International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-8, August 2017

Study of the physicochemical quality of water in the Sebi-Ponty basin at Diamniadio ()

Ibrahima Thiam, Séni Tamba, Elhadji Bamba Diaw, Gregoire Sissoko

 Abstract— The Sebi-Ponty dam has a basin that is widely turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness, used by the population for agro-pastoral activities (animal alkalinity, nitrite, iron, phosphate, boron and chlorine. watering, agriculture, etc.). This basin covers an average area of 106,000 m2 and an average depth of 7 m or about a volume of II. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDIED AREA 435,000 m3. The origin of the water is rainfall (runoff and direct descent). The availability of water is estimated to eight months taking into account the water being drawn, infiltration and 1.1 Location evaporation. A qualitative knowledge of the contents of this pool will be a great benefit to those activities of the population. It’s in Dam Sebi-Ponty is located in the municipality of Diamniadio this context that this study was carried out by this group of under the administrative authority of department in researchers, following physic-chemical compositions were . targeted: turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, The dam is located at a distance of thirty-five (35) kilometers hardness; alkalinity, nitrite, iron, phosphate, boron, and from the city of Dakar and between the turnpike and the N ° 1 chlorine concentrations. The physico-chemical results obtained on samples taken in in particular in the industrial area Diamniadio, 17 ° 11 the basin between October and December showed that the longitude West and 14 ° 43 North latitude. concentrations of boron, iron and nitrite exceeded the levels The following figure 1 gives an overview of the position of recommended by the standard for agro pastoral needs. While the basin. turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness, alkalinity, phosphate and chlorine are at acceptable levels.

Index Terms— Sebi-Ponty, water quality, alkalinity, pH, nitrite, iron, boron, animal drinking, agriculture, household needs..

I. INTRODUCTION In order to facilitate the supply of drinking water and watering the gardens of the former William Ponty School, dam Sebi-Ponty was built in 1937 by the State of Senegal. This dam is now actively used by the populations of Diamniadio and Sébikhotane for agro-pastoral and fish farming activities. On the other hand, although it is very useful for the population, this basin is confronted with problems of filling (or drying) [1, 2], and above all to control the positive or negative impact of water quality on the activities of the population. It's in this context that this study was designed to give some Figure1: Sebi-Ponty basin Site answers to this problem. In this study, we will conduct an analysis of the 1.2 History physico-chemical composition of water from the dam after presentation of the study area. The target parameters are Dam Sebi-Ponty was built in 1937 to facilitate drinking water supply and watering the gardens of the former William Ponty School. It had been ceded in 1952 and was rehabilitated by the Ministry of Justice for the exploitation of a 20-ha perimeter as Ibrahima Thiam, Laboratory for Water and Environmental Sciences and part of the social reintegration policy for juvenile delinquents. Technology (LaSTEE), Polytechnic School of Thies (EPT) BP A10 Thies, Senegal Séni Tamba, Laboratory for Water and Environmental Sciences and 1.3 Study area climate Technology (LaSTEE), Polytechnic School of Thies (EPT) BP A10 Thies, The study area is characterized by a tropical climate marked Senegal by the alternation of two seasons: - a rainy seasons of three (3) Elhadji Bamba Diaw, Laboratory for Water and Environmental Sciences months from June to October. During this period, the Alize and Technology (LaSTEE), Polytechnic School of Thies (EPT) BP A10 Thies, Senegal and Mousson winds from Sainte Helene, enter the country Gregoire Sissoko, Laboratory of Semiconductors and Solar Energy, with an important moisture load; Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

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Study of the physicochemical quality of water in the Sebi-Ponty basin at Diamniadio (Senegal)

- a dry season of nine (9) months; this period is swept by the transparency. Turbid water is more or less disorder. In Harmattan and Alize continental hot dry wind. limnology (physicochemical and biological study of lakes), The average annual rainfall for Dakar region between 1985 the transparency of a water is measured according to the and 2014 is 401.30 mm, with a large variation over the last ten maximum depth at which a submerged object can be (10) years. The days of precipitation per year are very low perceived distinctly [5, 6]. Table 1 below shows the turbidity with an average of 25 days. results. This confirms that the water potential of the area is similar to that of the country (Senegal) greatly reduced in recent Table1 : Turbidity in “fau” of Sebi-Ponty Lake between decades. Intervals between 5 and 100 years are sufficient for October and December determining the annual rainfall [3, 4]. Depth October November December The thermal regime of the zone is characterized by relatively above  500  500  500 low temperatures with two (2) seasons. The cold season from 0,5 m  500  500  500 December to March and the hot season between April and 1 m  500  500  500 November. The results show that the Sebi-Ponty basin has a turbidity that

