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Groundnut Ruct Disease: Epidemiology and Control 1 U# P

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Groundnut Ruct Disease: Epidemiology and Control 1 U# P Groundnut Ruct Disease: Epidemiology and Control 1 U# P. Subrahmanyaml and D. McDonald2 Abstract Kesearrh on rust dueasc qfgroundnut at ICRIS.4 TCcnterfrorn l!j:h to 198.i is br~e/'l,.. rc.l,irrc,c~c/. Sprcori of the d~seawin Indin is documented, and the role of conlinuous cultrr~arionqfgroundrrtrt in pcrpetuntinp the disccr\e crnphasi:ed. Daa on ?.ic>ldlosscj frorn ri~stcur prrsc*ri/rtl. .Ilcthoc!s r!f.,c.rct,ning pc,rnrj~lci~mclrlrl hreedrnp llnes ,for resislnnce to rust nrr deccribed, and the rdt,nrr/ird sor~rceso/' reslstcmcc ore lrsted. Cornponrnts ?/ resistance lo rust und their possible use In greenhouse er~nluntlono/ rust rc,srstnnce tue disrussrd. Thr rcsr~lt~o,frnul~iloration testing r!f rilst-rcsis~antprrrn~~lc~rnlincs arr coni(!rrc(i. Thc rffcr~s drficrrnt agronomrc sJ.slerns on cprphvtotlw of rust are d~scussed. Hnl~illede I'arachidc3--i.pidi.miologie et 111t1e. I,e( arrtrirrrf~cissen~en rc.rut~lorrchcrchc>t mcr~Pes wr la rollrllc d~ l'nrochide au Centre ICRIS.4 T cntrc 157h el 1981 L 'i.tucie tic In Irroprc8\cron dc la nlalcidre en Indr soul~pelc r6/~de I'e~plo~t(~ioncontinue dt, cette culture dans la propcvnflon dc la mcilntl~r.Lrs donnks sur IPJ ycrfes dc rcndcnlrnt hw6 la rou~~I~~onfprLt~ntPes.Lci desrript~on des mdhotic*stic rr~hlqr dcs rrssources ptntlrqua ct des 1rLptcs de s6lect1on pour la r6.s1srancecst si~rrtc d'unr lrsrc de sources de rtsutance repErPcs Les carort?re~lntervenant dans la rblstance sont exwninfs arm1 que lour utllisatron ' Atentuelle duns les A~cllrruhonsen serre de la r&~stanceiL la rourlle. Les rbultats des essais rnr~lliloccu~xciu rnalhr~clgPnitique rhutant son1 prbentb. Enfin, les e/fets d~sdlffirents systPmes agronomrques sur l'ipiphytre de la rourlle son[ Ptud~b. The rust disease of groundnut (Arachis h~pogaeaL.) Yield losses from rust are substantial, damage being caused by Puccinio arochidis Spegazzini has particularly severe if the crop is also attacked by the increased in importance in recent years. Prior to two leaf-spot fungi (Cercosporo arochiriicola Hori 1969, the disease was largely confined to South and and Plloeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & Curt.) v. Central America, with occasional outbreaks occurr- Arx). ing in the southernmosl groundnut producing areas Rust epidemics arc regular and se\.ere on suscepti- of the USA. The disease was also recorded in the ble groundnut genotypes at ICKlSAT Center. This USSR (Jaczewski 1910), Mauritius (Stockdale paper briefly reviews research on the disease carried 1914), and the People's Republic of China (Tai out in the Groundnut Pathology Subprogram from 1937), but did not become permanently established 1976 to the present time. in these countries (Bromficld 1971). In recent years groundnut rust has spread to, and became estab- lished in, many countries in Asia, Australasia, Ocea- Biology of Groundnut Rust nia, and Africa (Hammons 1977, Subrahrnanyam et al. 1979, and Subrahmanyam and McDonald 1983) The life cycle and taxonomy of P. uruchiilis are (Fig.1). Rust is now of economic importance in described in detail by Hennen et al. (these Proceed- almost all groundnut-growing areas of the world. ings), lnvestipations were carritd out on the biology -- I. Pathologisr: and 2. I'rinc~p.~l(;roundnut Pa~holog~+t.Lcgulne~ I'rogram. Interr~al~onalCrop Rebearch Insr~ruteIcir ~heSe~ni-Ar~d Tropic\. Patanchcru. A.P. .(0!!2J. Indla. ICRISAT (ln~crni~rionalCrops Krsedrch In,t~tu~efor thc Scrnl-Ar~dTropics). 19x7. Groundnu1 rust d~scase:I'rocccdlngc of a I)lscusrlon Group Xlecting. 24-18 Sep 1984. I<'KIS,\T Center. India. I'atancheru, ~\.f'. 502 32.1. In41.i ICKISA I. (('I'405) Table 1. Effects of storage temperature on vinbilitj of urediniospores (from 1982). Percentagcl of urediniosporcs \.iablc Storagc rernp. after storage (days) (O'C) 5 13 28 30 48 60 70 78 99 110 120 I IOOn cporcs per sample F~pureslo nearest uhole number Light intensity (. 