujarat India Sathankuppam village, Tamil Nadu, Other side of canal Tsunami No 1.3 km 2004 Unclear 376 No Rural Thiruvallur District Indonesia Gampong Baro, Aceh Besar Gapong Baro in new site Tsunami Yes 5 km 2004 Unclear 57 No Rural Japan Remote part of Higashiyama district Flatlands of Higashiyama Earthquake (and Yes 10 km 2004 2006 Unclear No Rural to in Ojiya City, Chuetsu district in Ojiya City landslides/floods in earlier Urban years) Maldives Kandholhudhoo Island, Raa Atoll Dhuvaafaru Island (same atoll) Tsunami Yes 16-18 km 2004 2009 / 2010 600 No Rural Mozambique Xaia, Chokwé District, Gaza Province 2nd Bairro, Jofane Locality Flood Yes 8 km 2001 2003 206 No Rural Nepal Dheye (Dhey), Mustang District Thangchung Water scarcity No 6 km Approx. 2009 Approx. 2016 14 TBC Rural Annexes CONTEXT CHARACTERISTICS ANNEX A. Nepal Mozambique Maldives Japan Indonesia India India Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji El Salvador Colombia Colombia Colombia China Australia
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? origin intheplannedrelocation case? thesiteof What istheexact locationof Dheye (Dhey),MustangDistrict Xaia, ChokwéDistrict,GazaProvince Kandholhudhoo Island,RaaAtoll in OjiyaCity, Chuetsu Remote partofHigashiyamadistrict Gampong Baro, AcehBesar Thiruvallur District Sathankuppam village,Tamil Nadu, District, Gujarat (Old) Fadsarvillage,Jamnagar Island chain Narikoso village,OnoIsland,Kadavu Island, Cakaudrove Province Vunisavisavi village,Vanua Levu Island, Cakaudrove Province Vunidogoloa village,Vanua Levu Denimanu village,Yadua Island Levu Biausevu villageatBusadule,Viti Verapaz, SanVicenteDepartment Gramalote, NortedeSantander Aponte, NariñoDepartment Barrier Island,SanJuanRiverDelta El Chonchovillage, Province Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan County, AbaTibetanandQiang Dabashan village,Songpan Queensland Grantham, LockeyerValley, planned relocation case? destination settlement sitein the the What isthelocationof Thangchung 2nd Bairro, JofaneLocality Dhuvaafaru Island(sameatoll) district inOjiyaCity Flatlands ofHigashiyama Gapong Baro innewsite Other sideofcanal (New) Fadsarvillage Narikoso New site,anothermataqaliin Vunisavisavi village Vanua LevuIsland,Fiji Korovou Koroinalagi New Verapaz Miraflores TBD) New Aponte(exactlocation across tidalchannel "Santa Barbarabeaches", Songpan Capital Grantham reaction to? initiated inanticipation/ was theplannedrelocation Which natural hazard(s) Water scarcity Flood Tsunami years) landslides/floods inearlier Earthquake (and Tsunami Tsunami Earthquake erosion Sea levelrise,coastal rise floods, kingtides,sealevel Coastal erosion, coastal saline intrusion floods, tidalinundation, Coastal erosion, coastal landslide erosion, stormsurge, sea levelrise,coastal Cyclone, coastalfloods, cyclone Riverine flood,tropical Lahars Rainfall, landslide movement onset geologicalmass Land subsidence,Slow- level rise land subsidence,andsea context ofearthquake, erosion, acceleratedin Coastal floods,coastal Landslide Riverine floods Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Was the initiation decision made post sudden-onset hazard related displacement? 16-18 km < 0.5km < 0.5km 0.05 km 0.05 km 0.25 km Unclear 0.5 km 0.5 km 1.3 km 0.2 km 10 km 5 km 2 km 7 km 8 km 6 km 2 km What is the approximate physical distance (in km) between the site of origin and the site of destination? Approx. 2009 Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear 2004 2009 2010 2001 2004 2004 2001 2012 2011 2004 2011 2006 1996 In approximately what year was the need for planned relocation first identified? Approx. 2016 2009 /2010 9. ANNEXES Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Unclear Unclear Unclear 2015 1983 2013 2003 2006 2003 2013 2013 2014 1998 In approximately what year
53 was the physical relocation to the settlement site completed for the majority of households? (150 people) people) Unclear Unclear (4,000
1000 Approximately how many 376 244 600 206 317 115 57 19 19 28 14 26 4 households (people) have relocated, or are identified for relocation?
Partially Does the relocating TBC Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No community identify as part of an indigenous tribe or community? Rural to Rural to Urban Urban Urban Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Does the relocating community identify as rural or urban?
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME Islands Solomon Philippines Panama Vanuatu America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United Sri Lanka Islands Solomon
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? Province Taro (provincial capital),Choiseul Bicol Region,LuzonIsland Anoling Barangay, AlbayProvince, Gardi SugdubIsland,Gunayala Letau, Tegua Island Kivalina village,Alaska Alaska Shishmaref village,SarichefIsland, Washington Lower villageofTaholah, Parish, Louisiana Isle DeJeanCharles,Terrebonne Newtok, Alaska Pattonsburg, Missouri Rhineland, Missouri Valmeyer, Illinois Soldier's Grove, Wisconsin Allenville, Arizona Talalla village,MataraDistrict Mondo village,MataraDistrict origin intheplannedrelocation case? thesiteof What istheexact locationof 9. ANNEXES planned relocation case? destination settlement sitein the the What isthelocationof (adjacent tomangrove swamp) New siteacross thechannel Barangay, CamaligMunicipality) FVR–FNM village(Tagaytay La Barriada(mainland) Lirak At firstKiniktuuraq,nowunclear Tin Creek Upper villageofTaholah Parish The NewIsle,Terrebonne Mertarvik, NelsonIsland Pattonsburg Rhineland New Valmeyer Soldier's Grove Hopeville Kananke Watta Keigold village 54 initiated inanticipation/reaction to? climatechangewastheplannedrelocation of Which natural hazard(s) oradverse effect(s) Sea levelrise,tsunamirisk earthquake, lahars Volcanic eruption(pyroclastic flow), overcrowding] Coastal erosion, sealevelrise[and intrusion, scarcity ofpotablewater tsunami, sealevelrise,saline Tidal wave,coastalfloods,erosion, Coastal erosion, flooding Coastal erosion, flooding surge, sealevelrise Tsunami, coastalfloods, storm production] management andoilgas practices associatedwithwater sea levelrise[andunsustainable Coastal erosion, stormsurge, permafrost, stormsurge, flooding Coastal erosion, thawing Riverine flood Riverine flood Riverine flood Riverine flood conservation project upstream) by awatermanagementand Riverine floods(exacerbated Tsunami weather patterns strong winds,changesinextreme Tsunami, earthquake,soilerosion, Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Was the initiation decision made post sudden-onset hazard related displacement? 1.5-2 km 14.5 km Unclear 0.3 km 0.8 km 0.5 km 0.8 km 12 km 12 km 20 km 64 km 3 km 1 km 5 km 2 km 2 km What is the approximate physical distance (in km) between the site of origin and the site of destination? Approx. 1998 Approx. 1996 1992 1993 1978 2007 1993 1993 1975 2004 1993 1976 1994 2010 1997 2012 In approximately what year was the need for planned relocation first identified? Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Unclear 1995 1981 1997 1998 1995 1983 2006 2005 In approximately what year was the physical relocation to the settlement site completed for the majority of households? (398 people) (600 people) (100 people) (350 -400 people) Unclear Approximately how many 500 141 300 120 120 300 80 35 52 18 60 households (people) have relocated, or are identified for relocation?
Does the relocating Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No community identify as part of an indigenous tribe or community? Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Does the relocating community identify as rural or urban? America States of United America States of United Sri Lanka Islands Solomon Islands Solomon Philippines Panama Vanuatu America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United America States of United
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? Soldier's Grove, Wisconsin Allenville, Arizona Talalla village,MataraDistrict Mondo village,MataraDistrict Province Taro (provincial capital),Choiseul Bicol Region,LuzonIsland Anoling Barangay, AlbayProvince, Gardi SugdubIsland,Gunayala Letau, Tegua Island Kivalina village,Alaska Alaska Shishmaref village,SarichefIsland, Washington Lower villageofTaholah, Parish, Louisiana Isle DeJeanCharles,Terrebonne Newtok, Alaska Pattonsburg, Missouri Rhineland, Missouri Valmeyer, Illinois origin intheplannedrelocation case? thesiteof What istheexact locationof planned relocation case? destination settlement sitein the the What isthelocationof Soldier's Grove Hopeville Kananke Watta Keigold village (adjacent tomangrove swamp) New siteacross thechannel Barangay, CamaligMunicipality) FVR–FNM village(Tagaytay La Barriada(mainland) Lirak At firstKiniktuuraq,nowunclear Tin Creek Upper villageofTaholah Parish The NewIsle,Terrebonne Mertarvik, NelsonIsland Pattonsburg Rhineland New Valmeyer initiated inanticipation/reaction to? climatechangewastheplannedrelocation of Which natural hazard(s) oradverse effect(s) Riverine flood conservation project upstream) by awatermanagementand Riverine floods(exacerbated Tsunami weather patterns strong winds,changesinextreme Tsunami, earthquake,soilerosion, Sea levelrise,tsunamirisk earthquake, lahars Volcanic eruption(pyroclastic flow), overcrowding] Coastal erosion, sealevelrise[and intrusion, scarcity ofpotablewater tsunami, sealevelrise,saline Tidal wave,coastalfloods,erosion, Coastal erosion, flooding Coastal erosion, flooding surge, sealevelrise Tsunami, coastalfloods, storm production] management andoilgas practices associatedwithwater sea levelrise[andunsustainable Coastal erosion, stormsurge, permafrost, stormsurge, flooding Coastal erosion, thawing Riverine flood Riverine flood Riverine flood Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Was the initiation decision made post sudden-onset hazard related displacement? 1.5-2 km 14.5 km Unclear 0.3 km 0.8 km 0.5 km 0.8 km 12 km 12 km 20 km 64 km 5 km 3 km 1 km 2 km 2 km What is the approximate physical distance (in km) between the site of origin and the site of destination? Approx. 1996 Approx. 1998 1992 1993 1993 2007 1993 1975 1978 2004 1993 1997 2012 2010 1976 1994 In approximately what year was the need for planned relocation first identified? 9. ANNEXES Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Unclear 1998 1995 1995 1983 1981 2006 1997 2005 In approximately what year
55 was the physical relocation to the settlement site completed for the majority of households? (398 people) (600 people) (100 people) (350 -400 people) Unclear Approximately how many 500 300 120 120 300 141 80 52 35 18 60 households (people) have relocated, or are identified for relocation?
