Northern Office M19/3611/2007/92 16.4.2008

The Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit at , Northern Finland

Panu Lintinen, Pertti Turunen, Risto Vartiainen

Reutuaapa dolomite marble l\119/361l12007/92

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Date f RtX . no. 16.4.2008

Authors Type of report Panu Lintinen Mineral deposit report, M19 Pertti Turunen Risto Vartiainen Commissioned by Geo logical Survey ofFinland (GTK)

Title or report The Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit at Tervola, Northem Finland

Abstract The Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit is located in the municipality ofTervala in Northem Finland, about 40 km south of the city ofRovaniemi . The central part of the prospected area is covered by a sing le clai m of 50 hectares (Reutuaapa I, mining register number 8 170/ 1). During 2005-2007 the deposit was investigated with geological field mapping, a geophysical ground survey on a 2.4 km' systematic grid, and diamond drilling of 1790 meters. Systematic laboratory analysis was performed for over 550 dolomite samples, methods including both whole rock X-ray analysis and acid solution lCP-AES analysis for carbonate fraction. Flotation tests were also made for 5 representative samples.

The dolomite marble of Reutuaapa is except ionally white and iron-poor. The best brightness and yellowness val- ues (ISO 2469 standard) for the dolomite concentrate were 91.0% and 1.9%, respec tively. The average Fe,O, co n- tent ofwhite marble is only 0.18%, at places <0.05%. The average total carbonate content (calculated from ana- lysed C content) of white marble is 88%, of which approximately 90% is dolomite and 10% calcite. The average Si0 2 content is 10% consisting almost exclusively of quartz. Practically all the silica was successfully removed with the flotation technique.

The deposit has been intersected with 4 drilling profiles, each including a continuous 150-200 m wide section o f white dolomite marb le. On the basis of drilling and field mapping, the wbite marble forms at least a 1000 m long , 200 m wide and 100 m deep, vertically or sub-vertically dipping and E- W- trending body, surrounded by grey dolomite marbles. Thus the white dolom ite marble deposit has potential resources of over 50 million tonnes (not measured according to the N143-10 1 standards or the JORC-code). However, the deposit is still open at depth and to the east, west and south. Keywords Tervola, Reutuaapa, dolomite, marble, mapp ing, geophysical surveys, drilling, flotation

Geographical area Finland, , Tervola, Reutuaapa

Map sheet 3611 04 Olher information

Reportser ial Archive code MI 9 M1 9/361 112007/92

Total pages Language Price Confi dentiality 38 English Confidential

Unitandsection Projec t cod e Northem Finland Office, 50 I 2902000 ~;:e/nalZ: < . - ~ .L Oda~uC/naU~ Panu Lintinen Pertti Turunen Risto Vartiainen Q GTK GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS • GEOLOGISKA FORS KNINGSCENTRALEN • GEO LOGICAL SURVEY OF FIN LAND Reutnaapa dolomite marble i\119/361112007/92

GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS KUVAILULEHTI

Paivamaara {Duro 16.4.2008

Tekija t Rapon in laji Panu Lintinen Esiintymarapo rtti, M 19 Pertt i Turunen Toimeksiantaja Risto Vartiainen Geologian tutkimuskeskus

Raportin nirni The Reu tuaapa dolomite marble deposit at Tervola, Northern Finland (Reutuaa van dolomiittimannoriesiintyma Tervoktssn. Pohjois-Suomessa]

Tilvlstelmf Reutuaavan dolomiittimarmoriesiintyma sijaitsee Tervolan kunnassa , noin 40 km Rovani emen kaupungin etela - puolell a. Esiintyman keskeisen tutkimusalueen kattaa 50 hehtaarin valtaus (Reutuaapa 1. kaivosrekisterinumero 8170/1). Vuosina 2005 - 2007 esiintymaa tutk ittiin geolog isen kartoituks en, systemaattisen 2.4 km':" geofysikaa- lisen mittauksen seka 1790 metrin timanttikairauksen avulla. Yli 550 dolomiittinayt teelle tehtiin systemaattiset laboratorioanalyysit , joissa kaytettiin seka XRF - rnenetelrnaa kokokivelle etta happoliuotusrnenetelmaa (ICP- AES) karbonaattifraktiolle. Ni iden lisaksi tehtiin vaahdotuskokeet 5 edustavalle naytteelle,

Reutuaavan dolom iittimannori on poikkeuksellisen valkois ta ja rautako yhaa, Parhaat vaaleus- j a keltaisuusarvot (ISO 2469 - standardi) dolomiittirikasteelle ova t 9 1.0 % ja 1.9 %. Kcskimaarainen valkoisen marmorin Fe,O, - pitoisuus on ainoa staan 0.18 %, monin paikoin aile 0.05 %. Analyso idun C:n maarasta laskettu keskimaarainen totaa likarbonaattipitoisuus on valko isella mannorilla 88 %, josta noin 90 % on dolomiittia ja 10 % kalsiittia. Kes- kimaarainen 5i02 - pitoisuus on 10 % koostuen lahes yksinomaan kvartsista. Silikaatit pystyttiin poistamaan kay- tannossa kokonaan vaahdotukse lla.

Esiintymii on lavistetty 4 kairausprofiililla, joista jokainen sisa ltaa yhtenaisen 150-200 metria Ievean lavistyks en valkoista dolomiittimarm oria. Kairauk sen j a geologisen kart oituksen peru steella valkoinen mannori on ainaki n 1000 metria pitka, 200 metria levea ja 100 metrin syvyydelle ulottuva pysty tai lahes pysty, itii-liintinen harmaan dolomiitt imannorin ymparc irna linssi. Esi intyma n arvioidaa n sisaltavan yli 50 miljoonaa tonnia valkoista dolo- miittimarmoria. Kuitenkin esiintyman jatkuvuus on auki syvyyssuuntaan, itaan, lanteen ja etelaan, Asiasa nat (kohdc. mcnct chuarjn c.) Tervola, Reutuaapa, dolomiitti, marmori, kartoitus, geofysikaalinen tutkimu s, kair aus, vaahdotus

Maanti ctcellincn aluc (maa. llii ini,kunia. kyla. esiintymal Suomi, l appi. Tervola, Reutuaapa

Karttal ehdet 36 11 04

Muur ti cdot

Arkistosarjan nimi Arkistctunnus M I9 M I9/361112007/92 Kokonaissivumaara IKid; Hinta Julkisuus 38 eng lanti luottamuksellinen Yksikko ja vastuualuc Hankctunnus Pohjois-Suornen yksikko, 50 I 2902000 Allckirjoitusln imen selvcrmys ~"'A v~ ~ o i tutt-en sclvcnnys PIfM-.1 /f0L-- "L = Panu Lintinen Pertt i Turunen Risto Vartiainen - c GTK GEOtOG IAN TUTKIMUS KESKUS • GEO LOGISKA FORSKNINGSCENTRALEN •GEOLOGICA L SURVEY OF FINLAND Reutuaapa dolomite marble M19/3611/2007/92

Contents

Documentation page Kuvailulehti

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 GEOGRAPHY AND GENERAL PROPERTY DESCRIPTION 2 2.1 Location, access and infrastructure 2 2.2 Titles 3 2.3 Physiography, climate and vegetation 4 2.4 Property history 4

3 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 4 3.1 Geological setting 4 3.2 Economic geology 5

