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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83720-0 - The Cambridge History of the Cold War: Crises and Détente: Volume II Edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad Index More information

Index

Cumulative index for Volumes I, II, and III. Bold page numbers refer to maps and photographs.

9/11 attacks, III.134, 537, 550, 554–5 anti-Sovietism, I.150 Berlin crisis, II.168 abortion, III.468, 469, 473 Cuban missile crisis, II.73 Abstract Expressionism, II.30 division of Germany and, II.482–3 Accornero, Aris (Italian social scientist), I.54 European integration, II.182, 183–4 Achaeans, II.1 French relations, II.168, 169, 184 Acheson, Dean, I.78 German unification and, II.203 Acheson–Lilienthal Report, II.397 Khrushchev and, I.319 Excomm, II.71 loss of power, II.483 on Germany, II.119, III.156 Marshall Plan, I.170 grand strategy, I.84–6 NPT and, II.408 Ho Chi Minh and, I.82–3 nuclear weapons, II.487 Japanese policy, I.82, III.156 US relations, II.484 Korean War, I.276 values, II.462–3 Marshall Plan and, I.155, 159 Advanced Research Projects Agency, see NATO, I.81 ARPA Pacific policy, I.274 advertising, III.503, 504–5 political influence, I.83 Adzhubei, Aleksei (Soviet journalist), III.402 postwar assessment, I.74 affluent society, II.510–13, 518 on racial segregation, I.433–4, III.456 Afghanistan Schuman Plan and, II.182 Al Qaeda, III.133–4 Ackermann, Anton (German Communist), bibliography, III.566 I.180 Cold War and, I.484 Acton, John (British historian) I.1, 2 Egyptian relations, III.126 Adamec, Ladislav (Czechoslovak prime fundamentalism, III.536–7 minister), III.325, 326, 463 history (1945–79), III.121–34 Adams, John Quincy (US president), I.21 1973 coup, III.125–6 Addou, Abdullahi (Somalian ambassador to 1978 Communist coup, II.17, III.103, 127–8 United States), III.76–7 Communist opposition groups, Adenauer, Konrad (West German III.123, 127 chancellor), I.152, II.167 Daoud regime (1973–8), III.125–7 1953 election victory, I.315 democratic phase, III.123–4, 125

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83720-0 - The Cambridge History of the Cold War: Crises and Détente: Volume II Edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad Index More information

Index

Afghanistan (cont.) Daoud regime, III.125, 126–7 Islamist opposition groups, III.124–5, 128 Islamic guerrillas, II.324 Islamist uprisings, III.128 Soviet sphere of influence, III.114, 121–2 royal rule, III.121–3 Taliban government, III.133–4 Iranian relations US relations border dispute, III.122–3 1950s, III.122 Communist coup, III.127 2001 invasion, III.554–5 Daoud regime, III.126 Communist government, III.127, 128 madrasas, III.131 counterintervention strategy, III.40, 67, Pakistani relations 129–34, 272, 275, 286 border dispute, III.122, 123, 125 covert actions, II.427–8, III.130–1 Communist coup, III.127–8 economic assistance, III.123 growing influence, III.133 Pakistani border dispute, III.122, 123 intelligence services, III.125, 128 post-Soviet withdrawal, III.133 Islamist groups, III.125, 128 Reagan, III.130, 151–2, 273, 275, 517 postwar position, III.113 Soviet withdrawal and, III.255 refugees from, III.471 Africa Saudi relations, III.126 see also specific countries Soviet occupation, II.17, 426 Cold War politics, I.10 Carter policy, III.70, 83–5, 87, 129 Cuban policy, II.331–4, 340, III.99 Chinese response, III.87, 129, 192, 193–4 end of Cold War, I.485 CIA operations, II.427–8, III.130–1 green revolution and, III.428 costs, II.19, III.362, 509 historiography, I.7 détente and, II.40, III.63, 85, 150–2 human rights and, III.453 economic impact, III.39–40, 111 Johnson presidency, II.131 end of Cold War, III.254–6 Kennedy presidency, II.122–3 Geneva Peace Accords (1988), III.132–3 neoliberalism and, III.36 Gorbachev, III.131–3, 286 post-Cold War, III.536–7, 556 international sanctions, III.313 refugees, III.471 invasion, III.102–4 Soviet gambles, III.98–9 Islamist resistance, III.125, 130–1 uranium mining, III.438 military tactics, III.131 Agat (Soviet computer), III.397 miscalculation, III.90, 102–3 agriculture mujahedin, III.130, 132, 133 capitalist, I.52 nationalist resistance, III.532 environment and, III.423–9 political impact, II.522, III.520 global transition, I.53 postinvasion politics, III.112 green revolution, I.65, III.425–9, 431–4, 476 return of Cold War, III.150–2, 409 mechanization, III.466 role of intelligence services, II.436 Poland, I.59 South Africa and, III.234 Soviet Union, I.46, 447, 448, 450, II.514, Soviet perceptions, III.128, 239 515–16, III.429 technology and, III.41 technology, I.13 US counterintervention, III.40, 67, United States, II.256 129–34, 272, 275, 286 USSR Virgin Lands, I.450, III.429–31 US election (1980) and, III.66 air traffic, I.12 US monetary system and, III.31 Akhromeev, Sergei (Soviet marshal), watershed, III.129, 520 III.80, 414 West European response, III.289, Al Qaeda, III.133–4 290–3, 308 Albania withdrawal, III.133, 239, 254–6, 286, China and, I.220, 331, II.205, 247 318–19, 362, 418, 520 Hoxha dictatorship, I.220 Soviet relations, II.426–7 New Course, I.338 1950s, III.123 post-Stalin, I.216

