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Thèse Pour Obtenir Le Grade De Docteur De L’Université D’Abomey-Calavi En Sciences Agroenvironnementales

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Thèse Pour Obtenir Le Grade De Docteur De L’Université D’Abomey-Calavi En Sciences Agroenvironnementales UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY-CALAVI Thèse Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi En Sciences agroenvironnementales École Doctorale Pluridisciplinaire « Espace, Cultures et Développement » Mention : Gestion de l’Environnement Discipline : Géosciences de l’Environnement et Aménagement du Territoire Comment concilier l’intensification de l’agriculture périurbaine à l’aide des intrants organiques et la préservation durable des agrosystèmes tropicaux ? Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 02 Décembre 2016 Par Nounagnon Richard HODOMIHOU Composition du Jury : Djidjoho Joseph HOUNHOUIGAN (Pr. Dr. Ir.) UAC, FSA, Cotonou, Bénin Président Hassan Bismarck NACRO (Pr. Dr. Ir.) UPB, IDR, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Rapporteur Mianikpo Jean SOGBEDJI (Pr. Dr. Ir.) Université de Lomé, ESA, Togo Rapporteur Attanda Mouinou IGUE (Pr. Dr. Ir.) INRAB, CRA-Agonkanmey, Bénin Rapporteur Frédéric FEDER (HDR) CIRAD, UPR 78, LMI IESOL, Dakar, Sénégal Encadrant Emmanuel DOELSCH (HDR) CIRAD, UPR 78, Montpellier, France Encadrant Kossi Euloge AGBOSSOU (Pr. Dr. Ir.) UAC, FSA, Cotonou, Bénin Directeur Lucien Guillaume AMADJI (Pr. Dr. Ir.) UAC, FSA, Cotonou, Bénin Codirecteur RÉSUMÉ Le recyclage des produits résiduaires organiques (PRO) en agriculture urbaine et périurbaine permet de réduire l’utilisation des engrais chimiques et d’améliorer la fertilité des sols, mais induit des effets négatifs sur les agrosystèmes en raison de la présence de contaminants tels que les éléments traces métalliques (ETM). Ces contaminants peuvent s’accumuler dans les sols, impacter la qualité des cultures via le prélèvement par les racines, ou polluer les eaux souterraines par lixiviation. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été (i) de caractériser les risques de pollution par quatre ETM (Zn, Cu, Pb et Cd) suite à des apports répétés de PRO dans deux agrosystèmes périurbains de Dakar localisés respectivement sur un Arénosol (sol sableux) et un Fluvisol (sol sablo-argilo-limoneux et modérément calcaire), et (ii) de mieux appréhender les mécanismes qui gouvernent la disponibilité, la biodisponibilité et la mobilité de ces ETM dans le système sols-eau-plante. L’approche multi-échelle utilisée est constituée d’une enquête diagnostique sur le terrain et des expérimentations en conditions de laboratoire et de serre. L’enquête a permis de diagnostiquer les risques de contamination des sols par les ETM liés aux pratiques culturales dans les bassins maraîchers de Pikine (sur Arénosol) et de Rufisque (sur Fluvisol). La spéciation des ETM dans les sols et PRO a été étudiée par la méthode d’extraction chimique séquentielle. La disponibilité et la biodisponibilité des ETM dans les mélanges sols-PRO incubés en conditions contrôlées ont été mesurées respectivement par la technique DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin film) et un test biologique (RHIZOtest). La mobilité des ETM a été étudiée en colonnes de sols. Pour ces expérimentations, deux doses (20 et 60 T.ha-1) d’apport de boues de STEP et de fientes ont été apportées sur les deux sols. L’étude diagnostique a révélé une contamination en ETM des horizons de surface des sols pour les parcelles cultivées comparativement aux zones non cultivées. Les horizons agricoles de l’Arénosol sont plus contaminés en ETM que ceux du Fluvisol en raison des pratiques culturales contrastées observées entre les deux bassins maraîchers. Dans le bassin de Pikine, les productions des cultures à cycle court sont intensifiées sur de petites superficies (< 0,5 ha) avec un recours à l’utilisation dominante de boues de STEP et des eaux usées épurées. Par contre, dans le bassin de Rufisque, les productions des cultures à cycle long sur de grandes superficies (variant de 0,5 à 5 ha), dominent avec une utilisation prépondérante des fientes de volailles et de fumiers divers. L’extraction chimique séquentielle des ETM dans les sols non fertilisés a montré une abondance des fractions facilement disponibles pour Zn et Cd, tandis que Cu et Pb sont présents sous la forme de fractions plus stables, liées à la matière organique (MO), aux oxyhydroxydes, et fraction résiduelle. Le fractionnement chimique des ETM dans les PRO a révélé une abondance des fractions facilement disponibles pour Zn et Cd dans les boues (72 et 60 % respectivement), et pour Zn et Pb dans les fientes (69 et 42 % respectivement). L’application des boues et fientes de volailles a augmenté la disponibilité et la biodisponibilité des ETM dans l’Arénosol et le Fluvisol. Les plus fortes disponibilités et biodisponibilités en ETM ont été induites par les boues appliquées à 60 T.ha-1 dans les deux sols. La disponibilité des ETM est plus importante dans l’Arénosol que dans le Fluvisol. Zn est l’ETM le plus disponible et biodisponible dans les deux sols. Ces résultats indiquent que la disponibilité des ETM dépend fortement des propriétés physico-chimiques des sols (pH, teneurs en MO, argiles, carbonates et phosphates), du type et de la dose des