FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL and BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458 (P.O

JOURNAL OF INNISH TUDIES F S Volume 19 Number 1 June 2016 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-937875-94-7 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458 (P.O. Box 2146), Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408 SUBSCRIPTIONS, ADVERTISING, AND INQUIRIES Contact Business Office (see above & below). EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki; [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hilary Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University; hilary.virtanen@finlandia. edu Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University; [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Titus Hjelm, Reader, University College London Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Andrew Nestingen, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, Department of Finnish Literature, University of Helsinki Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, Institute for Northern Culture, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury George Schoolfield, Professor Emeritus, Yale University Beth L. Virtanen, Professor, South University Online Keijo Virtanen, Professor, University of Turku Marianne Wargelin, Independent Scholar, Minneapolis SUBSCRIPTION RATES 2016–17 (2 ISSUES PER YEAR) Individuals: US $40 Institutions: US $50 Europe €40 Europe €50 ADVERTISEMENTS (BLACK & WHITE ONLY) Half page $50/€50 Full page $100/€100 Inside back cover $200/€200 Outside back cover $250/€250 MORE INFORMATION Contact Business Office, or http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_www/finnishstudies/ ©2016 Journal of Finnish Studies The Journal of Finnish Studies adheres to delayed self-archiving of the published ver- sion of the article (Sherpa/Romeo Green) in academic and institutional reposito- ries, with a 12-month embargo starting from the month of publication. Subscriptions to the Journal of Finnish Studies are available through our website: http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_www/finnishstudies/JFS_subs_and_ads.html. For a cumulative bibliography of articles published in the Journal of Finnish Studies, see http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_www/finnishstudies/JoFS_Articles.html. Back issues are available directly from the editor at [email protected]. Cover: The crest of Ylistaro municipality, designed by Ahti Hammar, Vihreässä kentässä kaksihaarainen kultalyhde. This crest was in use between the years 1961 and 2008, until Ylistaro in 2009 was incorporated into Seinäjoki. Heraldic description: on green field two-pronged gold sheaf of wheat. Cover design: Scott Kaukonen TABLE OF CONTENTS Helena Halmari: Editorial 1 In Memoriam: Richard Impola 4 Janna Kantola: Images of Germans and Finns in Contemporary Finnish- Language Novels 6 Veijo Pulkkinen: The Hidden Sigh: The End of the Avant-Garde in Olavi Paavolainen and Aaro Hellaakoski 27 Roman Kushnir: Food in Constructing Transcultural Finnish American Identities in the Migrant Short Stories of Lauri Anderson 55 Maarit Knuuttila: Cooking and Cookbooks in Nineteenth-Century Finland: Changes in Cooking Methods, Recipe Writing, and Food Textualization 85 Harry Lönnroth: “Sie sagen skål und Herre gud und arrivederci”: On the Multilingual Correspondence between Ellen Thesleff and Gordon Craig 104 Anu Warinowski: Contemporary Finnish Emigrants: Finnish Expatriate Families in North America 121 Anu Karjalainen: Multilingualism and Finnish Americans: New Perspectives from Sociolinguistics and Ethnography 142 Kathryn Remlinger: Say Yah to da Finns, Eh! Linguistically Performing Finnishness at Festivals 163 Päivi Granö: Play Environments of Expatriate French Children and Native Children in Finland 187 Francis Joy: The Sámi Noaidi Grave in Kuusamo and the Significance of the North-South Orientation 208 Contributors 244 EDITORIAL During the past two years, the Journal of Finnish Studies published three guest-edited theme issues: “International Highly Skilled Migration: The Case of Finland” (edited by Driss Habti and Saara Koikkalainen); “From Cultural Knowledge to Cultural Heritage: Finnish Archives and Their Reflections of the People” (edited by Pia Olsson and Eija Stark); and “International Influences in Finnish Working-Class Literature and Its Research (edited by Kirsti Salmi-Niklander and Kati Launis). These theme issues, focusing on important topics about which little had earlier been written, were very well received—an indication of our significance as a venue for Finnish scholarship. Finlandia Foundation National provided support for the publication of the issue on working-class literature, which we gratefully acknowledge. It is now time to introduce the current open issue, which consists of ten articles. The topics include literature and literary criticism; food in literature and Finnish cookbooks; multilingual correspondence and Finnish American language use and identity; Finnish expatriates in America; children’s play environments; and Sámi shamanism. Janna Kantola’s article describes the portrayal of Germans in a sample of twelve Finnish novels published in 2012. Kantola served as chair of the Finlandia Literary Prize Committee in that year and is thus able to paint a comprehensive view of the representation of Germans in these novels. Veijo Pulkkinen discusses two key literary figures in Finland’s modernist literature, Olavi Paavolainen and Aaro Hellaakoski, and ties these writers to the last vestiges of the avant-garde. Roman Kushnir focuses on how a beloved Finnish American author, Lauri Anderson, uses food in his stories in order to construct Finnish American identities in his portrayals of life in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Maarit Knuuttila continues the food motif but moves to a different genre, that of cookbooks. Knuuttila transports the reader to nineteenth-century Finnish kitchens and tells a story of Finland from this antique perspective. Harry Lönnroth introduces the reader to the multilingualism of early twentieth-century Europe through the correspondence of a Finnish painter, Ellen 1 Journal of Finnish Studies Thesleff, with her English friend, Gordon Craig. Much can be read between the lines, but what the letters explicitly reveal is the immense ability of an educated Finnish woman of that era to use a wide number of languages in conveying subtle meanings, while also portraying herself as a polyglot. Drawing data from an online survey and with convincing statistics, Anu Warinowski approaches the questions of contemporary Finnish emigration. She compares the resources that Finnish expatriate families have available to them in North America and elsewhere in the world, and discusses the different levels of adjustments that Finnish families need to make, depending on where they migrate. Anu Karjalainen and Kathryn Remlinger continue the discussion on Finnish American identities. Karjalainen’s case study looks at Finnish as a heritage language through a third-generation Finnish American woman. Remlinger also focuses on language and moves the reader back to Michigan’s Upper Peninsula to portray colorful examples of how Finnish Americans use language as a significant reflection of their identity. The “pulsit” cap will guarantee the reader a hearty laugh while also exemplifying Remlinger’s point. Päivi Granö’s article looks at expatriate French children in Finland and native Finnish children in showing how national identities develop quite early and may be molded by environmental constraints. Granö uses children’s drawings as a window to infer how they see the world and how these views reflect the children’s play environments. This collection of articles is concluded by Francis Joy. He starts from a discovery of a Northern Finland grave, where a Sámi noaidi had been buried. Joy then infers, from the facts of this grave, an intriguing context for the shaman’s life, consisting of details of Sámi religion and practices of shamanism. We also learn about Lars Levi Laestadius, who was a highly regarded authority on Sámi religious customs. While finishing up this issue, we received word from the Institute of Migration in Turku, Finland, that the Journal of Finnish Studies had been awarded a grant from the Lehtinen fund to support the publication of a forthcoming number, JoFS 21, that continues the discussion of Finland’s migration. We acknowledge this support with gratitude. Next in our publication line is, however, issue 19.2, entitled “Bittersweet: Everyday Life and Nostalgia for the 1950s” and guest edited by Eerika Koskinen-Koivisto 2 Editorial and Hanna Snellman. This is a fascinating view of Finland during the 1950s and how people remember that time of rebuilding. Women’s perspectives will be strong throughout the articles. Issue 20.1 is also slated to appear during this year. It is a collection of articles on poverty in nineteenth-century Finland—a topic that will be of interest for many of our Finnish American readers whose ancestors may have left that world to enter

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