4 SURVEY DESCRIPTION 7 4.1 Current survey program 7 4.2 Research techniques and results 7 4.2.1 Geophysical surveys 7 4.2.2 Diamond drilling 8 4.2.3 Geological mapping 8 4.2.4 Chemical analyses 9 4.2.5 Mineralogical studies and flotation tests 9 4.2.6 Documentation 9

5 DOLOMITE MARBLE DEPOSIT T 10 5.1 Bedrock geology 10 5.2 Geophysics 11 5.3 Petrophysical measurements 12 5.4 Mineralogy and chemistry of dolomite 13 5.5 Flotation test results 17

6 DOLOMITE MARBLE RESOURCES 19

7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 20

8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 21

9 REFERENCES 23

APPENDICES

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1 INTRODUCTION

The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) is Finland’s national geoscience agency. GTK was es- tablished in 1885 and operated under the Ministry of Trade and Industry until the end of 2007. Starting in 2008, the GTK has operated under the new Ministry of Employment and the Econ- omy. GTK’s main office is located in Espoo, near Helsinki, and it has regional offices in Kuopio, Kokkola and Rovaniemi. It has a permanent staff of 720, including about 300 geologists, geo- chemists, chemists and geophysicists. GTK is responsible for the acquisition and management of geoscience information in Finland, with a particular emphasis on providing high quality data for the exploration and mining sector. Through a comprehensive mapping and research program, GTK also identifies and documents areas with mineral potential, in order to encourage follow-up exploration and exploitation by the private sector, with the aim of supporting sustainable use of both bedrock resources and surficial deposits. All GTK discoveries are offered to the private sector through an open tendering process arranged by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy. GTK offers the minerals industry expertise in Fennoscandian economic geology, as well as con- fidential, client-tailored exploration services, including geophysical surveys and modern chemi- cal, mineralogical and mineral processing laboratory services, both within Finland and world- wide. For further information see http://www.gtk.fi. The main targets of industrial mineral survey at GTK are pigment minerals, especially for paper industry (calcite, dolomite, ilmenite, kaolinite, talc) and rare elements (Li, Ta, Nb, Be). From the beginning of 2005, the industrial mineral survey in the Northern Finland office has focused on the Peräpohja Schist Belt (PSB) area of SW Lapland. The objective has been to investigate car- bonate and talc resources and the potential of the belt. The PSB is well known for widespread dolomite marbles, which have been utilized both as industrial minerals and as dimension stones. However, modern mineralogical and geochemical studies and quality assessments of the dolo- mite marbles have been few or lacking completely, especially in the eastern part of the PSB. Fur- thermore, it has been estimated that in the near future, major mining of PGE- and base metals in the south and southeast parts of the PSB will very likely require large volumes of carbonate ma- terial for environmental and/or process-related applications. After an initial review of the geographical and geological data and subsequent field evaluations, the Reutuaapa area was selected for further investigations. The survey showed that the dolomite marble deposit was of high quality and was evaluated to have considerable economical value. This report summarizes the procedures and results of the investigations at Reutuaapa in 2005- 2007. Because of the encouraging results achieved, GTK has decided to offer this deposit up for international tender.

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2 GEOGRAPHY AND GENERAL PROPERTY DESCRIPTION

2.1 Location, access and infrastructure The Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit is situated in the municipality of Tervola in northern Finland (Fig.1), about 40 km south of the city of Rovaniemi. The KKJ base map sheet is 3611 04 and the KKJ Zone 3 coordinates are 7343500 (X) and 3437200 (Y), corresponding to the EUREF-FIN geographic coordinates of (Lat.) 66º 10' 40.053'' and (Long.) 25º 36' 11.741''. The future UTM map sheet is T4313C.

Figure 1. Location of the Reutuaapa dolomite marble.

The Reutuaapa deposit is easily accessible from the south, first by a paved road (number 19652) and then continuing 3.5 km on a gravel road, which includes a bridge crossing Vähäjoki River. Both the roads and the bridge are in good condition and can carry heavy vehicles. An optional route from the north travels across a peat production area. A recently made road for forestry pur- poses leads to within 200 m of the deposit. It is 60 km by road from Reutuaapa to the city of Rovaniemi, 45 km to the centre of the munici- pality of Tervola and 85 km to the city of . The nearest high voltage power line is 10 km west, originating at the Petäjäskoski hydroelectric plant, 20 km NW of Reutuaapa. The railway is

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15 km NW, with the nearest station at Muurola (30 km). The nearest airport is in Rovaniemi (50 km) and the nearest seaport at Kemi (70 km).

2.2 Titles GTK currently has a single claim (exploration license) at Reutuaapa, titled “Reutuaapa 1”, min- ing register number 8170/1, covering 50 hectares. The registration date of the claim is 29 No- vember 2006, and the date of expiry is 29 November 2011. GTK has also applied for a claim reservation, titled “Saarostenaapa 1”, covering an area of 8.4 km2 and widely surrounding the exploration claim (Fig. 2).

Basemap: copyright @ maanmittauslaitos, licence number 13/MYY/08

Figure 2. Outline of the claim “Reutuaapa 1” (mining register number 8170/1) and an applied claim reservation “Saarostenaapa I” on a topographical map. The area of the claim is 50 hec- tares — 400 x 1250 m — and the area of an applied claim reservation is 8.4 km2.

A claim (exploration licence) entitles the holder (individual or company) to carry out exploration activities in the claim area with or without the consent of the landowner. The claimant must, however, compensate the landowner in full for any permanent or temporary damage or incon- venience caused by the exploration activities inside or outside the claim area. The claimant shall also act in compliance with environmental legislation and other laws and regulations.

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The claim area “Reutuaapa 1” and its surroundings are governed by a Finnish state enterprise – Metsähallitus – which administers and manages all state-owned land areas in Finland. In the Reutuaapa area, commercial forestry has recently been active. The closest group of exploration licences is 12 km WSW from Reutuaapa (“Vähäjoki 1—3” held by Tertiary Gold Limited and “Mutka 1—10” held by Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy). The closest mining concession is 15 km ESE from Reutuaapa (“Suhanko-Konttijärvi” – “The arctic platinum project”, a joint venture between North American Palladium Ltd. and Gold Fields Ltd.). The current situation of claims and min- ing concessions is shown in Figure 3.

2.3 Physiography, climate and vegetation The area of the Reutuaapa deposit is characterized by very gently sloping moraine ridge, sur- rounded by widespread boggy terrain. Elevation varies between 100 and 110 m above sea level. In the western half of the claim area, dolomitic bedrock is well exposed or covered only by a thin glacial overburden. In the east and north, the overburden thickness increases to 5-10 m and im- mediately south of the exposed dolomites, it increases sharply to more than 20 m. Pine and spruce-dominated forest covers the moraine ridge. The area of exposed dolomite mar- bles is pine-dominated thinner forest with abundant juniper, while the northern and eastern sides have denser forest with more abundant spruce. The surrounding bogs are thoroughly ditched for draining and small pines cover them as well. Weather conditions follow the typical northern Fennoscandian climate, with a temperate summer and cold winter. The average winter (medium temperature < 0ºC) lasts from late October- or early November to late April (http://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi).

