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What Do We Expect Our Rivers to Look Like?

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What Do We Expect Our Rivers to Look Like? Titel What Do We Expect Our Rivers to Look Like? Coalition Clean Baltic River Univerity , October 23, 2020 Tobias Schäfer, Berlin Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB Berlin) Living Rivers Foundation Member of the Water Working Group of the European Environmental Bureau (EEB) What do we expect our rivers to look like? 1. Rivers are flow >> What do we want to protect? 2. Hydropower and inland navigation >> Against which pressures do we need to defend our? Titel 3. Legal protection schemes for free-flowing rivers in Europe >> Key findings from a study on national legislation in five European countries 4. Vision: Free Rivers for Europe >> A growing network of strictly protected rivers – healthy, dynamic and free-flowing 5. Changing the conversation about rivers > Is 2020 a turning point? Protecting rivers – healthy, dynamic and free-flowing Protecting free flow – the river‘s essential property and its ability to provide connectivity (in all dimensions) Protecting fluvial morphodynamics – the river‘s ability to constantly renew itself and shape its bed, banks and floodplains Protecting freshwater life – the river‘s ecosystem health, representing a mosaic of aquatic and terrestrial habitats and corridors across the land Titel Protecting the pathways rivers create, and allowing the river to renew itself – this is what river conservation is all about. Hans van Klinken What do we expect our rivers to look like? Titel Freshwater Biodiversity Crisis – Europe is a hotspot Species loss and biodiversity decline is most dramatic in rivers and other freshwater habitats Freshwater molluscs and fish are the most endangered groups on the globe Titel Stockholm Resilience Centre 2009 Seppo Leinonen, seppo.net Freshwater Biodiversity Crisis Chopped els (Anguilla anguilla) from a hydo-electric station in Norway Frode Kroglund Titel Both species are critically endangered. If the eel is important, why do we kill it? Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) - Frode Kroglund U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters CC BY 2.0, WikiCommons (6461814405) Nordseeschnäpel (Coregonus oxyrhynchos) – lost around 1940 Titel www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10028057 What do we expect our rivers to look like? Short film impression #1 Save The Vjosa River https://vimeo.com/230555750 Titel Europe as a focal point of the global boom of dam construction Titel Zarfl et al. (2014): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271996520_A_Global_Boom_in_Hydropower_dam_Construction/download https://www.euronatur.org/aktuell/detail/news/europes-rivers-are-damned-by-dams/ Hydropower and Inland Navigation - Main drivers of the freshwater biodiversity crisis Negative environmental effects include: • Fragmentation of river systems through barriers • Habitat loss and degradation • Loss of river dynamics and sediment flow • Disconnection between river and floodplain • Reshuffling of biodiversity by connecting river basins Titel Hydropower and inland navigaiton are the opposite of what we consider ecosystem services! Living rivers depend on the engergy that hydropower is aiming to extract from them. Green energy from small hydropower?! An example from Romania Das ist Wahnsinn (3): Rumänien Titel What do we expect our rivers to look like? The front page shows... yes no don‘t know a hydro-electric power station? x a river? x a Natura 2000 site in favorable x conservation status? A large coalition of environmental organisations rejected the draft in 2017: There is very little scope for new hydropower in any of the EU’s water courses and in particular no room for Titel new hydropower plants in Natura 2000 sites or in rivers containing Natura 2000 sites or EU protected species. These sites should rather be the nucleus for a network of free-flowing rivers and streams with high ecological value that should be expanded through the decommissioning and removal of ecologically harmful infrastructure. Benefits of hydropower: No rivers, no fish? A search in the executive summary produced zero (!) results for these words: fish river flow stream ecology Titel nature Search results for „fish“ from the Policy Report (31 S.): Multipurpose benefits: “hosting fishing and aquaculture business” What do we expect our rivers to look like? Short film impression #2 Stop E40! https://vimeo.com/280552490 Titel Inland navigation – Mostly a fairy tale Apart from the Rhine, no river in Germany is of any signifcance for transporting goods! Barely visible as a waterway: The Oder river Titel Elbe river navigation Doom and gloom already in the making Due to navigation projects, incision of the river bed has been continuing at a speed of 1 -1.25cm per year over the last 100 years,. This process is observed along 300km of the Elbe river in Germany Titel (Elbe-km 75 – Elbe-km 370 >> dramatic effects on the river bed and on the Elbe floodplains Inland Navigation Projects in Germany – Just another “Billions down the drain“ example TitelDer Spiegel 1.300.000.000 DM were spent for the Saar-Canal in the 1980s. Evaluators summarized that „water sports will cheer“. Titel „Experts say the canal will pay off within just 2000 years.