Does the relocating Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No community identify as part of an indigenous tribe or community? Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Does the relocating community identify as rural or urban?
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ANNEX B. Australia Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji El Salvador Colombia Colombia Colombia China
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Queensland Grantham, LockeyerValley, Kadavu Islandchain Narikoso village,OnoIsland, Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunisavisavi village,Vanua Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunidogoloa village,Vanua Island Denimanu village,Yadua Viti Levu Biausevu villageatBusadule, Department Verapaz, SanVicente Santander Gramalote, Nortede Aponte, NariñoDepartment Juan RiverDelta Choncho BarrierIsland,San El Chonchovillage, Prefecture, SichuanProvince and QiangAutonomous County, AbaTibetan Dabashan village,Songpan relocation? initiated theplanned Which actor(s) Government (Local) (National) Government members; Community Unclear members Community (National) Government members Community Government (National) Government national) Government (Sub- members Community national andlocal) Government (Sub- 9. ANNEXES 56 the plannedrelocation? Which actor(s)supported sub-national andlocal) Government (National, Government INGO; Donor Government (National); Government NGO; Donor IGO; NGO Donor Government; Government (National); Government (National) Community members Donor Government and local);IGOs;INGO; Government (National national); INGOs Government (Localand national); IGO Government (Sub- Community members Government suitability forrelocation? 2) settlement sitetodetermine need fortheplannedrelocation; origintodeterminethe location of the1) formal assessment of atleast one Is there evidenceof 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Noevidence
Is there evidence to suggest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Yes Yes Yes Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? and fishing. production, subsistencefarming ensures continuedkava Yes. Shortdistancerelocation Yes transportation. due toabsenceofpublic and littlebusinessopportunity traditional agriculturallands, No. Fardistancefrom destination? originandin exist inthesiteof similar livelihoodopportunities Is there evidencetosuggestthat Ongoing copra dryerindestination. initiatives offishpondsand Yes. Additionallivelihood Yes. Closeproximity. Gramalote. and makepurchases inthenew will wanttomarkettheirgoods No. Unclearifthecampesinos Ongoing tourism. options foragriculture and No. Newsitehasmore limited materials inurbanarea. labor andsellingmedicinal breeding andfarmingtomigrant No. Shiftfrom livestock agribusiness. employment opportunitiesin the economyandprovide Yes. Project torevitalize or inthesettlement site? What challengeshavebeenidentifiedduringthe relocation process Concerns aboutequityofaccesstofunding. hazard exposure atnewsite(landslide). Distance tohealthcenter;limitedseptictanks;ongoing incorporation oflocalconcernsandknowledge. of prioritiesbetweenauthoritiesandresidents; limited networks; closeproximity ofhomes;differing understanding lottery systemofhousingallocationdisruptedsocial livestock; smallhomesimpactmulti-generationalfamilies; transportation; lackofelectricity;smallsizeplotsaffect "uninhabitable" zonemostdevastatedbylahars;nopublic Return tooriginsitebymany, includingfamiliesinthe (Vanua); lackofMataqaliland concerns aboutvillagefragmentation;culturalvalueofplace site; uncertaintyanduncleartimeline;lackoffunds; Ecological damagefrom dynamitetolevelnewsettlement denominations. to oceanforfishing;exposure toother religious Kitchens notbuiltalthoughpromised; reduced access Access towatersupply;ongoinghazard exposure. or policeforce; refusal of[localgovernment] torelocate. new site;lackofpublicservicessuchasgarbagecollection different levelsofgovernment;lackaneconomicplanin Controversy oversiteselection;lackofalignmentbetween fundamental Ingatraditions. process; fearofdispersalandcollapsecommunity Prolonged uncertaintyandanxietyabouttherelocation livelihood options;limitedgovernmentsupport. Loss ofculturalandvisualconnectiontothesea;limited Concern aboutongoinghazard exposure. (local, state,national). Challenges withcoordination across levelsofgovernance DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ANNEX B. Colombia Colombia China Australia Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji El Salvador Colombia
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? Aponte, NariñoDepartment Juan RiverDelta Choncho BarrierIsland,San El Chonchovillage, Prefecture, SichuanProvince and QiangAutonomous County, AbaTibetan Dabashan village,Songpan Queensland Grantham, LockeyerValley, Kadavu Islandchain Narikoso village,OnoIsland, Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunisavisavi village,Vanua Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunidogoloa village,Vanua Island Denimanu village,Yadua Viti Levu Biausevu villageatBusadule, Department Verapaz, SanVicente Santander Gramalote, Nortede relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof relocation? initiated theplanned Which actor(s) national) Government (Sub- members Community national andlocal) Government (Sub- Government (Local) (National) Government members; Community Unclear members Community (National) Government members Community Government (National) Government the plannedrelocation? Which actor(s)supported national); IGO Government (Sub- Community members Government sub-national andlocal) Government (National, Government INGO; Donor Government (National); Government NGO; Donor IGO; NGO Donor Government; Government (National); Government (National) Community members Donor Government and local);IGOs;INGO; Government (National national); INGOs Government (Localand suitability forrelocation? 2) settlement sitetodetermine need fortheplannedrelocation; origintodeterminethe location of the1) formal assessment of atleast one Is there evidenceof 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Noevidence
Is there evidence to suggest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Yes Yes Yes Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? transportation. due toabsenceofpublic and littlebusinessopportunity traditional agriculturallands, No. Fardistancefrom and fishing. production, subsistencefarming ensures continuedkava Yes. Shortdistancerelocation Yes destination? originandin exist inthesiteof similar livelihoodopportunities Is there evidencetosuggestthat Ongoing copra dryerindestination. initiatives offishpondsand Yes. Additionallivelihood Yes. Closeproximity. Gramalote. and makepurchases inthenew will wanttomarkettheirgoods No. Unclearifthecampesinos Ongoing tourism. options foragriculture and No. Newsitehasmore limited materials inurbanarea. labor andsellingmedicinal breeding andfarmingtomigrant No. Shiftfrom livestock agribusiness. employment opportunitiesin the economyandprovide Yes. Project torevitalize 9. ANNEXES or inthesettlement site? What challengeshavebeenidentifiedduringthe relocation process incorporation oflocalconcernsandknowledge. of prioritiesbetweenauthoritiesandresidents; limited networks; closeproximity ofhomes;differing understanding lottery systemofhousingallocationdisruptedsocial livestock; smallhomesimpactmulti-generationalfamilies; transportation; lackofelectricity;smallsizeplotsaffect "uninhabitable" zonemostdevastatedbylahars;nopublic Return tooriginsitebymany, includingfamiliesinthe Concerns aboutequityofaccesstofunding. hazard exposure atnewsite(landslide). Distance tohealthcenter;limitedseptictanks;ongoing (Vanua); lackofMataqaliland concerns aboutvillagefragmentation;culturalvalueofplace site; uncertaintyanduncleartimeline;lackoffunds; Ecological damagefrom dynamitetolevelnewsettlement denominations. to oceanforfishing;exposure toother religious Kitchens notbuiltalthoughpromised; reduced access Access towatersupply;ongoinghazard exposure. or policeforce; refusal of[localgovernment] torelocate. new site;lackofpublicservicessuchasgarbagecollection different levelsofgovernment;lackaneconomicplanin Controversy oversiteselection;lackofalignmentbetween fundamental Ingatraditions. process; fearofdispersalandcollapsecommunity Prolonged uncertaintyandanxietyabouttherelocation livelihood options;limitedgovernmentsupport. Loss ofculturalandvisualconnectiontothesea;limited Concern aboutongoinghazard exposure. (local, state,national). Challenges withcoordination across levelsofgovernance 57
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME India India of America United States Sri Lanka Islands Solomon Islands Solomon Philippines Panama Nepal Mozambique Maldives Japan Indonesia