2.4 Property history Previous surveys of carbonate rocks and minerals in Reutuaapa and its surroundings are few. In 1995, GTK studied dolomites on the northern shore of Vähäjoki River, 2 km from the Reutuaapa deposit, using shallow diamond drill holes (Vartiainen 2002). In 2002—2004, a systematic geo- logical 1:100 000 scale outcrop and boulder mapping was carried out on map sheet 3611, includ- ing the area of the Reutuaapa deposit. As a part of this geological mapping program, 20 shallow vertical drill holes were made along the gravel road ca. 1 km east of the Reutuaapa deposit in 2004.

3 REGIONAL GEOLOGY

3.1 Geological setting The Reutuaapa deposit and its surroundings are part of the Peräpohja Schist Belt – a Paleopro- terozoic mobile belt within the early Proterozoic to late Archean Karelian craton of Northern and Eastern Finland (Korsman et al. 1997). To the SW of the Karelian craton is an entirely early Pro- terozoic Svecofennian domain covering most of Western and Southern Finland. The boundary zone between these two domains, known as the Raahe-Ladoga Zone, is a suture zone represent- ing complex Paleoproterozoic subduction and collision processes (Fig. 3). The Karelian craton in central and is characterized by an Archean basement, Paleoproterozoic supracrustal rocks and Paleoproterozoic granitic rocks. The Archean basement rocks include granitoids and remnants of greenstone belts as well as Paleoproterozoic mafic lay-

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ered intrusions. Supracrustal mobile belts, like the Peräpohja Schist Belt, consist of metasedi- mentary and predominantly mafic volcanic rocks. Younger granites are mostly late orogenic. The supracrustal rocks of the Peräpohja Schist Belt can be divided into two units: the lower Kivalo group containing sedimentary rocks of the orthoquarzite-dolomite association as well as mafic volcanic rocks, and the upper Paakkola group consisting of pelitic and black schists with minor mafic volcanic rocks (Perttunen 1991; Perttunen & Hanski 2003). The dolomites in Reu- tuaapa belong to the Rantamaa formation of the Kivalo group. This formation is the most distinct dolomite unit of the belt and known for its well-preserved stromatolites.

3.2 Economic geology Dolomite marbles belonging to the Rantamaa formation have been utilized for decades, both as industrial minerals and dimension stones. Current or recent dolomite operations include Ran- tamaa and Kalkkimaa for industrial mineral applications, mainly for agricultural lime, and Louepalo and Kukkola for dimension stones. All these operation are strongly concentrated in the western part of the Peräpohja Schist Belt, while the eastern part is largely unexploited. A series of mafic layered intrusions on the border zone between the Pudasjärvi Archean base- ment and Paleoproterozoic Peräpohja Schist Belt host the world-class Kemi chromite ore of the Kemi intrusion, as well as several significant PGE and base metal mineralizations at the Penikat intrusion and the Portimo layered complex (Alapieti et al. 1990; Halkoaho 1994; Iljina 1994; Il- jina & Hanski 2005). The planned open pit mining projects of the Konttijärvi and Ahmavaara deposits are only 15 km ESE of Reutuaapa (shown in Fig. 3). An advanced re-scoping study has just been completed on these deposits with positive results (News release 10/31/07 by http://www.napalladium.com).

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Figure 3. General geological map of the South-Central part of the Peräpohja Schist Belt, showing the location of the Reutuaapa deposit and the current exploration and mining activity in the surrounding area.

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4 SURVEY DESCRIPTION

4.1 Current survey program GTK’s dolomite investigations at Reutuaapa began in early 2005. At that time, the industrial mineral survey of the Northern Finland office was focused on the region of the Peräpohja Schist Belt. The objective was to investigate carbonate and talc resources and the potential of the belt. After initial review of geographical and geological data and subsequent field evaluations of se- lected dolomites in the summer of 2005, the Reutuaapa area was selected for further investiga- tions. The investigations started in late 2005 with a drilling program of 750 m. The encouraging results led to detailed geological mapping, a systematic geophysical measurement program of 2.4 km2 and, finally, to the second drilling stage of 1000 m in 2006. The carbonate samples obtained were systematically analysed at GTK’s laboratory. The total number of samples analysed was 565. Additionally, flotation tests were made on 5 representative samples. The last analyses were finished in May 2007. The survey at Reutuaapa has been carried out by geologists Panu Lintinen and Risto Vartiainen. Geophysicist Pertti Turunen managed and interpreted geophysical field measurements and petrophysical laboratory measurements. Geologist Olli Pajula carried out the field mapping dur- ing 2006 as part of his M.Sc. thesis, which was a detailed study of the petrology and geochemis- try of the Reutuaapa deposit. Research assistant Antti Pakonen assisted Pajula in field mapping, supervised the second stage drilling program and assisted in numerous other research activities. Research assistant Pertti Telkkälä prepared the drilling profile cross sections of Appendix 4. The geological map in Fig. 4 was digitalized by Soili Ahava. Dr Tegist Chernet performed the flota- tion tests at GTK’s mineral processing laboratory and pilot plant at Outokumpu.

4.2 Research techniques and results

4.2.1 Geophysical surveys Geophysical ground surveys consisted of gravimetric, magnetic and VLF-R measurements. The covered area was 1 x 2.4 km2. In addition to the systematic mapping, two N-S profiles, each of which was 2 km long, were measured through the area. Table 1 shows the measurements.

Table 1. Geophysical measurements at Reutuaapa.

Method Profiles Points Metres

Magnetics 31 3353 33000 Gravity 13 770 14810 VLF-R 31 1704 33000

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The profile separation in gravity was 200 m. In magnetics and VLF-R, the profile separation was 100 m in the eastern and western parts of the area, and 50 m in the more closely studied central dolomite area. Station separation was 20 m in gravity and VLF-R, and 10 m in magnetics. De- termination of the position was based on GPS. The instrument used in gravity mapping was the Scintrex CG3 Autograv. The total magnetic field intensity was measured with the Scintrex MP3. The VLF-R equipment was a Geonics EM 16R, the transmitter being DHO38 at 23.4 kHz. The distance to the transmitter is ~2000 km and the direction ~225°, which is ~45° off from the strike of the general bedrock orientation at the site. A total of 55 petrophysical samples were selected to cover the most important rock types. Den- sity, magnetic susceptibility and the intensity of remanent magnetization were determined in the petrophysics laboratory of GTK, at Rovaniemi.

4.2.2 Diamond drilling Diamond core drilling at Reutuaapa was done in two stages; the first stage in November 2005 and the second stage in October-December 2006. In the first stage, 11 holes totalling 780 m, were drilled in two N-S profiles that crossed the exposed dolomite marbles that were known at that time. The eastern profile included 3 holes and was located along the gravel road, well over 1 km east of the current deposit and the exploration claim. The western profile included 8 holes, and here the white marble was encountered for the first time in several holes in the southern part of the profile (see Fig. 4). All holes were drilled southwards (180°) to a depth of approximately 70 m. The spacing between the holes was 50 m, with a dip of 45 degrees. The drill holes are listed in Appendix 2. The locations of the drill holes were measured afterwards with an accurate (<1 m) GPS device. Detailed field mapping and a geophysical survey preceded the second stage of drilling, determin- ing the rough outline of the white dolomite marble deposit. The second stage of drilling, totalling 1000 m, was planned in order to obtain three full intersections of the white marble, in addition to the intersection obtained in 2005. This goal was not fully reached, however, because the southern margin of white marble was left open. Overall, the drilling correlated well with field observa- tions and confirmed the results of the geological mapping. Thick sections of homogenous white marble were obtained for analysis. During the second stage of drilling, 13 holes totalling 1013 m were made. Drilling parameters were similar to the 2005 program, except that the average depth of the holes was increased from 70 m to approximately 80 m. The cores were logged and sample sections determined at GTK’s drill core depot in Rovaniemi. The core logs were reported with the PC-KAIRA program and transferred to GTK’s KALPEA data base. After logging, the cores were split with a saw, crushed in a jaw crusher and pulverized in ring a mill, using a tungsten carbide bowl.

