Mongolia 03M00 Iles NOVOSIBIRSK O

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# e 0500km Mongolia 03m00 iles NOVOSIBIRSK O. Beloye Mana Bratsk Res. (Bratskoye Vdkhr.) Amarbayasgalant Khiid Gorkhi-Terelj RUSSIA Mongolia’s best-preserved National Park monastery Biking, hiking and horse- riding opportunities Ulaanbaatar Khövsgöl Nuur Premier horse-riding and Cosmopolitan capital with fishing area nightlife and museums RUSSIA Ölgii Lake Baikal Visit the Eagle Festival (Baygal Nuur) ^# Dadal #] Irkutsk Chita #\ Kyzyl On the trail of #] Ulan Ude Chinggis Khaan 33 #\ Renchinlkhumbe Khövsgöl Nuur Zaudinsky Uvs #\ National Park Border #÷ Crossing Ulaangom Nuur +# ^# Khatgal Tsagaan- Mongol Daguur Tsagaannuur 44UVS Züüngov #\ #\ ÷# #\ Border Siilkhem #– #\ –# Uur +# Strictly Protected 3333 333#\ Altanbulag 3 Bayanzürkh #\ Nuruu National Khan Khokhii Crossing Areas #\ Mǎnzhōulǐ Naranbulag ^# #\ #] Park #\ National Park KHÖVSGÖL #÷ ^# Ölgii Sükhbaatar Chuluunkhoroot ÷# Amarbayasgalant Hǎilā’ěr ÷# –# Tsagaan ^# Mörön BULGAN Onon-Balj Bayandun 44÷# #\ Uul #– Khiid National #\ Altai Tavan Khutag- Ú# #\ Darkhan BAYAN- Khyargas Nuur Tüdevtei #\ Park #\ Bogd33National 333333 #\ Shine- Öndör 333333333Bayan Uul3 ÖLGII National Park #÷ #\ Park Ider #\ ^# Bayangol Dadal Khovd #\ Erdenet #\ Batshireet Zavkhanmandal ^# #\ ^# 444 #\ #\ Khalkhiin ÷# Tosontsengel Ideriyn #\ Binder #– SELENGE Gorkhi-Terelj Choibalsan Gol Khar Us Nuur Tar ia t Bulgan ^# #\ ZAVKHAN #\ National Park #– National Park #÷ Village Khairkhan Batsumber Bayan- #\ 3333333#\ Uliastai 3333#\ 3 333#÷ 33333333333333Nömrög3 Strictly #\ Chandimani ULAANBAATAR Ovoo Bulgan ^# Khorgo-Terkhiin ARKHANGAI #_ #\ Protected Area Bulgan Mankhan4 #\ Tsagaan Nuur #\ KHENTII #\ Khökhmörit #– #– #\Nalaikh DORNOD #÷ National Park Tsetserleg Lun #\ Chinggis Khot #\ ^# #\Ts e n k h e r Matad Border #\ Kharkhorin Zuunmod Delgerkhaan ^#(Öndörkhaan) #\ Darvi Khuisiin Naiman #\ Dornod Mongol Crossing Otgon #\ #\ Strictly Protected 3#\ 3333 33333Nuur National 3333Buren TÖV3333 33l 33333333333 Tkesa hike n+# Ú# o Mönkh ^# #÷ Area #\ Altai Reserve #\ K G Baruun-Urt KHOVD Galuut #\ herlen #\ ^# #÷ Tövkhön #\ Khaan Bulgan #– #\ Uulbayan #\ Tonkhil Buutsagaan Khiid Bayantsagaan Erdenetsagaan #\ #– #\ #\ #\ Khaliun ^# Choir Altai ^# SÜKHBAATAR Great Gobi Erdenedalai Delgerekh Shiliin 333333 #\ Bayankhongor3333Arvaikheer #\ #\ 33333333 Strictly Protected #\ Mandalgov #\ R #÷ ^# Ongon Bogd Uul Area (Gobi B) Ts e e l Biger #\ #\ ÖVÖRKHANGAI Airag Altanshiree #\ GOV- Öndöshil Dariganga ALTAI DUNDGOV #\ Sainshand #\ Altai Bayangovi Mandal- #\ Khuld ^# 3333333 #\ 3333 3 Ovoo #\ Mandakh #\ BAYANKHONGOR #\ Erdene Gurvan Saikhan DORNOGOV Border #÷ #\ #\ +#Crossing Great Gobi National Manlai Zamyn- 333Strictly Protected33333Park 33 #\ Èrlián #\ Dalanzadgad Üüd Khustain National Area (Gobi A) Bayandalai ^# (Ereen) Gurvantes #\ #\ Park #÷ #– Tava n Khanbogd Khatanbulag #\ Tolgoi #\ #\ Protected area for the #\ #\ Sonid Noyon Bayan- #\ Oyu Small Gobi B Yoqui endangerd takhi horse Strictly Protected 33333333333Ovoo Tolgoi333 #÷ Area ÖMNÖGOV Small Gobi A Strictly Protected #÷ Area CHINA Chéngdé 33333 #] ELEVATION Jíníng #] Zhāngjiākǒu Hohhot #] 3000m Gurvan Saikhan ^# 2500m National Park 2000m The heart of the legendary Běijīng #_ 1500m #] Gobi Desert Dàtóng 1000m 500m CHINA ^# #] Wūhǎi 0 Tiānjīn.

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Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization in Mongolia
Universität Potsdam Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia Universitätsverlag Potsdam Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia Ariunaa Lkhagvadorj Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia Universitätsverlag Potsdam Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Universitätsverlag Potsdam 2010 http://info.ub.uni-potsdam.de/verlag.htm Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam Tel.: +49 (0)331 977 4623 / Fax: 3474 E-Mail: [email protected] Das Manuskript ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2010 Online veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der Universität Potsdam URL http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/volltexte/2010/4176/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41768 http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41768 Zugleich gedruckt erschienen im Universitätsverlag Potsdam ISBN 978-3-86956-053-3 Abstract Fiscal federalism has been an important topic among public finance theorists in the last four decades. There is a series of arguments that decentralization of governments enhances growth by improving allocation efficiency. However, the empirical studies have shown mixed results for industrialized and developing countries and some of them have demonstrated that there might be a threshold level of economic development below which decentralization is not effective. Developing and transition countries have developed a variety of forms of fiscal decentralization as a possible strategy to achieve effective and efficient governmental structures. A generalized principle of decentralization due to the country specific circumstances does not exist. Therefore, decentra- lization has taken place in different forms in various countries at different times, and even exactly the same extent of decentralization may have had different impacts under different conditions.
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