and Olympism

Summary

Foreword by the President of the FIAC. Financing, training and improvement of techni- cal officials, awards made by the FIAC, General information on the FIAC and the UCI. principal FIAC publications, films.

Part I Part Ill The History of the FIAC. The competitions The emergence of the velocipede, first compe- - Technical aspects of cycling. titions, first associations, from the ICA to the - Cycling at the . UCI, from the UCI to the FIAC. - Development of the programme. Successive Presidents and Secretaries Gen- - List of winners eral. - Participation by NOC from 1896 to 1984. - Participation by event during the last three The congresses. Olympic Games. Biographical Notes. - World Championships. Part II - Host towns and development of the pro- The administration of the FIAC. gramme. - Honours list. Organisation chart, member Federations, - Major international competitions. aims, Statutory and Extraordinary Con- gresses, the Supervisory Committee, Commis- Part IV sions, the General Secretariat, Confedera- tions. Olympic awards obtained.

531 From the first .

to the crossing of the finishing line by the competitors in the road event at the Games of the XVIIth Olympiad (1960).

532 Foreword

The sport of cycling never fails to surprise those who study its development from an objective standpoint. Unlike many other sporting disciplines, our sport has, in a short space of time, become established on the five continents. Its ability to satisfy the aspirations and requirements of the greatest number of enthusiasts is most extraordinary. Its energy is even more amazing if we consider that, since its introduction, cycling has in many different ways formed and influenced the development of modern sport. Has it not promoted the birth of the sports press, fostered the link between industry and sport ? And has it not provided many a subject for literature ? The expansion of other sporting disciplines, the advent of motorisation and automation, encourage us to think of cycling as a sport blemished by anachronism, whereas on the contrary, in a highly developed industrial society, the represents the complete expression of human and social vocation, an instrument of leisure and sport satisfying the demands of health and open air activity, a means of establishing a harmonious relationship with nature. As far as its usefulness is concerned, the bicycle provides an economical, pollution-free answer to the energy crisis, it encourages the short journey and, to an ever-increasing extent, captures the attention of town-planners and ecologists, with a view to the creation of an environment with human dimensions. This reality is also mirrored in the sport of cycling. Millions of racers are already affiliated to more than 130 national federations recognised by the FIAC. These sportsmen are reviving our sport, improving its technical standard, and this is why we are able to state that the sport of cycling is, as yet, on the threshold of its expansion.

Valery Syssoev President of the FIAC

533 International Amateur Cycling Federation FIAC

Year founded: 1965 as an integral part of the “Union Cycliste Internationale”. FIAC President in office: Valery Syssoev * (URS) FiAC Secretary General in office: Mrs. Carla Giuliani* (ITA). Address of the FIAC : Via dei Campi Sportivi 48, 00197 , . Telephone : (39.6) 36 85 91 33/811 98 52 Carla Giuliani Telex : (43) 612 681.

Michal Jekiel

International Cycling Union UCI

Year founded : 1900. UCI President in office : Luis Puig* (ESP). UCI Secretary General in office : Michal Jekiel* (POL), Vice-President of the FIAC. Treasurer in office : Agostino Omini* (ITA). Address of the UCI: 6, rue Amat, Geneva 1202, . Telephone : (022) 32 29 14. Telegram : UCINT Geneva. Luis Puig on the new * See biographical notes. Olympic cycling track.

534 Part I

The History of the FIAC

The emergence of the Velocipede dique de France, 1881), in (the Ligue Vélocipédique, 1882). in Switzerland (the Amongs the names of those who, through their « Schweizerische Radfahrer Bund», 1883). in imagination and their inventions, were reponsi- (the “Bund Deutscher Radfahrer”, ble for the emergence of the velocipede, we 1885), in Italy, (I”‘Union Vélocipédique”, 1885). would mention : The first international organisation which from the XVth century aimed to structure the cycling movement. the - Leonardo da Vinci, the visionary International Cyclist Association (ICA), ‘was founded in 1892 in . It at once at the end of the XVIIth century introduced world championships, the first of which were held the following year in Chicago. - Jacques Ozanam and his cart controlled by handles From the ICA to the UCI at the beginning of the XVllIth century Although Frans Netcher (HOL), followed by Mr. - Jacques de Vaucanson with his cog-chain Staal (DEN), held the Presidency, the ICA was in fact run by its Secretary General, Henry at the end of the XVIIIth century Sturmey (GBR). The latter was soon unable to - de Sivrac with his two-wheeled contrivance subdue the resentment felt between the introduced in 1790 members. As a result of the rigid and confused interpre- in the XlXth century tation of amateurism which was inflexibly Baron de Drais de Sauerbron. responsible for applied for entry into the World Champion- the lakes and forests of the Grand Duchy of ships, differences of opinion arose amongst Bade, with his mobile steering. those in charge. In fact, the regulations currently in force excluded the best cyclists of - Louis Gompertz and Kirkpatrick McMillan, the period from the most important world event the British innovators. in cycling, and prevented the development of - Pierre and Ernest Michaux (FRA), father and the sport, which let us not forget, enjoyed son, the inventors of gears and pedals, and growing popularity, especially in Europe, pro- therefore of the velocipede (1861). moting on the one hand industrial concerns and on the other hand, coutinuing expansion of - John Boyd Dunlop, the veterinary surgeon the increasingly significant sports press. from Belfast and his tyres (which he invented in 1888). On 14th April 1900, delegates from six associations and five countries assembled in : Emile de Beukelaer* for the “Ligue First Competitions, First Associations Velocipédique Belge”, the Frenchman Victor From 1865 onwards, the first cycling competi- Breyer for the “National Cycling Association” tions were organised in response to the in the , Alfred Riguelle for the growing demands of cyclists. They gathered in “Union velocipédique de France”, Count clubs which put forward the idea of “races”. Villers for the “Union des Societés Françaises The first town to town race seems to have de Sports Athlétiques”, Mario Bruzzone repre- been “Paris-Rouen”. held in 1869 in France senting the “Unione Velocipedistica ltaliana » and won by James Moore (GBR). One by one and the Frenchman Paul Rousseau’ for the national associations began to appear, in “Union Cycliste Suisse”, these delegates then Great Britain (the Bicycle Union, established in formed the “Union Cycliste Internationale”, 1878), in the USA (the League of American and Emile de Benkelaer* became its Presi- Wheelmen, 1880), in France (I’ “Union vélocipé- dent

535 Successive UCI Presidents 1. Emile de Beukelaer* (BEL), from 1900 to 1922; 2. Leon Breton* (FRA), from 1922 to 1936, 3. Max Burgi* (SUI), from 1936 to 1939, 4. Alban Collignon* (BEL), from 1939 to 1947 ; 5. Achille Joinard* (FRA), from 1947 to 1958 ; 6. Adriano Rodoni* (ITA), from 1958 to 1981 ; 7. Luis Puig* (ESP), since 1981.

Successive UCI Secretaries General 1. Paul Rousseau* (FRA), from 1901 to 1941 ; 2. Victor Breyer (FRA), from 1946 to 1947 ; 3. René Chesal (FRA), from 1947 to 1969, 4. Michal Jekiel* (POL) since 1969.

From the UCI to the FIAC Until 1965 the UCI governed both the amateur and professional sectors of the sport of cycling. Divergence between these two sec- tors could have broken up the UCI if those in charge had not realized that it was necessary to grant autonomy to each of these sectors. At the request of the International Olympic Committee, this reform was put into effect on 1st and 3rd September 1965, during the E. de Beukelaer Congress at San Sebastian (ESP). Two Feder- ations were formed within the UCI, one resposible for the amateur section, the “Federation lnternationale de Cyclisme Ama- teur” (FIAC), and the other for the professional section, the “Federation lnternationale de Cyclisme Professionnel” (FICP). This develop- ment fostered the expansion of all the strengths and resources of world cycling. The Statutes of these organisations guarantee them of soverainty, full autonomy, the demo- cratic election of their Executive Committees, their own technical regulations. The UCI remains a unifying body which deals with general problems and with the ratification of M. Burgi L. Breton decisions taken by the two individual organi- sations.

Successive FIAC Presidents 1965 - 1981 Adriano Rodoni* (ITA): 1981 Luis Puig* (ESP) From 1981 Valery Syssoev* (URS)

Successive FIAC Secretaries General. 1965 - 1969 René Chesal (FRA) : 1969 - 1981 Giuliano Pacciarelli (ITA) A. Collignon A. Joinard From 1981 Mrs. Carla Giuliani* (ITA).

