The Disease Compendium Series of The American Phytopathological Society Alfalfa Diseases, 2nd ed. Peanut Diseases, 2nd ed. Apple and Pear Diseases Potato Diseases Barley Diseases Raspberry and Blackberry Bean Diseases Diseases and Insects Beet Diseases and Insects Rhododendron and Azalea Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases Diseases Rice Diseases Citrus Diseases Rose Diseases Corn Diseases, 2nd ed. Sorghum Diseases Cotton Diseases Soybean Diseases, 3rd ed. Cucurbit Diseases Stone Fruit Diseases Elm Diseases Strawberry Diseases Flowering Potted Plant Sweet Potato Diseases Diseases Tobacco Diseases Grape Diseases Tomato Diseases Onion and Garlic Diseases Ornamental Foliage Plant Tropical Fruit Diseases Diseases Turfgrass Diseases, 2nd ed. Pea Diseases Wheat Diseases, 2nd ed. Other titles are planned for this ongoing series. Compendium of Peanut Diseases SECOND EDITION Edited by N. Kokalis-Burelle Auburn University Auburn, Alabama D. M . Porter (retired') USDA Agricultural Research Service Suffolk, Virginia R. Rodriguez-Kabana Auburn University Auburn, Alabama D. H. Smith (retired) Texas A&M University Yoakum P. Subrahmanyam International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Lilongwe, Malawi APS PRESS The American Phytopathological Society Financial Sponsors American Cyanamid ISK Biotech Corporation Miles Inc. National Peanut Council Oklahoma Peanut Commission Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company South Carolina Peanut Board Cover photographs by N. Kokalis-Burelle Reference in this publication to a trademark, proprietary product, or company name by personnel of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or anyone else is intended for explicit description only and does not imply approval or recommendation to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. .Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-78765 International Standard Book Number: 0-89054-218-X © 1984, 1997 by The American Phytopathological Society Published 1984. Second Edition 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be, reproduced in any form, including photocopy, microfilm, information storage and retrieval system, computer database or software, or any other means, including electronic or mechanical, without written permission from the publisher. Copyright is not claimed in any portion of this work written by U.S. government employees as a part of their official duties. Printed in the United States of America The American Phytopathological Society 3340 Pilot Knob Road St. Paul, Minnesota 55121-2097, USA Preface This compendium was written by and for individuals^world­ IV, miscellaneous detrimental as well as beneficial organisms. wide who have a direct interest in peanut production as affected Since future disease control appears to depend heavily upon Tjy plant and seed abnormalities. The technical data on specific disease resistance, Part V, Management of Peanut Diseases, causal organisms, etiologies, and control strategies for known contains sections on management strategies, genetic modifica­ peanut disorders or abnormalities should .serve as . a .valuable tion, and disease- and insect-resistant cultivars already avail­ resource for those interested in the economical production of able for use by growers and in breeding programs. top-quality peanuts free of undesired contaminants. The authors who contributed to specific sections of this com­ To further broaden the appeal of the compendium to those pendium are noted at the end of their sections. The time and involved in extension and scientific activities and to agribusi­ effort put forth by each author are appreciated. These valuable ness and crop specialists, experts from throughout the world contributions will enhance the acceptance of this compendium. have participated in preparing this edition. In fact, authors from The editors especially thank the following individuals who India, the People’s Republic of China, Malawi, Australia, Israel, reviewed the entire manuscript: J. P. Damicone, Oklahoma and South Africa have prepared sections in the areas of their State University, Stillwater; T. B. Brenneman, University of expertise. Thus, the second edition of this compendium is truly Georgia, Tifton; and J. Fletcher, Oklahoma State University, international in scope and should be even more useful to Stillwater. people in all segments of the peanut industry. We also thank those who contributed photographs and illus­ For reference and clarity, this compendium is divided into trations. Where possible, proper credit is given. five parts. Part I covers biotic diseases caused by fungi, bac­ The editors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the teria;, nematodes, viruses, and phytoplasmas; Part n, abiotic secretarial staff including N. T. Whitfield and R. M. Waldo. diseases caused by environmental stresses such as drought, Special thanks to