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La Necropoli Tardoantica Di San Martino in Collinaia (Li)

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La Necropoli Tardoantica Di San Martino in Collinaia (Li) Rassegna di Archeologia 24B/2009-2013 93 Silvia Marini - Stefano Genovesi LA NECROPOLI TARDOANTICA DI SAN MARTINO IN COLLINAIA (LI) costiera, passando per le odierne località di Quer- cianella, Montenero, Salviano 5 (Fig. 2). LA NECROPOLI: IL CONTESTO Alcuni km a nord di San Martino (nell'attuale TOPOGRAFICO area di Stagno alla periferia industriale di Livorno) si trovava, presso la loc. di S. Stefano ai Lupi, il Por- Nel biennio 1991-1992 i lavori per la costruzio- tus Pisanus , di cui recenti indagini archeologiche ne della variante Aurelia SS1 hanno intercettato in hanno portato alla luce il fondale di un tratto di ma- località San Martino in Collinaia (LI) una necropo- re frequentato dalla fine del VI secolo a.C. e utiliz- li di epoca tardo antica e una area di abitato in uso 1 zato in epoca tardo e medio repubblicana per il ca- fra il III secolo a.C. e la tarda età imperiale . rico e scarico di merci e un edificio adibito a magaz- Nonostante l'abitato sia stato ritenuto privo di 2 zino, datato fra il I secolo a.C. e il VI secolo d.C., collegamenti con la necropoli , la vicinanza fra i due articolato in diversi ambienti che si affacciano su un siti porterebbe a ritenere possibile un rapporto fra cortile centrale 6. la necropoli e l'ultima fase di vita dell'insediamento Nella medesima area, in Podere Palazzotto, sca- di San Martino; tuttavia, in mancanza di dati sui vi avvenuti fra 1880 e 1883 avevano portato alla lu- materiali e sull'esatta cronologia del sito, che rima- 3 ce i resti di una necropoli tardo antica, di cui resta la ne tuttora inedito , non sembra lecito spingersi ol- documentazione in alcune fotografie scattate da E. tre nel campo delle ipotesi. Chiellini, dove si distinguono tombe alla cappucci- I reperti osteologici provenienti dalla necropoli na, a cassa in muratura e con sepolture in anfora, sono stati oggetto di uno studio antropologico pub- 7 4 databile fra III e V secolo d.C. blicato poco dopo la fine dello scavo ; argomento Più scarse sono le nostre conoscenze riguardan- del presente contributo sono le strutture e i reperti ti la zona a sud di Livorno, non interessata da inda- di questa area per un inquadramento dal punto di gini recenti, dove si trova la necropoli in esame; tut- vista cronologico e topografico(Fig. 1) della necro- tavia, nonostante la scarsità dei siti indagati, la fre- poli ed il loro inquadramento cronologico e topo- quentazione in epoca imperiale e fino ad epoca tar- grafico. do antica di tale area risulta evidente a partire dalle Il sito sorgeva a poca distanza dalla costa e dal segnalazioni di ritrovamenti archeologici e dall'ana- fiume Ardenza, nei pressi del tracciato della via Au- lisi della toponomastica. relia, che nel tratto fra i Vada Volaterrana e Portus Numerosi gruppi di sepolture segnalati lungo la Pisanus manteneva il suo percorso lungo la linea costa attestano la presenza di piccoli insediamenti di cui non rimane al momento altra traccia. 1 MAZZANTI-TADDEI, 2006, pp. 49, 52; PASQUINUCCI, 2003, p. 46; PASQUINUCCI-GAMBOGI, 1997, pp. 228, 231. 2 PASQUINUCCI-GAMBOGI, 1997, pp. 228, 231. 3 É attualmente in programma per l'anno 2014 lo studio delle stratigrafie e dei materiali da parte del gruppo di studio del laboratorio di Topografia Antica dell'Università di Pisa. 4 AMADEI, 1993. 5 PASQUINUCCI-CECCARELLI LEMUT, 1991, pp. 113-116. 6 DUCCI et ALII, 2005a ; DUCCI et ALII, 2006;. DUCCI et ALII, cds. 7 CIAMPOLTRINI et ALII, 1982-1983, p. 196 e fig. 3; DUCCI, 2005. 94 SILVIA MARINI - STEFANO GENOVESI dell'osservazione del ductus dei caratteri epigrafici e di alcune scorrettezze occorse nell'interpunzione. La decorazione posta sul timpano triangolare di tale epigrafe costituisce forse una rilavorazione molto posteriore, aggiunta prima di proporne l'acquisto a Chiellini stesso per aumentare il valore venale del reperto 10 . Lo stesso sospetto di dubbia autenticità è avan- zato da G. Ciampoltrini 11 per un'epigrafe frammen- taria e non integrabile proveniente da Turrita che appartiene alla collezione Chiellini 12 . Alla medesima collezione appartiene anche un “frammento di grande vaso romano” proveniente da Ardenza; si tratta probabilmente di un frammen- to di dolio, la cui presenza sembra riferibile ai resti di una struttura insediativa 13 . Risulta suggestiva l'i- potesi, non più verificabile, che si tratti del medesi- mo insediamento rinvenuto durante i lavori di co- struzione della Aurelia SS1 a San Martino in Colli- naia, che ha restituito numerosi frammenti di dolia ed altri recipienti da dispensa. Poco più a sud, in corrispondenza della frazione moderna di Antignano, doveva trovarsi un'altra ne- cropoli romana