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Nadu, ThiruvallurDistrict Sathankuppam village,Tamil Jamnagar District,Gujarat (Old) Fadsarvillage, Allenville, Arizona Talalla village,MataraDistrict District Mondo village,Matara Choiseul Province Taro (provincial capital), Island Province, BicolRegion,Luzon Anoling Barangay, Albay Gunayala Gardi SugdubIsland, District Dheye (Dhey),Mustang Province Xaia, ChokwéDistrict,Gaza Atoll Kandholhudoo Island,Raa district inOjiyaCity, Chuetsu Remote partofHigashiyama Gampong Baro, AcehBesar relocation? initiated theplanned Which actor(s) national) Government (Sub- members Community (Sub-national); Government members Community Government members Community national) Government (Sub- Government (Local) members Community members Community members; NGO Community (National) Government (National) Government members; Community members; NGO Community 9. ANNEXES 58 the plannedrelocation? Which actor(s)supported and sub-national);NGO Government (National (Sub-national) NGO; Government and sub-national) Government (National Donor Government Government; INGO; national), NGO Government (Sub- Government; Unclear and local) Government (National Bank INGO; Development Government (National); Community members; INGOs; NGO NGO (National) INGO; Government and sub-national) Government (National Community members; NGO; INGO suitability forrelocation? 2) settlement sitetodetermine need fortheplannedrelocation; origintodeterminethe location of the1) formal assessment of atleast one Is there evidenceof 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence
Is there evidence to suggest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? tomato production. into cooperativeforcommercial agricultural landandorganized site. Allresidents provided with and cattlenotpossibleatnew No. Raisinglivestockchallenging nighttime fishing. No. Limitedoptionsfor livestock. zone' tofarmcrops andraise site in6km'permanentdanger No. Manyreturn tooriginal destination? originandin exist inthesiteof similar livelihoodopportunities Is there evidencetosuggestthat Yes coast. are impactedbydistanceto Yes. Althoughfishinglivelihoods Ongoing tourism. alongside agriculture and implies fishingstillpossible, Yes. 1kmproximity tocoast apple orchards innewsite. challenging atlowerelevation; No. Yak herding ismore better attheoldsite. frequency ofgoodfishingwas Yes. Buttheproximity and lessened afterrelocation. and errandscommutewas to thecityforwork,school Yes. Mostformerlycommuted livelihoods despitedistance. No. Commutetooldsitefor three hourstothecoastdaily. No. Fisherfolkhavetotravel restoration programme'. also NGOprovided a'livelihood Yes. Manyreturn tooldsites, or inthesettlement site? What challengeshavebeenidentifiedduringthe relocation process favoritism andabuseofpower. official (inlieuofcommunityparticipation) resulting in and nostalgiaoflivinginland;over-reliance onsinglelocal Perceptions byhostcommunityaswealthier;culture shock residences forlivelihoodpurposes. Many householdsmaintain'translocal'tiestodual on supportfrom NGOs. abandoned newsite;challengessecuringlanddependence soils madegrowing crops nearhomeschallenging; some Residents couldnotafford electricity;drier unfamiliar medical care. was toodistantfrom workplaces,shopping,churches and Few citizenschosetomoveelsewhere asrelocation site challenges; portionofthepopulationrefused torelocate. differences; culturalconnectiontoplace;psychological Land tenure; housingcost;distancetoorigin;generational site; lackofresources. concerns aboutongoinghazard exposure inlow-lyingnew relocation efforts); challengesofrelocating criticalservices; customary landtenure regimes restrictive ingovernment-led Lack ofaccesstolandduecustomary(i.e., yellow fever;insufficient governmentsupport. Delays inaccesstofunding;newsitehasriskofmalariaand heritage; floodinglimitingrivercrossing. Issues withINGOdeliveryoncommitments;lossofcultural environmental degradationinnewsite. Ongoing hazard exposure (sealevelrise, flooding); young people). able toadjustrelocation siteinurbanarea compared to relocation; inter-generational differences (elderlywere less Lessened interactionandcommunitycohesionafter allow womentorunahouseholdandbusinessatsametime. Access tojobs;neighborhoodsafety;housesaltered to Distance forlivelihoods. relocate. (in)equitable allocationofhousestofamilies;refusal to genuine consultationwithnon-elitecommunitymember(s); which were incompatiblewithtraditionallifestyle;lackof High levelsofdissatisfactionwithhomedesignandsize, Maldives Japan Indonesia India India of America United States Sri Lanka Islands Solomon Islands Solomon Philippines Panama Nepal Mozambique
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? Atoll Kandholhudoo Island,Raa district inOjiyaCity, Chuetsu Remote partofHigashiyama Gampong Baro, AcehBesar Nadu, ThiruvallurDistrict Sathankuppam village,Tamil Jamnagar District,Gujarat (Old) Fadsarvillage, Allenville, Arizona Talalla village,MataraDistrict District Mondo village,Matara Choiseul Province Taro (provincial capital), Island Province, BicolRegion,Luzon Anoling Barangay, Albay Gunayala Gardi SugdubIsland, District Dheye (Dhey),Mustang Province Xaia, ChokwéDistrict,Gaza relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof relocation? initiated theplanned Which actor(s) (National) Government (National) Government members; Community members; NGO Community national) Government (Sub- members Community (Sub-national); Government members Community Government members Community national) Government (Sub- Government (Local) members Community members Community members; NGO Community the plannedrelocation? Which actor(s)supported (National) INGO; Government and sub-national) Government (National Community members; NGO; INGO and sub-national);NGO Government (National (Sub-national) NGO; Government and sub-national) Government (National Donor Government Government; INGO; national), NGO Government (Sub- Government; Unclear and local) Government (National Bank INGO; Development Government (National); Community members; INGOs; NGO NGO suitability forrelocation? 2) settlement sitetodetermine need fortheplannedrelocation; origintodeterminethe location of the1) formal assessment of atleast one Is there evidenceof 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence
Is there evidence to suggest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? nighttime fishing. No. Limitedoptionsfor livestock. zone' tofarmcrops andraise site in6km'permanentdanger No. Manyreturn tooriginal tomato production. into cooperativeforcommercial agricultural landandorganized site. Allresidents provided with and cattlenotpossibleatnew No. Raisinglivestockchallenging destination? originandin exist inthesiteof similar livelihoodopportunities Is there evidencetosuggestthat Yes coast. are impactedbydistanceto Yes. Althoughfishinglivelihoods Ongoing tourism. alongside agriculture and implies fishingstillpossible, Yes. 1kmproximity tocoast apple orchards innewsite. challenging atlowerelevation; No. Yak herding ismore better attheoldsite. frequency ofgoodfishingwas Yes. Buttheproximity and lessened afterrelocation. and errandscommutewas to thecityforwork,school Yes. Mostformerlycommuted livelihoods despitedistance. No. Commutetooldsitefor three hourstothecoastdaily. No. Fisherfolkhavetotravel restoration programme'. also NGOprovided a'livelihood Yes. Manyreturn tooldsites, 9. ANNEXES or inthesettlement site? What challengeshavebeenidentifiedduringthe relocation process favoritism andabuseofpower. official (inlieuofcommunityparticipation) resulting in and nostalgiaoflivinginland;over-reliance onsinglelocal Perceptions byhostcommunityaswealthier;culture shock residences forlivelihoodpurposes. Many householdsmaintain'translocal'tiestodual on supportfrom NGOs. abandoned newsite;challengessecuringlanddependence soils madegrowing crops nearhomeschallenging; some Residents couldnotafford electricity;drier unfamiliar medical care. was toodistantfrom workplaces,shopping,churches and Few citizenschosetomoveelsewhere asrelocation site challenges; portionofthepopulationrefused torelocate. differences; culturalconnectiontoplace;psychological Land tenure; housingcost;distancetoorigin;generational site; lackofresources. concerns aboutongoinghazard exposure inlow-lyingnew relocation efforts); challengesofrelocating criticalservices; customary landtenure regimes restrictive ingovernment-led Lack ofaccesstolandduecustomary(i.e., yellow fever;insufficient governmentsupport. Delays inaccesstofunding;newsitehasriskofmalariaand heritage; floodinglimitingrivercrossing. Issues withINGOdeliveryoncommitments;lossofcultural environmental degradationinnewsite. Ongoing hazard exposure (sealevelrise,flooding); young people). able toadjustrelocation siteinurbanarea compared to relocation; inter-generational differences (elderlywere less Lessened interactionandcommunitycohesionafter allow womentorunahouseholdandbusinessatsametime. Access tojobs;neighborhoodsafety;housesaltered to Distance forlivelihoods. relocate. (in)equitable allocationofhousestofamilies;refusal to genuine consultationwithnon-elitecommunitymember(s); which were incompatiblewithtraditionallifestyle;lackof High levelsofdissatisfactionwithhomedesignandsize, 59
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME of America United States of America United States of America United States Vanuatu of America United States of America United States of America United States of America United States of America United States of America United States