536 The UCI Congresses

1. Paris (FRA) 11 th August 1900 40. Paris (FRA) 1st August 1924 2. Alexandria (EGY) 6th Febr. 1901 41. Pads (FRA) 7th Febr. 1925 3. (ALL) 6th July 1901 42. (HOL) 14th August 1925 4. Paris (FRA) 29th March 1902 43. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1926 5. Rome (ITA) 7th June 1902 44. (ITA) 24th July 1926 6. Paris (FRA) 14th Febr. 1903 45. Paris (FRA) 5th Febr. 1927 7. Copenhagen (DEN) 15th August 1903 46. (ALL) 15th July 1927 6. Paris (FRA) 13th Febr. 1904 47. Paris (FRA) 4th Febr. 1926 9. London (GBR) 2nd Sept. 1904 46. Budapest (HUN) 14th August 1926 10. Paris (FRA) 11 th Febr. 1905 49.Paris(FRA) 2nd Febr. 1929 11. (BEL) 15th July 1905 50. Zurich (SUI) 10th August 1929 12. Paris (FRA) 10th Febr. 1906 51. Paris (FRA) 1st Febr. 1930 13. Geneva (SUI) 29th July 1906 52. (BEL) 23rd August 1930 14. Paris (FRA) 9th Febr. 1907 53. Paris (FRA) 7th Febr. 1931 15. Paris (FRA) 29th June 1907 54. Copenhagen (DEN) 22nd August 1931 16. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1906 55. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1932 17. (ALL) 25th July 1906 56. Rome (ITA) 27th August 1932 16. Paris (FRA) 13th Febr. 1909 57. Paris (FRA) 4th Febr. 1933 19. Copenhagen (DEN) 14th August 1909 56. Paris (FRA) 11 th August 1933 20. Paris (FRA) 12th Febr. 1910 59. Paris (FRA) 3rd Febr. 1934 21. Brussels (BEL) 16th July 1910 60. Leipzig (ALL) 11 th August 1934 22. Antwerp (BEL) 16th Sept. 1910 61. Paris (FRA) 2nd Febr. 1935 23. Paris (FRA) 11th Febr. 1911 62. Brussels (BEL) 11 th August 1935 24. Rome (ITA) 10th June 1911 63. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1936 25. Paris (FRA) 10th Febr. 1912 64. Zurich (SUI) 29th August 1936 26. New York (USA) 24th August 1912 65. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1937 27. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1913 66. Copenhagen (DEN) 21 st August 1937 26. Berlin (ALL) 23rd August 1913 67. Paris (FRA) 5th Febr. 1937 29. Paris (FRA) 14th Febr. 1914 66. Amsterdam (HOL) 27th August 1936 30. Copenhagen (DEN) 1st August 1914 69. Paris (FRA) 4th Febr. 1939 31. Paris (FRA) 1st Febr. 1920 70. Milan (ITA) 26th August 1939 32. Antwerp (BEL) 6th August 1920 71. Milan (ITA) 10th Febr. 1940 33. Paris (FRA) 5th Febr. 1921 72. Brussels (BEL) 9-10th Febr. 1946 34. Copenhagen (DEN) 30th July 1921 73. Zurich (SUI) 1946 35. Paris (FRA) 4th Febr. 1922 74. Luxembourg (LUX) 6th-6th Febr. 1947 36. Liverpool (GBR) 26th July 1922 75. Paris (FRA) 25th July 1947 37. Paris (FRA) 3rd Febr. 1923 76. Paris (FRA) 7th Febr. 1946 36. Zurich (SUI) 1st August 1923 77. Maastricht (HOL) 20th August 1946 39. Paris (FRA) 16th Febr. 1924 76. Zurich (SUI) 1946

Participants at the UCI Congress assembled in Pans at the UVF headquarters

537 79. Paris (FRA) 5th March 1949 109. Zurich (SUI) 26th Nov. 1956 80. Copenhagen (DEN) 19th August 1949 110. Paris (FRA) 7th March 1959 61. Zurich (SUI) 25th Nov. 1949 111. Amsterdam (HOL) 7th August 1959 62. Paris (FRA) 2nd March 1950 112. Zurich (SUI) 27th Nov. 1959 63. Liege (BEL) 11 th August 1950 113. Paris (FRA) 5th March 1960 64.Zurich(SUI) 1950 114. Leiozia (GDR) 3rd August 1960 65. Paris (FRA) 3rd March 1951 115. Rome-(ITA) 25th August 1960 66. Milan (ITA) 25th August 1951 116. Zurich (SUI) 25th Nov. 1960 67. Zurich (SUI) 23rd Nov. 1951 117. Paris (FRA) 4th March 1961 (9.00 hours) 116. Zurich (SUI) 25th August 1961 66. Zurich (SUI) 23rd Nov. 1951 119. Zurich (SUI) 24th Nov. 1961 (15.00 hours) 120. Paris (FRA) 3rd March 1962 89. Paris (FRA) 1st March 1952 121. Milan (ITA) 23rd August 1962 90. Luxemburg (LUX) 22nd August 1952 122. Zurich (SUI) 30th Nov. 1962 91. Zurich (SUI) 26th Nov. 1952 123. Paris (FRA) 2nd March 1963 92. San Sebastian (ESP) 7th March 1953 124. Liege (BEL) 31st July 1963 93. Zurich (SUI) 22nd August 1953 125. Zurich (SUI) 29th Nov. 1963 94. Zurich (SUI) 27th Nov. 1953 126. Paris (FRA) 6th March 1964 95. Paris (FRA) 6th March 1954 127. Sallanches (FRA) 2nd Sept. 1964 96. Cologne (FRG) 20th August 1954 126. Zurich (SUI) 27th Nov. 1964 97. Zurich (SUI) 26th Nov. 1954 129. Geneva (SUI) 6th March 1965 96. Sarrebruck (Saar) 5th March 1955 130. San Sebastian (ESP) 1st Sept. 1965 99. Rome (ITA) 26th August 1955 131. Zurich (SUI) 26th Nov. 1965 100. Zurich (SUI) 25th Nov. 1955 132. Geneva (SUI) 25th March 1966 101. Paris (FRA) 3rd March 1956 133. Cologne (FRG) 24th August 1966 102. Copenhagen (DEN) 24th August 1956 134. Geneva (SUI) 25th Nov. 1966 103. Zurich (SUI) 16th Nov. 1956 135. Amsterdam (HOL) 22nd August 1967 104. Paris (FRA) 2nd March 1957 136. Geneva (SUI) 24th Nov. 1967 105. Liege (BEL) 9th August 1957 106. Zurich (SUI) 29th Nov. 1957 Since then UCI Congresses are held 107. Paris (FRA) 1st March 1956 annually on the last Friday of the month of 106. Reims (FRA) 29th August 1956 November.

The FIAC Congresses

3rd September 1965 in San Sebastian (ESP) : 2lst August 1967 in Amsterdam (HOL) Constitutive Congress 23rd November 1967 in Geneva (SUI) 14th October 1966 in Mexico (MEX) 23rd August 1966 in Cologne (FRG) 14th August 1969 in (TCH) 24th November 1966 in Geneva (SUI) 4th August 1970 in Leicester (GBR) 23rd August 1971 in Varese (ITA) 27th August 1972 in (FRG) First FIAC Executive Committee 20th August 1973 in San Sebastian (ESP) 1965 12th August 1974 in Montreal (CAN) 16th August 1975 in Liege (BEL) PT: Adriano Rodoni* (ITA); VPTs: Alexei 16th July 1976 in Montreal (CAN) Kouprianov (URS). LOUIS Dauge (FRA). 23rd August 1977 in San Cristobal (VEN) Maurice Moyson (BEL), Antonio Elorza 14th August 1976 in Munich (FRG) (ESP) : Ms Jorgen Beyerholm (DEN) 20th August 1979 in Maastricht (HOL) Wlodzimierz Golebiewski (POL), Erwin 16th July 1960 in (URS) Hauck (FRG), Heinz Przybyl (GRD), Has- 24th August 1961 in (TCH) sen Tahir (ALG), Charles King (GBR), Dr 22nd August 1962 in Leicester (GBR) P. Van Dijk (HOL) : TG Albert Veroug- 22nd August 1963 in Zurich (SUI) straete (BEL) ; SG René Chesal (FRA) 27th July 1964 in Los Angeles (USA) Assistant SG: Rodolfo Magnan (ITA) 22nd August 1985 in Bassano del Grappa (ITA)

538 Biographical Notes

Emile de Beukelaer (BEL), founder President Carla Giuliani, Secretary General of the FIAC of the UCI in 1900, he held this post until his since 1981. death in 1922. Married, and the mother of two children, she has been the administrative secretary of the Italian Cycling Federation since 1967. Responsible mainly for international matters within the Federation, she gains a wide experience in this capacity. Once administra- tive secretary of the FIAC, the responsibility of the general secretariat was naturally entrusted to her upon the death of Giuliano Pacciarelli, for whom she was an outstandingly efficient colleague.

Michal Jekiel, Vice-President of the FIAC, Secretary General of the UCI since 1969 and Honorary President of the Polish Cycling Federation

Born in 1910 in . From 1952 to 1969 he was one of the organisors of the prestigious From the town of Antwerp, he became Presi- cycling race “The-” ( - dent of the Sports Committee for the Belgian Berlin - Prague). Elected member of the UCI Cyclists’ League, and was the representative Executive Committee in 1956, Vice-President of this Federation during the UCI Constitutive in 1965, Vice-President of the FIAC since Congress. 1969, he also temporarily took over the Presidency of the FIAC in 1982. Léon Breton (FRA), Assistant UCI Secretary from 1910 to 1912. he became the Vice- President (1912-1922) and then President Achille Joinard, UCI President from 1947 to (1922-1936). He died on 30th June 1940. 1958 Born in Paris on 28th October 1889. An Max Burgi (SUI), Assistant Secretary for the all-round sportsman, he devoted himself to UCI from 1926 to 1936, he took over the fencing, athletics and boxing. Once a director. Presidency from 1936 to 1939. Died on 25th he founded numerous associations and April 1946. became President of the French Cycling Federation, and subsequently Vice-President Alban Collignon (BEL), President of the UCI of the French Olympic Committee. from 1939 to 1947. subsequently Honorary President until his death in 1955. Agostino Omini, Treasurer of the FIAC since Instigator of the Brussels newspaper “Sport” 1981, as from 1981 President of the Italian and of a large number of cycling races, Cycling Federation. including the “Tour de Belgique”, Paris - Born on 4th October 1926 in Milan (ITA). Brussels. Active in the world of cycling since 1950. He From 1908 onwards he took part in all the UCI was successively President of the Regional Congresses. In 1935 he was UCI Vice- Committee of Lombardy, member of the Italian President, and four years later was to take Federation’s Committee, President of the over the Presidency and to experience difficult Organising Committee for the 1976 World years : in spite of less than propitious interna- Championships, President of the Italian Feder- tional events he succeeded in retaining UCI ation, Vice-President of the International structures. Federation of Professional Cycling. 539 Giuliano Pacciarelli, Secretary General of the onwards, he was responsible for the develop- FIAC from 1969 to 1981. ment of world cycling, in particular the creation of the FIAC, the introduction of the “open”, the organisation of the anti-doping campaign and the introduction of junior World Champion- ships.

Paul Rousseau, UCI General Secretary from 1901 until his death on 21st May 1941.

Born in 1930. An excellent boxer and swim- mer, he took part in national championships. Secretary General of the Italian Cycling Feder- ation from 1970 to 1981, he died several days before the elections for the FIAC President, which according to many, he would have won.