4.2.3 Geological mapping During the summer of 2006, a detailed geological field mapping was carried out at Reutuaapa. This included 64 outcrop observations and 33 boulder observations, which were reported using the PC-KALPEA program and later transferred to GTK’s KALPEA -data base. The bedrock at Reutuaapa turned out to be selectively exposed so that the white and part of the grey dolomite marbles are quite well exposed, while the dark grey dolomites, mica schists and black schists are unexposed or very poorly exposed. On the basis of field mapping, supported by geophysical and

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drill core data, Pajula prepared a lithological map (2007). An updated and slightly modified ver- sion of this map is presented in Figure 4 and Appendix 5, together with plan-projected drill core lithologies.

4.2.4 Chemical analyses Drill cores of carbonate rocks were systematically analysed in GTK’s laboratory using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method (GTK method code 175X). The amount of carbon was determined with a carbon analyser (method code 811L). HCl-dissolving was used to analyse the oxide com- position of the carbonate material with ICP-AES emission spectrometry (method code 406P). Additional analyses of the samples obtained in 2005 included a separate determination of car- bonate and non-carbonate carbon (method code 816L) and determination of sulphur (method code 810L). Sample lengths of 2 and 3 m were used in the drillings of 2005 and 2006, respec- tively. Some sulphide-rich and quartz-veined black schists and mica schists were analysed using the ICP-AES-method in order to determine their precious metals content (method code 704P - Pb- Fire Assay) and base metal content (method code 511P – Aqua Regia Digestion). 19 samples of a one-metre sample length were analysed at GTK’s laboratory in Rovaniemi. No significant metal contents were detected. The chemical analyses are listed and the analysis methods explained in Appendix 2.

4.2.5 Mineralogical studies and flotation tests For petrographical studies and microprobe analyses, 40 polished thin sections were made from the 2005 drill cores. Those with carbonates were stained with organic Alizarin Red S –dye. Pa- jula reported the results and descriptions in his M.Sc. thesis (2007). An additional 9 unpolished thin sections were made from the 2006 drill cores. In order to remove the silica – mostly quartz – from carbonates and thus to produce high quality carbonate concentrate, flotation tests were performed for 5 representative samples. Each sample was a 6 metre long section of white and relatively homogenous white marble. Samples were roughly crushed with a jaw crusher and then fine crushed with a roller crusher. Before flotation, three samples were taken for more regrinding using a laboratory-scale ceramic ball mill. Samples from the processed fractions were taken for particle size analyses, chemical analyses and bright- ness measurements of the dolomite concentrates.

4.2.6 Documentation All available digital data related to the project is included on the data-CD appended to this re- port. Other material – thin sections, hand specimens etc. - are stored at the GTK Rovaniemi of- fice, as are the paper versions of various documents, such as primary notes of observation and maps. Drill cores and crushed samples are stored at the GTK drill core depot at Rovaniemi. Primary digital data and reports of the chemical analyses are stored in the database of the GTK. The digital geophysical data is stored in the GTK geophysical data base and all of the geological observations, including field observations and drill core logs, can be found in the GTK KALPEA database.

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5 DOLOMITE MARBLE DEPOSIT

5.1 Bedrock geology The dolomite marble is well exposed at Reutuaapa and the area of white marble in Fig. 4 is out- lined mostly from outcrop distribution. At the surface, the white marble is fine-grained and white massive rock, and in places it is quite brittle because of physical weathering. At Reutuaapa, the typical dark weathering surface of carbonate rocks is missing because of the exceptionally low iron content of the white marble. Less-eroded quartz veins and occasional quartz-rich layers can be seen as thin elevated ridges at outcrop surfaces. The primary sedimentary structures are either destroyed or poorly developed. The white dolomite marble is surrounded by grey and dark grey dolomites, the latter being tran- sitional rock between the dolomites, carbonaceous phyllites and black schists. The grey dolo- mites are finer-grained and physically slightly more resistant than white marbles. Structures like sedimentary bedding and tectonic foliation are more abundant and visible than in white marble. The iron content is clearly higher in grey dolomites, causing dark brown weathering surfaces. Quartz occurs as similar but thinner veins, as in the white marble. Dark grey dolomites, phyllites and black schists are unexposed in the vicinity of the white mar- ble, and the geological features of these rocks have to be obtained from diamond drill cores. These graphite-bearing schists north and east of the white marble are outlined mostly with ground geophysics, aided with boulder findings and drill core data. They occur in two east- western layers, roughly 100 m thick, within the dolomites. This rock group consists of very fine grained to compact schists and the individual grains cannot be seen. The darker dolomites are often brecciated, sometimes thinly layered or laminar and less often massive. Black schists and especially phyllites are distinctly laminar, and massive variants were only rarely observed. There appears to be a transition between different lithologies, which often complicates the rock label- ling and therefore the lithological map in Fig. 4 and intersections in Appendix 4 have been somewhat simplified. The term “carbonate schist” in drill core lithology refers to foliated and distinctly banded car- bonate rock (=dolomite) which contains an unusual amount of sheet silicates, usually phlogopite mica and also some chlorite. This rock type is rare and appears only at a few <10 m thick inter- vals.

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Figure 4. A geological map of the Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit. Plan projection of drill cores, as well as outcrop observations with respective lithologies, are also shown. A larger version of this map, at 1:10 000 scale, is given in App. 5.

5.2 Geophysics Appendices 3/1 and 3/2 show the ground geophysical maps of Reutuaapa. In appendix 3/1 the gravity Bouguer anomaly map is at the top and the magnetic total field intensity map at the bot- tom. In appendix 3/2 there are VLF-R maps: the apparent resistivity at the top and the phase an- gle at the bottom. Drill hole locations have been added on the maps. Basic volcanics in the northern part and in the southwestern corner appear red on the magnetic map. The east-western red zone in the middle of the magnetic map is caused by black schists that contain graphite, together with pyrite and pyrrhotite. This conductive zone is shown in red also in the VLF-R apparent resistivity and phase angle maps, where it appears as two separate con- ductive zones. The location of the black schists on the geological map has been estimated ac- cording to the VLF-R data, together with verification from some drill core samples. Due to the lack of exposures, the extent of the dolomite formation towards the west has not been verified, and the ground geophysical maps do not show the exact boundary of the formation. The VLF-R maps show that the mica schist, dolomite and tuffite are resistive and cannot be separated from each other using electric or electromagnetic methods. Typically, the apparent re- sistivities are >10000 Ωm. The conductive zones marked with red in the VLF-R apparent resis- tivity map are either black schists or are caused by wet overburden.