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Rhineland, Missouri Valmeyer, Illinois Soldier's Grove, Wisconsin Letau, Tegua Island Kivalina village,Alaska Island, Alaska Shishmaref village,Sarichef Washington Lower villageofTaholah, Terrebonne Parish,Louisiana Isle DeJeanCharles, Newtok, Alaska Pattonsburg, Missouri relocation? initiated theplanned Which actor(s) members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community 9. ANNEXES 60 the plannedrelocation? Which actor(s)supported sub-national andlocal) Government (National, Community members; sub-national andlocal) Government (National, and local) Government (National Community members; NGO. Intergovernmental; Donor Government; or sub-national); Governmental (National NGO sub-national andlocal); Government (National, Community members; Government Community members; Government Community members; NGOs sub-national andlocal); Government (National, Community members; sector and State);private Government (National Community members; sub-national andlocal) Government (National, Community members; suitability forrelocation? 2) settlement sitetodetermine need fortheplannedrelocation; origintodeterminethe location of the1) formal assessment of atleast one Is there evidenceof 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence
Is there evidence to suggest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear
Yes Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? destination? originandin exist inthesiteof similar livelihoodopportunities Is there evidencetosuggestthat Yes. livelihoods] from coastandsubsistence by communityduetodistance recommended wasrejected N/A [SitethatCorps resources andlivelihoods. No. Reducedaccesstomarine Yes. Shortdistance. No and livelihoods. access tosubsistenceresources traditional landstoensure Yes. Siteselectedwithin businesses torelocate. increase intourism;assistanceto Yes. Relocatedmill.Slight Yes. Slightincrease intourism. Yes Yes or inthesettlement site? What challengeshavebeenidentifiedduringthe relocation process secondary relocation. Ongoing hazard exposure innewsite(flood); potential frameworks. funding; absenceofapplicablelegalandfunding distance from coast andsubsistencelivelihoodactivities); Site selection(recommended siteunacceptabledueto challenges insiteselection;reduced accesstolivelihoods. Potential hazard exposure innewsite(thawing permafrost); cultural heritageinnewsite. needs ofelderlypersonsandchildren; importanceof Access tofunding(mismatchbetweenandneeds); threat toculturalidentityandplace-basedtraditions. across nationalandstateactors;lossoflandisanexistential the tribes;somehavechosennottorelocate; coordination property; failure ofprocess tomeettheuniqueneedsof to communitymemberswithtraditionsofpassingdown Federal requirements forrestricted mortgagesconfusing based traditions. land isanexistentialthreat toculturalidentityandplace- Commission); lackofadedicatedfundingsource; lossof Lack ofaleadfederalagency(arole filledbyDenali Businesses facechallenges. faced challengesandwere "hardest hit". to move;weakersocialtiesinnewcommunity;businesses Inter-generational differences; someresidents reluctant Quarry companyownedrightsunderthenewtown. ongoing hazard exposure (flood). alongside economicgains;needformonitoringovertime; among communitymembers;socialcostsnotconsidered Inequality indistributionofcosts/benefitsfrom newtown of America United States of America United States of America United States of America United States of America United States of America United States Vanuatu of America United States of America United States of America United States
What is the country of the site of origin in the planned relocation case? Terrebonne Parish,Louisiana Isle DeJeanCharles, Newtok, Alaska Pattonsburg, Missouri Rhineland, Missouri Valmeyer, Illinois Soldier's Grove, Wisconsin Letau, Tegua Island Kivalina village,Alaska Island, Alaska Shishmaref village,Sarichef Washington Lower villageofTaholah, relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof relocation? initiated theplanned Which actor(s) members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community members Community the plannedrelocation? Which actor(s)supported NGOs sub-national andlocal); Government (National, Community members; sector and State);private Government (National Community members; sub-national andlocal) Government (National, Community members; sub-national andlocal) Government (National, Community members; sub-national andlocal) Government (National, and local) Government (National Community members; NGO. Intergovernmental; Donor Government; or sub-national); Governmental (National NGO sub-national andlocal); Government (National, Community members; Government Community members; Government Community members; suitability forrelocation? 2) settlement sitetodetermine need fortheplannedrelocation; origintodeterminethe location of the1) formal assessment of atleast one Is there evidenceof 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Noevidence 1. Noevidence 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 1. Yes
Is there evidence to suggest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes that affected communities participated during the relocation process? Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear
Yes Is there a domestic legal or policy framework applicable or relevant to relocation? destination? originandin exist inthesiteof similar livelihoodopportunities Is there evidencetosuggestthat Yes. livelihoods] from coastandsubsistence by communityduetodistance recommended wasrejected N/A [SitethatCorps resources andlivelihoods. No. Reducedaccesstomarine Yes. Shortdistance. No and livelihoods. access tosubsistenceresources traditional landstoensure Yes. Siteselectedwithin businesses torelocate. increase intourism;assistanceto Yes. Relocatedmill.Slight Yes. Slightincrease intourism. Yes Yes 9. ANNEXES or inthesettlement site? What challengeshavebeenidentifiedduringthe relocation process secondary relocation. Ongoing hazard exposure innewsite(flood); potential frameworks. funding; absenceofapplicablelegalandfunding distance from coast andsubsistencelivelihoodactivities); Site selection(recommended siteunacceptabledueto challenges insiteselection;reduced accesstolivelihoods. Potential hazard exposure innewsite(thawing permafrost); cultural heritageinnewsite. needs ofelderlypersonsandchildren; importanceof Access tofunding(mismatchbetweenandneeds); threat toculturalidentityandplace-basedtraditions. across nationalandstateactors;lossoflandisanexistential the tribes;somehavechosennottorelocate; coordination property; failure ofprocess tomeettheuniqueneedsof to communitymemberswithtraditionsofpassingdown Federal requirements forrestricted mortgagesconfusing based traditions. land isanexistentialthreat toculturalidentityandplace- Commission); lackofadedicatedfundingsource; lossof Lack ofaleadfederalagency(arole filledbyDenali Businesses facechallenges. faced challengesandwere "hardest hit". to move;weakersocialtiesinnewcommunity;businesses Inter-generational differences; someresidents reluctant Quarry companyownedrightsunderthenewtown. ongoing hazard exposure (flood). alongside economicgains;needformonitoringovertime; among communitymembers;socialcostsnotconsidered Inequality indistributionofcosts/benefitsfrom newtown 61
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME METHODS EMPLOYEDBYPRIMARY ARTICLE FORALLCASES ANNEX C. China Australia planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof Fiji Fiji Fiji El Salvador Colombia Colombia Colombia relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Prefecture, SichuanProvince and QiangAutonomous County, AbaTibetan Dabashan village,Songpan Queensland Grantham, LockeyerValley, Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunidogoloa village,Vanua Island Denimanu village,Yadua Viti Levu Biausevu villageatBusadule, Department Verapaz, SanVicente Santander Gramalote, Nortede Aponte, NariñoDepartment Juan RiverDelta Choncho BarrierIsland,San El Chonchovillage, 9. ANNEXES 62 Data Collection Methods Employed and documentanalysis Interviews, householdsurveys, analysis observations, anddocument group discussions,field In-depth interviews,focus analysis] observation; [nodocument discussions, andparticipant Interviews, focusgroup (FG) analysis] observation; [nodocument discussions, andparticipant Interviews, focusgroup (FG) analysis community mapping,document Focus group discussions, observation, documentanalysis Interviews, participant observation, documentanalysis Interviews, participant Interviews, documentanalysis Interviews, documentanalysis Type Stakeholders Interviewed of (County, township,andlocal) Community membersandgovernment (including theMayor) Local governmentofficials only representatives, teachers) Community membersonly(chief,church (chief, church representatives, teachers) Community membersonly Community membersonly and academic Community members,governmental,NGO officials (local,departmental,national) Community membersandgovernment and municipal) and governmentofficials (departmental Community members,IGOrepresentatives Community membersonly [One ofmultiplecommunities] Interviews (approx.7) focus group (approx. 31people); 2 women’s focusgroups, 2men’s Approx. 38InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] Interviews (approx.7) focus group (approx. 23people); 2 women’s focusgroups, 1men’s Approx. 