Born in Bordeaux in 1888. As a cyclist he became French champion in 1888. As a Luis Puig, President of the FIAC in 1981, journalist he was in charge of the “Le Temps” President of the UCI since 27th November sports column and founder of “Argus”. Inter- 1981 national sports manager, his energy places Born 11 th April 1915 in Alcudia (ESP). A him amongst the greatest historical figures in teacher of physical education at the University the world of sport. He was amongst those of Valencia, he dedicated himself from an early responsible for the modern evolution of the age to the organisation of the sporting move- International Sports Federations, and as from ment; he successively became President of 1921 was the President of their Standing the regional Federations of swimming, hockey Committee. Towards the end of his life in his and cycling in Valencia. He was Technical capacity as President, Vice-President, Secre- Director of the Spanish Cycling Federation for tary General, Secretary, Commissar, jury some time and acquired universal recognition member, or as a journalist, he was the holder as a most competent organisor. Member of the of twenty three national and international Spanish Olympic Committee, President of the awards from the world of athletics, motoring, Spanish Cycling Federation, he became Vice- aviation aerostatics, yachting, boxing and last President of the FIAC before succeeding but not least, cycling. President Rodoni.

Valery Syssoev, President of the FIAC from Adriano Rodoni, founder President of the FIAC 1982, Vice Minister for sport in the USSR as from 1965 to 1981, and then Honorary Presi- from 1983. dent. Born in Moscow (URS) in 1942. A road Born 29th December 1898. In 1913 he founded competitor, he was less than thirty years of the Genoa Cycling Society, and became its age when elected member of the National President (1915-1941). A Milanese industria- Cycling Federation. In 1969 he became list, he had an enthusiastic interest in the National Technical Director, and was particu- progression of the sport of cycling and was larly successful as such. In 1977 he became nominated national technical representative of Vice-President of the FIAC and of the UCI, amateur cyclists (1939-1955), President of positions which he fulfilled along with the the Italian Federation of Cycling (1940-1955 Presidency of the National Federation. When and 1957-1981), Vice-President of the Italian Luis Puig was elected UCI President in 1981, National Olympic Committee (1950-1956 and Valery Syssoev took over from him at the head 1957-1972). At the head of the UCI from 1957 of the FIAC.

540 Part II

The administration of the FIAC

• Organisation Chart

• Major Aims of the FIAC are as follows : The 123 Affiliated Federations - to manage, regulate and control amateur cycling in all its forms 1. With recognized National Olympic Committees - to unite all those national federations which 1 practice the sport of amateur cycling by NOC Creation NOC1 Creation promoting liaison ALB Before 1985 IRL2 Before 1965 - to encorage these federations to take part ALG Before 1965 ISR Before 1965 in the Olympic Games. FRG Before 1965 ITA Before 1965 ANG 1977 JAM Before 1965 • Member Federations SAU Before 1965 JPN Before 1965 ARG Before 1965 JOR 1982 Today, the FIAC unites 123 national affiliated AUS Before 1965 KEN 1967 federations. AUT Before 1965 KUW 1977 BRN provisionally affiliat- LIB Before 1965 Progression of the number of federations ed in 1983, to be ratified by LBA Before 1965 affiliated to the UCI and then to the FIAC : the 1984 Congress LIE 1971 BAN 1977 LUX Before 1965 1900: 6 1960: 72 BAR Before 1965 MAD Before 1965 1912: 23 1980: 129 1930: 42 1984: 123 1 According to the alphabetical list in the IOC Directory. 541 CNO1 Creation CNO1 Creation • The Statutory Congress of the FIAC, the supreme body, is held annually, usually at the MAL Before 1965 BEL Before 1965 occasion of the World Championships or of the 1972 BIZ 1960 MAW Olympic Games. Extraordinary Congresses BAH MLT Before 1965 1970 can be convened. The UCI Extraordinary MAR Before 1965 BER 1975 Congress is held each year in Autumn. FIAC 1973 BIR 1967 MRI and FICP delegates elected by their respective Before 1965 BOL 1975 MEX Congress, as well as representatives of mem- BOT Before 1965 1974 MGL ber federations assemble for this. These NGR 1972 BRA 1960 Autumnal sessions are called UCI Statutory NOR Before BUL Before 1965 1965 Congresses. CAY 1962 NZL 1967 CMR Before 1965 PAK Before 1965 • The Executive Committee, an administra- CAN Before 1965 PAR 1976 tive body, is made up of members elected by CHI Before 1965 HOL Before 1965 the Congress for a period of four years and of CHN Before 1965 PHI Before 1965 the Presidents of Continental federations. CYP 1971 POL Before 1965 These members choose from amongst them- COL Before 1965 PUR Before 1965 selves four Vice-Presidents, the President CGO 1979 POR Before 1965 being elected by the Congress. They appoint a KOR Before 1965 GDR Before 1965 Secretary General nominated on a permanent CRC 1960 PRK Before 1965 basis. In-the case of urgency, the President, CIV Before 1965 ROM Before 1965 the Vice-Presidents, the Treasurer and the CUB Before 1965 RWA 1979 Secretary General may assemble as the DEN Before 1965 SMR Before 1965 Executive Board. DOM Before 1965 ESA 1966 EGY Before 1965 SEN 1973 • Members of the Present Executive Com- UAE 1976 SIN Before 1965 mittee ECU Before 1965 SUD 1975 PT: Valery Syssoev* (URS) ESP Before 1965 SRI Before 1965 \/PTs: Khaled Al Turki (SAU), Hector Gallee USA Before 1965 SWE Before 1965 (BEL). Michal Jekiel* (POL), Simo Klimscheffs- ETH Before 1965 SUI Before 1965 kij (FIN) FIJ 1962 SYR Before 1965 Ms: Francisco G. Almeda (PHI), Paul C. FIN Before 1965 TPE Before 1965 Ambassa (CMR). Victor Norman Gailey (AUS). FRA Before 1965 TAN 1974 Ahmed Kotbi (MAR), Angel Romero Llamas GAB 1979 TCH Before 1965 (MEX), Harrie J.C.M. Meuwese (HOL), Angel GBR Before 1965 THA Before 1965 de Pablos (ESP), Jean Pitallier (FRA), Hans GRE 1976 TOG 1972 Schwelm (FRG), Miroslav Slavik ITCH). Benito GUA 1973 TRI Before 1965 Sobero Fernández (CUB), Walter Stampfil GUI Before 1965 TUN Before 1965 (SUI). Hassen Tahir (ALG), Armando Ustariz GUY Before 1965 TUR Before 1965 (VEN), Gerhard Voss (GDR) HAI 1979 URS Before 1965 T: Agostino Omini* (ITA) VOL 1972 URU Before 1965 SG: Mrs. Carla Giuliani (ITA). Wladimir Hole- HKG Before 1965 VEN Before 1965 cek (TCH) in his capacity as President of the HON 1974 ISV 1979 lnternational Cornmission also HUN 1967 YUG Before 1965 attends the meetings of this Committee IND Before 1965 ZAI 1966 INA Before 1965 ZAM 1973 • Commissions IRQ 1966 ZIM 1960 – Technical Commission made up of three IRN Before 1965 2 Tripartite Committee. members and presided by Harrie J.M.C. Meuwese (HOL) 2. Without Recognized NOC Brunei 1978 – Commission for Cyclist Solidarity made up of Granada Islands 1976 three members and presided by Doctor Khaled lbrahim Al Turki (SAU) Macao 1978 St. Kitts 1978 – Cyclotouring Commission made up of five St. Lucie 1980 members and presided by Walter Stampfli The 1984 Congress is to ratify the affiliations (SUI) of: ANT, BRN, MON and also readmit the – Indoor Cycling Commission (cycleball and following federations which were struck off in artistic cycling) made up of nine members 1981 : PAN, PER, NIC, UGA. and presided by Vladimir Holecek (TCH).

542 • Continental Confederations The African, American, Asian and Oceanian Continents have confederations whose aim is to promote cycling in their respective lands and to consult the FIAC over their individual problems. The duties endowed to each continental confederation are as follows : - the establishing of the regional programme of cycling races - arranging for the organisation of regional courses carried out by the FIAC with a view to the training of representatives and techni- cians - the organisation of continental champion- ships controlled by the FIAC.

• The General Secretariat With its headquarters in Rome, the FIAC General Secretariat is responsible : – for the convening and organisation of meet- ings of the Executive Committee and of the Congress, for the drawing up of agendas and minutes and for the implementation of those decisions taken • Training and Improvement of Technical – for ensuring respect of the regulations Officials for technical coordination and the organisa- Continuous efforts allow the FIAC to increase tion of cycling events in the Olympic Games the number of specialised officials and of and of the official FIAC Championships national representatives. – for ensuring the organisation of courses for It was the first of the International Federations technicians, representatives and of semin- to collaborate with Olympic Solidarity by ars for managers organising, from 1973 onwards, several tech- – for coordinating the work of the Commis- nical courses over various continents. In order sions to unify interpretation and application of the regulations, special refresher courses organ- – for establishing the programmes ised by the UCI gather international represen- – for maintaining contact with affiliated feder- tatives together. The number of courses ations, affiliated confederations, the IOC and organised for the training of technicians has the IFS. been greatly increased. In June 1982 at Rome, the first seminar for national managers of Since 1969 the UCI Secretariat has been cycling federations was organised. based in Geneva. International courses for trainers are periodi- cally included on the programme. • Financing of the Federation Financing of the FIAC is mainly covered by : • Medical Code – annual subscriptions from the affiliated The FIAC provides a significant influence in the federations domain of sport and morals, in particular concerning the anti-doping campaign. A UCI – television rights from the Olympic Games regulation was enforced as early as 1965. The Several promotion ventures are carried out definition of “prohibited” drugs has quashed thanks to subsidies from the UCI and from bad habits in sport which could have tarnished sponsors. its image. 543 Each year this list of banned products is - Regulations for indoor cycling (1980 edition) updated by the UCI Medical Commission. 38 - Regulations for cyclotouring (1982 edition). UCI accredited laboratories are equipped to carry out anti-doping controls using a standard methodology. Experts from these laboratories regularly participate in conferences which • Bibliography encourages a valuable exchange of knowl- - Aspects of Preparation for Competition Sport edge. Besides this, medical conferences are by Agostino Massagrande in French, Eng- convened by the UCI in order to study aspects lish, Spanish, Arabic of physiology and pathology in relation to cycling. - Cycling edited by the FIAC in French, English or Spanish Finally, an international ruling on medical controls is the basis of all affiliated federations’ - Doping by Professor Michele Montanaro national regulations. in French, Arabic or Spanish Medical checks carried out during world - Training of National Representatives by championships and competitions on the FIAC Messrs. Court, Fabri, Hansen, Jekiel, Pac- programme are the responsibility of the UCI, ciarelli, Robrieux, Spadoni whereas those carried out during national in French, English, Arabic, Spanish events are undertaken by the national federa- - Pocket Cyclists’ Dictionary tions. - The Open Air in French • Awards made by the FIAC - Agonistic Cycling by Agostino Massagrande The UCI cycling merit is granted to managers in English or Arabic who have worked commendably for the sport of international cycling for at least twelve years. • FIAC Films The UCI-FIAC-FICP plaque will from 1984 “The Sport of Cycling“, the first Instructive film onwards be awarded to a town or to a person by the FIAC shot in 1965 and concerning the in recognition of contributions towards the preparation of a cyclist in French, sport of cycling. English or Spanish (90 minutes, black and white) Vldeocassettes in the Italian, French, English • Principal FIAC Publications and Arabic language are currently available. « Le Monde cycliste » (The Cyclists’ World), – "Speed and mileage” (1982) : Emphasis on published every four months since October the preparation of the and on 1953 is the information mouthpiece of the UCI, competition tactics. the FIAC and the FICP. – "Organisation of a Race” 1983) : Two sub- “Sur deux roues” (On two Wheels), since 1983 jects, the individual ("in Iine”) race and the regularly publishes complementary informa- stage race tion issued by the FIAC. – “General Preparation of the Amateur Road Cyclist” (1984) increase in efficiency of the muscles, development of the respiratory and Other Available Publications cardio-circulatory systems. development of - Statutes - regulations of internal proceed- coordination ability. ings - technical regulations - FIAC (1980 – “Special Training for the Amateur Road edition) Cyclist” (1984) : 1st Stage - conditoning ; - UCI medical control regulations (1981 edi- 2nd Stage - differentiated training tion) – “Period of Preparation of the Amateur Road - Statutes and regulations binding internal Cyclist” (1984) : characteristics of a typical proceedings - UCI (1978 edition) microcyle in the preparation period, techni- cal and tactical refinement, double file, - General UCI Regulations (1983 edition) bordures, cycling infront, breakaways, team - Regulations for UCI World Championships Interplay, tactical sense, , team inter- (1981 edition) play in stage races, time trial races.