572

Index

show trials, I.193, 214 Andropov, Iurii (KGB chairman, CPSU Soviet relations, I.490, II.205, 247 general secretary), II.427 rupture, I.331, II.349 access to leadership, III.109 Stalin, I.189, 200 Afghan invasion, III.103, 104, 150 Sovietization, I.178, 184, 201, 202 African policy, III.99 Stalinization, I.194 Brezhnev patronage, II.143 Yugoslavia and, I.106, 201, 212 death, III.92, 109 Aldrich, Robert (US film director), II.445 discipline program, III.110 Aleksandrov, G. F. (CPSU propaganda domestic vulnerabilities, II.463 department, film director), I.454, Eurocommunism and, III.57 II.447 foreign policy power, III.91 Aleksandrov-Agentov, Aleksei (Soviet Helsinki Accords (1975), II.155, 214 foreign policy strategist), III.250 human rights and, III.362 Alekseev, Alexandr (KGB agent in Cuba), illness, III.249, 299 II.426 KAL007 incident, III.272 Algeria KGB strategy, Third World, II.425, 426–7 Chinese relations, II.267, 274 nuclear weapons, II.20, III.108 Cold War and, II.247 arms reduction negotiations, III.296 Non-Aligned Movement, I.480 personality, III.109 oil nationalization, II.256 Poland, Solidarity, III.106, 107 population control, III.482 Prague Spring and, II.144–5 Soviet policy, II.243, 246, 252 on reform, II.519 war of independence RYAN, II.432–4 Cuban support, II.277, 331–2, Sakharov and, II.436, III.452 II.333, II.342 Androsov, Stanislav (KGB officer), II.434 diplomatic revolution, I.484 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, I.61, 477, 491, Egyptian support, I.501, II.309 496, 498–9, II.306, III.114 end, II.165, 242, 302 Angola motivation, II.164 crisis of détente, III.92 outbreak, I.482 Cuban support, II.15, 16 US relations, II.164 Carter and, III.72 All-African People’s Conference, I.483 China and, II.277–8 Allen, Vic (CND activist), III.415 Cold War framework, II.346–8, III.242 Allende Gossens, Salvador (Chilean motivation, II.342–4, III.228, 242 president), II.33, 46, 424, 425, 426 offensive (1987), III.240–1 Alliance for Progress, I.307, 308, II.62, 116, overview, II.335–8 121–2, 125, 131, 132, 263, 269, 346, SALT II and, II.346 III.204 South African view, III.225 Allison, John (US ambassador to Japan), training, II.332 I.256 troops, II.327, III.520–1 Almond, Gabriel (US social scientist), II.262 US response, III.141 Americanization, I.411, III.490, 511 withdrawal of troops, III.520–1 Amin, Hafizullah (Afghan Communist independence, II.46, III.520–1 leader), III.103, 104, 124, 127, 128, 150 liberation movement, I.484 Amini, Ali (Iranian prime minister), III.116 China and, II.156, 277–8, III.229 Amnesty International, III.401, 454 Cold War battlefield, II.259, 260–1, 277–8 ancient Greece, II.1, 2, 6, 7–8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 21 Kennedy and, II.122–3 Anderson, Martin (Reagan’s presidential Soviet support, II.15, 17, 156, 277–8, 426–7 adviser), III.273 US policy, II.156, 277–8 Andreotti, Giulio (Italian Christian MPLA victory, III.225–7, 229 Democrat leader), III.56 Namibia and, III.230, 241 Andrew, Christopher (British historian), South Africa III.453 ANC bases, III.241

573

Index

Angola (cont.) Reagan, III.210 Cabinda incident (1985), III.237 support for dictatorships, III.451 invasion, II.277, 278, 336, III.229, 240 Arias-Navarro, Carlos,1st Marquess of Lusaka Accord (1984), III.237 Arias-Navarro (Spanish prime policy, II.335–6, 337 minister), II.255 view of Cuban support, III.225 Arias Sánchez, Oscar (Costa Rican leader), Soviet relations, III.237–8 III.215 Cold War framework, III.242 Armenia, I.101, III.358, 460 Gorbachev, III.239, 240 Armstrong, Charles K., I.283 interests, I.42 Armstrong, Louis (US musician), I.414 military advisers, III.228 Armstrong, Neil (US astronaut), I.415 US policy, II.335–8, 389 Aron, Raymond (French social scientist), Cold War framework, III.242 I.50, II.31, III.2, 7, 517 Ford, III.225, 229 ARPA, III.393–4 Reagan, III.236, 237–8, 240–1, 517 ARPANET, II.103, III.397 anti-Americanism, I.407–8, 411–14, 418, 419, Asakai, Koichiro (Japanese ambassador to III.490, 493 United States), III.165, 171 anti-politics, III.16–20 ASEAN, III.176 antibiotics, III.474 Ashbrook, John (member, US Congress), II.382 A&P (US retailer), III.492 Asia APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic see also specific countries Cooperation), III.536, 548, 549 Cold War politics, I.10 Apple (US computer), III.392, 393, 397 Communist rebels and China, III.187 Appy, Chris (US historian), I.422 East Asian economies, III.36, 41–4 Arab League, I.503 economic resurgence, I.7 Arafat, Yasser (Palestinian president), green revolution, III.426–7 II.246, 317 migration, III.470–1 Aramco, I.61 population control, III.486 Arbatov, Aleksei (Soviet political scientist), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, see III.412–13 APEC Arbatov, Georgii (Soviet political scientist Assad, Hafez al- (Syrian president), II.313, and political adviser) 319, 324 on 1968 Czech invasion, II.145 Associated Press, II.443 Afghan invasion, III.104 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, see on Brezhnev’s access to power, II.142–3 ASEAN détente, III.258 astronauts, I.415 IKSAN director, III.412 Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) (Turkish Palme Commission, III.259 president), I.207 on Reagan, III.268 Atlantic Charter (1941), III.447, 448, 538, transnationalism, III.403, 413–14 545, 546 Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo (Guatemalan atomic bomb, see nuclear weapons president), I.62, 479, II.329 AT&T (US telecommunications company), architecture, I.16 III.384, 388, 390, 391 archives, I.1, 22 Attlee, Clement (British prime minister), I.113 Argenlieu, Thierry d’ (French admiral), II.282 Armistice and Post-War Committee, I.115 Argentina European Coal and Steel Community and, disappearances, III.454 I.172 Nicaragua and, II.327, III.212 German occupation, I.137 nuclear technology, II.411 German policy, I.140 nuclear weapons and, II.405 Korean War and, I.381 Stalin and, I.95 Mediterranean policy, I.119 US policy US relations, I.129 Kennedy, II.122 VENONA secret, II.419

