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Spiny Lobster Seed Assessment and Grow-Out Manual

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Spiny Lobster Seed Assessment and Grow-Out Manual Bayu Priyambodo, Ph.D Wakil Ketua Bidang Riset dan Pengembangan Komisi Pemangku-Kepentingan dan Konsultasi Publik (KP2) - KKP Outline Presentasi 1. Pendahuluan 2. Biologi, ekologi dan siklus hidup 3. Pola Sebaran BBL (Benih Bening Lobster) di Alam 4. Alat Tangkap & Pengelolaan BBL 5. Budidaya Lobster a. Di Vietnam b. Di Indonesia (Lombok) 6. Penyakit Lobster Budidaya 7. Tantangan dan Peluang 8. Penutup 1. Pendahuluan: Mengapa budidaya lobster? 2. Biologi, ekologi dan siklus hidup Taxonomy Panulirus species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Order: Decapoda Suborder: Macrura Reptantia Superfamily: Palinuroidea Family: Palinuridae Genus: Panulirus Bersifat Benthic; Pemangsa omnivor, makan “slow moving benthic invertebrates”: bivalve, gastropoda, echinodermata, polycaeta, crustacea, moluska, alga dan bahan makanan lain di dasar laut. Tipe: Fussy, Messy, Feeders Beragam jenis pakan lobster Siklus hidup spiny lobster Fase perkembangan larva lobster (Phyllosoma) Eggs released from female V Stage I II III IV 42 Cumulative days 0 7 14 28 1 to 2 years to reach maturity Life cycle of Panulirus ornatus and reproduce VI Larval duration 110 - 150 days 55 11 stages 15 to 20 moults ‘instars’ Puerulus VII 80 XI 140 X IX VIII 125 110 95 Durasi stadia larva beberapa spesies spiny lobster di alam 3. Pola Penyebaran Benih Bening Lobster (BBL) di Alam 1. Non sink population (source) di seluruh WPP-NRI - Pola kemelimpahan benih bening tersebar - Sumber rekruitmen lobster dewasa (korelasi kuat) - Tingkat sintasan 0.1% (1 ekor survive dari 1.000 ekor) 2. Pola Sink Population (Studi Kasus di WPP-NRI 573) - Pola kemelimpahan benih bening dalam area-area terbatas - Tidak ada korelasi antara jumlah dewasa dan puerulus - Tingkat sintasan 0.01% (1 ekor survive dari 10.000 ekor) Penyebaran larva (arus samudera) Sink Population Lobster spawning ground “Sink“Sink population” population” di Lombok di JawaLokasi and dan “sink Sumbawa Bali population” (ACIAR (ACIAR – (hotspotsKKP, - KKP 2016) puerulus2016) ) 4 3 1 2 Semua berawal dari 4 dusun kecil ini sejak thn 2000 4 lokasi perikanan tangkap puerulus, dimana sensusnya dilakukan 2008 – 2014 (ACIAR – KKP) 7.5 kms Contoh lokasi sink population BBL BBL sumberdaya perikanan yg bisa 3-4 juta ekor BL per tahun dikelola berkelanjutan Kondisi unik membentuk kemelimpahan tinggi BBL di “sink population” SR 0.01% Ambil dan kelola BBL ini utk budidaya sebelum mereka mati – Jumlah substansial diambil tidak berdampak pada Area 15 x 15 km populasi dewasa. Bagaimana dengan Australia? P. versicolor P.polyphagus P. penicillatus P. homarus P. ornatus 1,000 t/yr P. cygnus 5,000 t/yr Sagmariasus verreauxi 200 t/yr Jasus edwardsii 5,000 t/yr 4. Alat Tangkap & Pengelolaan BBL • Alat tangkap bersifat pasif (perangkap) • Puerulus (BBL) masih dalam stadia berenang • Metode penangkapan dengan mencegat benih yang berenang • BBL berenang ke perairan dekat pantai untuk mencari habitat yang cocok • Alat tangkap ditempatkan di kolom air yang merupakan jalur perjalanan mereka mendekati pantai • Alat tangkap BBL diset malam