544 Part III

The Competitions

1976 - Montreal: Olympic sprint event.

1 Technical Aspects of Cycling tion, encouraging efficient breathing. Would it On an educational level the beneficial be fair to say that cycling is an authentic effects of cycling are not obviously inherent to school of courage, of self-control, of determin- other sporting disciplines. Involving all the ation to practice a relatively difficult sport athlete’s strength and posing considerable which demands constant physical effort ? difficulties, it teaches him to use his energy in “Don’t give up ! ” Here is the true lesson of a rational way. the sport of cycling, learnt through strength When intending to go out on two wheels, and courage. there are two essential conditions which we are obliged to bear in mind : Major Competition Rules - a correct proportion of activity based on age, sex, physical condition of the cyclist The racing cyclist may specialise according to his potential, as a sprinter, a flat racer or a - the correct cycling position in order to gain hill specialist. the greatest efficiency from the least effort. Cycling competitions are subdivided into Cycling is based upon suppleness and three major categories : road, track and indoor strength. This strength is dependent upon the cycling. cyclist’s constitution whereas suppleness, vital for optimum performance, can be increased with continuous effort to improve Road Events technique whereby the cyclist works towards harmony of movement, and ensures muscle - lndividual (“in line”) races over a distance of fitness to dissipate fatigue and increase around 60 km. (for women), 120 km. (for general performance. juniors) or 200 km. (for seniors), either between two towns, or following a circuit. Cycling is a symmetrical sport since the lower and upper limbs are equally exercised. - Stage races: held in the form of a series of This arises from the perfect distribution of the individual (“in line”) races organised over athlete’s weight over the bicycle : 50 % of his successive days, the overall positions are weight is placed on the handlebars, in equal determined on a daily basis, either by a proportion over his two arms - the remaining system of points, or according to times weight being evenly distributed over the saddle and the pedals. The cycling position 1Chapter written by Guiliano Pacciarelli * and revised by Mrs. allows thorax expansion and pulmonary dila- Carla Giubani*, FIAC Secretary General.

545 recorded. These races must not exceed an - whereby teams of four racers average distance of 140 km. a day over compete according to the system for indivi- twelve relays. dual pursuit. Times are clocked against the third racer’s performance, and thus a team - lndividual time trial Races whereby the dis- which loses more than two racers is tance varies between a minimum of 8 km. knocked out. However, only during the and a maximum of 40 km. The competitors qualifying rounds in the case of a mechani- start separately at regular intervals. The cal fault can the Technical Director halt the racer must cover the distance without team and give them a second start. following in the slipstream of other cyclists or of cars, or being sheltered from the wind - lndividual km. Time Trial: the cyclist sets off in any way. These races can be held over individually around the track after a standing mountainous country. start, and aims to cover the distance in the best possible time. - Races whereby the classic event is made up of teams of four racers who - Tandem: is held according to the same compete over a distance of around 100 km. regulations for the sprint event, but with The junior event is restricted to 70 km. teams of two cyclists on a bicycle designed for two people. - Cyclocross which is practiced in winter mainly across woods. At least a quarter of - lndividual : held over a distance the distance must cover varied terrain, of 30 km. with intermediary sprints every five fields, undergrowth, unsurfaced tracks, laps; points are allocated to those placed obliging competitors to race carrying their amongst the first four. The sprint held half bicycles at intervals. The remainder of the way through the race and at the start are race covers paths, tracks or roads allowing worth double the number of points. The participants to cycle. winner is the cyclist who gains the greatest number of points. Track Events - Motor-paced: Each racer runs this event behind a pacemaker who is on a motorbike. - Sprint: this competition takes place over two or three laps of the track depending on the length of the circuit. The tournament table is Indoor Cycling drawn up in accordance with the number of In this section are included cycleball participants with the following programme : series, repechages, eighth finals or quarter matches in teams of two and artistic cycling, an individual event and pairs event for men and finals, semi-finals and finals. Two to four cyclists compete in each heat. As from the for women. quarter finals, events are held in two legs with a further heat, if necessary. For the The International Programme previous single leg events there should always be the possibility of a repechage. An annual calendar for amateur and profes- sional cycling races is drawn up and adopted - lndividual Pursuit: run over 4000 metres with by the UCI Congress. The 1984 calendar the two competitors situated at the start of includes more than 500 amateur races. These the race at the two opposite sides of the are all international races in which athletes back stretches, and if possible mid-distance from at least four nations participate. All other along the home straights. In relation to the events are at national level. Let us consider number of participants the tournament may the increase in the number of competitions have qualifying rounds, eighth finals, included on the international amateur calendar quarter, semi-finals and finals. For the for some years : qualifying rounds those cyclists with the best times continue in the subsequent heat; the commissars attempt to put together Road Races 1981 1982 1983 1984 racers who are evenly matched (the stron- Men 341 338 372 383 gest cyclists with the strongest cyclists, the Women 884250 weakest with the weakest). Juniors 29 30 36 68 Track Races 68 77 68 For the drawing-up of eighth finals, quarter Open Races finals and semi-finals, the racer who has (Amateur gained the best time is matched against the Professional racer who has gained the worst time etc. programme) 20 17 28 36

546 Cycling and the Olympic Games

Development of the Programme

Men’s cycling events have always been part of the Olympic programme with the sole exception of the 1904 one in accordance with the development as shown below.

• Road 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936

• Track

• Road 1948 1952 1956 1980 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

• Track

547 Women’s cycling will, for the first time, appear on the pro- gramme of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles in the form of a road race. The FIAC would also like to see two women’s track events added to the programme in the future, and sprint :

Date Number of events 1896 7 1900 1 1904 0 1908 6 1912 3 1920 to 1960 6 1964 to 1972 7 1976 to 1980 6 1984 8

D. Morelon (FRA, on the left) and A. Tkac (TCH).

Participation by Event at the last three Olympic Games

Munich Montreal Moscow Athl. NOCs Athl. NOCs A thl. NOCs Men lndividual road race 163 48 134 40 115 32 100 km team time-trial 28 23 1 km time-trial 32 35 31 31 18 18 lndividual sprint 51 30 31 31 15 12 Tandem 14 * lndividual pursuit 28 28 28 28 14 14 Team pursuit 22 17 13 lndividual points race ** ** **

Women ** ** ** lndividual road race

* Not on the programme. ** Not on the programme, but will be included in 1984

548 Participation by NOC from 1896 to 1984

549 550 551 List of Olympic Winners (Men) • Road team event 1912 Eric Friborg, Algot Lönn, Ragnar Malm, Axel Persson (SWE) 1920 Fernand Canteloube, Georges Detreille, Marcel Gobillot, Achille Souchard (FRA) 1924 Armand Blanchonnet, René Hamel, Georges Wambst (FRA) 1928 , Orla Jorgensen, Leo Nielsen (DEN) 1932 , Attilio Pavesi, Guglielmo Segato (ITA) 1936 , Robert Dorgebray, Guy Lapébie (FRA) 1948 Leon Delathouwer, Eugene Van Roosbroeck, Lode Wouters (BEL) 1952 Robert Grondelaers, Andre Noyelle, Lucien Victor (BEL) 1956 Armand Geyre, Maurice Moucheraud, A Konstantinidis (GRE) Michel Vermeulin (FRA)

• Road, individual 1896 Aristidis Konstantinidis (GRE) 1912 Rudolph Lewis (SAF) 1920 Harry Stenqvist (SWE) 1924 Armand Blanchonnet (FRA) 1928 Henry Hansen (DEN) 1932 Attilio Pavesi (ITA) 1936 Robert Charpentier (FRA) 1948 Jose Beyaert (FRA) 1952 Andre Noyelle (BEL) 1956 (ITA) 1960 Viktor Kapitonov (URS) 1964 (ITA) 1968 Pierfranco Vianelli (ITA) 1972 (HOL) 1976 (SWE) 1980 Serguei Sukhoruchenkov (URS) 1984 V. Kapitonov (URS). L. Trape (ITA, 2nd) and W Berghen (BEL, 3rd).

