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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is a nonprofit scientific educational institute receiving support from donors through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Donors to ICRISAT include governments and agencies of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, People's Republic of China, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America, and the following international and private organizations: Asian Development Bank, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Global 2000 Inc., International Development Research Centre, Inter• national Fertilizer Development Center, International Fund for Agricultural Development, The European Economic Community, The Ford Foundation, The Leverhulme Trust, The Opec Fund for International Development, The Rockefeller Foundation, The World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, and the University of Hohenheim. Information and conclusions in this publication do not necessarily reflect the position of the aforementioned governments, agencies, and international and private organizations. Citation: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1987. Groundnut rust disease. Proceedings of a Discussion Group Meeting, 24-28 Sep 1984, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502324, India: ICRISAT. Cover photo: Scanning electron micrographs of groundnut rust (Puccinia arachis Speg.) uridiniospores magnified x 72, x 172, x 1800, and x 9000 Groundnut Rust Disease Proceedings of a Discussion Group Meeting 24-28 Sep 1984 ICRISAT Center, India ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India 1987 Scientific Editors D. McDonald, P. Subrahmanyam, J.A. Wightman Publication Editor J.V. Mertin The opinions in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ICRISAT. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICRISAT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by the Institute. ISBN 92-9066-109-7 Contents Welcome to I C R I S A T C.R. Jackson V Research on Groundnut Rust at I C R I S A T Origin, Distribution and Taxonomy of V. Ramanatha Rao Arachis and Sources of Resistance to Groundnut Rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) 3 Breeding Groundnut Cultivars L.J. Reddy, S.N. Nigam Resistant to Rust (Puccinia S.L. Dwivedi, and arachidis Speg.) R.W. Gibbons 17 Groundnut Rust Disease: P. Subrahmanyam and Epidemiology and Control D. McDonald 27 Incorporation of Rust Resistance from W i l d A . K . Singh, J.P. Moss, Arachis Species into the Cultivated Groundnut and B.G. Rao 41 Physiological Studies on Foliar Diseases: J.H. Williams, Varietal Differences in Response to Use V . M . Ramraj, of Fungicides and M . Pal 49 Groundnut Rust Disease and B.K. Varma and Plant Quarantine D. M c D o n a l d 55 Discussion 59 Region and Country Reports Groundnut Rust Research in the Americas R.O. Hammons 65 Occurrence and Management of K. Middleton and Groundnut Rust in Australia R. Shorter 73 The Groundnut Rust Disease Problem in P. Sankara Burkina Faso 77 Rust Disease of Groundnut in Maharashtra C D . Mayee State of India 81 Groundnut Rust Research in Thailand S. Wongkaew, S. Kitisin, P. Surin, and W. Boothanu 91 Groundnut Rust Research in Central Thailand P. Sommartya 97 Occurrence and Importance of Rust Disease E.A. Salako and of Groundnut in Nigeria P.E. Olorunju 99 The Groundnut Rust Situation in the Zhou Liang-gao People's Republic of China 103 Breeding for Resistance to Groundnut Rust Zheng Guangrou in the People's Republic of China 107 Rust Disease of Groundnut in Southern Africa, Desiree L. Cole Present Situation and Possible Interactions W i t h Other Groundnut Foliar Diseases 109 Discussion 115 Distribution and Spread of Groundnut Rust The Epidemiology of Wheat Stem Rust and S. Nagarajan Implications for Study of Groundnut Rust Perpetuation and Spread in India 123 Aerobiology of Groundnut Rust K.V. Mallaiah and A . S . Rao 127 Discussion 141 T h e T a x o n o m y of Puccinia arachidis Speg. and Possible Occurrence of Races The T a x o n o m y , Life History, and Evolution J.F. Hennen of Puccinia arachidis Speg. P. Subrahmanyam and M.B. Figueiredo 145 On the Likelihood of Pathogenic Forms or S. Nagarajan Virulences in Puccinia arachidis Speg. that Cause Groundnut Rust in Arachis species 157 Discussion 163 The Physiology of Rust Disease The Possible Role of Phytoalexins in Resistance R.N. Strange of Groundnuts to Puccinia arachidis Speg. 167 Discussion 174 Breeding for Resistance to Groundnut Rust M o d e r n Concepts in Breeding for Resistance J.E. Parlevliet to Rust Diseases 177 Inheritance of