Cycling and Olympism
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Cycling and Olympism Summary Foreword by the President of the FIAC. Financing, training and improvement of techni- cal officials, awards made by the FIAC, General information on the FIAC and the UCI. principal FIAC publications, films. Part I Part Ill The History of the FIAC. The competitions The emergence of the velocipede, first compe- - Technical aspects of cycling. titions, first associations, from the ICA to the - Cycling at the Olympic Games. UCI, from the UCI to the FIAC. - Development of the programme. Successive Presidents and Secretaries Gen- - List of winners eral. - Participation by NOC from 1896 to 1984. - Participation by event during the last three The congresses. Olympic Games. Biographical Notes. - World Championships. Part II - Host towns and development of the pro- The administration of the FIAC. gramme. - Honours list. Organisation chart, member Federations, - Major international competitions. aims, Statutory and Extraordinary Con- gresses, the Supervisory Committee, Commis- Part IV sions, the General Secretariat, Confedera- tions. Olympic awards obtained. 531 From the first bicycles. to the crossing of the finishing line by the competitors in the road event at the Games of the XVIIth Olympiad (1960). 532 Foreword The sport of cycling never fails to surprise those who study its development from an objective standpoint. Unlike many other sporting disciplines, our sport has, in a short space of time, become established on the five continents. Its ability to satisfy the aspirations and requirements of the greatest number of enthusiasts is most extraordinary. Its energy is even more amazing if we consider that, since its introduction, cycling has in many different ways formed and influenced the development of modern sport. Has it not promoted the birth of the sports press, fostered the link between industry and sport ? And has it not provided many a subject for literature ? The expansion of other sporting disciplines, the advent of motorisation and automation, encourage us to think of cycling as a sport blemished by anachronism, whereas on the contrary, in a highly developed industrial society, the bicycle represents the complete expression of human and social vocation, an instrument of leisure and sport satisfying the demands of health and open air activity, a means of establishing a harmonious relationship with nature. As far as its usefulness is concerned, the bicycle provides an economical, pollution-free answer to the energy crisis, it encourages the short journey and, to an ever-increasing extent, captures the attention of town-planners and ecologists, with a view to the creation of an environment with human dimensions. This reality is also mirrored in the sport of cycling. Millions of racers are already affiliated to more than 130 national federations recognised by the FIAC. These sportsmen are reviving our sport, improving its technical standard, and this is why we are able to state that the sport of cycling is, as yet, on the threshold of its expansion. Valery Syssoev President of the FIAC 533 International Amateur Cycling Federation FIAC Year founded: 1965 as an integral part of the “Union Cycliste Internationale”. FIAC President in office: Valery Syssoev * (URS) FiAC Secretary General in office: Mrs. Carla Giuliani* (ITA). Address of the FIAC : Via dei Campi Sportivi 48, 00197 Rome, Italy. Telephone : (39.6) 36 85 91 33/811 98 52 Carla Giuliani Telex : (43) 612 681. Michal Jekiel International Cycling Union UCI Year founded : 1900. UCI President in office : Luis Puig* (ESP). UCI Secretary General in office : Michal Jekiel* (POL), Vice-President of the FIAC. Treasurer in office : Agostino Omini* (ITA). Address of the UCI: 6, rue Amat, Geneva 1202, Switzerland. Telephone : (022) 32 29 14. Telegram : UCINT Geneva. Luis Puig on the new Los Angeles * See biographical notes. Olympic cycling track. 534 Part I The History of the FIAC The emergence of the Velocipede dique de France, 1881), in Belgium (the Ligue Vélocipédique, 1882). in Switzerland (the Amongs the names of those who, through their « Schweizerische Radfahrer Bund», 1883). in imagination and their inventions, were reponsi- Germany (the “Bund Deutscher Radfahrer”, ble for the emergence of the velocipede, we 1885), in Italy, (I”‘Union Vélocipédique”, 1885). would mention : The first international organisation which from the XVth century aimed to structure the cycling movement. the - Leonardo da Vinci, the visionary International Cyclist Association (ICA), ‘was founded in 1892 in London. It at once at the end of the XVIIth century introduced world championships, the first of which were held the following year in Chicago. - Jacques Ozanam and his cart controlled by handles From the ICA to the UCI at the beginning of the XVllIth century Although Frans Netcher (HOL), followed by Mr. - Jacques de Vaucanson with his cog-chain Staal (DEN), held the Presidency, the ICA was in fact run by its Secretary