F. S. Wright, R. A. Taber, and the Depart­ herbicide injury, nutrient imbalances, and air pollution; Part in, ment of Plant Pathology at Auburn University. diseases and injury caused by insects and arthropods; and Part Authors P. A. Backman T. E. Boswell A. S. Csinos Department of Plant Pathology Plant Disease Research Station Department of Plant Pathology Auburn University Texas A&M University, Yoakum Coastal Plain Experiment Stations* Auburn, Alabama Tifton, Georgia T. B. Brenneman D. K. Bell Department of Plant Pathology A. K. Culbreath Department of Plant Pathology Coastal Plain Experiment Station Department of Plant Pathology Coastal Plain Experiment Station Tifton, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Tifton, Georgia Tifton, Georgia T. A. Coffelt Y. Ben-Yephet USD A Agricultural Research Service J. P. Damicone Institute of Plant Protection Water Conservation Lab Department of Plant Pathology The Volcani Center Phoenix, AZ Oklahoma State University, Bet Dagan, Israel Stillwater D. L. Cole M. K. Beute Department of Crop Science J. W. Demski Department of Plant Pathology University of Zimbabwe Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University, Mount Pleasant, Harare Georgia Experiment Station, Griffin Raleigh F. R. Cox G. H. Elkan M. C. Black Department of Soil Science Department of Microbiology Texas Agricultural Extension Service North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, Uvale Raleigh Raleigh iii V. J. Elliott H. A. Melouk D. H. Smith (retired) USDA Agricultural Research Service USDA Agricultural Research Service Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Shatter, California Department of Plant Pathology Texas A&M University, Yoakum Oklahoma State University, Z. R. Frank Stillwater H. W. Spurr, Jr. Institute of Plant Protection USDA Agricultural Research Service The Volcani Center N. A. Minton Oxford Tobacco Laboratory Bet Dagan, Israel USDA Agricultural Research Service Oxford, North Carolina Coastal Plain Experiment Station D. W. Gorbet Tifton, Georgia H. T. Stalker North Florida Research Crop Science Department and Education Center P. M. Phipps North Carolina State University, University of Florida, Marianna Department of Plant Pathology Raleigh Tidewater Agricultural Research A. C. Hayward and Education Center J. L. Starr Department of Microbiology Suffolk, Virginia Department of Plant Pathology University of Queensland and Microbiology St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia J. W. Pitt Texas A&M University, CSIRO Food Research Laboratory College Station L. Y. He North Ryde, New South Wales, Department of Plant Bacteriology Australia P. Subrahmanyam and Virology SADC-Intemational Crops Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural D. M. Porter (retired) Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Science, Beijing USDA Agricultural Research Service Chitedze Agricultural Research. Tidewater Agricultural Research Station A. S. Heagle and Education Center Lilongwe, Malawi USDA Agricultural Research Service Suffolk, Virginia North Carolina State University, C. W. Swann Raleigh N. L. Powell Department of Crop and Soil Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences B. W. Horn Environmental Sciences Tidewater Agricultural Research National Peanut Laboratory Tidewater Agricultural Research and Education Center Dawson, Georgia and Education Center Suffolk, Virginia Suffolk, Virginia N. Kokalis-Burelle R. A. Taber (retired, emeritus) Department of Plant Pathology G. V. Ranga Rao Texas A&M University Auburn University International Crops Research Institute current address: La Vale, Maryland Auburn, Alabama for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru. Andhra Pradesh, P. J. A. van der Merwe C. M. Liddell India Grain Crops Research Institute Department of Entomology, Plant Potchefstroom, South Africa Pathology, and Weed Science D. V. R. Reddy New Mexico State University, International Crops Research Institute C. Venter Las Cruces for the Semi-Arid-Trepies Oil and-ProteinSeed Centre Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, Grain Crops Research Institute R. E. Lynch India Potchefstroom, South Africa USDA Agricultural Research Service Insect Biology Laboratory R. Rodriguez-Kabana A. K. Weissinger Tifton, Georgia Department of Plant Pathology Department of Crop Science Auburn University North Carolina State University, D. McDonald Auburn, Alabama Raleigh International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics F. M. Shokes J. A. Wightman Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, North Florida Research and Education International Crops Research Institute India Center for the Semi-Arid Tropics University of Florida, Quincy Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India V. K. Mehan International Crops Research Institute C. E. Simpson Z. Xu for the Semi-Aiid Tropics Texas Agricultural Experiment Department of