III. QUALITY OF WATER exceeds 500 FAU.This high turbidity is caused by the presence of suspended matter in the water. These materials In this section, we will study some physico-chemical may include clay, silt, plankton, fine particles of organic and properties of the sebi-ponty basin. inorganic matter, and microscopic organisms from the erosion An analysis of some important parameters considered for of bare soil through runoff and the multiple avian species at agriculture or harmful to agricultural development, pastoral the edge of the basin. and fisheries will be made, in order to judge the quality of the 1.3.2 Color water.Water stored in a basin with the soil composition is Natural waters are always more or less colorful. Their colors dominated as a whole, by fine sand and clay. range from straw yellow to barely perceptible to reddish brown, depending on the nature and concentration of coloring 1.1 Materials used matter. These materials are often naturally or come from the degradation of plant materials: wood, lignin, bark, tannin [6]. The samples and tests were carried out with a material made In Table 2 below, we present the results of color measurement of a water analysis briefcase including a conductivity meter of samples in the Sébi-Ponty basin. with a built-in thermometer, a cooler for storing samples, a HANNA pH meter, water samplers for sampling in depth and Table2 : Colors in pt-co of Sebi-Ponty Lake between October 500 ml bottles with labels to mention the origin, location, date and December and time of sampling. Depth October November December In the laboratory, we used an AL 800 spectrophotometer, above 56 46 49 reagents for different dosages, bowls, agitators, beakers, 0,5 m 42 42 48 flasks and pipettes. 1 m 47 47 48

1.2 Methodology We observe that the interval of the coloration observed varies Different locations were identified in the basin for sampling at from one month to another. It is strong as a whole with a different times in order to make the results as representative as minimum of 42 (pt-Co) and a maximum of 56 (pt-Co).The possible. Three sampling campaigns were conducted between acceptable potable limit value of water is 15 (pt-Co) [6,7], October and December. All samples were held between 11am values that we exceed by far in our pool. Colored water is and 1 pm in October, November and December, at different suspect for consumption regardless of its qualities. depths through the water samplers.

The cooler was used to keep the samples in the vials, and this 1.3.3 Temperature to avoid a temperature change that would result in chemical Key physical parameter, temperature acts strongly on reactions that may change the chemical composition of water. chemical and biological processes within a lake. In Table 3 Some parameters such as pH, conductivity and temperature below, we present the results of measuring the temperature at were measured on site, and the other analyzes were done in the time of the samples taken in the Sebi-Ponty basin. laboratory.

1.3 Presentation and interpretation of results Table3 : Temperatures in °C of Sebi-Ponty Lake between October and December In this section, we present the results of the different quality Depth October November December analysis. Results will be compared to standards of above 31,4 32,5 25,3 agro-pastoral used and analysis of the positive or negative 0,5 m 31,4 31,9 25,7 consequences will be done. The target parameters are: 1 m 30,9 33,3 25,2 turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness, alkalinity, iron, phosphate, boron, chlorine and nitrite. The analysis of these results shows an average of 32 ° C 1.3.1 Turbidity between the months of October and November.This average Turbidity is one of the most important properties of natural decreases slightly during the month of December to 25.4 ° C waters; it is defined as the inverse of the clarity or coinciding with the onset of cold in Senegal.These variations

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International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-8, August 2017

