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University of Huddersfield Repository Verguson, Christine Jane ‘Opting out’? nation, region and locality Original Citation Verguson, Christine Jane (2014) ‘Opting out’? nation, region and locality. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/23523/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ ‘OPTING OUT’? NATION, REGION AND LOCALITY The BBC in Yorkshire 1945-1990 CHRISTINE JANE VERGUSON A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield January 2014 Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions 2 Abstract This thesis considers the extent to which the BBC, arguably the nation’s most important cultural institution, attempted to meet its commitment to regional and local broadcasting in one English region, Yorkshire, between 1945 and 1990. The study focuses specifically on the extent to which a distinctive regional culture can be identified within the BBC in Yorkshire and how this changed over time while also considering how BBC programme makers both engaged with and represented the audience and the extent to which they attempted to foster place-related identity. The years 1945 to 1990 included the relaunching of English regional broadcasting at the end of World War Two, the arrival of television in the North and a redefinition of the BBC’s non-metropolitan broadcasting at the end of the 1960s with the creation of a new BBC television region based at Leeds and the launch of BBC local radio. Prior to, and then alongside, the establishment of these new services, Leeds-based producers working for the BBC North Region were bringing new voices in drama and entertainment to the attention of the nation. But by 1990 this period of relative regional autonomy and expansion had come to an end and producers of regional programmes had been told they were to focus on news and current affairs. An oral history approach has been employed alongside an analysis of programme material that concentrates on day-to-day local and regional broadcasting - programmes made in the region for the regional audience - going beyond the ‘texts’ to ask why these programmes were made and how they were made. Different aspects of programming are considered (regional television news and features, the early years of local radio) together with BBC cultures and practices. 3 Contents List of Figures 5 Dedications and Acknowledgements 6 Glossary 8 Introduction 11 Part One: Contexts CHAPTER ONE: Historiography, sources and method 17 CHAPTER TWO: Private fiefdoms - broadcasting in Yorkshire after 1945 55 Part Two: Case studies CHAPTER THREE: ‘A reliable witness’ - television news from Leeds 100 CHAPTER FOUR: A sense of Yorkshire? Regional representation in television feature programmes 142 CHAPTER FIVE: Broadcasting to one city - the BBC and Bradford 184 Part Three: Broadcasters, viewers and listeners CHAPTER SIX: BBC workers in Leeds - cultures and practice 209 CHAPTER SEVEN: Engaging with Yorkshire audiences 239 Conclusion 254 Appendices Appendix One: Brief chronology 263 Appendix Two: Chronicling the region - items transmitted on Look North (Leeds) in March 1993 to mark the programme’s twenty-fifth anniversary 264 Appendix Three: Summary of BBC TV North Region Feature Programmes 1971 – 1990 266 Bibliography and sources 280 4 List of Figures (Source details are provided next to the relevant figure in the text) Figure 1: Location of BBC studio centres, transmitting stations and regional boundaries, 1957 54 Figure 2: Studio One, BBC, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, 1933 63 Figure 3: BBC North Region’s ‘school for playwrights’, BBC Leeds, 1947 67 Figure 4: BBC North Region Programme Hours 1958-1970 69 Figure 5: Northern Drift – still from television titles, 1965 73 Figure 6: Studio recording, Fred by Alan Plater, BBC Leeds, 1970 74 Figure 7: Map, BBC North East Region, 1986 99 Figure 8: Look North – still from headline with Eddie Waring, 1968 100 Figure 9: Look North – still from opening of first Leeds programme, 1968 104 Figure 10: Look North – stills, Batley item, 1968 110 Figure 11: Look North – still, reporter Barry Chambers advertising new programme from Leeds 141 Figure 12: Radio Times promotion feature, Savile’s Yorkshire Travels, 1971 145 Figure 13: Photo, freelance cameraman Sid Perou and producer Doug Smith, 1970s 150 Figure 14: Presentation caption, Rock Athlete, BBC TV North, 1980 150 Figure 15: Photo, on location in Lincolnshire, 1972 156 Figure 16: Programme still – Alan Bennett tells his Success Story to Mike Smartt, 1981 157 Figure 17: Presentation caption, Our Dad’s War, BBC TV North, 1975 161 Figure 18: Programme still, Looking Back with Brian Thompson, 1982 165 Figure 19: Radio Times, promotion box, Lost City, 1958 189 Figure 20: Lost City – still, JB Priestley with Mavis Dean, Kirkgate Market, Bradford, 1958 190 Figure 21: Nairn’s North: The Glory That Was Bradford, still, Ian Nairn in graveyard, 1967 193 Figure 22: Photo, BBC Leeds ‘girls’, late 1940s 208 Figure 23: Photo, BBC Leeds TV Newsroom, 1968 208 Figure 24: Photo, editing 16mm film at the BBC in Leeds, 1980s 238 Figure 25: Photo, ‘Uher’ portable reel-to-reel tape recorder 238 Figure 26: Photos – Radio Leeds, advertising for talking budgie, and newsroom 247 Cover illustration: BBC studios, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, prior to demolition 5 Dedications and acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have helped and supported me in the course of writing and researching this dissertation, particularly those people who were kind enough to share their time and their memories with me and without whom the completion of this work would not be possible. Their voices echo throughout these pages and their names are listed in the Bibliography. Thanks also to Professor Jean Seaton, to my supervisor Dr Martin Cooper for his advice and encouragement throughout this journey, and to Professor Barry Doyle and to all staff and fellow research students in the Journalism & Media and History departments at the University of Huddersfield who helped to make my return to higher education both satisfying and stimulating. Tosh Warwick and Duncan (now Dr) Stone deserve special mention for their friendship and much-needed advice. Special praise should go to Sue Howard and the always-friendly staff at the Yorkshire Film Archive, especially to Megan McCooley who has dealt uncomplainingly with all my requests, and to Jeff Walden and Jacquie Kavanagh at the BBC’s Written Archive Centre at Caversham. Also at the BBC, thanks should go to Helen Thomas, Sylvia Reeves and Martin Johnson for allowing me access to BBC Yorkshire programme material and also to Lucy Smickersgill who, without me even asking, provided me with copies of anniversary and landmark programmes. Thanks also to staff at the West Yorkshire Archives Service (Bradford, Calderdale and Leeds) and the local studies libraries in Bradford, Huddersfield, Leeds and Sheffield. I’m grateful to Philippa Donnellan who kindly granted me permission to read her father Philip Donnellan’s unpublished memoir, We Were the BBC. Sue Pagdin and Nigel Fell not only contributed their own memories to this study but pointed me towards other interviewees, Brenda May helped me to track down people who had worked for the BBC in Leeds in 1968 and Patrick Hargreaves and Bob Geoghegan permitted me to make use of their own films relating to aspects of life at the 6 BBC in Leeds. Thanks also to Martin Coldrick not only for co-editing the collection of reminiscences that first led me to think about the feasibility of this project but also for his meticulous proof reading of the resulting dissertation. I would also like to thank my family, especially my daughter Leah for her constant encouragement, my son-in-law Michael for his IT advice and my husband David - chauffeur, cook and bottle-washer - who has supported me throughout this research.