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 12 M19/3611/2007/92

The conductive zones are not visible in the gravity map, where the most notable feature is a steep gradient towards the northwest. Schist and tuffite samples were not available for this study, but in literature, the density of mica schist is reported to be 2650—2850 kg/m3 and that of tuffite 2800—3000 kg/m3. The density of dolomite marble was found to be 2820—2860 kg/m3. The dolomite, located between the schist and tuffite thus has a density between the densities of its neighbours, which means that the gravity anomaly of dolomite remains easily unnoticed in the gravity field gradient. According to the drilling, the overburden thickness in the dolomite area extends from nonexis- tent to several metres. The bedrock depth variation is not, however, readily visible on the gravity map. Neither is the depth extent of the dolomite formation easily interpreted from any measured data. As the magnetic properties of dolomites are low, magnetic interpretation does not give hints about the depth of the formation. Modelling the black schist or tuffite anomalies would per- haps yield some depth values for these rocks, but not for the dolomites. Gravity is not easily in- terpreted, either. The VLF-R yields values for the upper surface of dolomites but not for the bot- tom.

5.3 Petrophysical measurements The average properties of the petrophysical samples are shown in Table 2. In Fig. 5 susceptibility vs. density is shown for the measured samples. This figure provides some explanations for the detected field measurements. The susceptibilities of almost all samples, except black schists, lie far below the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic boundary at 10-3 SI units. The black schists contain minor amounts of magnetite that place them above the 10-3 SI line. Even if remanence values make the effective susceptibility tenfold as compared to the real susceptibility, magnetic proper- ties of dolomites are very low. White dolomites cluster in a very limited area, suggesting that the homogeneity of the group is high.

Table 2. Petrophysical measurements from drill cores of Reutuaapa.

Rock type Number Density Susceptibility Remanence (-) (kg/m3) (SI) (A/m)

White dolomite 16 2844 0.00011 0.05 Grey dolomite 15 2812 0.00013 0.04 Yellowish dolomite 3 2832 0.00014 0.05 Quartz rich dolomite 4 2781 0.00016 0.05 Carbonate schist 6 2784 0.00048 0.11 Phyllite 2 2834 0.00011 0.07 Black schist 9 2783 0.00135 0.5

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10-2 White dolomite Grey dolomite Yellowish dolomite Quartz rich dolomite Carbonate schist Phyllite Black schist 10-3 ) I

S (

y t i l i b i

scept u S -4 10

-5 10 2600 2700 2800 2900 Density (kg/m3)

Figure 5. Susceptibility vs. density for classified rock samples from Reutuaapa.

5.4 Mineralogy and chemistry of dolomite The mineralogical compositions of the Reutuaapa dolomite marble samples were calculated from chemical analysis after the mineral phases were identified with polarizing microscope and an electron microprobe analyser. The total carbonate contents were calculated from analysed C con- tent of the whole rock, and the proportions of calcite and dolomite were calculated from ICP- AES analysis of the carbonate fraction. The formulas used in calculations are based on certain approximations, and this must be kept in mind when reading the results. Table 3 shows the chemistry and mineralogy of different dolomite marble types. The white mar- ble of Reutuaapa has an average total carbonate content of 88%, of which approximately 90% is dolomite and 10% calcite. The average SiO2 content is 10%. According to microscopic studies, the silicate fraction consists almost exclusively of quartz. A small amount of accessory phlogopite is present, as well as some occasional apatite. The calculated values show that the grey dolomite marbles and the dark grey dolomites have slightly lower and distinctly lower con- tents of total carbonate, respectively. Both also have distinctly lower dolomite contents and thereby higher calcite contents, compared to the white dolomite marble.

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Table 3. A summary table showing the chemistry and mineralogy of different dolomite marble types.

White dolomite Grey dolo- Dark grey marble mite marble dolomite, Rock type Average Average Average N=342 Min. Max. St. dev. N=179 N=44 Whole rock (XRF), w-%

SiO2 9.7 1.2 44.7 6.8 10.9 14.6

Al2O3 0.27 <0.02* 2.8 0.38 0.95 1.4

Fe2O3 0.18 0.04 1.1 0.15 0.55 0.76 MgO 19.8 12.3 22.4 1.6 16.8 13.7 CaO 28.9 17.9 32.7 2.1 29.0 27.4

K2O 0.09 <0.004* 0.94 0.13 0.27 0.41 C 11.5 7.2 12.9 0.89 11.1 10.4

Carbonate fraction, acid soluble (ICP-AES) CaO % 26.2 16.2 30.4 2.0 27.2 27.0 MgO % 17.0 10.6 19.6 1.5 15.0 13.3

Fe2O3 % 0.11 0.04 0.74 0.08 0.35 0.51

Al2O3 % 0.07 <0.04* 0.53 0.06 0.15 0.16 MnO ppm 163 24 2090 158 212 190

Calculated values Total carbonate % 87.7 54.9 98.8 6.8 85.0 79.9 Calcite % 9.7 3.5 19.2 3.1 16.2 18.9 Dolomite % 78.0 48.4 90.0 6.7 68.9 61.0 Neutralizing capacity 33.4 20.4 40.5 3.0 32.0 29.7

N = Number of samples

* = Below detection limit

Formulas used in calculations:

Total carbonate %: 2.09 x CO2, where CO2 = 3.664 + C content (C-analyser, 811L) Dolomite %: 4.59 x MgO (ICP-AES) Calcite %: Total carbonate % - dolomite % Neutralizing capacity: Ca % + 1.39 x Mg %, where Ca % = 0.715 x CaO (XRF) and Mg % = 0.603 x MgO (XRF)

.

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In white marble, the dolomite mineral occurs as equigranular and granoblastic grains, with grain sizes normally between 50 to 200 μm (Fig 8). Quartz and calcite occur between the dolomite, usually as single ‘disseminated’ grains and also as veinlets, with grain sizes relatively coarser than dolomite, measuring up to 400 μm. Sparse phlogopitic mica normally occurs as small indi- vidual flakes. Grey and especially dark grey dolomites are compact rocks with very small grain size, making the detection of individual grains difficult, even under a microscope.

The average Fe2O3 content of white marble is only 0.18% in whole rock XRF-analysis and ap- pears even lower (0.11%) in ICP-AES analysis of the carbonate fraction. The latter value is more realistic, because the average content in whole rock analysis is affected by a few individual val- ues with clearly higher contents of iron. The distribution of samples with variable iron contents is shown in Figures 6 and 7, and also in the drilling cross sections of Appendix 4, evidently high- lighting that the great majority of the white dolomite marble samples have an Fe2O3 content close to or even below 0.1%.

1. 50 White dolomite V VV V kivilajiGrey dolomite V V V DOLOMIITTI_tummanharmaa Dark grey dolomite V V DOLOMIITTI_harmaa VDOLOMIITTI_valkoinen V VVV V V V V V V V V 1. 00 V V V V V VVV VV V V V V V V 3 V V V V VV

O V VV V VV V 2 V V VVVV e V VV V VV VVVVV VVV V F V VVVVV VV V VV V V VV V VVVVVV VVV V V VVV VV V 0. 50 VVVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVV VVVV V V VVVVVVV V V VV VVVVVV V V VVVVVVVV VV VVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVV VV VVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVV VVV VVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVV 0. 00

0. 00 1. 00 2. 00 3. 00 Al2O 3

Figure 6. Fe2O3 content vs. Al2O3 content in various dolomite marble types.