in the thermal water regime strongly affect the distribution of Water with a pH of less than 5 may cause excessive living species. But they have no particular effect on concentrations of toxic substances such as metabolic acidosis agro-pastoral use. that is bad for cattle and goats. For fish use, it is not advisable to be in an acid pH of about 1.3.4 Conductivity 4.5, very dangerous for most fish [11]. The pH upper limit is Conductivity is an indicator of the content of dissolved salts in about 9.2 for trout [11]. water [6]. It is greatly influenced by the geochemical nature of The values obtained in this study show that our basin is not the rocks that make up the watershed. Substances from rock acidic, so the risks associated with agro-pastoral use are zero. alteration often affect pond water and cause variation in By cons, a very basic water (pH greater than 9) may promote conductivity. The water hardness (calcium, bicarbonates, dissociation of ammonium ions in favor of ammonia ions. magnesium) is also one of the conductivity variables. In Table However, the basins waters may be toxic to eggs and fish fry 4 below, we present the results of measuring the conductivity at ammonia concentrations greater than 0.008 mg / l, the of samples Sebi-Ponty basin. upper tolerable limit being 0.02 mg / l [10]. We are generally within the acceptable limit of basicity except in November Table 4 : Conductivity in μs / cm of Sebi-Ponty lake between which has a pH slightly above the tolerance limit. October and December Nevertheless, since the standard pH for drinking animals Depth October November December requires values between 6.5 and 9.5 [12], the practice of this activity in our basin is without problem. above 481 501 543 0,5 m 484 500 541 1.3.6 Hardness 1 m 484 492 540 Natural waters are rich in mineral salts, and much of the The results show an increasing trend in the conductivity rate chemical analysis of these waters consists of determining the between October and December. most abundant cations and anions. In natural waters, these In the same way as pH, conductivity is strongly influenced by cations are calcium and magnesium then sodium Na+ and temperature, the biological processes of the basin, but also by finally potassium K+. These are basically the Ca2+ and Mg2+ the calco-carbonic equilibrium [6, 8, 9]. This explains the which are responsible for the hardness. weakness of our conductivity values during the rainy season These magnesium and calcium ions come from the alteration due to dilution by rain. During the dry season, this value has a of the bedrock. The use of hard water for watering plants can growing trend due to evaporation and strong biological cause the drip of clog system [13].Table 6 below presents the activity in December due to the more favorable climate. water hardness measurement results from October to The conductivity can’t be directly proportional to the December. mineralization; it is also a function of the chemical composition of the water and the mobility of the ions Table6 : Hardness in mg/L (CaCO3) of Sebi-Ponty basin between October and December 1.3.5 pH Depth October November December pH measures the concentration of H + ions. The pure natural above 48 50 50 water is neutral (when the pH is equal to 7). The pH of a water 0,5 m 48 49 50 represents its acidity or alkalinity, it varies between 0 - 14 and 1 m 49 49 49 is an important indicator of the quality of a water. In Table 5 below, are presented pH measurement results Sebi-Ponty The precipitation of magnesium and calcium bicarbonate in basin between October and December. the form of sequins after evaporation of the water from the drip tends to clog the holes. But it will have the advantage of Table5 : Ph of Sebi-Ponty basin between October and protecting the pipe against corrosion if the deposit is uniform. December By cons, if the deposit is not uniform, there may be an Depth October November December acceleration of corrosion at some point in the piping. above 7,9 9,4 9,00 0,5 m 8,47 9,27 9 The same phenomenon is observed in the industrial pipelines 1 m 8,42 9,22 9,01 of water, especially in the pipes of transport [14]. Our basin contains fresh water as a whole (between 48 and 50 The results in Table 5 show a variation of the increasing pH mg / L CaCO3) up to 1 m deep. between October and November with a slight decline in December. 1.3.7 Alkalinity Temperature variation as well as certain biological processes Alkalinity is a measure of the power of water to neutralize such as organic matter decomposition and photosynthesis can acids. In other words, alkalinity measures the water resistance be the causes of this pH variation. The rise in temperature is a according to variation of pH. This water neutralizing power is decreasing factor of the solubility of CO2 and consequently, strongly linked to the presence of calcium bicarbonate and decreases the pH value. By cons, CO2 and HCO3- ions are magnesium dissolved in water. In Table 7 below, results are used in the plant photosynthesis process, resulting in a pH presented on the alkalinity of water from October to increase during this period [10]. December.

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Study of the physicochemical quality of water in the Sebi-Ponty basin at Diamniadio (Senegal)