con tombe alla cappuccina 14 . Grup- pi di sepolture alla cappuccina probabilmente tardo antiche sono noti anche a Montenero e presso Calafuria 15 . Fig. 1 – Pianta della necropoli di San Martino in Colli- Tracce di frequentazione romana della zona si naia. colgono nella toponomastica, anche se non siamo naturalmente in grado di assegnare una cronologia precisa a questo tipo di testimonianze: Salviano e In località Salviano, alla periferia sud di Livorno, Antignano sono toponimi prediali romani 16 , ed altri sono stati ritrovati tegole e frammenti ossei perti- non più in uso nella cartografia attuale sono stati nenti ad una necropoli di epoca romana 8. Probabil- ricondotti in passato a toponimi prediali romani 17 , mente dalla medesima necropoli proviene una epi- anche se non sempre su base del tutto attendibile. grafe romana appartenente alla collezione Chiellini, La posizione della necropoli corrisponde ad una dedicata da [- Nov ]ius Felex e dalla liberta Ant casistica piuttosto diffusa. In epoca tardo antica in- [onia V ]era alla madre Novia Ma [xima ] e alla figlia fatti si mantiene la consuetudine, diffusa in tutto il No [via ]9, datata ad epoca tardo antica sulla base mondo romano, di collocare le aree sepolcrali lun- go la viabilità, affiancandosi alle arterie principali, 8 PAOLETTI, 1992, p. 34. 9 C.I.L. XI, 1522. 10 PAOLETTI, 1992, p. 34. 11 CIAMPOLTRINI et ALII, 1982-1983, p. 206. 12 C.I.L. XI, 1519. 13 PAOLETTI, 1992, p. 35. 14 LOPES PEGNA, 1952-53, p. 395 nota 57. 15 LOPES PEGNA, 1952-53, p. 395 nota 57. 16 PAOLETTI, 1992, p. 35. 17 LOPES PEGNA, 1967, pp. 64-72. LA NECROPOLI TARDOANTICA DI SAN MARTINO IN COLLINAIA 95 LE TIPOLOGIE TOMBALI Lo studio ha presentato numerose difficoltà do- vute allo stato lacunoso della documentazione ed al fatto che alcune delle scelte metodologiche che hanno interessato la meccanica dello scavo e la sua documentazione non sono in linea con i principi del metodo stratigrafico 21 . È inoltre evidente che lo scavo, obbligato dalle condizioni di emergenza, ha indagato solo la por- zione centrale dell'area sepolcrale, che si estende probabilmente sia in direzione Est che Ovest; infat- ti su questi lati la disposizione della sepolture, mol- to ravvicinate anche lungo i limiti di saggio, suggeri- sce che i limiti della necropoli non coincidano con quelli dell'area scavata. È invece probabile che sui lati nord e sud, dove le sepolture si diradano grada- tamente fino a esaurirsi, lo scavo abbia raggiunto i Fig. 2 – Posizionamento della necropoli. limiti dell'area. La necropoli di San Martino in Collinaia ha re- stituito 106 sepolture, di cui la maggior parte inu- mazioni singole, mentre alcune contenevano due o consuetudine confermata dai numerosi gruppi di più individui, sepolti in momenti diversi. Le tombe, sepolture che si allineano lungo la via Aurelia; pre- pur presentando strutture complessivamente sem- sentano problematiche analoghe la necropoli di via plici, offrono una tipologia variata, la cui analisi Marche, situata fra il percorso dell'Arno e la strada consente una serie di utili riflessioni sulle tipologie diretta a Lucca, definita dall' Itinerarium Antonini sepolcrali, sullo sviluppo topografico della necropo- come iter a Luca Pisas m. p. XII 18 e la necropoli tar- li e sul rituale funerario. Le sepolture individuate do romana da cui proviene una lapide cristiana 19 sono di quattro tipi: a fossa 22 , alla cappuccina 23 , a impiantata sopra le rovine della villa di Collesalvet- cassa in muratura 24 , in anfora 25 , con tegole e fram- ti, che è stata identificata con la statio Turrita lungo menti di anfore 26 ; per due delle tombe che hanno la via Aemilia 20 . restituito frammenti di anfora 27 non è stata possibi- le l'attribuzione a uno degli ultimi due tipi a causa dello stato di conservazione lacunoso. 18 COSTANTINI, 2008, p. 165. 19 GATTI, 1889, p. 268. 20 PASQUINUCCI-CECCARELLI LEMUT, 1991, pp. 116-117. 21 In corso di scavo è stata applicata la discutibile scelta di attribuire una sola US per tomba, considerando ogni sepoltura come un'azione unica; si è quindi scelto in questa sede, per non creare ulteriore confusione, di designare ciascuna sepoltura con tale numero, senza tentare correzioni metodologiche a posteriori. 22 US 16, 18, 22, 42, 50, 52, 53, 63, 66, 70, 72, 74, 77, 79, 82, 90, 92, 93, 96, 99, 300, 301, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 323, 326, 327, 328, 329. 23 US 10, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 62, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 95, 97, 98, 318, 324, 325. 24 US 37, 38, 47, 67, 68, 86, 88. 25 US 11, 46, 57, 60, 61, 65, 71, 73, 302, 305. 26 US 14, 34, 41, 303. 27 US 64, 310. 96 SILVIA MARINI - STEFANO GENOVESI tatasi fra V e VIII secolo d.C. nell'ala sud occidenta- le della villa di San Vincenzino 30 .
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