• 100 km team Time Trial Event 1960 Antonio Bailletti, Ottavio Cogliati, Giacomo Fornoni, Livio Trape (ITA) 1964 Evert G. Dolman, , Johannes , Hubertus Zoet (HOL) 1968 , , Marinus Pijnen, (HOL) 1972 Boris Schuchov, Gennadi Komnatov, Valeri Jardi, Valeri Lichatschov (URS) 1976 Anatoli Tschukanov, Valeri Tschaplygin, Vladimir Kaminski, Aawo Pikkuus (URS) 1980 Yuri Kashirin, Oleg Logvin, Serguei Shelpakov, Antali Yarkin (URS) H. Kuiper (HOL). 1984 552 • Sprint 1896 (FRA) 1900 Georges Taillandier (FRA) 1908 Final cancelled 1920 Maurice (HOL) 1924 Lucien Michard (FRA) 1928 Roger Beaufrand (FRA) 1932 Jacobus Van Egmond (HOL) 1936 (ALL) 1948 Mario Ghella (ITA) 1952 Enzo Sacchi (ITA) 1956 Michel Rousseau (FRA) 1960 Sante Gaiardoni (ITA) 1964 Giovanni Pettenella (ITA) 1968 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1972 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1976 Anton Tkac (TCH) 1980 Lutz Hesslich (GDR) 1984 T. Merkens (ALL)

• 1 km Time Trial • 20 km Track Event 1 1896 Paul Masson (FRA) 1908 Charles B. Kingsbury (GBR) 19082 Victor L. Johnson (GBR) 1928 Willy Falk Hansen (DEN) 1932 Edgar Gray (AUS) • 50 km Track Event 1936 (HOL) 1920 Henry George (BEL) 1948 (FRA) 1924 Jacobus Willems (HOL) 1952 Russel Mockridge (AUS) 1956 (ITA) 1960 Sante Gaiardoni (ITA) • 100 km Track Event 1964 (BEL) 1968 Pierre Trentin (FRA) 1896 Leon Flameng (FRA) 1972 Niels Fredborg (DEN) 1908 Charles H. Bartlett (GBR) 1976 Klaus Grünke (GDR) 1980 Lothar Thorns (GDR) 1984 • 12 Hour Event

1 333,33 m. 1896 Adolf Schmal (AUT) 2 660 yards

• Individual Pursuit (4000 m) 1964 Jiri Daler (TCH) 1968 Daniel Rebillard (FRA) 1972 (NOR) 1976 (FRG) 1980 Robert Dill-Bundi (SUI) 1984

• 5 km Track Event 1908 Benjamin Jones (GBR)

• 10 km Track Event 1896 Paul Masson (FRA) K. Knudsen (NOR) 553 1980 - Moscow : on the podium for the team pursuit event URS (1st), GDR (2nd) and TCH (3rd).

• Tandem • Team Pursuit 1908 Maurice Schilles - André Auffray (FRA) 1908 Leon Meredith, Benjamin Jones, Ernest 1920 Thomas Lance - Harry Ryan (GBR) Payne, Charles Kingsbury (GBR) 1924 Lucien Choury - Jean Cugnot (FRA) 1920 , Ruggero Ferrario, 1928 Daan Van Dijk - Bernhard Leene (HOL) Arnaldo Carli, Primo Magnani (ITA) 1932 Louis Chaillot - Maurice Perrin (FRA) 1924 Alfredo Dinale, Francesco Zucchetti, 1936 Ernst lhbe - Carl Lorenz (ALL) Angelo De Martino, Aleardo Menegazzi 1948 Renato Perona - Ferdinando Terruzzi (ITA) (ITA) 1928 Luigi Tasselli, Giacomo Gajoni, Cesare 1952 - Russel Mockridge (AUS) Facciani, Mario Lusiani (ITA) 1956 - Anthony Marchant (AUS) 1932 Marco Cimatti, Paolo , Alberto 1960 - Sergio Bian- Ghilardi, Nino Borsari (ITA) chetto (ITA) 1936 Robert Charpentier, Jean Goujon, Guy 1964 Sergio Bianchetto - Angelo Damiano Lapébie, Roger Le Nizerhy (FRA) (ITA) 1948 Charles Coste, Serge Blusson, 1968 Daniel Morelon - Pierre Trentin (FRA) Ferdinand Decanali, ‘Pierre Adam 1972 Vladimir Semenetz - lgor Tselovalnikov (FRA) (URS) 1952 Marino Morettini, , Mino De Rossi, (ITA) 1956 Leandro Faggin, Valentino Gasparella, Antonio Domenicali, (ITA) 1960 , , , (ITA) 1964 Lothar Claesges, Karlheinz Henrichs, , Ernst Streng (FRG) 1968 Gunnar Asmussen, Per Lyngemark. Reno B. Olsen, Mogens Frey (DEN) 1972 Jürgen Colombo, Günther Haritz, , Günther Schumacher (FRG) 1976 Gregor Braun, , Günther Schumacher, Vonhof (FRG) 1980 Viktor Manakov, Valery Movchan, Vladimir Osokin, Vitaly Petrakov (URS) 1984

• individual Points Race

L. COX - R Mockridge (AUS) 1984 554 Senior Track and Road World Championships

Host Towns and the Development 1934 Leipzig ALL of the Programme 1935 Brussels BEL From 1893 to 1921 two events are included on 1936 Zurich SUI the programme: the sprint and the motor- 1937 Copenhagen DEN paced race over 100 km. The few exceptions 1938 Amsterdam HOL are mentioned below. 1939 Milan ITA Only the sprint event was held. 1893 Chicago USA No Championships held 1894 Antwero BEL 1940-1945 1946 Zurich 1895 Cologne ALL SUI 1896 Copenhagen DEN From 1946 to 1957 a third event, the individual 1897 Glasgow GBR pursuit, was added to the traditional events, the sprint and the road event. 1898 Vienna AUT 1899 Montreal CAN 1947 Paris FRA 1900 Paris FRA 1948 Amsterdam HOL 1901 Berlin FRG 1949 Copenhagen DEN 1902 Rome ITA 1950 Liege BEL 1903 Copenhagen DEN 1951 Milan ITA 1904 London GBR 1952 Paris FRA 1905 Antwerp BEL Luxembourg LUX 1906 Geneva SUI The road event took place in Luxembourg. 1907 Paris FRA 1953 Zurich SUI 1908 Leipzig ALL 1954 Cologne FRG 1909 Copenhagen DEN 1955 Milan ITA 1910 Brussels BEL 1956 Copenhagen DEN 1911 Rome ITA 1957 Rocourt BEL 1912 Newark USA 1958 Paris FRA Only the sprint event was held. Leipzig GDR 1913 Leipzig ALL Introduction of women’s events : individual 1914 Copenhagen DEN road event, sprint and pursuit. Re-introduced Only the motor-paced race (100 km) event into the programme, the motor-paced event (1 was held. hour) took place separately in Leipzig. 1915-1919. No Championships held. 1959 Amsterdam HOL 1920 Antwerp BEL Luxembourg LUX Only the sprint event was held. Liege BEL The women’s events took place in Luxem- 1921 Copenhagen DEN bourg (road) and Liege (track). From 1921 onwards a road event was added to the programme. It was held in the same 1960 Leipzig GDR organising country as the track events, but 1961 Zurich SUI seldom in the same town, 1962 Milan ITA 1922 Liverpool GBR The Olympic pursuit was added to the pro- From 1922 until 1958 the motor-paced event gramme of track events and the team time trial was not included on the programme. Thus race (about 100 km) completed the road there were only two events : the sprint and the programme. road event. 1963 Liege BEL 1923 Zurich SUI 1964 Paris FRA 1924 Paris FRA 1965 San Sebastian 1925 Amsterdam HOL ESP 1926 Milan ITA 1966 FRG 1927 Cologne ALL Two traditional events : tandem and 1 km. time trial. 1928 Budapest HUN 1929 Zurich SUI 1967 Amsterdam HOL 1930 Brussels BEL 1968 Montevideo URU 1931 Copenhagen DEN Rome ITA 1932 Rome ITA The motor-paced event and the women’s 1933 Paris FRA events took place in Rome. 555 1980 : S. Sukhoruchenkov is ahead of c. Lang (POL).

1980 R: Dill-Bundi (SUI).

1976 - B. Johansson (SWE).