Table7 : Alkalinity in mg / l of Sebi-Ponty basin between toxicity; it is its presence in excess and especially in the October and December aquatic environment that can be the cause of the Depth October November December eutrophication of the environment. The eutrophication of above 253 14 16 aquatic environments leads to the proliferation of aquatic 0,5 m 237 17 15 plants, algae and cyanobacteria. In Table 9 below, the results 1 m 253 14 18 of measurement of phosphate levels in water from October to December are presented. In irrigation water, it is advisable to have an alkalinity level of less than 200 mg/l [15, 16]. But aquatic animals can live and Table9 : Phosphate (mg/l) content of Sebi-Ponty basin reproduce easily in alkalinities up rates of 400 mg/l [17]. between October and December Depth October November December In our basin, we sometimes see peaks that exceed the limit of above  80  80  80 tolerance in irrigation, especially in October. But overall, the 0,5 m  80  80  80 November and December we are well below the limit values 1 m  80  80  80 of tolerance. Nevertheless, alkalinity is an important parameter in fish Indispensable to plant growth and development, phosphate farming, it buffers the pH and contributes to its stability. It's plays an essential role in the root system, in photosynthesis this direct connection between alkalinity and pH that the and in plant reproduction [22]. limits of tolerance of alkalinity are often fixed as a function of The analysis of our results in the table above shows a high the pH of the water. If the water pH is less than 6.5, it is phosphate level in all the basin samplings and this is a great advisable to have an alkalinity of between 15 and 20 mg/l for advantage for the plants. fish production [18]. For cons, the range of alkalinity Generally, this high value of the phosphate concentration concentration recommended for breeding fish is between 75 does not pose problems in the biological activity of the basins. and 200 mg/l [19]. Its presence has no particularly detrimental effects, but it is an indicator of anthropogenic pollution [10]. 1.3.8 Iron Iron is a parameter naturally found in water either in soluble 1.3.10 Boron form such as ferrous iron (bivalent iron existing in dissolved Boron is a trace element necessary for growth of plant but at a form Fe2+ or Fe (OH)+), either in complex form such as ferric low concentration in irrigation water. It participates in the iron (trivalent iron: Fe3+ met the condition precipitate translocation of sugars into sugars-boron which allows it to Fe(OH)3). In Table 8 below, is presented the measurement cross the membranes and end up at the root in order to allow results on the level of iron in the water from October to breathing. Boron is essential in protein synthesis, plant December. flowering and nitrogen metabolism. It is a very toxic element for plants with different degrees of Table8 :Iron content (mg / l) of Sebi-Ponty basin between concentration depending on the plant. For example, a study by October and December a US organization [23] established tolerance limits for Depth October November December individual plant families, the results of which are shown in above  3  3  3 Table 10 below: 0,5 m 0,5  3  3 1 m 0,15  3  3 Table 10 : Classification of boron tolerance limit for plants [23] In small quantities, iron is useful for plants; but in excess, it  0,5 mg/l Satisfactory for all species clogs the transmitters. An iron content of between 1 and 2 Satisfactory for most of the crops mg/l in irrigation water is considered optimal for plant 0,5 à 1 mg/l (however sensitive plants may have nutrition [14,20].On the other hand, for fish reproduction, the their affected leaves) iron content in water must be less than 0.3 mg/l for small fish, Also suitable for certain species: and 0.5 mg/l for large fish [20]. This tolerance for fish 1 à 2 mg/l production of sensitive species is farming is almost of the same order as for the watering of reduced animals, which is also of the order of 0.3 mg /l [21]. A high Only very tolerant plants give  2 mg/l concentration of iron causes an unpleasant taste to animal satisfactory productions consumption. Table 11 below presents the results of measurements of boron In our case the average concentration being greater than 3, a in water from November to December in our Sebi-Ponty solution is necessary to bring this concentration to an basin. acceptable value. Table11 : Boron content (mg/l) of Sebi-ponty basin between 1.3.9 Phosphate November and December Phosphate is involved in energy transfer (ATP), transmission Depth November December of hereditary characteristics (nucleic acids) above  2  2 photosynthesis and carbohydrate degradation. This is 0,5 m  2  2 essential for flowering, fruit setting, early maturity, fruit 1 m  2  2 growth and seed maturation. The phosphate has no specific

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International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-8, August 2017

The results obtained during these measurement campaigns in Nitrites are considered to be very harmful pollutants to human the basin Sebi-Ponty show a boron concetration in water health and to animals (the normal nitrite level is set by World greater than the tolerance limit (greater than 2 mg/l rate). Health Organization at 0.1mg/l). In general, it is advisable not to exceed 0.8 mg/l of boron in Table 13 below shows the measurement results on the nitrite irrigation water in order to avoid toxic accumulation with levels in water from October to December. sensitive crops such as garlic, beans, citrus fruit, cherry, orange tree, wheat, sesame, avocado, etc. [15]. Table13 : Nitrite content (mg/l) of Sebi-Ponty Lake between On the animal side, excess boron can affect their health. October and December Absorbed, boron disperses in the body before it is rapidly Depth October November December excreted in part, the other part, incorporated into the bones, above  0,5  0,5  0,5 will take longer to be eliminated. Boron can also in some 0,5 m  0,5  0,5  0,5 cases disrupt the development and reproduction of fetus. 1 m  0,5  0,5  0,5 However, some species such as algae, bacteria, adult fish and invertebrates are more tolerant to boron excess. Often the nitrite tolerance limits are given as a function of the Unfortunately there is not yet an economical solution to chloride concentration in the water, because being intimately eliminate the boron contained in the irrigation water and even related. Table 14 below proposes an assessment of the nitrite less of an amendment capable of eliminating its toxic effects. content correlated with that of the chloride [10]: The solution we propose to prevent boron risks is to give priority to crops of more tolerant species such as cabbage, celery, turnip, corn, artichoke, tomato, alfalfa, parsley, Table14 : Tolerance threshold for nitrite in fish-bearing asparagus, red pepper, carrot , radish, potato, cucumber [23]. waters in relation to the presence of chloride