Rust Resistance in Groundnut D.A. Knauft 183 Discussion 189 General Discussion 193 Field Visit 198 Concluding Remarks 198 Meeting Organization and Participants 199 Welcome to ICRISAT C.R. Jackson Director for International Cooperation, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to I C R I S A T and to this conference on rust disease of groundnut. When I visited I C R I S A T in 1980 I was impressed by the work being done on groundnut problems and, since coming to work here in 1983, I have similarly been impressed by the work on this and the other ICRISAT mandate crops. We are here to discuss groundnut rust, and I consider this to be both timely and appropriate. In comparison with leaf-spot diseases, very little is known about ground• nut rust. A few years ago I tried to assemble the world literature on this subject and found it to be limited, the disease being regarded as a curiosity confined to the Caribbean and South America. I distinctly remember Ray Hammons, who is in our group today, going out to his groundnut plots in Georgia to see this "curiosity" of groundnut rust that had presumably been carried to our North American crop by the violent winds from the Caribbean. While rust is still regarded as a visitor to the USA, it is no longer a curiosity there, and it is now established in Asia, Australia, and Africa. The spread around the world of groundnut rust in the past two decades has taken place despite quarantine precautions and care in the exchange of germplasm. Rapid air travel may have assisted the natural spread of the rust on winds and by storms. Irrespective of how it was spread, we now have to live with it. Groundnut rust is now an important disease in many countries of the world and therefore has high priority in our I C R I S A T research program. Our research has been carried out mainly at I C R I S A T Center, but we also have established a program for groundnut research in southern Africa that is based in Malawi, and hope to initiate a similar unit in West Africa in the near future. We would like to establish a network of scientists concerned with research on groundnut rust throughout the world, and hope that you will consider yourselves as part of this group with interest in rust, and indeed, in other diseases of groundnut. I hope that you will give a great deal of thought to the groundnut rust problem over the next few days and that in the concluding session on Friday you will jointly determine the direction of the research on the disease at I C R I S A T , and perhaps how your own research as cooperators should proceed. I wish you every success in your deliberations. v Research on Groundnut Rust at ICRISAT Origin, Distribution, and Taxonomy of Arachis and Sources of Resistance to Groundnut Rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) V. Ramanatha Rao1 Abstract The natural occurrence of the genus Arachis is limited to five countries, i.e., Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The headwaters of the Paraguay river in the region of Mato Grosso is considered to be the center of origin of the genus. The taxonomy of the genus is not well delineated and the grouping of species into seven sections is only tentative; there may be as many as 70 species in the genus Arachis. The cultivated groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L., originated in an area of southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina on the eastern slopes of the Andes. This species is subdivided into subspecies and botanical varieties that have been found to have a specific geographic distribution in South America. Groundnut rust, caused by Puccinia arachidis Speg., is one of the major diseases of groundnut. It probably originated in South America and evolved along with the host species. Most of the 39 groundnut accessions identified as rust-resistant at ICRISAT belong to the ribbed Valencia type and originated in Peru. So it is concluded that resistance to rust in the cultivated groundnut may have also originated in Peru. Hence there is a need for pointed collection in Peru to enrich and broaden the available gene pool. Wild Arachis species belonging to different sections have been found to be either resistant or immune to rust. Efforts are under way to utilize such resistance for groundnut improvement. Observations in the native habitat have indicated that wild Arachis might be infected by rust and other diseases to a greater extent than expected. More research is required in South America to investigate possible pathogenic variation and resistance to rust in wild Arachis species.
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