1969 Brno TCH 1976 Monteri di Lecce ITA 1970 Leicester GBR Introduction of the individual points race. 1971 Varese ITA 1977 San Cristobal VEN 1972 Marseille FRA 1978 Munich FRG From now on, during Olympic years, the World 1979 Valkenburg HOL Championship Programme was reduced to 1980 Besançon FRA events not held as part of the Olympic Games : 1981 Prague TCH the motor-paced race, women events. 1982 Leicester GBR In 1972, 1973 and from 1975 onwards, the 1983 Zurich SUI motor-paced was held over 50 km. 1984 Barcelona ESP 1973 San Sebastian ESP 1985 Veneto Region ITA 1974 Montreal CAN 1986 Colorado Springs USA l 1975 Liege BEL Luxembourg LUX *With the exception of the motor-paced event which will be Road in Luxembourg and track in Liege. organised in Switzerland. 556 List of Winners 1959 Valentino Gasparella (ITA) for Men’s Track Events 1960 Sante Gaiardoni (ITA) 1961 Hendrick Nijdam (HOL) 1962 Sergio Bianchetto (ITA) 1963 Patrick Sercu (BEL) • Sprint 1964 Pierre Trentin (FRA) 1893 Arthur Augustus Zimmermann (USA) 1965 Omari Pkhakadze (URS) 1894 August Lehr (ALL) 1966 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1895 Jaap Eden (HOL) 1967 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1896 Harry Reynolds (IRL) 1968 Luigi Borghetto (ITA) 1897 Edwin Schrader (DEN) 1969 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1898 Paul Albert (ALL) 1970 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1899 Tommy Summersgill (GBR) 1971 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1900 A. Didier Nauts (BEL) 1973 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1901 Emile Maitrot (FRA) 1974 Anton Tkac (TCH) 1902 Charles Piard (FRA) 1975 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1903 Arthur L. Reed (GBR) 1977 Hans-Jurgen Geschke (GDR) 1904 Marcus Hurley (USA) 1978 Anton Tkac (TCH) 1905 Jimmy S. Benyon (GBR) 1979 Lutz Hesslich (GDR) 1906 Francesco Verri (ITA) 1981 Serguei Kopylov (URS) 1907 Jean Devoissoux (FRA) 1982 Serguei Kopylov (URS) 1908 Victor L. Johnson (GBR) 1983 Lutz Hesslich (GDR) 1909 William J. Bailey (GBR) 1910 William J. Bailey (GBR) lndividual Pursuit 1911 William J. Bailey (GBR) • 1912 Donald MacDugall (USA) 1946 Roger Rioland (FRA) 1913 William J. Bailey (GBR) 1947 Arnaldo Benfenati (ITA) 1920 (HOL) 1948 Guido Messina (ITA) 1921 H. Brask Andersen (DEN) 1949 Knud E. Andersen (DEN) 1922 Thomas Johnson (GBR) 1950 Sidney Patterson (AUS) 1923 Lucien Michard (FRA) 1951 Nino de Rossi (ITA) 1924 Lucien Michard (FRA) 1952 Piet Van Heusden (HOL) 1925 Jaap Meyer (HOL) 1953 Guido Messina (ITA) 1926 Avanti Martinetti (ITA) 1954 Leandro Faggin (ITA) 1927 Mathias Engel (ALL) 1955 Norman Sheil (GBR) 1928 Willy Falck Hansen (DEN) 1956 Ercole Baldini (ITA) 1929 Antoine Mazairac (HOL) 1957 Franco Gandini (ITA) 1930 Louis Gerardin (FRA) 1958 Norman Sheil (GBR) 1931 Helger Harder (DEN) 1959 (FRG) 1932 Albert Richter (ALL) 1960 Marcel Delattre (FRA) 1933 Jacobus Van Egmond (HOL) 1961 Hendrik Nijdam (HOL) 1934 Benedetto Pola (ITA) 1962 Kaj Erik Jensen (DEN) 1935 Toni Merkens (ALL) 1963 Jean Walschaerts (BEL) 1936 Arie Van Vliet (HOL) 1964 Tiemen Groen (HOL) 1937 Johan Van der Vijver (HOL) 1965 Tiemen Groen (HOL) 1938 Johan Van der Vijver (HOL) 1966 Tiemen Groen (HOL) 1939 Jan Derksen (HOL) 1967 Gerard Bongers (HOL) 1946 Oscar Plattner (SUI) 1968 Mogens Frey (DEN) 1947 Reginald Harris (GBR) 1969 Xaver Kurmann (SUI) 1948 Mario Ghella (ITA) 1970 Xaver Kurmann (SUI) 1949 Sidney Patterson (AUS) 1971 Martin-Emilio Rodriguez (COL) 1950 Maurice Verdeun (FRA) 1973 Knut Knudsen (NOR) 1951 Enzo Sacchi (ITA) 1974 Hans Lutz (FRG) 1952 Enzo Sacchi (ITA) 1975 Thomas Huschke (GDR) 1953 Marino Morettini (ITA) 1977 Norbert Durpisch (GDR) 1954 Cyril Peacock (GBR) 1978 Detlef Macha (GDR) 1955 Giuseppe Ogna (ITA) 1979 Nicolai Marakov (URS) 1956 Michel Rousseau (FRA) 1981 Detlef Macha (GDR) 1957 Michel Rousseau (FRA) 1982 Detlef Macha (GDR) 1958 Valentino Gasparella (ITA) 1983 Victor Koupovets (URS)

557 • 1 km Time Trial • Motor-paced race 1968 Pierre Trentin (FRA) 1893 Laurens S. Meintjes (SAF) 1967 Niels Fredborg (DEN) 1894 Wilhelm Henie (NOR) 1968 Niels Fredborg (DEN) 1895 Mathieu Cordana (HOL) 1969 Gianni Sartori (ITA) 1896 Ferdinand Ponscarme (FRA) 1970 Niels Fredborg (DEN) 1897 Edward Gould (GBR) 1971 Eduard Rapp (URS) 1898 Albert John Cherry (GBR) 1973 Janusz Kierzkowski (POL) 1899 John A. Nelson (USA) 1974 Eduard Rapp (URS) 1900 Louis Bastien (FRA) 1975 Klaus Grünke (GDR) 1901 Heinrich Sievers (ALL) 1977 (GDR) 1902 Alfred Goernemann (ALL) 1978 Lothar Thoms (GDR) 1903 Edmond Audemars (SUI) 1979 Lothar Thoms (GDR) 1904 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) 1981 Lothar Thoms (GDR) 1905 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) 1982 Fredy Schmidcke (FRG) 1906 Maurice Bardonneau (SUI) 1983 Serguei Kopylov (URS) 1907 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) 1908 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) 1909 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) • Tandem - Sprint 1910 Henri Hens (BEL) 1911 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) 1986 Pierre Trentin, Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1913 Leon I. Meredith (GBR) 1967 Bruno Gonzato, Dino Verzini (ITA) 1914 Cor Blekemolen (HOL) 1968 Walter Gorini, Giordano Turrini (ITA) 1921 Gunther Skold (SWE) 1969 Jürgen Geschke, Werner Otto (GDR) 1958 Lothar Meister (GDR) 1970 Jürgen Barth, Rainer Müller (FRG) 1959 Arie Van Houwelingen (HOL) 1971 Jürgen Geschke, Werner Otto (GDR) 1960 Georg Stoltze (GDR) 1973 Vladimir Vackar, Miroslav Vymazal 1961 Leendert Van der Meulen (HOL) (TCH) 1962 Romain De Loof (BEL) 1974 Vladimir Vackar, Miroslav Vymazal 1963 Romain De Loof (BEL) (TCH) 1964 Jacobus Oudkerk (HOL) 1975 Benedykt Kocot, Janusz Kotlinski 1965 Gabriel Mas (ESP) (POL) 1966 Piet De Wit (HOL) 1976 Bededykt Kocot, Janusz Kotlinski 1967 Piet De Wit (HOL) (POL) 1968 Giuseppe Grassi (ITA) 1977 Vladimir Vackar, Miroslav Vymazal 1969 Albertus Boom (HOL) (TCH) 1970 Cornelius Stam (HOL) 1978 Vladimir Vackar, Miroslav Vymazal 1971 Horst Gnas (FRG) (TCH) 1972 Horst Gnas (FRG) 1979 Yave Cahard, Frank Depine (FRA) 1973 Horst Gnas (FRG) 1980 Ivan Kucirek, Pavel Martinek (TCH) 1974 Cornelius Stam (HOL) 1981 Ivan Kucirek, Pavel Martinek (TCH) 1975 Gaby Minneboo (HOL) 1982 Ivan Kucirek, Pavel Martinek (TCH) 1976 Gaby Minneboo (HOL) 1983 Philippe Vernet, Frank Depine (FRA) 1977 Gaby Minneboo (HOL) 1984 1978 Rainer Podlesch (FRG) 1979 Matthe Pronk (HOL) 1980 Gaby Minneboo (HOL) 1981 Matthe Pronk (HOL) 1982 Gaby Minneboo (HOL) 1983 Rainer Podlesch (FRG) 1984 • Individual Points race

1976 Walter Baumgartner (SUI) 1977 Constant Tourne (BEL) 1978 Noel de Jonckheere (BEL) 1979 Jiri Slama (TCH) 1980 Gary Sutton (AUS) 1981 Lutz Haueisen (GDR) 1982 Hans Joachim Pohl (GDR) 1983 Michael Marcussen (DEN) 558 1. 1952: A Noyelle (BEL). 2. 1928: L. Tasselli. C. Faccioani. M. Lusiani, L Gajoni (ITA) 3. Willy Falck-Hansen (DEN) 4. 1980: Y. Kashirin, O. Login, S Shelpakov, A. Yarkin (URS). 5. 1972: U. Hempel, J. Colombo, G Schumacher G. Haritz. 6. 1980: L. Thoms (GDR, 1st, in the centre), A. Pantilov, (URS, 2nd, on the left), D, Weller (JAM, 3rd).

559 • Team Pursuit 1928 Allegro Grandi (ITA) 1929 Pierino Bertolazzo (ITA) 1962 Ehrenfried Rudolph, Klaus May, Lothar 1930 Giuseppe Martano (ITA) Claesges, Bernd Rohr (FRG) 1931 Henri Hansen (DEN) 1963 Arnold Belgart, Leonid Kolumbet, 1932 Giuseppe Martano (ITA) Stanislav Moskvin, Serguei 1933 (SUI) Tereschenko (URS) 1934 Kees Pellenaers (HOL) 1964 Lothar Claesges, Karl-Heinz Henrichs, 1935 Ivo Mancini (ITA) Karl Link, Ernst Streng (FRG) 1936 Werner Buchwalder (SUI) 1937 (ITA) 1965 Stanislav Moskvin, Leonid Vaukolov, Serguei Terehtchenkov, Mikhail 1938 (SUI) Koluchev (URS) 1946 Henri Aubry (FRA) 1966 Antonio Castello, Cipriano Chemello, 1947 Alfo Ferrari (ITA) Gino Pancino, Luigi Roncaglia (ITA) 1948 Harry Snell (SWE) 1967 Dzintars Latsis, Stanislav Moskvin. 1949 Henk J. Faanhof (HOL) Viktor Bykov, Mikhail Kolusev (URS) 1950 Jack Hoobin (AUS) 1968 Lorenzo Bosisio, Giorgio Morbiato, 1951 Gianni Ghidini (ITA) Cipriano Chemello, Luigi Roncaglia 1952 Luciano Ciancola (ITA) 1953 Riccardo Filippi (ITA) (ITA) 1969 Victor Bykov, Serguei Kuzkov, Vladimir 1954 Emile Van Cauter (BEL) Kuznekov, Stanisrav Moskvin (URS) 1955 Sante Ranucci (ITA) 1970 Gunther Haritz, Peter Vonhof, Udo 1956 Frans Mahn (HOL) Hempel, Ernst Claussmeier (FRG) 1957 Louis Proost (BEL) 1971 Giacomo Bazzan, Pietro Algeri, Giorgio 1958 Gustaf Adolf Schur (GDR) Morbiato, Luciano Borgononi (ITA) 1959 Gustaf Adolf Schur (GDR) 1960 Bernhard Eckstein (GDR) 1973 Gunther Haritz, Peter Vonhof, Hans Lutz, Gunther Schumacher (FRG) 1961 Jean Jourden (FRA) 1974 Hans Lutz, Peter Vonhof, Dieter 1962 Renato Bongioni (ITA) Thurau, Gunther Schumacher (FRG) 1963 Flaviano Vicentini (ITA) 1975 Hans Lutz, Gregor Braun, Peter Vonhof, 1964 (BEL) Gunther Schumacher (FRG) 1965 Jacques Botherel (FRA) 1977 Norbert Durpisch, Gerd Mortag, 1966 (HOL) Mathias Wiegand, Volker Winkler 1967 Graham Webb (GBR) 1968 Vittorio Marcelli (ITA) (GDR) 1969 Leif Mortensen (DEN) 1978 Mathias Wiegand, Gerd Mortag, Volker 1970 Joergen Schmidt (DEN) Winkler, Lutz Haueissen (GDR) 1971 Regis Ovion (FRA) 1979 Lutz Haueissen, Volker Winkler, Axel 1973 Ryszard Szurkowski (POL) Grosser, Gerd Mortag (GDR) 1974 Janusz Kowalski (POL) 1981 Detlef Macha, , Axel Gros- 1975 Adrianus Gevers (HOL) ser, Volker Winkler (GDR) 1977 (ITA) 1982 Alexandre Krasnov, Serguei Nikitenko, Valeri Movtchan, Konstantin Khrabtsov 1978 (SUI) 1979 Gianni Giacomini (ITA) (URS) 1981 Andrei Verdernikov (URS) 1983 Rolf Gölz, Roland Gunther, Michael Marx, Gerhard Strittmer (FRG) 1982 Bernd Drogan (GDR) 1983 (GDR)