Chloride content Nitrite tolerance 1.3.11 Chloride (mg/l) threshold (mg/l) Chlorine is an ubiquitous element in nature and available in < 10 0,02 aqueous solution as an anion of chloride (Cl-) and it is in this 10 – 20 0,05 form that it is absorbed by plants. Table 12 below presents the >20 0,10 measurement results for chloride in water from November to December. It should be noted that the limit of tolerance for animal Table12 : Chloride (mg/l) content of Sebi-Ponty Lake potability of water is much greater; it is of the order of 3 mg/l between November and December [6, 26]. In our lake, we have a chloride concentration less than 10 mg/l Depth November December (between 0.12 and 0.21 mg/l see Table 12). Thus, according above 0,19 0,12 to Table 14, the nitrite tolerance threshold is 0.02 mg/l for 0,5 m 0,19 0,13 better use in fish farming. 1 m 0,21 0,13 This tolerance threshold is largely exceeded on all samples taken in Sebi-Ponty between October and December because As a regulator, chloride contributes to the regulation of nitrite they have nitrite contents above 0.5 mg/l (limit value of our levels in water, is involved in cellular elongation, the opening measuring device). of stomata but also maintains hydration and turgor. This means that fish farming is risky in this basin if solutions It’s advisable to have water with a chloride content is between are not found beforehand. 0 and 100 mg/l for plant irrigation [6, 13]. The chloride contents obtained in our basin vary between 0.12 1.4 Conclusion and 0.21 mg/l. They are very good compared to the maximum value of 100 mg/l defined by the tolerance of irrigation water. This study allowed us to assess the physicochemical quality of This allows us to conclude that the waters of Sebi-Ponty pool the waters of Sebi-Ponty, used for a long time by the is safe for agricultural activities but also for the development population for animal drinking, off-season agriculture and of dependent species, especially aquatic species whose often even household needs. Today, in light of our results, it is proliferation is blocked by this parameter. established that this water is therefore not drinking unfit for domestic consumption. Moreover, its agricultural and 1.3.12 Nitrite pastoral use require prior to treatment in order to increase Nitrites are unstable chemical elements because they are yield. This is due to the presence in excess of certain intermediate to nitrification, (biologically oxidizing components such as boron, iron and nitrites. ammonium to nitrate) [24, 25]. They are toxic to plants and animals. In the blood of animals, nitrites react with Pending resolution of this problem, operator’s awareness hemoglobin and form a component called methemoglobin campaign is needed to help this population to better use. which has the properties of reducing the ability of the blood to For example, to prevent boron risks, it is important to carry oxygen. cultivate tolerant species such as cabbage, celery, turnip, Indeed, they are powerful oxidants which, in the organism of maize, artichoke, tomato, alfalfa, parsley, asparagus, bell animals, have the capacity to transform hemoglobin into pepper red, carrot, radish, potato, cucumber [23]. methemoglobin. This study is not exhaustive as not taking into account other elements that can be as harmful to agricultural use, such as

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Study of the physicochemical quality of water in the Sebi-Ponty basin at Diamniadio (Senegal)

chromium, nickel, mercury and selenium [15]. We intend to [22] A.Elalaoui ;"Fertilisation Minérale des Cultures : Les éléments extend this study on these components as well as on the fertilisants majeurs (Azote, Potassium, Phosphore)" ; Bulletin mensuel d’information et de liaison du PNTA ; (2007). bacteriology of water. [23] A. Landreauand L. Monition ; "Nouvelle évaluation de la qualité de l’eau pour l’irrigation" ; Rapport de réunion de l’association REFERENCES (irrigation and drainage in age of competition for resources) tenu à l’université d’Utah en 1975 sous le patronage de la section irrigation [1] L.J. Gordon, G.D. Peterson and E.M. Bennett; “Agricultural et drainage de la société américaine des ingénieurs civils, le Water modifications of hydrologicalflowscreateecological surprises”; science and Engineering Departement de l’iniversité de californie. ; Trends Ecol. Evol. 23(4); (2007); pp.211-219. (Septembre 1977) [2] P. Hubert and 1.P. 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