30InterviewsTotal women Focus groups withbothmenand Unknown DRR representatives 27 withcommunitymembers,11 38 InterviewsTotal government andproject personnel 17 withcommunitymembers,16 33 InterviewsTotal Unknown Unknown [One oftwocommunities] interviews 17 Householdsurveys;Unknown Total Unknown Liaison Officer) Interviews (MayorandtheExecutive Regional Councilofficers); 2 1 focusgroup (4LockyerValley Approx. 6InterviewsTotal Interviews Number of Work Field Date of Nov-Dec 2017 Nov-Dec 2017 Unknown June 2012 April 2011– April 2017 May 2016 Unknown Unknown October 2017 April & Journal 185.3,325-337. in low‐lyingcoastalvillagesFiji.TheGeographical Powell. (2019).Plannedrelocation andeverydayagency McMichael, Celia,ManasaKatonivualiku,andTeresia Sciences, 8,133. Climate: Lessonsfrom Two CaseStudiesinFiji.Social Sekinini, S.T. (2019).MovingPeopleinaChanging Piggott-McKellar, A.E.;McNamara,K.E.;Nunn,P.D.; ‘Population resettlement inthePacific’ Global ChangeResearch, FinalReport(2005);Connell, Pacific Islandcountries(PICs)’,Asia-PacificNetworkfor the effects ofclimatechangeandvariabilityin ‘Community relocation asanoptionforadaptationto John Campbell,MichaelGoldsmithandKanyathuKoshy, Journal ofAppliedVolcanology, 4(1),14. understanding socialandgeophysicalvulnerability. Vicente (Chichontepec)Volcano, ElSalvador:toward risk reduction andresettlement efforts atSan Bowman, L.J.,&Henquinet,K.B.(2015).Disaster Displacement Solutions. Colombia :Adisplacedcommunityintransition. Oliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2017).Gramalote, this publicationwasissuedin2017] Gramalote, Columbia.NaturalHazards Center. [NOTE- Resettlement: TheTransition totheNewCommunityin Oliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2015).Post-disaster Journal ofDevelopmentStudies56.5,1017-1029. from aslow-onsetdisasterintheColombianAndes.The resettlement beconsidered aresilient move?Insights Staupe-Delgado, Reidar. (2020)Cancommunity Coastal Management,43(1),51-64. and villagerelocation: aColombiancasestudy. Ocean& Correa, I.D.,&Gonzalez,J.L.(2000).Coastalerosion 101697. disasters. InternationalJournalofDisasterRiskReduction, southwestern Chinaunderthestress ofgeological for ruralrelocation communitiesofmountainous Xu, Yun, etal.(2020).Disasterriskmanagementmodels of DisasterRiskReduction.8,20–31 flash floodingintheLockyer Valley. International Journal D. (2014).Recoveryandresettlement followingthe2011 Okada, T., Haynes,K.,Bird, D.,vandenHonert,R.&King, Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) METHODS EMPLOYEDBYPRIMARY ARTICLE FORALLCASES ANNEX C. Colombia Colombia China Australia planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof Fiji Fiji Fiji El Salvador Colombia relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Aponte, NariñoDepartment Juan RiverDelta Choncho BarrierIsland,San El Chonchovillage, Prefecture, SichuanProvince and QiangAutonomous County, AbaTibetan Dabashan village,Songpan Queensland Grantham, LockeyerValley, Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunidogoloa village,Vanua Island Denimanu village,Yadua Viti Levu Biausevu villageatBusadule, Department Verapaz, SanVicente Santander Gramalote, Nortede Data Collection Methods Employed Interviews, documentanalysis Interviews, documentanalysis and documentanalysis Interviews, householdsurveys, analysis observations, anddocument group discussions,field In-depth interviews,focus analysis] observation; [nodocument discussions, andparticipant Interviews, focusgroup (FG) analysis] observation; [nodocument discussions, andparticipant Interviews, focusgroup (FG) analysis community mapping,document Focus group discussions, observation, documentanalysis Interviews, participant observation, documentanalysis Interviews, participant Type Stakeholders Interviewed of and municipal) and governmentofficials (departmental Community members,IGOrepresentatives Community membersonly (County, township,andlocal) Community membersandgovernment (including theMayor) Local governmentofficials only representatives, teachers) Community membersonly(chief,church (chief, church representatives, teachers) Community membersonly Community membersonly and academic Community members,governmental,NGO officials (local,departmental,national) Community membersandgovernment DRR representatives 27 withcommunitymembers,11 38 InterviewsTotal government andproject personnel 17 withcommunitymembers,16 33 InterviewsTotal Unknown Unknown [One oftwocommunities] interviews 17 Householdsurveys;Unknown Total Unknown Liaison Officer) Interviews (MayorandtheExecutive Regional Councilofficers); 2 1 focusgroup (4LockyerValley Approx. 6InterviewsTotal Interviews Number of [One ofmultiplecommunities] Interviews (approx.7) focus group (approx. 31people); 2 women’s focusgroups, 2men’s Approx. 38InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] Interviews (approx.7) focus group (approx. 23people); 2 women’s focusgroups, 1men’s Approx. 30InterviewsTotal women Focus groups withbothmenand Unknown Work Field Date of Nov-Dec 2017 Nov-Dec 2017 Unknown June 2012 April 2011– April 2017 May 2016 Unknown Unknown October 2017 April & 9. ANNEXES 63 Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) Journal 185.3,325-337. in low‐lyingcoastalvillagesFiji.TheGeographical Powell. (2019).Plannedrelocation andeverydayagency McMichael, Celia,ManasaKatonivualiku,andTeresia Sciences, 8,133. Climate: Lessonsfrom Two CaseStudiesinFiji.Social Sekinini, S.T. (2019).MovingPeopleinaChanging Piggott-McKellar, A.E.;McNamara,K.E.;Nunn,P.D.; ‘Population resettlement inthePacific’ Global ChangeResearch, FinalReport(2005);Connell, Pacific Islandcountries(PICs)’,Asia-PacificNetworkfor the effects ofclimatechangeandvariabilityin ‘Community relocation asanoptionforadaptationto John Campbell,MichaelGoldsmithandKanyathuKoshy, Journal ofAppliedVolcanology, 4(1),14. understanding socialandgeophysicalvulnerability. Vicente (Chichontepec)Volcano, ElSalvador:toward risk reduction andresettlement efforts atSan Bowman, L.J.,&Henquinet,K.B.(2015).Disaster Displacement Solutions. Colombia :Adisplacedcommunityintransition. Oliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2017).Gramalote, this publicationwasissuedin2017] Gramalote, Columbia.NaturalHazards Center. [NOTE- Resettlement: TheTransition totheNewCommunityin Oliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2015).Post-disaster Journal ofDevelopmentStudies56.5,1017-1029. from aslow-onsetdisasterintheColombianAndes.The resettlement beconsidered aresilient move?Insights Staupe-Delgado, Reidar. (2020)Cancommunity Coastal Management,43(1),51-64. and villagerelocation: aColombiancasestudy. Ocean& Correa, I.D.,&Gonzalez,J.L.(2000).Coastalerosion 101697. disasters. InternationalJournalofDisasterRiskReduction, southwestern Chinaunderthestress ofgeological for ruralrelocation communitiesofmountainous Xu, Yun, etal.(2020).Disasterriskmanagementmodels of DisasterRiskReduction.8,20–31 flash floodingintheLockyer Valley. International Journal D. (2014).Recoveryandresettlement followingthe2011 Okada, T., Haynes,K.,Bird, D.,vandenHonert,R.&King,
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME Panama Nepal Mozambique Maldives Japan Indonesia India India Fiji Fiji planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Gunayala Gardi SugdubIsland, District Dheye (Dhey),Mustang Province Xaia, ChokwéDistrict,Gaza Atoll Kandholhudhoo Island,Raa district inOjiyaCity, Chuetsu Remote partofHigashiyama Gampong Baro, AcehBesar Nadu, ThiruvallurDistrict Sathankuppam village,Tamil Jamnagar District,Gujarat (Old) Fadsarvillage, Kadavu Islandchain Narikoso village,OnoIsland, Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunisavisavi village,Vanua 9. ANNEXES 64 Data Collection Methods Employed Interviews document analysis Interviews, focusgroups, document analysis Interviews, focusgroups, Interviews, householdsurvey participant observation Interviews, householdsurvey, Interviews, householdsurvey document analysis Interviews, householdsurvey, observation discussions, participant Interviews, focusgroup Interviews, documentanalysis discussions, observation Interviews, focusgroup Type Stakeholders Interviewed of Community membersandgovernment Community members,localgovernment NGOs, andacademics Community members,governmentofficials, government Community membersandlocal officials Community membersandgovernment Community members Community membersandNGOOfficials backgrounds andcastes) women, different socioeconomic Community membersonly(menand Community members;Unknown Community membersonly Unknown Unknown interviews withcommunity other actors;65individualandgroup 19 interviewswithgovernmentand 84 InterviewsTotal Surveys 18 Interviews,200Household 218 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] 56 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] Interviews 15 Surveyrespondents, Approx. 6 Approx. 21InterviewsTotal [Subset ofmultiplecommunities] Unknown Unknown [One ofmultiplecommunities] Unknown [One ofmultiplecommunities] interviews (44people) 12 focusgroups (80people),and 124 InterviewsTotal Interviews Number of Work Field Date of 2015 2012 2011 -2012 October 2013 2008 -2009 2017 Feb- April 2015; Nov-Dec 2008 April –June Unknown Unknown Unknown org/stories/panama-higher-ground. Center, 8Dec.2016,availableat:http://pulitzercenter. Zachary Slobig.