List of Winners - Men’s Road Events • Team Time Trial Race 1962 Danilo Grassi, Mario Maino, Antonio • lndividual Event Tagliani, Dino Zandegu (ITA) 1921 Gunnar Should (SWE) 1963 Michel Bechet, Marcel Bidault, 1922 Dave Marsh (GBR) Georges Chappe, Dominique Motte 1923 Luigi Ferrario (ITA) (FRA) 1924 Andre Leducq (FRA) 1964 Severino Andreoli, Luciano Dalla Bona, 1925 Henri Hoevenaers (BEL) Pietro Guerra, Ferruccio Manza (ITA) 1926 Octave Dayen (FRA) 1965 Luciano Dalla Bona, Pietro Guerra, 1927 (BEL) Giacomo Denti, Giuseppe Soldi (ITA) 560 1966 Verner Blaudzun, Jörgen Hansen, Ole Hojlund, Fleming Wewer (DEN) 1967 Gosta, Erik, Sture and Thomas Petterson (SWE) 1968 Gosta, Erik, Sture and Thomas Petterson (SWE) 1969 Gosta, Erik, Sture and Thomas Petterson (SWE) 1970 Valeri Jardi, Vladimir Sokolov, Boris Shukhov, Valeri Likhachev (URS) 1971 Gustaaf Hermans, Gustaaf Van Cauter, Louis Verreydt, Ludo Vanderliden (BEL) 1973 Lucjan Lis, Ryszard Szukowski, Stanislas Szozda, Vajsiech Matusiak (POL) 1974 Sven Ake Nilsson, Bernt Johansson, B. Burton (GBR). Lennart Fagerlund, Tord Filipson (SWE) 1974 Tamara Piltsikova (URS) Tadeusz Mytnik, Mieczysl Nowicki, 1975 1975 Sue Novarra (USA) Ryszard Szurkowski, Stanislas Szozda 1976 (USA) (POL) 1977 Galina Tsareva (URS) 1977 Vladimir Kamininski, Aavo Pikkus, 1978 Galina Tsareva (URS) Valeri Chaplinguin, Anatoli Chukanov 1979 Galina Tsareva (URS) (URS) 1980 Sue Novarra-Reber (USA) 1978 , Jan Van 1981 Sheila Young-Ochowitz (USA) Houwelingen, Bart Van Est, Augustinus 1982 (USA) Blerings (HOL) 1983 Connie Paraskevin (USA) , Andreas Petermann, 1979 1984 Bernd Drogan, Hans-Joachim Hartnick (GDR) 1981 Falk Boden, Bernd Drogan, , (GDR) • Pursuit 1982 , Geert Schipper, Gerrit 1958 Lubov Kotchetova (URS) Solleveld, Frits Bindsbergen (HOL) 1959 (GBR) 1983 Yuri Kachirin, Serguei Novolokin, Oleg 1960 Beryl Burton (GBR) Tchouzda, Alexandre Zinoviev (URS) 1961 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) 1962 Beryl Burton (GBR) 1963 Beryl Burton (GBR) List of Winners 1964 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) 1965 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) for Women’s Track Events 1966 Beryl Burton (GBR) Sprint 1967 Tamara Gorkushina (URS) • 1968 Raisa Obodovskaja (URS) 1958 Galina Ermolaeva (URS) 1969 Raisa Obodovskaja (URS) 1959 Galina Ermolaeva (URS) 1970 Tamara Gorkushina (URS) 1960 Galina Ermoaeva (URS) 1971 Tamara Gorkushina (URS) 1961 Galina Ermolaeva (URS) 1972 Tamara Gorkushina (URS) 1962 Valentina Savina (URS) 1973 Tamara Gorkushina (URS) 1963 Galina Ermolaeva (URS) 1974 Tamara Gorkushina (URS) 1964 lrina Kirichenko (URS) 1975 Keeti Van Oosten Hage (HOL) 1965 Valentina Savina (URS) 1976 Keeti Van Oosten Hage (HOL) 1966 lrina Kirichenko (URS) 1977 Vera Kuznetsova (URS) 1967 Valentina Savina (URS) 1978 Keeti Van Oosten Hage (HOL) 1968 Alla Baguiniantz (URS) 1979 Keeti Van Oosten Hage (HOL) 1969 Galina Careva (URS) 1980 Nadedjda Kibardina (URS) 1970 Galina Careva (URS) 1981 Nadedjda Kibardina (URS) 1971 Galina Careva (URS) 1982 (USA) 1972 Galina Ermolaeva (URS) 1983 Connie Carpenter (USA) 1973 Sheila Young (USA) 1984 561 Winners - Women’s Road Events 1958 (LUX) 1959 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) 1960 Beryl Burton (GBR) 1961 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) 1962 Marie-Rose Gaillard (BEL) 1963 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) 1964 Emmilia Sonka (URS) 1965 Elizabeth Eicholz (GDR) 1966 Yvonne Reynders (BEL) 1967 Beryl Burton (GBR) 1968 Cornelia Hage (HOL) 1969 Audrey McElmury (USA) 1970 Anna Konkina (URS) 1971 Anna Konkina (URS) 1972 Genevieve Gambillon (FRA) 1973 Nicole Van der Broeck (BEL) 1974 Genevieve Gambillon (FRA) 1975 Tineke Fopma (HOL) 1976 Cornelia Van Oosten Hage (HOL) 1977 Josiane Bost (FRA) 1978 Beate Habetz (FRG) 1979 Petra De Bruin (HOL) 1980 (USA) 1981 Ute Enzenauer (FRG) 1982 (GBR) 1983 Marianne Berlung (SWE)

Beth Heiden (USA), at the same time both Olympic medallist and World Champion for , also World Cham- pion, becomes a legendary figure with her contrywoman, Sheila Young, Olympic Speed Skating Champion and World Champion.

World Cyclocross Championships

Date Place lndividual Team 1967 Zurich (SUI) Michel Pelchat (FRA) FRA 1968 Luxembourg (LUX) (BEL) BEL 1969 Magstadt (GDR) René de Clercq (BEL) BEL 1970 Zolder (BEL) Robert Vermeire (BEL) BEL 1971 Apeldoorn (HOL) Robert Vermeire (BEL) HOL 1972 Prague (TCH) Norbert Dedeckere (BEL) FRG 1973 London (GBR) Klaus Peter Thaler (FRG) FRG 1974 Vera Bisadoa (ESP) Robert Vermeire (BEL) FRG 1975 Melchnau (SUI) Robert Vermeire (BEL) BEL 1976 Chazay d’Azergues (FRA) Klaus Peter Thaler (FRG) FRG 1977 (FRG) Robert Vermeire (BEL) FRG 1978 Amorebieta (ESP) (BEL) SUI 1979 Saccolongo (ITA) Vito Di Tano (ITA) POL 1980 Wetzikon (SUI) Fritz Saladin (SUI) SUI 1981 San Sebastian (ESP) Milos Fisera (TCH) ITA 1982 Brest (FRA) Milos Fisera (TCH) TCH 1983 Birmingham (GBR) Radomir Simunek (TCH) TCH 1984 Nijmegen (HOL) Radomir Simunek (TCH) TCH 562 1949 - The first World Cycleball Champions, Walter Gebs and Ottavio Zollet (SUI) do battle with Josef Janke (AUT).