PRO appliqués, et de la spéciation des ETM dans ces sols et ces PRO. La biodisponibilité des ETM dépend non seulement des propriétés physico-chimiques des sols, mais aussi des processus rhizosphériques qui régulent le prélèvement des ETM par la plante. Les apports répétés de boues de STEP et de fientes de volailles ont engendré de fortes accumulations d’ETM dans les couches superficielles des colonnes des deux sols étudiés. Les quantités d’ETM lixiviés vers les profondeurs sont faibles dans les deux sols. Toutefois, les flux d’ETM lixiviés vers les profondeurs sont plus élevés dans l’Arénosol comparativement au Fluvisol. La Fiente appliquée à 60 T.ha-1 a induit la plus forte mobilité des ETM dans les deux sols. Ainsi, la mobilité des ETM dans les sols étudiés dépend fortement de la quantité du carbone organique dissous apporté par les PRO et des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des sols. Un traitement préalable comme le co-compostage des boues de STEP et des fientes de volailles avec des additifs inorganiques (la chaux par exemple) et une réglementation portant sur leur utilisation permettraient de réduire la contamination par les ETM de ces agrosystèmes périurbains de Dakar. Mots-clés : Agriculture périurbaine ; épandage des produits résiduaires organiques ; éléments traces métalliques ; contamination ; Arénosol ; Fluvisol ; gestion durable. i ABSTRACT Organic wastes (OW) recycling in urban and suburban agricultures allow to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve soil fertility. However, this strategy can lead to negative effects on agroecosystems due to the presence of contaminants such as trace elements (TE). Accumulation of these contaminants in soils can affect crop quality through the roots uptake, or pollute groundwater pollution by leaching. The objectives of this study were: (i) to characterize the contamination risks of four TE (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) following repeated OW input in two mains suburban agroecosystems of Dakar, installed respectively on a Arenosol (sandy soil) and Fluvisol (sandy clay loam, and moderately calcareous soil), and (ii) to identify and understand the mechanisms governing the availability, bioavailability and mobility of these TE in the soil-water-plant system. The multi-scale approach used was based on a diagnostic survey in field conditions, and experiments in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. A diagnostic survey was performed to identify the risk of soil contamination by TE related to farming practices in market gardening areas of Pikine (on Arenosol) and Rufisque (on Fluvisol). A study of TE speciation in soils and OW was realized using sequential chemical extraction method. Availability and bioavailability of TE in soil-OW mixtures incubated under controlled conditions were monitored by using respectively the DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin film) technique and a biological test (RHIZOtest). Finally TE mobility and transfer were studied in soil columns experiment. For these experiments, two doses (20 and 60 T.ha-1) of sewage sludge and poultry manure were applied on both soils. The diagnostic study revealed a TE contamination of soil surface horizons for cultivated plots compared to non-cultivated plots. Superficial horizons of Arenosol were more contaminated by TE than Fluvisol, because of the contrasting cultural practices observed between both market gardening areas. At Pikine, short-cycle vegetables production were intensified in small farms scale (<0.5 ha) with a dominant use of sewage sludge and treated wastewater. While, in market gardening area of Rufisque, long term cycle vegetables were cultivated in large farms scale (from 0.5 to 5 ha), with a predominant use of poultry manure and various manures. Sequential chemical extraction of TE in unfertilized soils showed an abundance of readily available fractions for Zn and Cd, while Cu and Pb are in the forms of more stable fractions bound to organic matter (OM), oxyhydroxides, and residual fraction. The chemical fractionation of TE in OW revealed an abundance of readily available fractions for Zn and Cd in sewage sludge (72 and 60% respectively), and for Zn and Pb in poultry manure (69 and 42% respectively). The application of sewage sludge and poultry manure increased the availability and bioavailability of TE in Arenosol and Fluvisol. The highest availability and bioavailability of TE were induced by sewage sludge applied at 60 T.ha-1 in both soils. The TE availability was more important in the Arenosol than the Fluvisol. Zn was the most available and bioavailable TE in both soils. These results indicated that the TE availability was highly dependent on physicochemical properties of soils (pH, OM, clays, carbonates and phosphates contents), the type and dose of OW applied, and the TE speciation in these soils and OW. TE bioavailability depends on physicochemical properties of soils, and rhizosphere processes that regulate the TE uptake by plants. Repeated application of sewage sludge and poultry manure resulted in a high TE accumulations in the columns surface layers of both soils. The amounts of TE leached into the depth were low in both soils. The flows of TE leached into the depth were higher in the Arenosol than the Fluvisol.
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