According to the XRF analysis, the Al2O3 and K2O contents of white marble are also very low, the average respective values being 0.27% and 0.09%. Some individual samples show notably higher alumina and sometimes also potassium contents. These variations are presumably caused by an increased amount of phlogopite, which sometimes occurs as distinct thin stripes or unusu- ally dense dissemination. However, the vast majority of white dolomite samples have K2O con- tents well below 0.1% and Al2O3 contents below 0.2%.

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Figure 7. Histogram presentation of Fe2O3 contents (weight - %) in white dolomite marble (342 samples).

Electron microprobe analyses were made using the Cameca SX100 analyser at GTK, Espoo. Both carbonates and silicates were analysed, and selected carbonate analyses are presented in Table 4. Dolomites and calcites in white marble contained <0.1% FeO, with several of the grains completely free of iron. In grey dolomite types, the calcite also had a low FeO-content (<0.1%) but in the dolomite mineral, the content increased to >0.2% FeO.

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Table 4. Selected microprobe analyses for Reutuaapa carbonate minerals. Samples R503 69.30 and R504 42.50 are white dolomite marble, sample R512 70.30 is grey dolomite marble. Contents in weight - %.

Sample R503 69.30 R504 42.50 R503 69.30 R504 42.50 R512 70.30 R512 70.30

SiO2 0.04 0 0 0 0.02 0.07

Al2O3 0 0.05 0 0.02 0.01 0 FeO 0.05 0.07 0.06 0 0.28 0 MnO 0 0.05 0 0 0.02 0.00 MgO 21.51 21.68 1.95 0.12 21.55 1.29 CaO 31.12 30.96 54.55 55.47 30.22 53.22

Na2O 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 SrO 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0.05 BaO 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 NiO 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.09 ZnO 0.03 0 0 0.01 0.00 0

SO2 0.04 0 0.51 0 0.03 1.86 FeO 0 0.01 0.02 0.1 0 0.03 Cl 0 0 0 0 0 0.02

CO2 47.05 46.94 42.70 44.01 47.61 43.25

Total 99.86 99.77 99.79 99.72 99.74 99.88

Mineral Dolomite Dolomite Calcite Calcite Dolomite Calcite

Accelerating voltage = 15kV Electron beam current = 10nA Beam diameter = 10 micrometres Electron microanalyser / Operator = Cameca SX100 / Lassi Pakkanen

5.5 Flotation test results The flotation tests — their method, results and interpretations — are thoroughly described in the research report by Chernet (2007). The text below is from the summary chapter of that report. Flotation feed samples were composed of dolomite (65—89%), calcite (5—10%) and silicates (1—25%), with minor amounts of oxides and sulphides. Dolomite-silicate particles are suffi- ciently liberated in all samples processed. Reverse flotation was employed where the gangues are floated and removed, and dolomite is concentrated in the cell. Although the recovery of dolomite in the concentrate varies greatly, and is yet to be upgraded, good grade dolomite concentrates were produced. The MgO content increased from about 16.1—21.3 wt-% in the feed to about 21.6—22.7 wt-% in the concentrate. The SiO2 content decreased from about 2.0—22.9 wt-% in the feed to about 0.1—0.56 wt-% in the concentrate.

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Concentrates were further pulverized for brightness and yellowness measurements. The bright- ness values measured by L&W Elrepho ranged from 85.65% to 91.01% and the yellowness val- ues from 1.9% to 7.56%.

Table 5. Mineralogical and chemical compositions — both feed and concentrate — for 3 se- lected flotation test samples. Chemical compositions in weight - %.

Sample R503 1.80-8.00 R504 8.25-14.00 R514 34.00-40.00 Feed Concentrate Feed Concentrate Feed Concentrate

SiO2 5.5 0.43 2.28 0.10 21.5 0.56

Al2O3 0.45 0.10 0.16 0.02 0.08 0.03

Fe2O3 0.24 0.26 0.12 0.10 0.05 0.08 MgO 20.1 21.6 21.3 22.6 16.9 21.9 CaO 30.4 32.7 30.9 31.8 24.5 32.6

K2O 0.12 0.02 0.04 0 0.03 0.03

CO2 43.2* 44.0 46.9* 44.0 36.3* 45.5

Calculated val- ues Total carb % 90.3 92.0 98.0 92.0 76.0 95.1 Calc % 9.1 ** 9.6 ** 7.1 ** Dol % 81.3 ** 88.5 ** 68.9 **

ISO- brightness 87.69 91.01 90.39

Yellowness 3.32 1.90 1.94

* Calculated using the formula: CO2 = 3.664 x C- content ** MgO and CaO not analysed with ICP-AES

Formulas used in calculations:

Total carbonate %: 2.09 x CO2, where CO2 = 3.664 + C-content Dolomite %: 4.59 x MgO Calcite %: Total carbonate % - dolomite %

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Figure 8. Thin section photo of white dolomite marble, sample R504 19.35. The red scale bar is 500 μm.

6 DOLOMITE MARBLE RESOURCES

The following resource estimation of the white dolomite marble of Reutuaapa must be consid- ered as potential resources, because the estimation is not done according to the NI 43-101 stan- dards or the JORC-code. The estimation is based on: • Outcrop distribution of marbles, which is used to outline the area of white dolomite marble. The white marbles and some of the grey marbles are well exposed in the central area but mostly unexposed in the east, west and south. Thus the continuity of white marble is open to all directions, except to the north. Because the bedrock layers trend roughly E-W and dip steeply to the north, they very likely continue eastward and westward, beyond the exposed area outlined in Fig. 4, as well as downward.

• Drill core data correlates well with the surface geology and shows great homogeneity for the white marble. Drilling also confirms the steep bedding of rock layers. The maximum depth extent of drilling is 85 m (in drill hole R518), but near vertical and parallel dip of layers indi- cates continuity to much greater depths. Like outcrop distribution, drilling also leaves the ex- tent of white marble open to the east, west and south.

The extent of white dolomite marble cannot be further defined with ground geophysical meas- urements. On the basis of drilling and field mapping, the white marble is at least a 1000 m long, 200 m wide and 100 m deep vertical or sub-vertical E-W-trending body within grey dolomite marbles. The deposit has potential resources of white dolomite marble exceeding 50 million ton-

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nes. As stated above, this is a very cautious estimate, because the deposit is open to all direc- tions, except to the north. When considering the marble resources as a whole, including the grey marbles, the potential resources are several hundred million tonnes.

7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

The prospected area contains no Natura or any other protected areas. The nearest nature conser- vation area is the strict nature reserve of Runkaus, 4 km south of the Reutuaapa deposit. Areas of protected groundwater in fluvial quaternary sands occur on the northern shore of Vähäjoki River. The closest of such areas, or rather its northern boundary, lies 500 m SW from the exposed white marble. There is a ditched bog between the dolomites and the area of protected groundwater. The claim area and its surroundings are governed by the Finnish state enterprise – Metsähallitus – which administers and manages all state-owned land areas in Finland. At the Reutuaapa area, commercial forestry has recently been practiced, and a newly built road for better forestry access leads to within 200 m of the deposit. There is also an active peat production area 2.5 km NW of the Reutuaapa dolomite. The area of the Reutuaapa deposit is characterized by very gently sloping moraine ridge, sur- rounded by widespread boggy terrain. Elevation varies between 100 and 110 m above sea level. In the western half of the claim area, the dolomitic bedrock is well exposed or covered only by thin glacial overburden. In the east and north, overburden thickness increases to 5-10 m and im- mediately south of the exposed dolomites, it increases sharply to more than 20 m. Pine and spruce-dominated forest covers the moraine ridge. The area of exposed dolomites is pine-dominated thinner forest with abundant juniper, whereas the northern and eastern sides have denser forest with more abundant spruce. The surrounding bogs are thoroughly ditched for drain- ing and small pines cover them as well. Weather conditions follow the typical northern Fennoscandian climate, with a temperate summer and cold winter. The average winter (medium temperature < 0ºC) lasts from late October - or early November to late April (http://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi).

