Boccacio, the Decameron (On the Black Death)1

1 Primary Source 2.1 and 4.3 BOCCACIO, THE DECAMERON (ON THE BLACK DEATH)1 The Black Death, one of the worst pandemics in history, killed 100 million people across Eurasia, including some 30 million in Europe (or one-third of the population in some areas). A high fever, aching limbs, and fatigue marked the early stages of infection; death would follow in less than a week, as the disease (considered to have been the bubonic plague by most scholars) progressed. The plague’s effects were devastating on the Asian economies, which fell into a long cyclical decline. Europe’s dynamism, by contrast, enabled traders and entrepreneurs to reorient commerce toward the sea, as, new ocean routes opened and navigational technology improved. The continued growth of commerce and the circulation of money undermined feudal economic relations, as did the drastic population losses, which increased the value of labor and enabled millions of serfs to buy their freedom. The landed aristocrats slowly lost power and land to the princes and thriving urban centers, and feudalism started to disintegrate. The passages below are taken from The Decameron, the masterwork of Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–75), an author, statesman, Renaissance humanist, and the son of a businessman. The book, the first important European work in prose, presents seven young women and three young men who have fled to a country-villa from plague-ridden Florence. For two weeks, the ten companions entertain one another with one hundred stories full of romance and sex and in praise of cleverness and wit. The protagonists are mostly city-dwellers, but elements of aristocratic culture are also present. The tales heap scorn on corrupt priests but also express, earnest piety. The book, in other words, marks a transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The first passage, taken from the Introduction to the first day, describes the ravages of the plague in Florence. The second recounts the story of an honest merchant engaged in overseas trade, who loses everything, then gains more than ever by pure chance. This chain of events exemplifies key elements of the rising commercial, middle-class, post-Black-Death European culture. For the full text of The Decameron, click here. INTRODUCTION. TO THE LADIES. In the year then of our Lord 1348, there happened at Florence, the finest city in all Italy, a most terrible plague; which, whether owing to the influence of the planets, or that it was sent from God as a just punishment for our sins, had broken 1 John Payne (ed.), Stories of Boccaccio (The Decameron) (London: Published for the Bibliophilist Library, 1903), 1–4, 61–65. For a very recent and more accessible translation, see Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron, trans. Wayne A. Rebhorn (New York and London: W. W. Norton and Co., 2013). 2 out some years before in the Levant,2 and after passing from place to place, and making incredible havoc all the way, had now reached the west. There, spite of all the means that art and human foresight could suggest, such as keeping the city clear from filth, the exclusion of all suspected persons, and the publication of copious instructions for the preservation of health; and notwithstanding manifold humble supplications offered to God in processions and otherwise; it began to show itself in the spring of the aforesaid year, in a sad and wonderful manner. Unlike what had been seen in the east, where bleeding from the nose is the fatal prognostic, here there appeared certain tumours in the groin or under the arm-pits, some as big as a small apple, others as an egg; and afterwards purple spots in most parts of the body; in some cases large and but few in number, in others smaller and more numerous— both sorts the usual messengers of death. To the cure of this malady,3 neither medical knowledge nor the power of drugs was of any effect; whether because the disease was in its own nature mortal, or that the physicians (the number of whom, taking quacks and women pretenders into the account, was grown very great) could form no just idea of the cause, nor consequently devise a true method of cure; whichever was the reason, few escaped; but nearly all died the third day from the first appearance of the symptoms, some sooner, some later, without any fever or accessory symptoms. What gave the more virulence to this plague, was that, by being communicated from the sick to the hale,4 it spread daily, like fire when it comes in contact with large masses of combustibles. Nor was it caught only by conversing with, or coming near the sick, but even by touching their clothes, or anything that they had before touched. It is wonderful, what I am going to mention; and had I not seen it with my own eyes, and were there not many witnesses to attest it besides myself, I should never venture to relate it, however worthy it were of belief. Such, I say, was the quality of the pestilential5 matter, as to pass not only from man to man, but, what is more strange, it has been often known, that anything belonging to the infected, if touched by any other creature, would certainly infect, and even kill that creature in a short space of time. One instance of this kind I took particular notice of: the rags of a poor man just dead had been thrown into the street; two hogs came up, and after rooting amongst the rags, and shaking them about in their mouths, in less than an hour they both turned round and died on the spot. These facts, and others of the like sort, occasioned various fears and devices amongst those who survived, all tending to the same uncharitable and cruel end; which was, to avoid the sick, and every thing that had been near them, expecting by that means to save themselves. And some holding it best to live temperately, and to avoid excesses of all kinds, made parties, and shut themselves up from the rest of the world; eating and drinking moderately of the best, and diverting themselves with music, and such other entertainments as they might have within doors; never listening to anything from without, to make them uneasy. Others maintained free 2 The Eastern Mediterranean. 3 A disease. 4 Strong and healthy. 5 Destructive to livestock or crops. 3 living to be a better preservative, and would baulk no passion or appetite they wished to gratify, drinking and revelling incessantly from tavern to tavern, or in private houses (which were frequently found deserted by the owners, and therefore common to every one), yet strenuously avoiding, with all his brutal indulgence, to come near the infected. And such, at that time, was the public distress, that the laws, human and divine, were no more regarded; for the officers, to put them in force, being either dead, sick, or in want of persons to assist them, every one did just as he pleased. A third sort of people chose a method between these two: not confining themselves to rules of diet like the former, and yet avoiding the intemperance6 of the latter; but eating and drinking what their appetites required, they walked everywhere with odours and nosegays to smell to; as holding it best to corroborate the brain: for the whole atmosphere seemed to them tainted with the stench of dead bodies, arising partly from the distemper itself, and partly from the fermenting of the medicines within them. Others with less humanity, but perchance, as they supposed, with more security from danger, decided that the only remedy for the pestilence was to avoid it: persuaded, therefore, of this, and taking care for themselves only, men and women in great numbers left the city, their houses, relations, and effects, and fled into the country: as if the wrath of God had been restrained to visit those only within the walls of the city; or else concluding, that none ought to stay in a place thus doomed to destruction. Thus divided as they were in their views, neither did all die, nor all escape; but falling sick indifferently, as well those of one as of another opinion; they who first set the example by forsaking others, now languished themselves without pity. I pass over the little regard that citizens and relations showed to each other; for their terror was such, that a brother even fled from his brother, a wife from her husband, and, what is more uncommon, a parent from his own child. Hence numbers that fell sick could have no help but what the charity of friends, who were very few, or the avarice7 of servants supplied; and even these were scarce and at extravagant wages, and so little used to the business that they were fit only to reach what was called for, and observe when their employer died; and this desire of getting money often cost them their lives. From this desertion of friends, and scarcity of servants, an unheard- of custom prevailed; no lady, however young or handsome, would scruple to be attended by a man-servant, whether young or old it mattered not, and to expose herself naked to him, the necessity of the distemper requiring it, as though it was to a woman; which might make those who recovered, less modest for the time to come. And many lost their lives, who might have escaped, had they been looked after at all. So that, between the scarcity of servants, and the violence of the distemper, such numbers were continually dying, as made it terrible to hear as well as to behold.

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