574

Index

Aung San, (general, Burmese nationalist), postwar map, I.199 I.470 Soviet Union and, I.209 Australia popular front strategy, I.200 ANZUS alliance, I.87 setting spheres of influence, I.198–203 Communism, II.505 Stalin, I.199–200, 201, 219 Generalized System of Preferences, II.63 spheres of influence, I.96, 198–203, 208 intelligence sharing, II.418 wartime alliances, I.200 nuclear weapons and, II.401, 405, 411, 414 Yugoslavia, see Yugoslavia SEATO membership, II.290–1 Ball, George (US under secretary of state), uranium mining, III.438 II.71, 119, 296, 302–3, 402 Austria ballet, Soviet Union, I.400, I.402, II.440, 455, affluence and democracy, II.513 III.496 borders, I.212 Baltic states East German migration to, III.525 independence struggle, III.360, 364–8 European integration and, II.190 “Baltic Chain,” III.530 Litvinov document, I.176 effect of 1989 revolutions on, III.364–5 Marshall Plan, I.160 nonviolence, III.530–1 neutrality, I.320, II.190 Soviet use of force and, III.370–1 postwar, Communist Party, I.182 transnational influences, III.366 Soviet relations, I.317, 490 US position, III.366 Viennese insurrection, I.26 Western responses, III.366–9 Ayub Khan, Mohammed (Pakistani nationalist movements, III.358 president), III.467 UN membership, III.518 Azcarate,Manuel(SpanishCommunist),III.51 Bandung Conference (1955), I.260–1, 479–82, Azerbaijan II.258, 266 anti-Armenian riots (1990), III.283 Bangladesh, birth control, III.480 ethnic nationalism, III.364 Bao Dai (Vietnamese emperor), I.83, II.284, independence, III.364 286, 288 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, III.358 BAP (German rock band), I.414 nationalism, I.101, 473, 495, III.532 Barbie, III.489 oil, I.490 Barmé, Geremie (Australian social scientist), III.505 Baader–Meinhof Gang, III.290 Baruch Plan (1946), I.487, II.397 Baghdad Pact (1955), I.207, 294, 299, 300, 500, Basic Principles Agreement (1972), II.24, 502, II.307, III.115 381–2, 383, 386, 387, 480, III.100, 137 Bahr, Egon (Chancellor Brandt’s adviser), Batista, Fulgencio (Cuban president), II.331 II.210, 484–5, 491, 519, III.259, 334 BBC, I.124, 408–9, II.446, 454, 458, III.398 Bahro, Rudolf (East German dissident), Bear Island, I.92 III.12–13 Bearden, Milton (CIA officer), II.427–8 Baibakov, Nikolai (head of Gosplan), III.95 Beasley, William Gerald (British historian), Baker, James III (US secretary of state), I.248 III.264, 274, 329, 342, 343, 345, 346, Beethoven, Ludwig van (German 348, 548 composer), I.404 Bakhtiar, Shapour (Iranian prime minister), Begin, Menachem (Israeli prime minister), III.120 II.323–4, III.81–2 Balkans Belarus, III.105, 358, 360 Albania, see Albania Belgium Balkan Pact (1954), I.208 1940 fall to Germany, II.4 British intentions, I.202 Brussels Pact (1948), I.169 Cold War and Communist Party, I.57, III.48 assessment, I.219–20 Congo, II.46, 265 bibliography, I.526–7 European Coal and Steel Community, I.172 Greece, see Greece imperialism, I.62

575

Index

Belgium (cont.) culture, I.404 industrial relations, I.50 diplomatic crises, I.151 intervention in Zaire, II.346 East Berlin Litvinov document, I.176 consumerism and, III.489 London Conference (1948), I.167 Gorbachev and, III.354 monetary reform, I.58 Soviet relations, III.336 population policy, III.472 emigration through, II.517 postwar economy, I.159 Free University, II.468–70 Union Minière, I.62 German unification and, III.354 Belgrade Conference (1961), II.258, 259 occupation zones, I.80, 137–9 Bell, Daniel (US social scientist), I.50 Soviet occupation, I.146 Bell, Jonathan (US historian), I.432 political parties, I.147 Bell Laboratories, III.384, 390 postwar Communist Party, I.182 Belorussia, Stalin strategy, I.92 Stalin and, I.107 Ben Bella, Ahmed (Algerian leader), II.258, 274 Ulbricht and, I.323 Ben-Gurion, David (Israeli prime minister), United States and II.307, 309, 310 defense posture, II.11 Benda, Václav (Czechoslovak political Eisenhower, I.309 activist), II.233, III.17, 19, 20 Kennedy, I.309, 327–9, II.56 Beneš, Edvard (Czechoslovak president), propaganda, I.408 I.177, 181, 487 Reagan, III.304–5, 335 Bentley, Elizabeth (US Soviet spy), II.419 Truman, I.379 Bergson, Abram (French philosopher), II.48 Wall, see Berlin Wall Beriia, Lavrentii (Soviet intelligence chief) Berlin Wall character, I.314 1989 fall, III.200, 339–40 downfall, 463,I.216, 317, 338, 449 catalyst, III.319, 323–4, 398 Eastern Europe, I.192, 340–1 Czechoslovakia and, III.324, 325–6 Germany, I.314, 315 effect, III.354 Gulag, I.448 Hungary and, III.323–4 nuclear weapons, I.377, 455 Poland and, III.319, 324 Stalin and, I.457 satellite broadcasting, III.389 technocrat, I.445, 449, 456, 457 southern Africa and, III.241 Berlin Soviet acceptance, III.331–2 1948 blockade, I.39, 44, 80, 107, 148–9, 168, Soviet military/KGB and, III.371 169, 192, 323, 379 symbolism, III.513, 518 1953 uprising, I.337–8 culture and, I.415 1971 Quadrapartite Agreement, II.147, 210 effect, I.151, II.125, 130, 219, 517 750th anniversary celebrations, III.304–5 erection, I.41–2, 309, II.10, III.497, 515 access routes, I.142, 309 Khrushchev, I.329–31, II.46 Allied Control Council, I.134–5 symbol of Cold War, III.333 Bizone, I.57 Berlinguer, Enrico (Italian Communist British intelligence and, I.130–1 leader), III.54 crisis (1958–61), I.52, 81, 83 Eurocommunism, II.256–7, III.45, 47–51, Cuban missile crisis and, II.67, 68, 69, 74, 53–5, 58–62 81, 85–6, 483 funeral, III.249, 261 effect on Soviets, II.201 response to 1968 Czech invasion, II.255–6, French position, II.167, 168 III.47 Kennedy, II.90, 119–20 Berners-Lee, Tim (British scientist), III.394 Khrushchev, I.42, 309, 324–31, 333, 392–3, Berry, Jan (US musician), III.504 II.117, 136, 139 Bessarabia, I.92 nuclear weapons issue, II.399, 401 Betancourt, Romulo (Venezuelan shadow over Europe, II.199, 400 president), I.492, II.269 Soviet objectives, II.482 Beveridge Report (1943), I.117