General, Henry at the end of the XVIIIth century Sturmey (GBR). The latter was soon unable to - de Sivrac with his two-wheeled contrivance subdue the resentment felt between the introduced in 1790 members. As a result of the rigid and confused interpre- in the XlXth century tation of amateurism which was inflexibly Baron de Drais de Sauerbron. responsible for applied for entry into the World Champion- the lakes and forests of the Grand Duchy of ships, differences of opinion arose amongst Bade, with his mobile steering. those in charge. In fact, the regulations currently in force excluded the best cyclists of - Louis Gompertz and Kirkpatrick McMillan, the period from the most important world event the British innovators. in cycling, and prevented the development of - Pierre and Ernest Michaux (FRA), father and the sport, which let us not forget, enjoyed son, the inventors of gears and pedals, and growing popularity, especially in Europe, pro- therefore of the velocipede (1861). moting on the one hand industrial concerns and on the other hand, coutinuing expansion of - John Boyd Dunlop, the veterinary surgeon the increasingly significant sports press. from Belfast and his tyres (which he invented in 1888). On 14th April 1900, delegates from six associations and five countries assembled in Paris : Emile de Beukelaer* for the “Ligue First Competitions, First Associations Velocipédique Belge”, the Frenchman Victor From 1865 onwards, the first cycling competi- Breyer for the “National Cycling Association” tions were organised in response to the in the United States, Alfred Riguelle for the growing demands of cyclists. They gathered in “Union velocipédique de France”, Count clubs which put forward the idea of “races”. Villers for the “Union des Societés Françaises The first town to town race seems to have de Sports Athlétiques”, Mario Bruzzone repre- been “Paris-Rouen”. held in 1869 in France senting the “Unione Velocipedistica ltaliana » and won by James Moore (GBR). One by one and the Frenchman Paul Rousseau’ for the national associations began to appear, in “Union Cycliste Suisse”, these delegates then Great Britain (the Bicycle Union, established in formed the “Union Cycliste Internationale”, 1878), in the USA (the League of American and Emile de Benkelaer* became its Presi- Wheelmen, 1880), in France (I’ “Union vélocipé- dent 535 Successive UCI Presidents 1. Emile de Beukelaer* (BEL), from 1900 to 1922; 2. Leon Breton* (FRA), from 1922 to 1936, 3. Max Burgi* (SUI), from 1936 to 1939, 4. Alban Collignon* (BEL), from 1939 to 1947 ; 5. Achille Joinard* (FRA), from 1947 to 1958 ; 6. Adriano Rodoni* (ITA), from 1958 to 1981 ; 7. Luis Puig* (ESP), since 1981. Successive UCI Secretaries General 1. Paul Rousseau* (FRA), from 1901 to 1941 ; 2. Victor Breyer (FRA), from 1946 to 1947 ; 3. René Chesal (FRA), from 1947 to 1969, 4. Michal Jekiel* (POL) since 1969. From the UCI to the FIAC Until 1965 the UCI governed both the amateur and professional sectors of the sport of cycling. Divergence between these two sec- tors could have broken up the UCI if those in charge had not realized that it was necessary to grant autonomy to each of these sectors. At the request of the International Olympic Committee, this reform was put into effect on 1st and 3rd September 1965, during the E. de Beukelaer Congress at San Sebastian (ESP). Two Feder- ations were formed within the UCI, one resposible for the amateur section, the “Federation lnternationale de Cyclisme Ama- teur” (FIAC), and the other for the professional section, the “Federation lnternationale de Cyclisme Professionnel” (FICP). This develop- ment fostered the expansion of all the strengths and resources of world cycling. The Statutes of these organisations guarantee them of soverainty, full autonomy, the demo- cratic election of their Executive Committees, their own technical regulations. The UCI remains a unifying body which deals with general problems and with the ratification of M. Burgi L. Breton decisions taken by the two individual organi- sations. Successive FIAC Presidents 1965 - 1981 Adriano Rodoni* (ITA): 1981 Luis Puig* (ESP) From 1981 Valery Syssoev* (URS) Successive FIAC Secretaries General. 1965 - 1969 René Chesal (FRA) : 1969 - 1981 Giuliano Pacciarelli (ITA) A. Collignon A. Joinard From 1981 Mrs. Carla Giuliani* (ITA). 536 The UCI Congresses 1. Paris (FRA) 11 th August 1900 40. Paris (FRA) 1st August 1924 2. Alexandria (EGY) 6th Febr. 1901 41. Pads (FRA) 7th Febr. 1925 3. Berlin (ALL) 6th July 1901 42. Amsterdam (HOL) 14th August 1925 4. Paris (FRA) 29th March 1902 43. Paris (FRA) 6th Febr. 1926 5. Rome (ITA) 7th June 1902 44. Milan (ITA) 24th July 1926 6. Paris (FRA) 14th Febr. 1903 45. Paris (FRA) 5th Febr. 1927 7. Copenhagen (DEN) 15th August 1903 46. Cologne (ALL) 15th July 1927 6. Paris (FRA) 13th Febr. 1904 47. Paris (FRA) 4th Febr. 1926 9. London (GBR) 2nd Sept. 1904 46. Budapest (HUN) 14th August 1926 10. Paris (FRA) 11 th Febr. 1905 49.Paris(FRA) 2nd Febr. 1929 11. Antwerp (BEL) 15th July 1905 50.