hari, diangkat pagi hari Konsep dasar alat tangkap BL (1) Karamba / Sampan / Longline Konsep dasar alat tangkap BBL (2) Habitat yang disukai BBL • Crevices – permukaan dengan banyak celah-celah • Di dekat dasar perairan • Diletakkan di arus dimana BL berenang • Permukaan substrat dgn tekstur dan kelembutan tertentu • Jenis kertas semen paling cocok • Lapisan plastik di balik kertas semen membuat alat ini tahan lama • Jumlah lipatan yang banyak membuat alat efektif dan efisien Komponen dalam satu unit alat tangkap BL • Kipas terbuat dari kertas semen • Panel (waring hitam) • Karamba apung atau sampan • Jangkar sampan • Lampu dan genset • Jumlah panel per karamba disesuaikan kedalaman Panel Kolektor Transportasi BL sesaat setelah diambil dari laut • BL sangat sensitif – perlu penanganan hati-hati! • Taruh di air yang dingin, hindari sinar matahari langsung • Lengkapi botol dengan aerasi • Pindahkan dari karamba ke darat dengan cepat • Transpot jarak jauh: prosedur standar: oksigen dan air dingin Lokasi penangkapan BBL (1) Lokasi Penangkapan BBL (2) 6. Budidaya Lobster 01 02 03 06 05 04 Status: History 6a. Status budidaya lobster di Vietnam 1975-1985 Produksi tahunan < 100 t; P. ornatus – suplai moderate 1986-1991 Permintaan China meningkat pesat untuk P. ornatus 1992-1995 Nelayan mulai penggemukan lobsters; dengan jaring tancap: produksi < 100 t per tahun 1996-1999 Nelayan mulai mengumpulkan puerulus; produksi <300 t 2000-2006 Mulai menggunakan KJA,; produksi 500-2000 t; sinyal overload 2007-2009 Problem penyakit; ~ 860 t (2008/2009); 2010-2017 Industri budidaya berkembang pesat; produksi 2009/2010 sekitar 1,500 – 1,600 t; 2017 ada badai merusak 50% dari area lokasi budidaya. 2017-present Berangsur-angsur industri pulih lagi: produksi 2017/2018 sekitar 3,500 t. Source: NTU-Tuan Budidaya lobster Vietnam . Industri budidaya lobster paling unggul Dukungan Pemerintah: di dunia o Membiayai proyek R&D . 2-4 juta puerulus lokal ditangkap per o Master plan untuk pengembangan tahun (75% P. ornatus, 25% P. homarus) budidaya lobster . 1,500 ton produksi per tahun senilai o Menyusun kriteria dan standar US$90-100 juta pengembangan industri . Sektor industri hulu dan hilir: berkelanjutan o Penangkapan puerulus (BL) o Monitoring lingkungan dan early o Penghubung benih/middlemen warning o Pendederan (Nursery farming) o Mendorong penguatan kapasitas o Pembesaran (Grow-out farming) pembudidaya dengan membentuk kelompok (based management/co- o Suppliers: pakan segar (rucah-non management) rucah), sarpras, grosir, eksportir o Membuka peluang pasar Source: Jones, Tuan Sistem Pendederan (1) Jaring bulat . Diameter ~ 1m, . Tinggi ~0.6-0.8 m . Lokasi di tengah laut (20-30m kedalaman perairan) . Jaring pendederan ditenggelamkan 5m di bawah kerangka KJA. Keunggulan jaring bulat . Tidak terdapat sudut yang membuat pueruli berkumpul 15 x 18m KJA . Mudah mengelola (kebersihan dan monitor) 30 petak @ 3 x 3 m/petak Sistem Pendederan (2) . Stok 100 ekor/jaring, grading dan kurangi sampai 75 e dan kurangi lagi menjadi 50 e setelah 2-3 bulan . Pakan dgn rebon cincang (acetes), daging kepiting, clams, oysters dan ikan setiap hari @ 15-20% dari total biomass dan kurangi hingga 12-15% setelah 30 hari. Bersihkan jaring setiap hari, sisa pakan dan cangkang dikeluarkan