576

Index

Bevin, Ernest (British foreign secretary), I.113 Botswana, III.230 anti-Communism, I.122, 123–4 Boulting, John and Roy (British film Cold War policy, I.119, 121 directors), II.445–6 European Coal and Steel Community and, Boumedienne, Houari (Algerian leader), II.247 I.171–2 Bourguiba, Habib (Tunisian leader), II.246–7 German policy, I.140 Boyd Orr, John (FAO director-general), Marshall Plan, I.157, 158 III.473 Middle East, I.127 Boyer, Paul (US historian), I.438 NATO creation and, I.81, 168–9 Bracher, Karl-Dietrich (German political US relations, I.122 scientist), III.17 Bibó, István (Hungarian politician), III.20 Brandt, Willy (West German chancellor), Bidault, George (French foreign minister), II.485 I.157, 158, 169, 170 election as chancellor, II.410–11 Bierut, Bolesław (Polish Communist foreign policy activism, II.195 leader), I.194, 344 Gorbachev and, III.265 “big science,” III.378–82 Nobel Peace Prize, II.218 Bilak, Vasil (Czechoslovak politician), II.145 Ostpolitik bin Laden, Osama (Saudi terrorist), III.131, 133 assessment, II.212 biodiversity, III.433 end of Cold War and, III.526 biotechnology, III.476, 487 independence from United States, II.203 bipolarity, II.199–201, III.535–6, 541, 544–7 NPT and, II.130 Birrenbach, Kurt (German diplomat), II.209 objectives, II.495 birth control, III.472–4, 477–85 overview, II.210–11 Bismarck, Otto von (German chancellor), Poland, II.147, II.211 I.133 Pompidou and, II.176 Black Panthers, I.52, II.472 post-Czech invasion, II.230–1 Black Power, II.470, 471, 472 power politics, II.484–6 Black September, II.318–19 process, II.146–7 Bletchley Park, III.382 rationale, II.491–2 Blondie (US comic strip), III.494 Soviet impact, II.495–6 Bloom, Allan (US academic), III.11, 21 status of Germany and, II.198, 216 Boffa, Giuseppe (Italian historian), III.261 tacit US approval, II.55 Bogomolov, Oleg (Soviet strategist), US response, II.375, 502 III.258, 403 Westpolitik and, II.184 Bolivia, II.270, II.333 political career, II.216 Bolshakov, Georgii (Soviet military resignation, II.479 intelligence officer), II.71 values, II.463 Bolshakov, Ivan (Soviet minister of vision, II.218 cinema), II.447 Brandt Commission, III.413 Bolshoi ballet, I.400, III.496 Braudel, Fernand (French historian), Bondarchuk, Sergei (Russian film director), III.466 II.455 Brazil Bonner, Elena (Soviet dissident), II.436, III.256 Cuban missile crisis, II.82 Boris of Bulgaria, Prince, II.235 deforestation, I.65 Bornholm, I.92 Dominican Republic and, II.327 Borojerdi, Mohammed Hussein (Iranian nuclear technology, II.411 ayatollah), III.117 nuclear weapons and, II.405, 416 Bosch Gavino, Juan (Dominican politician), poverty, I.65 II.271 US policy, II.62, 122, III.451 Bosnia, II.28 Brenner, Robert (US historian), III.26, 33 Botha, Pieter Willem (South African prime Bretton Woods system minister and president), III.233, British role, I.120 235, 237 collapse, II.58, 60, 200, III.28

577

Index

Bretton Woods system (cont.) Moscow Olympics, III.105 institutions, II.191 North Korea, II.366 Japan and, I.265 nuclear weapons, II.20, 105 objectives, I.57, 60, III.546 ABM Treaty (1972–2002), II.106, 380 overview, II.58 Euromissiles and, III.295 Soviet role in creation, I.93 ICBMs, II.108, 380 US-led liberal order, III.537, 545 lack of control, III.89–90 Brezhnev, Leonid (CPSU general secretary parity, II.86, 142, III.257 and Soviet president), II.137, 151, 381 SALT, II.109, 379–80, 412, III.100, 140, accession to power, II.139 143, 148 Afghanistan, III.87, 102–4, 126–7 strategy, II.492 Brezhnev Doctrine, see Brezhnev Doctrine Palme and, III.413 China, II.147, 357–9, 362, 371, III.108, 194 Poland, Solidarity, III.106 conspiracy to remove Khrushchev, II.138 propaganda machinery, II.440 Czechoslovakia, I.53,II.10, 143–6, 222–3, 226–7 Romania, III.97 death, III.109 Syria, II.318 détente, II.15–16, 135, 140, III.90, 91–3 technocratic regime, 463 agreements, II.381–2 Third World, II.273–4 arms reduction, II.379–80, 387–8,III.73, 136 Angola, III.141 collapse, II.156–7, III.143 Cuba, II.343 European détente, II.146–7, III.104–5 Horn of Africa, II.339, III.79 Ford years, II.388–92 transnationalism, III.406–8 Helsinki Accords, II.390, 455–6 US relations Middle East, II.385–6 Basic Principles Agreement (1972), II.24, Nixon years, II.379–88 381–2, 383, 386, 387, 480, III.100, 137 objectives, III.137–8 Carter, III.87, 100–2, 143, 144–5, 148 strategy, II.277 human rights, III.144–5 superpower détente, II.149–51 Nixon, II.385, III.138 transnationalism, III.412 Reagan, II.432 Western Europe, II.231–2 San Clemente meeting (1973), dissidents and, II.476 II.153–4, 385 early career, III.430 Vienna Summit (1979), III.101, 102, 148 economy West Germany, II.146–7, III.104–5, 292 military expenditure, II.50, III.95, 110 Brezhnev Doctrine performance, II.522 Czech invasion and, II.46, 145, 209, 226–7 Egypt, II.319, III.101 Eurocommunism and, III.45 Eurocommunism and, III.53–4, 55, 57, 59, 62 Gorbachev repudiation, III.253, 315, 318, 539 foreign policy international confirmation of demise, III.323 early years, II.140–3 meaning, II.145, 226–7 influence, II.134 political effect, II.252–3 peacemaking priority, II.141–2 US ambiguities, III.330 post-détente strategy, II.17–19 British Broadcasting Corporation, see BBC stagnation, III.90–8 British Council, I.124, II.444 France, II.146, 175, III.104 British Guiana, II.122 Helsinki Accords, II.154–5, III.142 British Petroleum, III.115 human rights and, II.18, III.362 Brodie, Bernard (US military strategist), ideology, I.42, II.38, 140–1, III.93–4 II.91 illness, III.91, 102, 249, 299 Brodsky, Joseph (Russian poet), III.461 intelligence services, II.431 Brooke, Alan (British field marshal, 1st Mediterranean policy, II.246 Viscount Alanbrooke),I.116, 117, 135 Middle East, II.152–4, 318, 325 Brown, Harold (US secretary of defense), détente, II.385–6 III.144, 194 Yom Kippur War, II.321–2 Brucan, Silviu (Romanian politician), III.329

