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Tiago Soares Freitas O Populismo Político E O Tiago Soares Freitas O Populismo Político e o Parlamento Europeu: Estudo sobre os desafios à maior instituição democrática supranacional Estudo sobre os desafios à maior instituição democrática supranacional O Populismo Político e o Parlamento Europeu: Tiago Soares Freitas março de 2020 2020 | UMinho Tiago Soares Freitas O Populismo Político e o Parlamento Europeu: Estudo sobre os desafios à maior instituição democrática supranacional Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Relações Internacionais Trabalho realizado sob a orientação da: Professora Doutora Isabel Maria Estrada Carvalhais março de 2020 DIREITOS DE AUTOR E CONDIÇÕES DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO POR TERCEIROS Este é um trabalho académico que pode ser utilizado por terceiros desde que respeitadas as regras e boas práticas internacionalmente aceites, no que concerne aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. Assim, o presente trabalho pode ser utilizado nos termos previstos na licença abaixo indicada. Caso o utilizador necessite de permissão para poder fazer um uso do trabalho em condições não previstas no licenciamento indicado, deverá contactar o autor, através do RepositóriUM da Universidade do Minho. Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações CC BY-NC-ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ii Declaração de Integridade Declaro ter atuado com integridade na elaboração da presente dissertação e confirmo que não recorri à prática de plágio nem a qualquer forma de utilização indevida ou falsificação de informações ou resultados em nenhuma das etapas conducente à sua elaboração. Mais declaro que conheço e que respeitei o Código de Conduta Ética da Universidade do Minho. Universidade do Minho, 18 de março de 2020 Nome Completo: __________________________________________________ Assinatura: _______________________________________________________ iii iv Agradecimentos Um agradecimento à minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Isabel Maria Estrada Carvalhais, que sem os seus conselhos académicos, a sua paciência e a sua disponibilidade e atenção, esta dissertação seria difícil de realizar. Um agradecimento muito especial e um reconhecimento aos meus pais pela sua dedicação, pela confiança, pelos esforços nos momentos mais difíceis e pelo o apoio e conselhos nas minhas decisões pessoais e profissionais. Os valores com que me educaram fazem de mim quem eu sou hoje, e por isso devo-lhes tudo e estarei eternamente grato. v vi O Populismo Político e o Parlamento Europeu: Estudo sobre os desafios à maior instituição democrática supranacional Resumo O ressurgimento do populismo de extrema-direita e de esquerda radical na Europa, ameaça a democracia liberal tal como a conhecemos. Esta situação exponenciou-se com as constantes crises que recentemente se abateram sobre a União Europeia, como a crise da Zona Euro em 2008, o Brexit em 2016, mas muito especialmente a crise de refugiados iniciada em 2015. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo, primeiramente, distinguir o populismo de extrema- direita e de esquerda radical, e posteriormente, analisar os discursos políticos, a nível nacional e europeu, dos partidos populistas do Rassemblement National de França (extrema-direita) e do SYRIZA da Grécia (esquerda radical) e dos grupos europarlamentares do Identidade e Democracia (extrema-direita) e do Esquerda Unitária Europeia/Esquerda Nórdica Verde (esquerda radical) em relação à política migratória e de asilo europeia. O intuito é o de perspetivar se os discursos destes partidos produzidos a nível nacional, têm ou não continuidade a nível europeu em sede de Parlamento Europeu. Para além disso, é examinado a postura dos eurodeputados destes dois grupos parlamentares para concluir se eles criam um ambiente de bom sendo negocial na questão migratória e de asilo europeia, ou se são causadores de disrupções e fomentadores de ódio no contexto europeu. Como segundo objetivo, pretende-se analisar a resposta do Parlamento Europeu e dos seus eurodeputados ao crescimento do populismo nas fileiras da maior instituição democrática europeia, com especial atenção às questões migratórias e de asilo. Importa combater o populismo elevando a exigência sobre a qualidade da democracia, a transparência das instituições políticas e um reforço claro da relação dos Estados e das instituições europeias com os seus cidadãos. Desta forma será possível a denuncia progressiva das fragilidades e falácias do discurso populista, ao mesmo tempo que se atua na defesa concreta da vida de milhares de seres humanos em fuga. Palavras-chave: Parlamento Europeu; Populismo; Rassemblement National; refugiados e migrantes; SYRIZA. vii viii The Political Populism and the European Parliament: Study about the challenges to the biggest supranational democratic institution Abstract The resurgence of far-right and radical-left populism in Europe threatens liberal democracy as we know it. This is becoming so due to the constant crises that have recently hit the European Union, such as the Eurozone crisis in 2008, the Brexit in 2016, and most particularly the refugee crisis that began in 2015. This dissertation has the objective, firstly, to distinguish the far-right populism and the radical-left populism, and then, to analyze the political speeches, national and european level, of the populist’s parties as the Rassemblement National of France (far-right) and SYRIZA of Greece (radical-left), and the parliament’s groups of Identity and Democracy (far-right) and European United Left/Nordic Green Left (radical-left) towards the european’s migration and asylum policies. In this way we have a perspective if the national’s and european’s speeches of these parties. Besides, is examined the posture of the members of the European Parliament of these two groups, to conclude if they create an environment of negotiation in the migration’s and asylum’s issues, or if they cause disruptions and foment hate in the european context. As a second objective, this dissertation aims at analyzing the response of the European Parliament and its MEPs to the growth of populism in the ranks of Europe’s largest democratic institution, with particular attention to migration and asylum issues. It is important to combat populism by raising the standards on the quality of democracy, the transparency of political institutions and a clear strengthening of the relationship of European States and institutions with their citizens. In this way, it will be possible to denounce progressively the fragilities and fallacies of the populist discourse, while acting in the concrete defense of the lives of thousands of fleeing human beings. Keywords: European Parliament; Populism; Rassemblement National; refugees and migrants; SYRIZA. ix x Índice Introdução ........................................................................................................................... 1 Apresentação e justificação do tema ..................................................................................... 1 Objetivos da investigação ...................................................................................................... 6 Pergunta de investigação e Hipóteses ................................................................................... 7 Opção metodológica e teórica ............................................................................................... 9 Estrutura da dissertação ..................................................................................................... 11 Capítulo I .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Populismo, elites e povo – do conceito impreciso às incongruências dos conceitos adstritos .......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.2 Lideranças populistas e populismos – tipologias ..................................................... 17 1.1.3 Populismos e os media .......................................................................................... 21 1.1.4 Refletindo sobre as formas de combate ao populismo ............................................ 22 1.2 Populismo de Extrema-direita ........................................................................................ 26 1.3 Populismo de Esquerda Radical .................................................................................... 34 1.4 Populismo e o Euroceticismo ........................................................................................ 36 Capítulo II ......................................................................................................................... 47 2.1 Populismo de extrema-direita do Rassemblement National ............................................ 47 2.2 Populismo de esquerda radical do SYRIZA..................................................................... 56 Capítulo III......................................................................................................................... 66 3.1 A perspetiva da extrema direita no PE ........................................................................... 66 3.2 A perspetiva da esquerda radical no PE ........................................................................ 68 3.3 Agenda das Migrações: Discussões parlamentares entre extrema-direita e esquerda radical .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Capítulo IV .......................................................................................................................
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