“Panama:Higher Ground.” Pulitzer Solutions. in Gunayala,Panama,MissionReport.Displacement The RelocationProcess oftheGardi SugdubCommunity Oliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2015).OneStepataTime: Anthropology-Case-Study-I of-Prototype-house-of-Dhe-Lo-Mustang-Applied-Visual- www.fidel-films.com/single-post/2017/05/30/Making- Mustang AppliedVisualAnthropolo.” Fidel-Films,(2017), Devkota, Fidel.“MakingofPrototype HouseofDhe,Lo IV: DHEYE villages inUpperMustang,MustangDistrict,Nepal,Part A keyquestionforSamzong,Yara, andDheye,three Shrestha, R.,&Ambrosi, C.(2012).Moving downornot? Bernet, D.,Pittet,Kappenberger, G.,Passardi, M., 37(3),468-88 evidence from ruralMozambique.Disasters.July2013. (2013). Floodingresettlement, andchangeinlivelihoods: Arnall, A.,Thomas,D.S.,Tywman, C.,Liverman,D. Asian Development,3(1),125-143. the naturaldisasterresponse intheMaldives.Journalof Indian OceanTsunami: Internally displacedpersonsand Croshaw, H.R.(2017).Inthewakeof2004Great Cham. Evidence andPolicyResponses(p.131-148).Springer, In Migration,RiskManagementandClimateChange: Development-Based MigrationPolicyintheMaldives. Kandholhudhoo, Dhuvaafaru,andtheNeedfora Simonelli, A.C.(2016).GoodFishinginRisingSeas: 413-425. Journal oftheAmericanPlanningAssociation,80(4), Iuchi, K.(2014).Planningresettlement afterdisasters. reduction, 34,173-183. livelihood resilience. Internationaljournalofdisasterrisk relocated communitiespost-disaster?Factorsaffecting Potangaroa, R.(2019).Whatdoesthefuture holdfor Sina, D.,Chang-Richards, A.Y., Wilkinson,S.,& Disasters, 39(3),592-609. Asia: evidencefrom theCoromandel Coast,India. Post‐tsunami relocation offishersettlementsinSouth J., Angel,D.,Arendsen, H.,...&Zuurendonk, B.(2015). Bavinck, M.,deKlerk,L.,vanderPlaat,F., Ravesteijn, in theBuiltEnvironment. Gujarat, India.InternationalJournalofDisasterResilience housing andsettlementpatternsinpost-earthquake Barenstein, J.E.D.(2015).Continuityandchangein Environment. village RelocationProject inFiji.CaseStudiesthe Sea-Level Rise:Valuable Lessonsfrom theNarikoso Bertana, A.(2019).RelocationasanAdaptationto Journal 185.3,325-337. in low‐lyingcoastalvillagesFiji.TheGeographical Powell. (2019).Plannedrelocation andeverydayagency McMichael, Celia,ManasaKatonivualiku,andTeresia Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) Indonesia India India Fiji Fiji planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof Panama Nepal Mozambique Maldives Japan relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Gampong Baro, AcehBesar Nadu, ThiruvallurDistrict Sathankuppam village,Tamil Jamnagar District,Gujarat (Old) Fadsarvillage, Kadavu Islandchain Narikoso village,OnoIsland, Province Levu Island,Cakaudrove Vunisavisavi village,Vanua Gunayala Gardi SugdubIsland, District Dheye (Dhey),Mustang Province Xaia, ChokwéDistrict,Gaza Atoll Kandholhudhoo Island,Raa district inOjiyaCity, Chuetsu Remote partofHigashiyama Data Collection Methods Employed Interviews, householdsurvey document analysis Interviews, householdsurvey, observation discussions, participant Interviews, focusgroup Interviews, documentanalysis discussions, observation Interviews, focusgroup Interviews document analysis Interviews, focusgroups, document analysis Interviews, focusgroups, Interviews, householdsurvey participant observation Interviews, householdsurvey, Type Stakeholders Interviewed of Community members Community membersandNGOOfficials backgrounds andcastes) women, different socioeconomic Community membersonly(menand Community members;Unknown Community membersonly Community membersandgovernment Community members,localgovernment NGOs, andacademics Community members,governmentofficials, government Community membersandlocal officials Community membersandgovernment Surveys 18 Interviews,200Household 218 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] 56 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] Interviews 15 Surveyrespondents, Approx. 6 Approx. 21InterviewsTotal [Subset ofmultiplecommunities] Unknown Unknown [One ofmultiplecommunities] Unknown [One ofmultiplecommunities] interviews (44people) 12 focusgroups (80people),and 124 InterviewsTotal Interviews Number of Unknown Unknown interviews withcommunity other actors;65individualandgroup 19 interviewswithgovernmentand 84 InterviewsTotal Work Field Date of 2015 2012 2011 -2012 October 2013 2008 -2009 2017 Feb- April 2015; Nov-Dec 2008 April –June Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. ANNEXES 65 Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) Solutions. in Gunayala,Panama,MissionReport.Displacement The RelocationProcess oftheGardi SugdubCommunity Oliver-Smith, A.,&Arenas, C.(2015).OneStepataTime: IV: DHEYE villages inUpperMustang,MustangDistrict,Nepal,Part A keyquestionforSamzong,Yara, andDheye,three Shrestha, R.,&Ambrosi, C.(2012).Moving downornot? Bernet, D.,Pittet,Kappenberger, G.,Passardi, M., 37(3),468-88 evidence from ruralMozambique.Disasters.July2013. (2013). Floodingresettlement, andchangeinlivelihoods: Arnall, A.,Thomas,D.S.,Tywman, C.,Liverman,D. Asian Development,3(1),125-143. the naturaldisasterresponse intheMaldives.Journalof Indian OceanTsunami: Internally displacedpersonsand Croshaw, H.R.(2017).Inthewakeof2004Great Cham. Evidence andPolicyResponses(p.131-148).Springer, In Migration,RiskManagementandClimateChange: Development-Based MigrationPolicyintheMaldives. Kandholhudhoo, Dhuvaafaru,andtheNeedfora Simonelli, A.C.(2016).GoodFishinginRisingSeas: 413-425. Journal oftheAmericanPlanningAssociation,80(4), Iuchi, K.(2014).Planningresettlement afterdisasters. reduction, 34,173-183. livelihood resilience. Internationaljournalofdisasterrisk relocated communitiespost-disaster?Factorsaffecting Potangaroa, R.(2019).Whatdoesthefuture holdfor Sina, D.,Chang-Richards, A.Y., Wilkinson,S.,& Disasters, 39(3),592-609. Asia: evidencefrom theCoromandel Coast,India. Post‐tsunami relocation offishersettlementsinSouth J., Angel,D.,Arendsen, H.,...&Zuurendonk, B.(2015). Bavinck, M.,deKlerk,L.,vanderPlaat,F., Ravesteijn, in theBuiltEnvironment. Gujarat, India.InternationalJournalofDisasterResilience housing andsettlementpatternsinpost-earthquake Barenstein, J.E.D.(2015).Continuityandchangein Environment. village RelocationProject inFiji.CaseStudiesthe Sea-Level Rise:Valuable Lessonsfrom theNarikoso Bertana, A.(2019).RelocationasanAdaptationto Journal 185.3,325-337. in low‐lyingcoastalvillagesFiji.TheGeographical Powell. (2019).Plannedrelocation andeverydayagency McMichael, Celia,ManasaKatonivualiku,andTeresia org/stories/panama-higher-ground. Center, 8Dec.2016,availableat:http://pulitzercenter. Zachary Slobig.“Panama:Higher Ground.” Pulitzer Anthropology-Case-Study-I of-Prototype-house-of-Dhe-Lo-Mustang-Applied-Visual- www.fidel-films.com/single-post/2017/05/30/Making- Mustang AppliedVisualAnthropolo.” Fidel-Films,(2017), Devkota, Fidel.“MakingofPrototype HouseofDhe,Lo
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof Sri Lanka Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Philippines planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Newtok, Alaska Pattonsburg, Missouri Rhineland, Missouri Valmeyer, Illinois Soldier’s Grove, Wisconsin Allenville, Arizona Talalla village,MataraDistrict District Mondo village,Matara Choiseul Province Taro (provincial capital), Island Province, BicolRegion,Luzon Anoling Barangay, Albay 9. ANNEXES 66 Data Collection Methods Employed Interviews, documentanalysis Interviews, documentanalysis Interviews, documentanalysis household survey participant observation, Interviews, focusgroups, Interviews, householdsurveys records). reports, statutes,andlegislative analysis (e.g.newspapers, Interviews, anddocument discussions, documentanalysis Interviews, focusgroup document analysis Interviews, householdsurvey, discussions, documentanalysis Interviews, focusgroup document analysis participant observation, Interviews, focusgroup, Type Stakeholders Interviewed of Community membersandgovernment Community membersandgovernment Community membersandgovernment Community membersandgovernment Community membersonly officials Community membersandgovernment NGOs, anddonors Community members,governmentofficials, Community membersonly Community membersandgovernment IGOs, donors Community members,governmentofficials, [One ofmultiplecommunities] 46 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] 8 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] 8 InterviewsTotal 39 Interviews,78Surveyparticipants Approx. 117InterviewsTotal 85 InterviewsTotal 4 governmentoffices) not torelocate; representatives from 6 communitymembersthatchose (26 communitymembersinnewsite; 36 InterviewsTotal government andother) (18 communitymembers,12 30 InterviewsTotal 119 Total Unknown 26 CommunityMembers Unknown total; Interviews Number of Work Field Date of 2018-2020 Unknown Unknown 1998 1988 1982 2014 2015 -2017 Unknown 2009 -2010 assets/710/707961.pdf Reduce FederalFiscalExposure. https://www.gao.gov/ Pilot Program CouldEnhancetheNation’s Resilienceand GAO-20-488, CLIMATE CHANGE:AClimateMigration Master’s thesisSouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbondale. Community FactorsthatAffect theDecisiontoRelocate. VanPelt, A.(2010).ResponsetoFloodHazards: Assessing Master’s thesisSouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbondale. Community FactorsthatAffect theDecisiontoRelocate. VanPelt, A.