578

Index

Bruce, David (US ambassador to France), Burgess, Guy (British diplomat and spy), I.171 I.125 Brussels Exhibition (1958), III.496 Burma Brussels Pact (1948), I.122, 169 Communist insurgency, II.286, III.187 Brutents, Karen (Soviet politician), II.273 Dobama Asi-ayone, I.469 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (US political scientist independence, I.114, 127 and national security adviser), III.69 Japan and, I.251 Afghan invasion, III.129 nationalism, I.470 anticommunism, III.100 US strategy, II.288 on Castro, II.344 Vietnam and, I.474 China, III.80–1, 147–8, 148, 190, 192 Young Men’s Buddhist Association, I.469 Eastern Europe, II.207 Bush, George H. W. (US president), III.281 Eurocommunism and, III.56 Central America, III.219 Horn of Africa, II.345, 346, III.70, 79, 146, 147 China, III.198 human rights, III.144 Eastern Europe, III.282–4, 332 influence on Carter, II.152 El Salvador, III.220 personality, III.68 end of Cold War and, III.269, 522–3, 533, 542 Poland, III.105 foreign policy and intelligence, II.418 Soviet strategy, II.152 German unification, III.324, 332, 342, 343–4, Bucharest Declaration (1966), II.208–9 345, 348, 354 Budd, Alan (adviser to UK prime minister Gulf War (1991), III.550 Thatcher), III.33 Hungary, III.324 Bukovina, I.92 on Iran–Contra affair, II.429 Bukovskii, Vladimir (Soviet dissident), Japan, III.178–9 III.73, 100, 144, 145, 458 Lithuania, III.283, 367 Bulganin, Nikolai (Soviet prime minister), NAFTA, III.548 I.212, II.399 Nicaragua, III.216 Bulgaria Panama, III.219 1953 unrest, I.336 post-Cold War order, III.548 1989 revolution, III.323, 330–1 Soviet relations Communist coup (1944), I.177 assessment, III.286–8 de-Stalinization, I.344 bibliography, III.581 economy, failure, III.98 collapse of Soviet Union, III.284–5, 375–6 Litvinov document, I.176 Eastern Europe, III.282–4 New Course, I.338 German unification and, III.354 Ottoman domination, III.331 Gorbachev, III.264, 282–8 police state, I.72, II.236 objectives, III.277 postwar Soviet occupation, I.183, 199 Soviet reforms and, III.281–2 refusal to reform, III.315 Ukraine, III.367 show trials, I.193, 344 Bush, George W. (US president), II.25, Sovietization, I.177, 184, 185, 186, 187, III.551, 554–5, 556 200, 209 Bush, Vannevar (US scientist), III.379 spy fiction, II.449–50 Byrnes, James (US secretary of state), I.56, Stalin and, I.96, 97, 99, 103, 105, 110, 185, 70, 72, 97, 99, 141, 142–3 210, 216 Stalinization, I.194 cable television, III.389 Western cultural contacts, I.405 Cabral, Amilcar (Guinea-Bissau Bullitt, William (US ambassador), II.125 revolutionary leader), II.337 Bundy, McGeorge (US national security Cabral, Luis (Guinea-Bissau president), adviser), II.71, 77, 80–1, 241, 402, II.337 III.479, 487 Caetano, Marcelo (Portuguese leader), Bunker, Ellsworth (US ambassador to II.248–9 South Vietnam), III.168, 478 Cairo Conference (1943), I.267

579

Index

Cairo Conference (1964), II.258 Capote, Truman (US writer), I.409 Čalfa, Marián (Czechoslovak prime Caribbean minister), III.326 see also speciﬁc countries Cambodia British West Indian civil rights movements, Associated States of Indochina, II.284 I.468–9 civil war, II.300–1 counterrevolutionary regimes, I.54 Cold War and, II.281 Carmichael, Stokely (US political leader), French deal (1948), II.284 II.471 Geneva Conference (1954), I.357 Carrillo, Santiago (Spanish Communist green revolution, III.427 leader), III.51, 58, 59, 60 Khmer Issarak (Son Ngoc Min), II.284 Carrington, Lord (Peter) (British foreign Khmer Rouge, II.301 minister), III.233 US policy Carson, Rachel (US writer), III.432 bombing, II.276, 299, 301 Carter, Jimmy (US president) II.323, III.69 invasion (1970), II.299–300 advisers, III.68–9 military assistance, II.63 Afghanistan, III.83–5, 87 trade sanctions, II.52, 54 abandonment of détente, III.150–2 Vietnam and, III.193 counterintervention strategy, III.129–30 invasion (1978), III.129, 192, 198 on American identity, II.22 Japan and, III.175 Angola, II.337–8 withdrawal, III.198 Central America, III.85–6 Camp David Accords (1978), II.323–4, III.81–2 human rights, III.205–9 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, see Panama, III.69, 76, 80, 205 CND China, III.80–1, 147–8, 189–92 Canada détente and, III.154 de Gaulle and, II.202 indecision, III.69 exchange rates, II.60 Cuba, II.339, 344, 346, III.79 Helsinki Accords and, II.213, 231 defeat, II.19 human rights and, III.293 détente and, III.72, 142–55 intelligence sharing, II.418 election, II.323 oil production, I.493, 505 election campaign (1976), II.391–2, III.71, 141 satellite broadcasting, III.389 election campaign (1980), III.66 Third World policy, II.60, 63 end of Cold War and, III.268–9 uranium mining, III.438 Eurocommunism and, III.56–7, 61, 75 US economic relations, I.60 foreign policy, III.69 oil production, I.505 assessment, III.85–88 US credits, II.59 bibliography, III.561–3 capitalism failures, III.66–8 agriculture, I.52 indecision, III.76 consumer capitalism, see consumerism overview, III.66–88 crises, I.8–9, 28–30, 46, III.33 righteousness, III.71–4 Fascism and, I.32 shifting sands, III.74–80 legitimation crisis, III.2 strategy, II.16–17, 40, 152 Marxist theory, I.22–3, 36, II.42, III.50 Horn of Africa, III.75, 76–80, 86–7 neoconservatives and, III.13 détente and, III.146–7 postwar, I.37 Ethiopia, II.278 Soviet cartoon, I.24 indecision, III.70 Soviet ideology and, I.22–3, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, human rights, see human rights 39–40 Iran, III.70, 82–3, 87, 118–19 Stalinist strategy, II.3–4 Japan, III.176 triumph, I.18 Middle East, II.325 US–Soviet competition, I.44–6 Camp David, II.323–4, III.81–2 US strategy, II.8 indecision, III.69, 70