“ Der Spiegel What do we expect our rivers to look like? Do we expect our rivers to be photoshopped? Titel What do we expect our rivers to look like – a romanticist view Sueddeutsche Zeitung (2017): „Main-Danube-Canal a !!! complete failure“ Titel It‘s a rather rare sight: A freight ship on the Main-Danube-Canal.“ ??? Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz Mariordo , CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3160633 Once upon a time... Titel Inland Navigation in Central Europe – A Three25penny Opera? Inland navigation projects -- Pirate Jenny style: Yet, one fine day, There will be roars from the harbour, … And a ship, eight sails shining, Fifty-five cannons wide, Sir, Waits there at the quay. Titel Marianne Faithfull singing “Pirate Jenny”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyqK1TuFmnA Slavnostní otevření průplavu Rýn-Mohan-Dunaj dne 25. září 1992 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaWTSMogx-4 Titel Free-Flowing Rivers for Europe Conclusions from two online river film sessions with panel discussion at EU Green Week 2020, Oct. 21, 2020 Compiled by session co-moderators Tobias Schäfer (IGB Berlin and Living Rivers Foundation) and Michael Bender (flow : europe and EEB Water Working Group) Session 1: Keep the Wild Wild! Prospects for a European network of protected rivers - healthy, dynamic and free-flowing: The EU Biodiversity Strategy provides new prospects for the vision of a European network of strictly protected rivers. This river conservation policy needs to aim at both protecting and restoring the key properties of rivers: Free flow, sediment dynamics, and connectivity in all dimensions. Rivers and floodplains need to be recognized as biodiversity hotspots: In order to gain a better understanding and achieve better management, freshwater ecosystems should be regarded as a third realm next (to marine and terrestrial). In light of the sharp decline of freshwater life, defending dynamic and free-flowing rivers against infrastructure projects including inland navigation projects (such as E40 Waterway or along the Oder) is a key challenge for biodiversity policies in the EU and globally. Living rivers depend on the energy hydropower is aiming to extract from them: As shown by a recent study on freshwater fishes in the Mediterranean Basin, hydropower is a key threat to freshwater biodiversity through imposing barriers and degradation of river and stream habitats. The European Environmental Bureau (EEB) along with other European NGOs is advocating a stop for new hydropower projects in the EU, as their environmental damage outweighs potential energy gains from electricity generation. Legal protection schemes for free-flowing rivers can find inspiration from existing examples: Examples for effective strict legal protection of free-flowing rivers against barriers and dams can be found in Slovenia (Soca River), Finland, Sweden, Spain. A Vjosa Wild River National Park as recently announced for Albania could spark a new way of protecting dynamic river landscapes. An inspiration from the US is the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. All over the world, initiatives for legal protection ofTitel free-flowing rivers are connecting. Session 2: The Dam Removal Challenge Restoring free-flowing rivers combines with protecting the last wild ones: Dam removal is real - the removal of barriers is already happening, and the EU Biodiversity Strategy goal of restoring 25.000km of rivers to a free- flowing condition offers great opportunities for reconnecting fragmented habitats and re-establish connectivity throughout river systems. Prioritization for removal projects to gain maximum ecological benefit is starting to be carried out; funding for barrier removals is increasingly available from EU funds. Biodiversity objectives need to be addressed in the River Basin Management Plans under the WFD: Priorities for removing fish migration obstacles and other aspects of protecting of aquatic biodiversity need to be integrated into the current drafts of the River Basin Management plans under the Water Framework Directive. Protecting the pathways rivers create, and allowing the river to renew itself – this is what river conservation is all about Legal Protection Schemes for Free-Flowing Rivers in Europe Overview report commissioned by TNC prepared by Tobias Schäfer, Living Rivers Foundation, Berlin December 2019 Key findings: 1. We already have a system of legally protected rivers in the EU > Slovenia,
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