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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation FIELD EFFICACY OF QUINONE OUTSIDE INHIBITOR AND DEMETHYLATION INHIBITOR FUNGICIDES ON PEANUT FOLIAR DISEASES IN FLORIDA By WAEL M. ELWAKIL A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Wael M. Elwakil To my Mom ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my family for their emotional support and encouragement during this journey of pursuing my master’s. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my masters and doctorate advisor Dr. Nicholas S. Dufault of the Plant Pathology Department at the University of Florida for his continuous support, advice, and mentoring. Dr. Dufault is undeniably one of the most respectable and generous people that I have ever encountered in my life. I would like also to acknowledge Mrs. Kristin Beckham for her help during the various steps of this project. I also thank Dr. Rebecca Barocco for assisting with the field trials setup, maintenance, and disease ratings. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 12 Peanut (Host and Production) ................................................................................. 12 Peanut Diseases in U.S. ......................................................................................... 13 Peanut Foliar Diseases ........................................................................................... 14 Early Leaf Spot (ELS) ....................................................................................... 15 Late Leaf Spot (LLS) ........................................................................................ 16 Rust .................................................................................................................. 17 Foliar Disease Management ................................................................................... 18 Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides (QOI) ..................................................... 20 DeMethylation Inhibitor Fungicides (DMI)......................................................... 21 Hypothesis and Objectives ..................................................................................... 22 2 RELATIVE TREATMENT EFFECT OF QOI AND DMI FUNGICIDES ON PEANUT EARLY LEAF SPOT, LATE LEAF SPOT, AND RUST ............................ 24 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 24 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 26 Plot Establishment and Experimental Design: .................................................. 26 Fungicide Treatments and Applications ........................................................... 26 Disease Assessment ........................................................................................ 27 Yield Collection ................................................................................................. 28 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 28 Results .................................................................................................................... 29 Disease Incidence and Environment ................................................................ 29 Disease Management ...................................................................................... 30 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 31 3 THE EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDE MIXTURES AND ALTERNATIONS ON PEANUT FOLIAR DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN FLORIDA ................................... 43 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 43 5 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 44 Plot Establishment and Experimental Design ................................................... 44 Treatments and Fungicide Applications............................................................ 45 Disease Assessment ........................................................................................ 46 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 47 Results .................................................................................................................... 48 Disease Progression and Incidence ................................................................. 48 Disease and Yield ............................................................................................ 48 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 50 4 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 64 APPENDIX: EXAMINATION OF PRIMERS FOR SINGLE POINT MUTATIONS RELATED TO FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE ............................................................. 66 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 66 Experimental Notes ................................................................................................ 66 Concluding Thoughts .............................................................................................. 67 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 70 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 75 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 A list of the commercial fungicide products used in this study with their respective rates for the seven seasonal applications from 2014 to 2017. .......... 35 2-2 Effect of the various fungicide treatments on peanut foliar disease intensity and average yield for each year of the experiment based on a mixed model analysis of variance. ........................................................................................... 36 2-3 Summary of total rainfall (cm) during the four years of this study. This data was collected from the Florida Automated Weather Network located in Citra, FL. ...................................................................................................................... 37 2-4 Average monthly temperature (ºC) during the four years of this study. This data was collected from the Florida Automated Weather Network located in Citra, FL. ............................................................................................................. 38 3-1 Summary of the seven spray application programs tested in this study during the 2017 peanut season.. ................................................................................... 54 3-2 Summary of the total fungicide (active ingredient) seasonal application rates in the programs tested in this study during the 2017 peanut season. ................. 55 3-3 Economic/cost estimate of the various spray application programs tested in this study during the 2017 peanut season .......................................................... 56 3-4 Summary of the foliar disease variables standardized area under the disease progression curve (sAUDPC), FL 1 to 10 intensity rating and relative treatment effects ................................................................................................. 57 3-5 Summary of average yields recorded at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit in Citra, FL and the North Florida Research and Education Center in Mariana and Live Oak, FL during 2017. .............................................. 58 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Foliar pathogens of peanut, early leaf spot (ELS), late leaf spot (LLS) and rust. .................................................................................................................... 23 2-1 Disease progression curves of the untreated controls using the FL 1-10 ratings from the trials conducted between 2014 to 2017 at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit, Citra, FL ............................................................. 39 2-2 Disease progression curves based on FL 1-10 scale ratings for the various fungicide treatments indicated in the legend (Table 2-2). The results are from four years in Citra, FL (PSREU) ......................................................................... 40 2-3 Final leaf spot FL 1-10 disease intensity rating and corresponding relative treatment effect for the treatments from 2014 to 2017 at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit, Citra, FL. ............................................................ 41 2-4 Disease incidence percentages in the untreated plots
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