580

Index

neoconservative attacks on, III.10 1977 miners’ strike, II.236 nuclear weapons, III.70–1, 149 1989 Romanian revolution, I.220, III.327–9 arms control, II.150, III.74, 143–4, 148, 151, Brezhnev and, III.97 152, 154 China, III.198 personality, III.69–70, 73, 74 dictatorship, I.220 Poland, III.86 Eurocommunism and, III.55 southern Africa, III.222–3, 231–4 execution, III.200, 530 Rhodesia, II.347, III.69, 76 Gorbachev and, III.315 Soviet relations, III.99–102 independence from USSR, II.169, 205–6 Afghanistan, III.70, 83–5, 127, 129 nationalism, II.216 Vienna Summit (1979), III.101, 102, 148 CENTO, I.294 Western Europe and, III.292–3 Central Intelligence Agency, see Casey, William (CIA director), II.428, II.429, intelligence services III.275 Central Treaty Organization, see CENTO Castoriadis, Cornelius (Greek philosopher), CERN, III.394 III.5 Césaire, Aimé (Martinican writer), I.467 Castro Ruz, Fidel (Cuban leader), II.137, 333, 337 Chagla, M. C. (Indian ambassador to United Communism, II.46 States), III.481 exporting, II.132 Chambers, Whitaker (US writer and spy), Cuban Revolution, I.306, 482–3 II.419 missile crisis, I.331, 395, II.12, 73, 79, 82–3, 85, Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin (Nicaraguan 86, 138, 329–30 politician), III.206 Non-Aligned Movement, II.426 Chamorro, Violeta (Nicaraguan president), revolutionary model, II.515 III.220 Soviet relations Chamoun, Camille (Lebanese president), 1963 visit, II.355 II.311 early enthusiasm, II.265 CHAOS, Operation, II.424 independence, I.483–4, II.273, 343 Charter 77, II.19, 232–3, 237, III.17, 18, 73, 324–5, intelligence oﬃcers, II.426 460, 462, 529, 529–30 Khrushchev, II.34, 136 Chase, Stuart (US economist), I.29 military aid, III.204 Chautauqua Institute, III.402, 417 missile crisis, II.329–30 Chazov, Evgenii (Soviet physician), III.411 overview, II.333–5 Chebrikov, Viktor (KGB chairman), II.435 purge of pro-Soviet Communists, II.70 Cheka, II.435, 436 Third World politics, I.483–4, II.327 Chen Jian (Chinese historian), II.370 Africa, II.121, 331–3 Chen Yi (Chinese foreign minister), I.371, Angola, II.335–8, 342–4, III.228, 240–1 II.352 assessment, II.346–8 Chernenko, Konstantin (Soviet president), Horn of Africa, II.338–40, 344–5 III.92 Latin America, I.341–2, II.121, 330–1 access to leadership, III.109 motivations, II.340–5, III.242 death, III.110, 247, 304 United States and funeral, III.253, 254 assassination plots, II.424 Gorbachev and, III.245–6 Carter, III.79 illness, III.249, 299 Eisenhower, II.328 nuclear weapons, II.20, III.257 Kennedy, II.121, 293, 328–30 Cherniaev, Anatolii (Soviet foreign policy Castro Ruz, Raúl (Cuban leader, brother of adviser) F. Castro), II.331, II.333 Afghanistan, III.256 Catholicism, I.47, III.473, 479, 480, 485 Brezhnev and détente, II.140, III.279 CBS (US broadcaster), III.504 on Eurocommunism, III.49 CCF, I.410–11, III.9 Gorbachev new guard, II.140 Ceaus¸escu, Nicolae (Romanian president) on Soviet ideology, II.141 1968 Czech invasion and, II.225 transnationalism, III.260, 403, 411

581

Index

Chernobyl accident (1986), II.458, 522, III.278, Communist advance, I.82 440, 442, 444 Cuba and, II.70, 277–8 Chervenkov, Vulko (Bulgarian prime Cultural Revolution minister), I.194, 216, 344 agriculture and, III.427 Chervonenko, Stepan (Soviet ambassador chaos, II.475 to China and to Czechoslovakia), economic crisis, III.185 I.371, II.144 isolation, II.132 Chevron, I.491 original rogue state, II.402 Chiang Kai-shek, see Jiang Jieshi overview, III.181–3 Chicago, Democratic National Convention restraining, II.476 (1968), II.474 self-insurrection, II.14 Chile Soviets and, II.148, 365–9 Allende election, II.33, 46 Western countercultures and, Che Guevara and, II.279 II.470, 473 Cold War politics, III.141 diaspora, III.43, 44 Communism, III.49 East European relations, III.192 democracy, I.471 economy, II.45 disappearances, III.454 agriculture, III.427 Pinochet, II.424, III.451 capitalist reform, II.19, 20, III.41, US policy 44, 197 American sphere of influence, III.514 consumerism strategy, III.491 interventions, II.424, 425 market socialism, III.511 support for dictatorship, III.451, 457 military-industrial complex, III.443 trade sanctions, II.52 planning, I.359–60, 361, 362, II.45 Chin Peng (Malayan Communist leader), post-Mao, III.197 III.188 environmental pollution, III.443 China famines, II.267, 352 agriculture, I.360, 361 French intellectuals and, III.6, 7 Albania and, I.220, 331, II.205, 247 Gang of Four, III.186 Algeria and, II.267, 274 Great Leap Forward, I.65, 362, 366–7, 368, Asian Communist rebels and, III.187 372, 391, II.352, 360, 402, III.182, Bandung Conference, I.260 185, 427 birth of PRC, I.221–41, 273–4 green revolution, III.427–8 1949 proclamation, I.245 dams, III.433 1949 Revolution, I.40, 45 historiography, I.7 bibliography, I.527–9 Hong Kong and, I.358 Cold War dynamics, I.474 ideology, I.245, II.14, 362, 371, III.94–5 Egyptian recognition, II.307 Indochinese wars and, II.267 factors, III.472 international Communism, I.320 fragile postwar peace, I.221–6 Indian border disputes, I.373, 484, II.46, 266, French recognition, II.172, III.167 274, 350, 354, 402 international influence, II.515 Indochina, see Indochina; Vietnam Soviet relations, I.231–6 Japan and, see Japan US relations, I.234–6 Korea, historical divide, I.280 British attitudes toward, I.116 Korean War, see Korean War Civil War, I.73, 94, 108–10 map, I.242–3 CCP victory, I.231–6 Nationalist regime, I.45 Cold War and, I.226–31 North Korean relations, III.186 economy, I.232 nuclear weapons geopolitics, I.245 1964 test, II.405 Guomindang vs. CCP, I.221–31 cultural impact, II.446 Stalin and, I.225, 473 emerging program, II.404–5 Truman policy, I.227–9 exclusion of first use, II.412