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8 CONCLUDING REMARKS

The white marble of Reutuaapa is exceptionally white and iron-poor dolomite marble. The whole rock iron-contents of the Reutuaapa white marble (<0.2% Fe2O3) are approximately one tenth of the contents in dolomites found elsewhere in the Peräpohja Schist belt (~1.5% Fe2O3). The de- posit is large – potentially very large – and the white dolomite is exposed at the surface. The lo- cation is favourable, and the site is easily accessible. The area has no restrictions in terms of na- ture conservation, other livelihoods or any nearby human settlements. The biggest challenge considering the utilization of the dolomite is the quartz content. Various amounts of quartz are present throughout the deposit, which prevents the calcination of the dolo- mite. Single 1-2 m sections of white dolomite with <2% SiO2 can possibly be found, but quarry- ing them selectively is out of the question. Usually the rock contains 3-20% SiO2, consisting al- most exclusively of quartz, and this fraction of silicates can be effectively removed with the flo- tation technique. An ISO-brightness and yellowness of 91 and 1.9, respectively, were measured from the white dolomite powder obtained via flotation. Furthermore, the chemical composition of this dolomite concentrate meets the requirements for most, if not all industrial applications. These include possible uses as filler, whitening and extender material in paper, paint, plastic, and rubber, and in the fertiliser industries. The dolomite concentrate could also be applied in the de- sulphurisation of iron and steel and in pharmaceuticals. Crushed dolomite marble can be used as aggregates, concrete ingredients, ballast, animal supplements, soil conditioners, etc. The suitability of the white marble for dimension and decorative stone purposes was tested pre- liminarily, with contradictory results. Two bulk samples, both ca. 200 kg, were loosened by bor- ing and wedging from exposed white marble. One sample was taken to a local stone processing plant, where it was sawed and polished into slabs. The results were moderate, and only a few de- cent plates were produced. The other piece of rock was taken to a local school of handicraft in order to test its properties for decorative stone and sculpturing. The rock turned out to be too weathered to withstand processing and it crumbled completely. Another set of samples was taken from the drill cores of holes R516, R517 and R518. A total of 14 samples, each a 20-30 cm long core section, were taken between 4-28 m. The samples were split with a saw, and the sawed surfaces were dusted and polished. 6 such core sections are de- scribed in Fig. 9. All the samples withstood every procedure without any problems. This indi- cates that the first few metres of dolomites are weathered and cannot be used as dimension stone but that at deeper levels the rock seems to be sound and solid enough, and shining white decora- tion and dimension stone might be obtained there.

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Figure 9. Split and polished drill core sections from the white marble of Reutuaapa. The width of a core is 42 mm. The accuracy of sample lengths below is 5 cm. The samples are: 1A: R516, 6.20 – 6.45 m 2A: R517, 4.20 – 4.45 m 3: R518, 7.75 – 8.00 m 1B: R516, 11.70 – 11.95 m 2B: R517, 16.15 – 16.40 m 1C: R516, 23.85 – 24.10 m Photo: Reijo Lampela

Estimation of the soundness of the Reutuaapa marble proved to be very difficult because distin- guishing the natural joints from man-made ones in drill cores was as a rule not possible. Thus, reliable information can only be obtained by test-quarrying.

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9 REFERENCES

Alapieti, T., Fileu, B., Lahtinen, J., Lavrov, M., Smolkin, V., Voitsekhovsky, S. 1990. Early Proterozoic layered intrusions in the northeastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield Mineralogy and Petrology, vol.42, no.1-4, pp.1-22.

Chernet, T.2007. Crushing, ceramic ball milling and flotation test results on dolomite rock samples from Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit, Finland. 11 s. Geological Survey of Finland, Archive report, M19/3611/2007/41/15.

Halkoaho, T. 1994. The Sompujarvi and Ala-Penikka PGE reefs in the Penikat layered intrusion, northern Finland; implications for PGE reef-forming processes. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. Series A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium, vol.249, 122 pp.

Iljina, M. 1994. The Portimo layered igneous complex; with emphasis on diverse sulphide and platinum-group element deposits. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. Series A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium, vol.258, 158 pp.

Iljina, M., Hanski, E. 2005. Layered mafic intrusions of the -Narankavaara Belt Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol.14, pp.101-137.

Korsman, K. (ed.); Koistinen, T. (ed.); Kohonen, J. (ed.); Wennerström, M. (ed.); Ekdahl, E. (ed.); Honkamo, M. (ed.); Idman, H. (ed.); Pekkala, Y. (ed.) 1997. Suomen kallioperäkartta = Berggrundskarta över Finland = Bedrock map of Finland 1:1 000 000. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Erikoiskartat, ISBN 951-690-691-5

Pajula, O., 2007. Tervolan Reutuaavan dolomiittimarmorin mineralogia ja geokemia. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Helsinki, 74 p.

Perttunen, V., Hanski, E. 2003. Törmäsjarven ja Koivun kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Pre- Quaternary rocks of the Tormäsjärvi and Koivu map sheet areas. Geological Map of Finland 1:100 000. Explanation to the maps of Pre-Quaternary rocks, Sheets 2631 Törmäsjärvi and 2633 Koivu. 88 pages, 40 figures and 15 tables.

Perttunen, V. 1991. Kemin, Karungin, Simon ja Runkauksen kartta-alueiden kalliopera. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Kemi, , Simo and Runkaus map sheet areas. Geological map of Finland 1:100 000. Explanation to the maps of Pre-Quaternary rocks, sheets 2541 Kemi, 2542+2524 Karunki, 2543 Simo and 2544 Runkaus. 80 pages, 32 figures and 11 tables.

Vartiainen, R. 2002. Vähäjoen karbonaattikivitutkimukset Rovaniemen mlk:ssa ja Tervolassa 1995-1996. 10 s., 5 liites. Geological Survey of Finland, Archive report, M 19/3611/2002/1/84.

