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Monografie 12 (2011) : Political Migrations on Polish Territories

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Monografie 12 (2011) : Political Migrations on Polish Territories MONOGRAFIE INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO PAN http://rcin.org.pl POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANISŁAW LESZCZYCKI INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION MONOGRAPHIES, 12 Piotr Eberhardt MIGRACJE POLITYCZNE NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH (1939–1950) WARSZAWA 2011 http://rcin.org.pl POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO MONOGRAFIE, 12 Piotr Eberhardt POLITICAL MIGRATIONS ON POLISH TERRITORIES (1939–1950) WARSZAWA 2011 http://rcin.org.pl Redakcja / Editorial Board: prof. dr hab. Leszek Starkel prof. dr hab. Teresa Kozłowska−Szczęsna prof. dr hab. Piotr Korcelli Oryginał / Polish original: Migracje polityczne na ziemiach polskich (1939–1950) Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 2010 Recenzenci / Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Tomasz Kaczmarek prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Mazur dr hab. Andrzej Rykała Tłumaczenie / Translated by: Jan Owsiński Ilustracja na okładce / Cover illustration by: Monika Trypuz PL ISSN 1643−2312 ISBN 978- 83- 61590- 46- 0 Technical editors: Ludmiła Kwiatkowska Aleksandra Deręgowska © Copyright (English edition) by Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, Warszawa 2011 Druk i oprawa / Printed by: Drukarnia Klimiuk 00−719 Warszawa, ul. Zwierzyniecka 8a http://rcin.org.pl To Adam http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl Contents Preface for English edition (L.A. Kosiński) .................................................. 9 Foreword (A. Sakson) ................................................................................. 13 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 15 II. POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES ON THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF POLAND BETWEEN 1939 AND 1945 .......................... 23 III. POLITICAL MIGRATIONS ON POLISH LANDS IN THE YEARS 1939–1950 ........................................................................................... 37 III.1. Movements of population caused by the September 1939 Defensive Campaign .................................................................. 37 III.2. Resettlements of population from the Polish lands incorporated into the Third German Reich ..................................................... 44 III.3. Deportations of population from the Polish lands incorporated to the Soviet Union..................................................................... 52 III.4. Inflow of the German population into the occupied Polish areas 64 III.5. Transportation of Polish citizens to work to the Reich and to the Nazi concentration camps .......................................................... 70 III.6. The movements and the Holocaust of the Jewish population ...... 77 III.7. The Generalplan Ost and its implementation in the region of Zamość .................................................................................. 93 III.8. Resettlements of population within the General Governorship ... 98 III.9. Evacuation and flight of the German population to post- war Germany .................................................................................... 108 III.10. Repatriation of the Polish population from the areas to the East of the Curzon line ...................................................................... 120 III.11. Return to Poland of the population deported by the Nazi occupants and re- emigration from the West ................................ 129 III.12. Deportations of the Polish and Ukrainian populations in the final stage of the war and in the post- war period into far areas of the Soviet Union ..................................................................... 137 http://rcin.org.pl 8 Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950) III.13. Post- war resettlements of the Ukrainian and Belarusian population ................................................................................. 141 III.14. Planned resettlement of the German population to the Potsdam Germany .................................................................................... 146 III.15. Post- war emigration of Jews from Poland ................................... 156 III.16. Settling of the Western and Northern Lands by the population of Polish nationality ................................................................... 164 IV. THE INFLUENCE OF THE POPULATION MOVEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POPULATION NUMBER OF POST- WAR POLAND AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF ITS ETHNIC STRUCTURE ........................................................................................ 177 IV.1. Demographic losses of Poland in the period 1939–1945 ............... 177 IV.2. The scale of migrations during and after the war ......................... 180 IV.3. The balance of changes in the population of Poland in the years 1939–1950 .................................................................................. 183 IV.4. Geographical and geopolitical consequences of the boundary shifts and population migrations ................................................. 194 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 201 Summary .................................................................................................. 217 List of tables .............................................................................................. 221 List of figures............................................................................................. 224 http://rcin.org.pl Preface for English edition Contemporary Europeans can hardly imagine the degree of violence which pre- vailed on this continent in the middle of the past century. More is known about the actual military actions and tremendous material and human losses than about the degree and consequences of massive movements of people, either fleeing the hostil- ities or forcibly transferred, deported and exiled. And yet, these events were taking place within living memory although admittedly the number of witnesses and par- ticipants is inevitably declining. The Author of the present volume belongs to this dwindling category, so does the author of the present remarks. Professor Piotr Eberhardt is associated with the Institute of Geography and Space Economy, Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. He is a known expert on the subject with many publications devoted to the demographic, ethnic and geopolit- ical issues of Eastern and East-Central Europe to his credit. In this volume original- ly published by the prestigious Western Institute in Poznań he presents a wide pan- orama of various types of migrations during the critical decade of World War II and its aftermath. Without going into a detailed and probably insolvable terminological discussion he defines the topic of his study as political migrations. In so doing he acknowledges the dominant role of political factors in generating the moves which amounted to some 30 million on the territory of Poland (both within the pre-war and post-war frontiers for a total of some 400,000 km²). Even though the book deals with a part of war induced European migrations it does cover most of them as this terri- tory was affected in a particularly intensive and cruel way. As a geographer Professor Eberhardt has a particular concern with space and begins his analysis with territorial changes which were introduced repeat- edly by the political and administrative authorities mostly hostile to the local societies. At the very beginning of the period in question both German and Sovi- et rulers, then closely collaborating carved out the territory of conquered Poland and incorporated parts of it into their respective administrative structures or, as in the case of a General Gouvernement created a totally dependent German con- trolled “reservation” for Poles and Jews. At the end of the conflict the defeated Third Reich had to pay with considerable territorial losses while the victorious Soviet Union (which in the meantime changed the alliances) was allowed to keep what it had gained originally in understanding with the Nazi power (with small http://rcin.org.pl 10 Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950) corrections). Poland was compensated for the territorial loss of some 180,000 km² with 104,000 km² at the expense of Germany (including Gdańsk/Danzig). Population movements which are the main subject of this volume were tak- ing place against the background of these changing territorial arrangements. The Author discusses in chronological order migrations caused by 1939 campaign (flight of civilians, transfer of prisoner of war – some to their death), deportations of Polish and Jewish inhabitants from the areas incorporated into the Reich proper, sever- al waves of deportations undertaken by the Soviet authorities from the conquered Eastern provinces of Poland (including various ethnic groups), different moves on the German controlled area (inflow of German settlers, forcible recruitment of labour force and its shipment into Reich, various displacements of Poles including those from Warsaw after the failed 1944 rising, shipments of Jews and their extermina- tion). Approaching end of the eastern front unleashed the flight of Germans, both recent arrivals and long established communities, followed by their deportations and transfers from the lost territories as a result of allied decisions taken in Pots- dam in summer 1945. The Soviet repressions against the Polish population continued into the early post war months as thousands were shipped eastwards
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