582

Index

Japan and, II.408 Geneva Conference (1954), I.357–8 motivation, II.416 Hungarian repression and, I.360 political fears, II.401, 402–3 Khrushchev, I.319, 322, 324, 331, 354–60, secrecy of production, III.438 363–75, II.10, 137, 138, 266 Soviet assistance, I.359, 362–3, 372–3, material assistance, I.284, 354–6 II.408–9 nuclear assistance, I.359, 362–3, 372–3 stock levels, III.438 oil and, I.490 US position, III.167 rivalry, I.63 Vietnam War and, II.405 Soviet bases, I.357, 381 Pakistan and, III.194 Taiwan, I.363, 365–6 population control, III.482–3 trade, I.358–9 post-Mao Soviet relations (post-Mao) Africa, III.228–9 Deng period, III.192–5 bibliography, III.570–2 Gorbachev, II.371, III.198–200, 252 consumer capitalism, III.504–7 nuclear technology, II.408–9 cultural fever, III.196 Soviet split, I.320, II.10, 14, 136, III.41 Deng era, II.19, III.186–9 Afghan invasion and, III.87, 129, 192, economy, III.197 193–4 end of Cold War, III.195–200 bibliography, II.555–6 overview, III.181–200 border clashes, II.366–7, 368, II.370, reemergence, III.541, 544 III.182–3, 437 reform, III.186–9, 195–6, 200 border disputes, II.138, 148, 369, 403, Soviet confrontations, III.192–5 III.191 US alliance, III.188, 189–92, 194–5 from conﬂict to confrontation, Vietnam War, III.192–3 II.356–64 Red Guards, II.366, 475, III.182 Cuban missile crisis, II.351, 354 refugees from, III.471 Cultural Revolution, II.148, 365–9 repression, III.452 Damansky Island, II.148 satellite broadcasting, III.389 death of Mao, III.92 Soviet relations (1945–53) end of alliance, II.350–5 1945 Treaty, I.108–9, 222, 233 fragmentation of Communist world, 1950 Treaty, I.82, 109, 234, 240, 265 II.201 birth of PRC, I.231–6 green revolution and, III.427 Civil War, I.225, 226–31, 473 Kennedy and, I.306 Indochinese policy, I.83 Khrushchev, II.350–8, 364, 371, 409 Korean War, I.109–10 Manchuria, II.363, 364 Manchuria, I.92, 98, 109,.227–30 Mongolia, II.363, 364, 366–7, III.102 Sino-Japanese war and Stalin, new international scenarios, II.369–72 I.222–3, 353 nuclear fears, II.403, 409 Soviet chauvinism, I.364 overview, II.349–72 Soviet occupation, I.73 racism, II.371–2 Soviet relations (1954–62) reasons, I.373–5 1954–6,I.353–60 signiﬁcance, II.349–50 alliance, I.353–75 split, II.147–8 arms supplies, I.280 territorial claims, II.356–7, 363–4 bibliography, I.538–40 thaw, III.108, 198–200 Chinese nationalism, I.356–7 Third World policies, I.481–2, II.260, 266, coastline defense, I.363–4 III.224 Dairen, I.319 unequal alliance, II.371 diplomacy, I.357–8 Vietnam War, II.362–4 fragile postwar peace, I.222–6 Western choices and, II.494 from crisis to collapse, I.367–73 Sri Lankan relations, I.358 from dissonance to crisis, I.360–7 steel production, I.55