1000 LUX) Figure 3. Effect of light intensity on urediniospore germination. Arrow indicates germination percen- tage of the same spores in dark. (5000 lux and above) was found to inhibit uredinios- pore ~errnlnation (Fig.!). Urediniospores on exposed infected crop debris lost viability within 4 weeks under postharvest conditions at ICKISAT Cen~er(Table 1).Pods and seeds from rust-affected crops are commonly surface-contaminated with ure- diniospores at harvest. Tests on urediniospores taken from surface-contaminated seeds stored at 5 10 I5 20 25 30 35 room temperature showed viability10 decrease from Temperature ("C) an initial 95% to zero after 45 days. Inoculation of Figure 2. Effect of temperature on urediniospore twoday-old seedlings of a rust-susceptible cultivar germination. grown in petridishes showed that urediniospores Table 2. Viabilit! of urediniospores after \arious periods ofelposure lo weather on infected crop debris(from Subrahma-- - n)nm and hlcDonnld 1982). Pcrcenragcl of urcd~niospores\,iablc Rain! -season crops Poslrainy-season crops - 1976 1977 1976-77 1977-78 120 JJ 0 0 120 L wealth 13 Dec 1976 7 Yo\ 1977 4 Aln!. 1977 2 hlay 1978 1. ~~~~~~~hic~\distribution of Pur&ia arachidis (lop) prior (0 1969 (based On map 16, issued 30 June 1966) and lboltomi in 1983 (based on cOmmOnxealth I'rr~od 10 10 10 ro ,cooca of test 7 Jan 1977 2 L)cc 197i 30 Xfa! 1977 28 May 1978 \~,colopicaI. -. Institute map 160, issued I Apr 1980). RHCi 0714 h b0.7 $3 5 M.7 60.7 1414 h pores could be stored for long periods at low temper- 26.0 46.6 26 9 23.9 Temp. ('C) Max. 26.3 28.0 of P, orarhidi~to determine what factors influenced atures without loss of viability. but that at hi6k 37.6 39.7 and spread. Biological data were h41n. 13 4 19.5 24.9 25.6 its temperatures they lost \liability within 5 days (Tab" needed for the dei,e\opmen[ of 1). Temperatures in the range of 20-2PCWere 0pti 1. IN0 spore, pcr zamplc F~purcslo ncares! uhole number screening methods. Ut,oratoriexperimenfi that uredinios- mum for urediniospore germination (Fig.2) Ligh in Tamil h'adu, Andhra f'radesh, Karnataka, and total of 8000 genotypes werc scrcelled ill the pel.ic)d ould germinate on the surfaces of hgpocotyls and Maharashtra States, probably becau- of extensive 1977-83. ,otyledons but no infection developed. Plants grown and continuous cropping (Subrah ;am et a]. Preliminary screening was done on germplasm n sterilized soil from seeds heavily contaminated 1979). During the disease sumey in Gu~arat0 State in multiplication material in the rainy seasons. Geno- with urediniospores, did not become infected with the 1977 rainy season, rust was not obsened in the types were grown in unreplicated, single-row plots. -us1 discase (Subrahmanyam and McDonald 1982). main groundnut-growing tract (Sourashtra region), Rows of the cultivars TMV 2, and Robut 33-1, There is no record of the occurrence of anycollat- but a survey in the 1978 rainy season sho\r'ed rust to known to be highly susceptible to groundnut rust, ~ralhosts of groundnut rust outside the genus Ara- be present and causingserious damage to groundnut were arranged throughout thegermplasm fields uith chis. The possible occurrence of other hosts was crops throughout the state. Rust is now a well estab- I to every I0 test genotypes. One week before harvest considered, and various crop and weed plants grow- lished and destructive disease of groundnut in all each genot!.pe was scored for the development of ing in or near rust-affected groundnut crops on the major groundnut-growing states in lndia. rust using a 9-point scale in which I = no disease, and ICRISAT farm and in farmers' ficlds were examined 9=50-100% foliage destroyed. Genotypes with for rust. Some were also inoculated with uredinios- scores of 5 or less u,ere selected for adwnced pores in the glasshouse. No infection was recorded Assessment of yield losses screening. on any of the plant spccies examined (Subrahma- Advanced screening was done in both rainy and nyam and McDonald 1982). Rust and leaf-spot diseases normall!, occur together postrainy seasons. Genotypes were grown in repli- and it is difficult to allocate indi\.idual rcsponsibilit!, cated plots. Test plots were separated by single infec- for the resulting losses in crop yteld. During the tor rows of a mixture of the culti\,ars Th/V 2 and 1979, 1980. and 1981 rainy seasons. !,ield losscs were Robuf 37-1 soun I4 da!*s bcforc the test material. stimated by applying se1ectn.e fungicides on a wide Figure I. Groundnut cropping seasons in India. Cultivars T.Zl\' 2 and Kobut 33-1 were also soi4.n on ange of susceptible and resistant genotypes; chloro- O~erlnppingof these seasons helps to perpetuate test plots to monitor disease spread from infector halonil to control both rust and leaf spots, carben- rows. Due to the dry atmosphere, rust development rust disease attack. lazim to control only leaf spots, and tridemorph to rs not usuaiiy high during thc postrain), seasor) at ,ontrol only rust. Loss estimates are presented in ICRISAT Center. Therefore, a field-inoculation rable 3. In general. yield losses ujere less in the P. orochidis is known almost exclusively by its technique was developed. Infector rows sown as esistant than in the susceptible genot!,pes (Subrah- described above were inoculated with a uredinios- uredinial stage. There are a,few records of the occur- nanyam et al. 1984). rence of the telial stage on cultivated groundnut pore suspension at the time of peak flowering.
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