(2010).ResponsetoFloodHazards: Assessing 45. Contemporary Water Research &Education,130(1),41- aftermath ofthegreat 1993Midwestflood.Journalof Knobloch, D.M.(2005).Movingacommunityinthe Project atValmeyer, Illinois,manuscript Sociological CaseStudyoftheFEMAFloodMitigation Dwellers: AStudyofCommunityinaRelocatedTown: A Gaetano Guzzo.(2002).From RiverRatstoBluff Resources). Grove, Wisconsin(WisconsinDepartmentofNatural Study ofaFlood-plainRelocationProject atSoldiers Becker, W.S. (1983). ComeRain,Shine:ACase 80, 87–96 the WisconsinAcademyofSciences,Arts,andLetters.. relocation inSoldiersGrove, Wisconsin.Transactions of Tobin, G.A.(1992).Community response tofloodplain 1 March 1997. Measure. JournalofContingencies&CrisisManagement. Managing CommunityRelocationasaHazard Mitigation Perry, R.W. andLindell,M.K.(1997).Principlesfor Development. Institution andtheCentre forMigrationResearch and of NaturalDisasters:TheCaseSriLanka.Brookings Lakshman R.(2015).PlannedRelocationsinthecontext Vithanagama, R.,Mohideen,A.,Jayatilaka,D.,& Email exchangewithlocalcontactonOctober9,2020. Solomon Islands.LocalEnvironment, 23(3),352-365. from alocalself-initiativeforbuildingresilience inthe K. (2018).Transformation ofruralcommunities:lessons Otoara Ha’apio,M.,Wairiu, M.,Gonzalez,R.,&Morrison, environmental change,18.8,2261-2272. and Alaskaprovide insightfora1.5Cfuture. Regional driven communityrelocations intheSolomonIslands Albert, Simon,etal.(2018).Headingforthehills:climate- volcanology, 74(4),839-859. learn forsustainablevolcanicriskreduction?. Bulletinof resettlement program atMayonVolcano: whatcanwe Usamah, M.,&Haynes,K.(2012).Anexaminationofthe Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) America United Statesof Sri Lanka Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Philippines planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Allenville, Arizona Talalla village,MataraDistrict District Mondo village,Matara Choiseul Province Taro (provincial capital), Island Province, BicolRegion,Luzon Anoling Barangay, Albay Newtok, Alaska Pattonsburg, Missouri Rhineland, Missouri Valmeyer, Illinois Soldier’s Grove, Wisconsin Data Collection Methods Employed records). reports, statutes,andlegislative analysis (e.g.newspapers, Interviews, anddocument discussions, documentanalysis Interviews, focusgroup document analysis Interviews, householdsurvey, discussions, documentanalysis Interviews, focusgroup document analysis participant observation, Interviews, focusgroup, Interviews, documentanalysis Interviews, documentanalysis Interviews, documentanalysis household survey participant observation, Interviews, focusgroups, Interviews, householdsurveys Type Stakeholders Interviewed of officials Community membersandgovernment NGOs, anddonors Community members,governmentofficials, Community membersonly Community membersandgovernment IGOs, donors Community members,governmentofficials, Community membersandgovernment Community membersandgovernment Community membersandgovernment Community membersandgovernment Community membersonly 39 Interviews,78Surveyparticipants Approx. 117InterviewsTotal 85 InterviewsTotal 4 governmentoffices) not torelocate; representatives from 6 communitymembersthatchose (26 communitymembersinnewsite; 36 InterviewsTotal government andother) (18 communitymembers,12 30 InterviewsTotal 119 Total Unknown 26 CommunityMembers Unknown total; Interviews Number of [One ofmultiplecommunities] 46 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] 8 InterviewsTotal [One ofmultiplecommunities] 8 InterviewsTotal Work Field Date of 2018-2020 Unknown Unknown 1998 1988 1982 2014 2015 -2017 Unknown 2009 -2010 9. ANNEXES 67 Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) assets/710/707961.pdf Reduce FederalFiscalExposure. https://www.gao.gov/ Pilot Program CouldEnhancetheNation’s Resilienceand GAO-20-488, CLIMATE CHANGE:AClimateMigration Master’s thesisSouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbondale. Community FactorsthatAffect theDecisiontoRelocate. VanPelt, A.(2010).ResponsetoFloodHazards: Assessing Master’s thesisSouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbondale. Community FactorsthatAffect theDecisiontoRelocate. VanPelt, A.(2010).ResponsetoFloodHazards: Assessing 45. Contemporary Water Research &Education,130(1),41- aftermath ofthegreat 1993Midwestflood.Journalof Knobloch, D.M.(2005).Movingacommunityinthe Project atValmeyer, Illinois,manuscript Sociological CaseStudyoftheFEMAFloodMitigation Dwellers: AStudyofCommunityinaRelocatedTown: A Gaetano Guzzo.(2002).From RiverRatstoBluff Resources). Grove, Wisconsin(WisconsinDepartmentofNatural Study ofaFlood-plainRelocationProject atSoldiers Becker, W.S. (1983). ComeRain,Shine:ACase 80, 87–96 the WisconsinAcademyofSciences,Arts,andLetters.. relocation inSoldiersGrove, Wisconsin.Transactions of Tobin, G.A.(1992).Community response tofloodplain 1 March 1997. Measure. JournalofContingencies&CrisisManagement. Managing CommunityRelocationasaHazard Mitigation Perry, R.W. andLindell,M.K.(1997).Principlesfor Development. Institution andtheCentre forMigrationResearch and of NaturalDisasters:TheCaseSriLanka.Brookings Lakshman R.(2015).PlannedRelocationsinthecontext Vithanagama, R.,Mohideen,A.,Jayatilaka,D.,& Email exchangewithlocalcontactonOctober9,2020. Solomon Islands.LocalEnvironment, 23(3),352-365. from alocalself-initiativeforbuildingresilience inthe K. (2018).Transformation ofruralcommunities:lessons Otoara Ha’apio,M.,Wairiu, M.,Gonzalez,R.,&Morrison, environmental change,18.8,2261-2272. and Alaskaprovide insightfora1.5Cfuture. Regional driven communityrelocations intheSolomonIslands Albert, Simon,etal.(2018).Headingforthehills:climate- volcanology, 74(4),839-859. learn forsustainablevolcanicriskreduction?. Bulletinof resettlement program atMayonVolcano: whatcanwe Usamah, M.,&Haynes,K.(2012).Anexaminationofthe
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME Vanuatu America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Letau, Tegua Island Kivalina village,Alaska Island, Alaska Shishmaref village,Sarichef Washington Lower villageofTaholah, Terrebonne Parish,Louisiana Isle DeJeanCharles, 9. ANNEXES 68 Data Collection Methods Employed document analysis participant observation, Interviews, householdsurvey, Interviews, documentanalysis discussions, documentanalysis Interviews, focusgroup discussions, householdsurveys Interviews, focusgroup Interviews, documentanalysis Type Stakeholders Interviewed of actors government officials andnon-governmental Community members(includingChief); Unknown Community membersandgovernment Community membersandlocalofficials Community membersandgovernment government) interviews withgovernmentandnon- questionnaire; 21“external” also participatedinthehousehold (20 “internal”interviews,9ofwhom 41 InterviewsTotal Unknown Unknown Unknown [One ofmultiplecommunities] 46 InterviewsTotal Interviews Number of Work Field Date of 2011 March –April Unknown Unknown 2015-2017 2018-2020 documents/usp-adaptive-capacity-vanuatu.pdf Aid. Available at:https://www.nab.vu/sites/default/files/ island community, Torres Islands,Vanuatu. Australian Warrick, O.(2011).TheadaptivecapacityoftheTegua Alaskan Arctic. ClimateLaw7.4,290-321. responses toKivalina’s climatedisplacementinthe inadequacy ofexistingUSfederalandstateregulatory Reimagining relocation inaregulatory void: the Marlow, JenniferJ.,andLauren E.Sancken.(2017) environmental change18.8,2261-2272. and Alaskaprovide insightfora1.5Cfuture. Regional driven communityrelocations intheSolomonIslands Albert, Simon,etal.(2018).Headingforthehills:climate- Taholah_Relocation_Plan.pdf at http://www.quinaultindiannation.com/planning/FINAL_ Taholah villageRelocationMasterPlan(2017),available Quinault IndianNationCmty. Dev. &PlanningDep’t, The Background-and-Overview-1-28-21.pdf. isledejeancharles.la.gov/sites/default/files/public/IDJC- Background.” IsleDeJeanCharles,9June2020,http:// “Isle DeJeanCharlesResettlementOverviewand and LouisianaOffice ofCommunityDevelopment. US DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment, assets/710/707961.pdf Reduce FederalFiscalExposure. https://www.gao.gov/ Pilot Program CouldEnhancetheNation’s Resilienceand GAO-20-488, CLIMATE CHANGE:AClimateMigration Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof America United Statesof planned relocation case? origininthe the siteof What isthecountryof Vanuatu relocation case? originintheplanned the siteof What istheexact locationof Kivalina village,Alaska Island, Alaska Shishmaref village,Sarichef Washington Lower villageofTaholah, Terrebonne Parish,Louisiana Isle DeJeanCharles, Letau, Tegua Island Data Collection Methods Employed Interviews, documentanalysis discussions, documentanalysis Interviews, focusgroup discussions, householdsurveys Interviews, focusgroup Interviews, documentanalysis document analysis participant observation, Interviews, householdsurvey, Type Stakeholders Interviewed of Unknown Community membersandgovernment Community membersandlocalofficials Community membersandgovernment actors government officials andnon-governmental Community members(includingChief); government) interviews withgovernmentandnon- questionnaire; 21“external” also participatedinthehousehold (20 “internal”interviews,9ofwhom 41 InterviewsTotal Unknown Unknown Unknown [One ofmultiplecommunities] 46 InterviewsTotal Interviews Number of Work Field Date of 2011 March –April Unknown Unknown 2015-2017 2018-2020 9. ANNEXES 69 Full Primary Citationof Source, SecondarySource (asapplicable) Alaskan Arctic. ClimateLaw7.4,290-321. responses toKivalina’s climatedisplacementinthe inadequacy ofexistingUSfederalandstateregulatory Reimagining relocation inaregulatory void: the Marlow, JenniferJ.,andLauren E.Sancken.