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 24 M19/3611/2007/92

APPENDICES

1. List of drill holes 2. List of chemical analyses 3. Ground geophysical maps: 3.1 Gravity Bouguer anomaly map and magnetic total field intensity map 3.2 VLF-R maps; apparent resistivity and phase angle. 4. Drilling cross sections 4.1 Profile Y=3436.830 4.2 Profile Y=3437.130 4.3 Profile Y=3437.330 4.4 Profile Y=3437.530 5. Geological map of the Reutuaapa dolomite marble deposit, 1:10 000

Contact information

Contact persons: Dr. Esko Korkiakoski, Division Manager / bedrock geology and resources ([email protected]) M.Sc. Timo Ahtola, Project Manager / industrial minerals ([email protected]) M.Sc. Panu Lintinen, Manager / responsible geologist of the project ([email protected])

Geological Survey of Finland, Northern Finland office: Visiting address: Lähteentie 2 ROVANIEMI Postal address: P.O. Box 77 FI-96101 Rovaniemi FINLAND

Phone: +358 20 550 11 Fax: +358 20 550 14

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 25 M19/3611/2007/92

Contents of data CD-ROM

1. CLAIM AREA − PDF and ESRI shape files

2. DOCUMENTS − M19/3611/2007/92.doc (this report) − M19/3611/2007/92.pdf − M19_3611_2007_41_15.pdf (flotation test report by Chernet (2007)) − Appendix_II.pdf

3. DRILLING − Core logging reports (in Finnish) as PDF files and ESRI shape files − Assays as Excel and ESRI shape files − Drill core photos (jpg) − Core measurements as ESRI shape files

4. GROUND GEOPHYSICS − Data − Maps

5. GEOLOGY − Bedrock map − Outcrop data (PDF files and ESRI shape files in Finnish)

6. DESCRIPTIONS

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 26 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 1

Dip at Program Hole -ID X Y Z Length Azimuth* Analysis nr start

M361105R503 7343487 3437329 104.00 72.25 180.00 46.0 89547 M361105R504 7343431 3437328 104.30 69.90 180.00 44.0 89547 M361105R506 7343633 3437334 107.90 70.80 180.00 45.1 89547 M361105R507 7343678 3437331 105.50 71.00 180.00 45.8 89545 M361105R508 7343734 3437330 100.90 69.80 180.00 44.1 89546 M361105R509 7343780 3437334 99.10 70.90 180.00 45.3 not analysed M361105R510 7343894 3438445 109.20 72.60 180.00 44.9 89545 M361105R511 7343841 3438440 112.50 70.30 180.00 44.7 89545, 89546 M361105R512 7343942 3438448 106.80 70.80 180.00 46.3 89545, 89546

1st stage of drilling, Nov 2005, by GTK by Nov 2005, 1st stage of drilling, M361105R513 7343588 3437332 109.70 70.85 180.00 47.2 89547

M361105R514 7343538 3437331 106.20 70.90 180.00 48.5 89547

M361106R515 7343581 3437133 105.80 82.20 180.00 47.1 203671 M361106R516 7343532 3437133 105.00 79.50 180.00 45.9 203671 M361106R517 7343480 3437134 104.50 79.95 180.00 45.7 203671 M361106R518 7343431 3437134 102.20 119.85 180.00 47.7 203671 M361106R519 7343600 3436834 100.70 81.55 180.00 46.5 203672_2 M361106R520 7343550 3436833 100.60 94.60 180.00 47.1 203672_2 M361106R521 7343491 3436832 96.70 70.25 180.00 46.9 203672_2 M361106R522 7343446 3436831 98.10 79.10 180.00 47.1 203672_2 M361106R523 7343397 3436827 98.70 70.00 180.00 45.6 203672_2 M361106R524 7343540 3437533 106.70 79.50 180.00 46.2 203673 M361106R525 7343491 3437533 103.90 81.30 180.00 43.7 203673 M361106R526 7343437 3437531 103.80 69.35 180.00 45.6 203673 2nd stage of drilling, Oct-Dec 2006, by Suomen Malmi Oy Suomen by Oct-Dec 2006, 2nd stage of drilling, M361106R527 7343400 3437329 102.40 25.50 180.00 45.0 203673

* Azimuth not measured downhole

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Appendix 2: Chemical analyses

Sample Order number Number Assay meth- preparation for analysis Lab codes Drill holes of samples ods methods Note

175X, 406P, L06014559 - R507, R510, 89545 97 810L, 811L, 10, 31, 35, 43 Dolomite assay L06014655 R511, R512 816L

L06014535 - R508, R512, Base and 89546 18 511P, 704P 10, 31, 40 L06014555 R513 precious metals

R503, R504, 175X, 406P, L06015709- 89547 R506, R513, 160 810L,811L, 10, 31, 35, 43 Dolomite assay L06015868 R514 816L

L07007199 - R515, R516, 175X, 406P, 203671 117 10, 30, 43 Dolomite assay L07007315 R517, R518 811L

R519, R520, L07007316 - 175X, 406P, 203672_2 R521, R522, 118 10, 30, 43 Dolomite assay L07007433 811L R523

L07007434 - R524, R525, 175X, 406P, 203673 73 10, 30, 35, 43 Dolomite assay L07007506 R526, R527 811L

Methods 1. Sample preparation Code 10 Sorting and drying at 70ºC 30 Coarse crushing using Mn steel jaws 31 Fine crushing to nominal >70% < 2 mm using Cr steel jaws 35 Subsampling by riffle splitting 40 Pulverizing in carbon steel bowl 43 Pulverizing in tungsten carbide bowl 2. Assays Code 175X X-ray diffraction (XRF) from pressed powder pellets. Whole rock analysis.

Compounds and elements determined; Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, S, Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, Bi, Th, U

406P Determination of hydrochloric acid soluble elements. Hydrocloric acid digestion, ICP-AES emission spectrometry. Compounds and elements determined; Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO, Sr, S

511P Aqua regia digestion, ICP-AES emission spectrometry Elements determined; Ag, As, Al, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ti, V,Y, Zn,

704 P Pb-Fire Assay, ICP-AES emission spectrometry. Determination of Au, Pd and Pt 810L Determination of sulphur. 811L Determination of carbon with C analyzer. 816L Determination of carbonate carbon and non-carbonate carbon.

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 28 M19/3611/2007/92

GROUND GEOPHYSICAL MAPS Appendix 3/1

Gravity

3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

7344000 7344000

7343500 7343500

7343000 7343000 3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

Gravity Scale 1:20000 (mgal) 250 0 250 -18.3 -17.6 -17.2 -16.8 -16.5 -16.2 -16.0 -15.7 -15.2 -14.9 -14.6 -14.1 metres

Magnetics

3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

7344000 7344000

7343500 7343500

7343000 7343000 3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

Magnetics Scale 1:20000 (nT) 250 0 250 52324 52624 52647 52670 52692 52720 52783 52862 53007 53541 metres

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 29 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 3/2 VLF-R Apparent resistivity

3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

7344000 7344000

7343500 7343500

7343000 7343000 3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

VLF-R Apparent resistivity Scale 1:20000 (Ohm-m) 250 0 250 -47 290 465 691 9751249 1796 2451 3416 4502 6001 7938 11420 metres

VLF-R Phase angle

3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

7344000 7344000

7343500 7343500

7343000 7343000 3436500 3437000 3437500 3438000 3438500 3439000

Scale 1:20000 VLF-R Phase angle 250 0 250 (degrees) 0 3 6 911 16 20 25 29 34 38 43 47 52 56 61 65 70 74 79 83 88 metres

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 30 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 4/1 Histograms: Total carbonate % / Scale 80 - 100% Fe2O3 content % / Scale 0 - 0.5%

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 31 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 4/2 Histograms: Total carbonate % / Scale 80 - 100% Fe2O3 content % / Scale 0 - 0.5%

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 32 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 4/3 Histograms: Total carbonate % / Scale 80 - 100% Fe2O3 content % / Scale 0 - 0.5%

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 33 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 4/4 Histograms: Total carbonate % / Scale 80 - 100% Fe2O3 content % / Scale 0 - 0.5%

Reutuaapa dolomite marble 34 M19/3611/2007/92

Appendix 5. Geological map, 1:10 000