World Indoor Cycling Championships Date Place 1976 Munster (FRG) 1977 Brno (TCH) 1949 Copenhagen (DEN) 1978 Herning (DEN) 1950 Liege (BEL) 1979 Schiltigheim (FRA) 1951 Milan (ITA) 1980 Rheinfelden (SUI) (LUX) 1952 Mondorf-les-Bains 1981 Heerlen (HOL) 1953 Zurich (SUI) 1982 Wiesbaden (FRG) 1954 Cologne (FRG) 1983 Vienne (AUT) 1955 Milan (ITA) 1984 Schiltigheim (FRA) 1956 Copenhagen (DEN) 1985 1957 Rocourt (BEL) (SUI) 1958 Karl-Marx-Stadt (GDR) 1959 Stuttgart (FRG) Cycleball 1960 Mulhouse (FRA) 1961 St-Gall (SUI) 1949 Walter Gebs - Ottavio Zollet (SUI) 1962 Vienna (AUT) 1950 Walter Osterwalder - Rudi Breiten- 1963 Basle (SUI) moser (SUI) 1964 Gladsaxe (DEN) 1951 Walter Osterwalder - Rudi Breiten- 1965 Prague (TCH) moser (SUI) 1966 Cologne (FRG) 1952 Walter Osterwalder - Rudi Breiten- 1967 Amsterdam (HOL) moser (SUI) 1968 Montevideo (URU) 1953 Walter Osterwalder - Rudi Breiten- 1969 (GDR) moser (SUI) 1970 Ostrava (TCH) 1954 Fritz Flachsmamn - Rudi Breitenmoser 1971 Baden (FRG) (SUI) 1972 Offenburg (GDR) 1955 Rudi Pensel - Willi Pensel (FRG) 1973 Vienna (AUT) 1956 Walter Osterwalder - Rudi Breiten- 1974 Heerlen (HOL) moser (SUI) 1975 Gand (BEL) 1957 Rudi Pensel - Willi Pensel (FRG) 563 1958 Gerth Martin - Gerhard Degenkolb 1977 Kurt Hunsänger (FRG) (GDR) 1978 Kurt Hunsänger (FRG) 1959 Karl Buchholz - Oscar Buchholz (FRG) 1979 Franz Kratochvil (FRG) 1960 Erwin Oberhansli - Adolf Oberhansli 1980 Franz Kratochvil (FRG) (SUI) 1981 Franz Kratochvil (FRG) 1961 Karl Buchholz - Oscar Buchholz (FRG) 1982 Franz Kratochvil (FRG) 1962 Karl Buchholz - Oscar Buchholz (FRG) 1983 Peter Nienatschker (FRG) 1963 Karl Buchholz - Oscar Buchholz (FRG) 1984 1964 Karl Buchholz - Oscar Buchholz (FRG) 1965 Karl Buchholz - Oscar Buchholz (FRG) 1966 Gerth Martin - Erich Dusin (GDR) 1967 Werner Wenzel - Günter Bittendorf • Artistic Cycling in Pairs (FRG) 1968 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1980 Rhenhold Korn - Rudolf Fries (FRG) 1969 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1981 Rolf Halter - Helmut Schneider (FRG) 1970 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1982 Rolf Halter - Helmut Schneider (FRG) 1971 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1983 Rolf Halter - Helmut Schneider (FRG) 1972 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1984 1973 Jan Posoisil - Jindrich Posoisil (TCH) 1974 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1975 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1976 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1977 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) • Six-man Quadrille 1978 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1980 Werner Donath - Wolfgang Donath - 1979 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) Ralf Botta - Herbert Merk - Rainer 1980 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) Tschirlich - Heinz Wenzel (FRG) 1981 Jan Pospisil - Jindrich Pospisil (TCH) 1981 Werner Donath - Wolfgang Donath - 1982 Tomas Steinmeier - Andreas Stein- Ralf Botta - Herbert Merk - Rainer meier (FRG) Tschirlich - Heinz Wenzel (FRG) 1983 Thomas Steinmeier - Andreas Stein- meier (FRG) 1984 Women’s Artistic Cycling

Men 's Artistic Cycling • lndividual Event 1970 Anne-Marie Flaig (FRG) • lndividual Event 1971 Anne-Marie Schlosser-Flaig (FRG) 1972 Anne-Marie Schlosser-Flaig (FRG) 1956 Arnold Tschopp (SUI) 1973 Elizabeth Binanzer (FRG) 1957 Arnold Tschopp (SUI) 1974 Anna Matouskova (TCH) 1958 Heinz Pfeiffer (FRG) 1975 Anna Matouskova (TCH) 1959 Heinz Pfeiffer (FRG) 1976 Anna Matouskova (TCH) 1960 Arnold Tchopp (SUI) 1977 Anna Matouskova (TCH) 1961 Arnold Tschopp (SUI) 1978 Gabi Höhler (FRG) 1962 Arnold Tschopp (SUI) 1979 Anna Matouskova (TCH) 1963 Arnold Tschopp (SUI) 1980 Eliane Maggi (SUI) 1964 Hans Tissen (FRG) 1981 Petra Bender (FRG) 1965 Hans Tissen (FRG) 1982 Maria Beerlage (FRG) 1966 Willy Eichin (FRG) 1983 Maria Beerlage (FRG) 1967 Gerhard Blotny (GDR) 1984 1968 Manfred Naute (FRG) 1969 Gerhard Blotny (GDR) Artistic Cycling in Pairs 1970 Willy Eichin (FRG) • 1971 Manfred Naute (FRG) 1980 Ruth and Ute Jiskra (FRG) 1972 Manfred Naute (FRG) 1981 Ruth and Ute Jiskra (FRG) 1973 Gerhart Obert (FRG) 1982 The Maas sisters (FRG) 1974 Gerhart Obert (FRG) 1983 Manuela Kramp and Stefanie Teuber 1975 Gerhard Obert (FRG) FRG) 1976 Kurt Hunsanger (FRG) 1984 564 Junior World Championships

Road and Track 1982 Paulo Ribeiro (ITA) 1983 Andreas Kappes (FRG) Date Place 1984 1975 Lausanne (SUI) 1976 Liege (BEL) • Team Pursuit 1977 Vienna (AUT) 1978 Washington (USA) 1975 Blochin, Jelisarow, Kouchtin, Pelipenko 1979 Buenos Aires (ARG) (URS) 1976 Mortaq, Lippold, Macha, Hell (GDR) 1980 Mexico (MEX) 1977 Schnelle, Kumaner, Gerlach, Pohl 1981 Leipzig (GDR) 1982 Florence (ITA) (GDR) 1978 Krasnov, Cuznetsov, Monakov, 1983 Wanganui (NZL) 1984 Caen (FRA) Michenko (URS) 1979 Gadis Liepich, Petzow, Baluk, Daynis • Sprint Liepiche (URS) 1980 A. Lotsmelis, A. Liepinche, D. Palis, S. 1975 Octavia Dazzan (ARG) Agoupov (URS) 1976 Lutz Hesslich (GDR) 1981 D. Palis, J. Kasakow, D. Grantinche, 1977 Lutz Hesslich (GDR) Marat Ganejev (URS) 1978 Serguei Kopilov (URS) 1982 Marat Ganejev, ‘Valery Grinkovski, 1979 Freddy Schmidtke (FRG) Armande Freymanis, Oleg Dajtchenko 1980 Maic Malchow (GDR) (URS) 1981 Olaf Arndt (GDR) 1983 Olsen, Ropke, Kubach, Kynde (DEN) 1982 Nikolai Kovtche (URS) 1984 1983 Takashi Seike (JPN) 1984 • lndividual Road Event • Individual Pursuit 1975 Robert Visentini (ITA) 1976 Ronald Bessems (HOL) 1975 Robert Dill-Bundi (SUI) 1977 Ronny Van Holen (BEL) 1976 Robert Dill-Bundi (SUI) 1978 Vladimir Makarkin (URS) 1977 Hans J. Pohl (GDR) 1979 Greg Lemond (USA) 1978 Axel Grosser (GDR) 1980 Roberto Ciampi (ITA) 1979 Gadis Liepich (URS) 1981 Beat Schumacher (SUI) 1980 Daynis Liepich (URS) 1982 Roger Six (BEL) 1981 Albert Reinhard (FRG) 1983 Soren Litholt (DEN) 1982 Carsten Wolf (GDR) 1984 1983 Dean Wood (AUS) 1984 • Team Road Time Trail Race • 1 Km Time Trial Race 1975 Bondarenko, Karawajev, Romanov, Toropov (URS) . 1977 Rainer Hoenish (GDR) 1976 Donadio, Giacomini, Maffei, Primavera 1978 Frank Micke (GDR) (ITA) 1979 Freddy Schmidtke (FRG) 1977 Barth, Falk Boden, Olaf Ludwig, Kluge 1980 Maic Malchow (GDR) (GDR) 1981 Marcelo Alexandre (ARG) 1978 Barth, Falk Boden, Olaf Ludwig, Smek- 1982 Andreas Ganske (GDR) talla (GDR) 1983 Allan Miller (NZL) 1979 Staroudoubter, Demidenko, Chpak, 1984 Volochin (URS) • lndividual Points Race 1980 S. Zhoak. S. Voroniv. O. Tchuoda. Demidenko (URS) 1975 Henri Rinklin (FRG) 1981 Dan Radtke, Frank Jesse, , 1976 Rijdiger Leitloff (FRG) Ralf Wodynski (GDR) 1977 Miroslav Junec (TCH) 1982 Uwe Ampler, Globmann, Heddner, 1978 Robert De Maerteleire (BEL) Andreas Lux (GDR) 1979 Teum Van Vliet (HOL) 1983 Soren Litholt, , Sorensen, 1980 Uwe Messerschmidt (FRG) Olsen (DEN) 1981 Fabio Lana (ITA) 1984 565 Cyclocross 1980 Radomir Simunek (TCH) 1981 Date Place Rigobert Matt (FRG) 1982 Beat Schumacher (SUI) 1979 Villafranca de Ordizia (ESP) 1983 (TCH) 1980 Wetzikon (SUI) 1984 Ondrej Glajza (TCH) 1981 San Sebastian (ESP) 1982 Brest (FRA) 1983 Birmingham (GBR) 1984 Nijmegen (HOL) • Team 1979 BEL 1982 GBR • lndividual 1980 SUI 1983 TCH 1979 José Vijandi (ESP) 1981 SUI 1984 TCH

Major International Competitions 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Olympic Games Los Angeles ---Seoul (USA) (KOR)

1 Track World Champ. Barcelona Bassano del Colorado x X (ESP)1 Grappa Springs (USA)2 (ITA) Road World Champ. Colorado x (ITA) Springs (USA) x World Cyclocross Nigmegen Munich x xx Championships (HOL) World Indoor Champ. Schlietigheim (FRG) xxx (FRA) Junior World Champ. : a) road Caen (FRA) FRG xxx b) track Caen (FRA) FRG x xx c) cyclocross Nijmegen (HOL) Munich (FRG) x X x 2 1 Exception: the motor-paced event will take place in For non-Olympic disciplines as a result of the Games. Switzerland. Other International Competitions : Panamerican Championships South East Asian Games Panamerican Games Asian Championships Bolivarian Games Asian Games Central American Games International Military Championships Universiad Hapoel Games Oceania Championships Mediterranean Games Central American and Caribbean Games Part IV

Olympic Awards obtained A FIAC member holder of the Olympic Order Silver Medal 1978 Adriano Rodoni *

*See biographical notes

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