(2017) environmental change18.8,2261-2272. and Alaskaprovide insightfora1.5Cfuture. Regional driven communityrelocations intheSolomonIslands Albert, Simon,etal.(2018).Headingforthehills:climate- Taholah_Relocation_Plan.pdf at http://www.quinaultindiannation.com/planning/FINAL_ Taholah villageRelocationMasterPlan(2017),available Quinault IndianNationCmty. Dev. &PlanningDep’t, The Background-and-Overview-1-28-21.pdf. isledejeancharles.la.gov/sites/default/files/public/IDJC- Background.” IsleDeJeanCharles,9June2020,http:// “Isle DeJeanCharlesResettlementOverviewand and LouisianaOffice ofCommunityDevelopment. US DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment, assets/710/707961.pdf Reduce FederalFiscalExposure. https://www.gao.gov/ Pilot Program CouldEnhancetheNation’s Resilienceand GAO-20-488, CLIMATE CHANGE:AClimateMigration documents/usp-adaptive-capacity-vanuatu.pdf Aid. Available at:https://www.nab.vu/sites/default/files/ island community, Torres Islands,Vanuatu. Australian Warrick, O.(2011).TheadaptivecapacityoftheTegua
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME AND METHODOLOGICALNOTES CODEBOOK QUESTIONS,ANSWERS, ANNEX D. relocation? Which actor(s)initiatedtheplanned displacement? Was theplannedrelocation initiatedafter rural orurban? Does therelocating communityidentifyas part ofanindigenoustribeorcommunity? Does therelocating communityidentifyas for relocation? (people) haverelocated, orare identified Approximately howmanyhouseholds time ofpublication)? Is therelocation ongoingorcompleted(at completed forthemajorityofhouseholds? physical relocation tothesettlementsite In approximately whatyearwasthe for plannedrelocation firstidentified? In approximately whatyearwastheneed site ofdestination? (in km)betweenthesiteoforiginand What istheapproximate physicaldistance anticipation/reaction to? is theplannedrelocation initiatedin geological, orenvironmental hazard(s) Which hydrometeorological, geophysical/ case? settlement siteintheplannedrelocation What isthelocationofdestination origin intheplannedrelocation case? What istheexactlocationofsite origin intheplannedrelocation case? What istheprovince/state ofthesite the plannedrelocation case? What isthecountryofsiteoriginin Question level(s) If government,identify many asappropriate); governmental (Listas governmental, non- government, inter- Community member, Yes, No Rural orUrban Yes orNo (Number ofpeople) Number ofhouseholds Completed orOngoing Year Year Number ofkilometers F ondefinitions terminology, seeAnnex classifications ofUNDRR All listedin name Community orvillage community name Town/neighborhood or Province/State Country Answer Code 9. ANNEXES 70 of governmentactors Could notconsistentlyidentifysectors Local (city, townorvillage) on countryapproach) Departmental andRegionaldepending Sub-national (includesState,Provincial, National (includesFederal,Military) Government levelsare codedasfollows: as indigenousinotherpartsoftheworld local tospecificplacesmaynotidentify have beencolonized);groups thatare common incountriesliketheUS(that Indigeneity ornativetribesare more relocation isthenumberreported. number ofhouseholdsidentifiedfor households havealready moved,the identified for relocation. Evenifsome in thiscolumnrepresents thenumber For casesthatare ongoing,thenumber associated hazard If notexplicitlystated,theyearof from googleearth secondary source, orasdetermined As indicatedintheprimarysource, Caveats andNotesfrom coding Key Source Data CollectionMethodsEmployedby Key Source settlement site? during therelocation process orinthe What challengeshavebeenidentified origin andindestination? livelihood opportunitiesexistinthesiteof Is there evidencetosuggestthatsimilar relocation? framework applicableorrelevant to Is there adomesticlegalorpolicy relocation process? communities participatedduringthe Is there evidencetosuggestthataffected suitability forrelocation? relocation; 2)settlementsitetodetermine to determinetheneedforplanned assessment ofthe1)locationorigin Is there evidenceofatleastoneformal relocation, includingthrough funding? Which actor(s)supportedtheplanned Question or unstructured survey, semi-structured, structured/standardized individual, notewhether whether focusgroup or For interviews-note format Source CitationinAPA Narrative settlement site Any skillstrainingin Yes orNo; Yes, No,Unclear Yes orNo Yes orNo level(s) If government,identify many asappropriate); governmental (Listas governmental, non- government, inter- Community member, Answer Code 9. ANNEXES 71 literature doesnot mentionanything. possible tosearch. Putunclearwhenthe legal, legislat*,regulat*, andact,when Search termsinpapers:"law, polic*, some sort cases havecommunityassessmentof Interpreted asformalassessment,all of governmentactors Could notconsistentlyidentifysectors Private Sector Development Bank UN actors) Inter-governmental Organization (e.g. INGO -(e.g.IFRC) Donor Government NGO Other actorscodedasfollows: Local (city, townorvillage) on countryapproach) Departmental andRegionaldepending Sub-national (includesState,Provincial, National (includesFederal,Military) Government levelsare codedasfollows: Caveats andNotesfrom coding
LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME LEAVING PLACE, RESTORING HOME relocation cases. the World BankGroup. We haveonlylistedthecountriesforwhichthere are identifiedplanned The casesincludedintheannexfallintofollowingregions andsub-regions, according to REGIONAL GROUPSOFCOUNTRIES ANNEX E. Question Oceania Middle East Europe Asia Asia Asia Asia Americas Americas Americas Americas Africa South EastAsia South Asia East Asia Central Asia South America North America Caribbean Central America Sub-Saharan Sub-Region Islands, Vanuatu Australia, Fiji,Kiribati,NewZealand,PapuaGuinea,Samoa,Solomon Iran France, Germany, Italy, UnitedKingdom,Turkey Indonesia, Malaysia,Myanmar, Philippines,Thailand,Vietnam Bangladesh, India,Maldives,Nepal,Pakistan,SriLanka China, Japan,Taiwan Tajikistan Argentina, Brazil,Chile,Colombia,Ecuador, Uruguay United StatesofAmerica Montserrat (Territory oftheUnitedKingdom) Antigua andBarbuda,Bahamas,Dominica,DominicanRepublic,Haiti,Jamaica, Belize, ElSalvador, Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,Nicaragua,Panama Nigeria, Rwanda,Senegal,Somalia,Uganda,Zimbabwe Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia,Ghana,Malawi,Mozambique,Namibia, Country 9. ANNEXES 72 Report (2020):https://www.undrr.org/publication/hazard-definition-and-classification-review relevant annexestotheUNDRR/ISC SendaiHazard DefinitionandClassificationReview Technical For furtherdetailsonthesedefinitionsandthespecific hazards undereachhazard type, referto environmental hazards). salinization andsealevelrise.(Inthisreport, erosion andpermafrost lossare considered rather thanhazards inthemselves, suchassoildegradation,deforestation, lossofbiodiversity, processes andphenomenathatfallintothiscategorymaybetermeddriversof hazard andrisk degradation orphysicalchemicalpollutionintheair, waterandsoil.However, manyofthe may includechemical,naturalandbiologicalhazards. Theycanbecreated byenvironmental Environmental hazards dispersal oftoxicsubstancesandvolcaniceruptionmaterial. hazards suchaslandslides,wildlandfires, locustplagues, epidemicsandinthetransport spells; andcoastalstormsurges. Hydrometeorological conditionsmayalsobeafactorinother known astyphoonsandhurricanes);floods,includingflashfloods; drought;heatwaves andcold are ofatmospheric,hydrological oroceanographic origin.Examplesare tropical cyclones(also Hydrometeorological hazards that ismanifestedasacoastalwater-related hazard. undersea earthquakesandothergeologicalevents,theyessentiallybecomeanoceanicprocess some oftheseprocesses. Tsunamis are difficult to categorize:althoughtheyare triggered by collapses anddebrisormudflows.Hydrometeorological factorsare importantcontributorsto and related geophysicalprocesses suchasmassmovements, landslides,rockslides, surface originate from internalearthprocesses. Examples are earthquakes, volcanicactivityandemissions, Geological orgeophysicalhazards geophysical, hydrometeorological orenvironmental. technological processes andphenomena.Thisreport focusesonhazards thatare geologicor and listedinalphabeticalorder) biological,environmental, geological,hydrometeorological and Hazards include(asmentionedintheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030, and takingintoaccountthepotentialinterrelated effects. contexts where hazardous eventsmayoccursimultaneously, cascading orcumulativelyovertime, means (1)theselectionofmultiplemajorhazards thatthecountryfaces,and(2)specific Multi-hazard impacts, property damage,socialandeconomicdisruptionorenvironmental degradation. A process, phenomenonorhumanactivitythatmaycauselossoflife,injuryotherhealth Hazard The followingdefinitionsare adoptedbytheUNGeneralAssembly(UNGA). HAZARD DEFINITIONS ANNEX F. 9. ANNEXES 73 .
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