dari jaring sebelum jadwal makan sore. SR 90% dari puerulus sampai 5-15g juvenil selama 6-10 minggu (jika cuaca baik) Pembesaran Saat ini, pembesaran lobster di Vietnam dilakukan di KJA di off-shore . Ukuran jaring bervariasi 3x3x 4-8 m (double jaring, ditutup dengan jaring hitam untuk mengurangi cahaya matahari) . Kedalaman perairan: 15-30m . Padat tebar: 5-8 ekor/meter kubik KJA . Pakan: 100% fresh . Pembersihan jaring setiap hari sebelum dikasih makan. Kotoran diambil dng cara diselam. DOC: 10-12 bulan (lobster pasir) . SR: 80-90% . FCR: 16-25 Lokasi: Teluk Hon Mieu Pakan Lobster Lobsters diberi pakan beragam pakan segar: crabs, shells, shrimp, fish. Asumsi: . 1,500mt produksi per tahun . FCR: 20 . Total kebutuhan pakan 30,000 mt . Dampak praktek ini: suplai pakan berlebih menyebabkan terganggunya lingkungan laut sekitar lokasi budidaya. Akhirnya, gangguan lingkungan menyebabkan vektor penyebab penyakit . Beberapa pembudidaya menambahkan suplemen dan antibiotik pada pakan segar Source: NTU-Tuan, Hung Penggunaan suplemen, obat-obatan dan antibiotika Feeds and feeding practicePakan dan Pemberian Pakan Frekuensi Ration (kg/100 Ukuran Komponen Pemberian Pakan ekor /hari) Lobster (g) Jenis Pakan (%) (kali per hari) Ikan rucah: 11 (0-25); cincang <30 Moluska: 33 (17-45); cincang 1-2 0.4 (0.1-1) Krustase: 56 (30-80); cincang Ikan rucah: 67 (60-80); cincang 30-200 Moluska: 16 (10-20); cincang 1-2 2.5 (1-4) Krustase: 17 (2-30); cincang Ikan rucah: 67 (60-80); utuh 200-700 Moluska: 16 (10-20); cincang 1 3.5 (2-7) Krustase: 17 (2-30); cincang Ikan rucah: 27 (20-40); utuh >700 Moluska: 46 (40-50); cincang 1 4.5 (3-9) Krustase: 27 (10-40); cincang Panen/Pasar (Sebelum Corona Outbreak) Standar ukuran panen; P. ornatus- 500-700g Pasar ekspor (80%) 700-900g 900-1kg 1kg-up P. homarus Pasar domestik (20% and 200g+ meningkat) Why? Pariwisata Di Propinsi Khanh Hoa 5,000 turis China datang tiap hari bersama turis Rusia 6b. Status budidaya lobster di Indonesia • ADB : Co-fish project 1998; 2000: pueruli ditemukan di Awang and Gerupuk Lombok • 2001 – 2007 : Sekitar 250,000 pueruli ditangkap per tahun Awal - • 2008 – 2012 : ACIAR SADI and ACIAR Lobster Project: meningkatkan teknik pendederan, budidaya dan S 2012 • menangkap benih (500.000 ekor per tahun) E • ACIAR SMAR/2008/021 rekomendasi transfer teknologi budidaya lobster dari Vietnam ke Indonesia J • Produksi puerulus meningkat dari 500k menjadi 5.000.000 per tahun di Lombok Era transisi • Surplus puerulus,, benih diekspor, budidaya lobster lokal tidak mendapat pasokan benih. Industri budidaya kolap. A 2013-2014 R • 2015 : Regulasi baru; legal size limit 200 g up, sebelumnya 100g . Puerulus back markets merajalela. • : Penelitian stuck. Budidaya lobster dilarang. Tangkap BL ekpansi di pesisir selatan Sumbawa – A • Jawa dan beberapa lokasi di pesisir barat Sumatera Status orde • 2016-2019 : Pueruli masih ditangkap dan diperdagangkan, black market mendominasi industi BL H kemarin •Awal 2020 : Review aturan (budidaya, ekspor benih terbatas, restocking, dan hatchery) (2015-2019) • Mei 2020 : Permen 12/2020; Akomodir budidaya, ekspor benih dan restocking Periode awal hingga 2012: Terdapat 2 aktifitas utama (Penangkapan BL and pembesaran) 2013-2014:
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