583

Index

China (cont.) Greece, I.203 Taiwan and, I.284, 324, 391 Indochina, II.289 attack threats, I.236, 238, II.402 Iron Curtain speech, I.36, 72 Soviet Union and, I.363, 365–6 on Malenkov, I.316–17 United States and, III.190 nuclear weapons, I.383 Third World and, see Third World Potsdam Conference, I.71 Tiananmen tragedy, III.22, 199–200, 505–6, 521 Soviet relations, I.100, 116–17 Tibet, I.236, III.199 Stalin and United Nations membership, III.164, 472 Moscow meeting (1944), I.202, 203 US relations percentage agreement, I.175 Bush, III.198 spheres of influence, I.203 Carter, III.69, 80–1, 147–8, 154, 189–92 summitry, I.130 check on expansionism, I.300 three interlocking circles, I.125, 128 Civil War, I.226–31 Truman and, I.69 commercial exclusion, III.42 Yalta Conference, I.139, 175 Communist victory, I.234–6 CIA, see intelligence services Deng Xiaoping, III.188, 189–92, 194–5 cinema, see films domino theory and, II.289 CIO, I.425–6 economic warfare, I.257 CISAC, III.410, 412 Eisenhower, I.294, 297 Citicorp, III.395 fragile postwar peace, I.45, 84, 222–6 civil wars, proxy wars, I.43 Japan and, III.156–7 Clarke, Arthur C. (US writer), III.388 Johnson, II.128, III.113, 114 class, I.2, 15 Kennedy, I.304–5, 306, II.113, 114, III.163–4 Clausewitz, Carl von (German strategist), Kissinger trip to Beijing (1971), II.378 I.288, II.21 loans, III.550 Clay, Lucius (US general), I.56, 80, 141–2, Nixon, II.15, 378, 497–500, III.158 143, 167 normalization, III.67, 68, 94–5, 98 Clayton, William (US under secretary of nuclear threat, I.297 state), I.75, 155, 159, II.510, III.478 ostracization, I.253 Cleveland, Harlan (US ambassador), II.245 post-Cold War order, III.549 Cliburn, Harvey Lavan “Van” (US pianist), rapprochement, III.181, 183–6 I.409 Reagan, III.108, 194–5 Clifford, Clark (US presidential adviser), strategic partnership, III.548 I.36, 40, 495, II.306 trade sanctions, II.52, 53 Cline, Ray (CIA officer), II.423 Truman, I.225, 227–9, 252, II.287, 302 Clinton, William J. (US president), III.220, UN membership, III.164, 472 269, 485, 548, 549, 551, 552 Vietnam War and, III.182 Club of Rome, III.478 Vietnam, see Vietnam; Vietnam War CND, III.415, 416 Xinjiang, I.109, 234, 364,II.363, 364, 367,III.423 coal, I.497 Chirac, Jacques (French president), III.299 Coatsworth, John (US political scientist), Chistiakov, Ivan (Soviet colonel),I.269 III.450 Cho Man-sik (Korean politician), I.269 Coca-Cola, II.518, III.494, 501 Christian Anti-Communist Crusade, I.437–8 CoCom (1947–94), II.204, 215 Chukhrai, Grigori (Soviet film director), Colby, Bainbridge (US secretary of state), II.440 I.27 Church, Frank (US senator), II.423, 424 Cold War Churchill, Winston (British prime minister) bipolarity, II.199–201, III.535–6, 541, 544–7 Atlantic Charter, III.447, 448, 546 change, I.17–19 Eisenhower and, I.300 characteristics, III.513–15 Fulton speech, I.208, 460 conceptualism, I.6–7 German occupation, I.137, 141 end, see end of Cold War German policy, I.140, 144 historiography, I.3–8, II.438

584

Index

ideological features, I.34 collapse of Soviet Union longue durée, III.485–8 1991 coup, III.360, 362, 374 mobilization, see Cold War mobilization Yeltsin’s conduct, III.360, 532 nature of struggle, III.537–8 Afghanistan and, III.131, 133 origins, I.20–43, II.505–6 Baltic states, independence, III.360, 364–9 crucible of World War I, I.25–7 bibliography, III.578–80 from war to Cold War, I.35–41 Bush response, III.284–5, 375–6 globalization, I.10, 20, 32–4, II.7–9 conservative coup d’état, III.532 interwar period, I.27–32 crisis, II.523 origins of term, I.3, 38 domestic factors, III.356–60 pervasiveness, I.422 East European revolutions and, III.363–4 post-Cold War, see post-Cold War economic crisis, III.374–5 status quo, see status quo end of Cold War and, III.519 strategies, see strategies ethnic grievances, III.358 tale of two orders, III.544–7 explanations US objectives, II.44 assessment, III.532–4 US price, I.43 debate, III.518–32 Cold War mobilization East European revolutions, III.529–32 Soviet domestic politics, I.442–63 Gorbachev’s rational decision, III.519–22 bibliography, I.545–7 Helsinki process, III.527–9 competitive obsession, 463,I.442, 443 nationalisms, III.516, 532 guns or butter, I.445, 446–51 political risks in a stable world, III.525–7 historiography, I.442–3 US forceful leadership, III.522–4 ideology vs. technology, I.445, 451–9 failure of reforms, I.43 panics, I.460 foreseeing, III.515–18 patriotism, I.460 international factors, III.361–4 popular culture, I.459–63 KGB and military reaction, III.371–4 US domestic politics, I.420–41 London Summit, III.376 bibliography, I.544–5 nationalist movements, II.523, III.356, 358–9, Cold War culture, I.422 516, 532 consumerism, I.436 overview, III.356–77 evangelism, I.437–8 peaceful process, III.517 FBI, I.427 strategic overstretch, II.16–19, III.516, Freedom Trains, I.429–30, III.495 516–17 gender politics, I.435–7, 441 structural failures, III.516–17 historiography, I.421–2 successor states, III.357 Hoover, I.424, 427, 428 UN membership, III.518 House Un-American Activities use of force, III.369–71, 463, 530 Committee, I.428, 430 Western benevolence without benefaction, instruments, I.422 III.374–7 liberal state and, I.430–7 collectivism, I.44, III.429 limits of Cold War culture, I.440–1 Colombia, I.471, II.62, 334, III.205 Loyalty Day, I.428–9 Colossus, III.382 loyalty program, I.425, 427 Comecon (1949–91), I.59–60, II.48, 48–50, 206, McCarran Act (1950), I.427 III.97, 351–2 McCarthyisms, I.423–31, 433, 434, Cominform (1947–56) 435, 440 dissolution, I.218, 319, 345, II.439 nuclear weapons, I.437–40 formation, I.39, 46, 79, 105, 191, 192, 209 racial politics, I.433–5 French and Italian Communist Parties and, Rededication Weeks, I.429–30 I.170, 191 security state, I.426–7 function, II.439 Taft–Hartley Act (1947), I.425–6 last session, I.341 trade unions, I.425–6 Yugoslavia, I.211–12

585

Index

Comintern (1919–43), I.25–32, 209, 214, 467, Egypt and, II.54 II.507, 508 Katanga, I.62, 488, II.265–6 Committee of Soviet Scientists for Peace, Lumumba murder, I.483, II.123, 265–6 Against the Nuclear Threat, postcolonial turmoil, I.306 III.402, 409–10, 419 revolutionary movement, II.332 Committee on International Security and Soviet relations, I.331, II.46 Arms Control, see CISAC US relations, I.483, II.56, 123, 131, 275, 332 Committee on International Studies of Congo Brazzaville (Republic of Congo), Arms Control, III.405 II.332, 347 Committee on the Present Danger, III.144, Congress for Cultural Freedom, see CCF 148–9 Congress of Industrial Organizations, see CIO Commodity Credit Corporation, II.52, 53 Connelly, John (US politician), I.195 Commonwealth, II.188, III.243 Connelly, Matthew (US historian), I.484 Commonwealth of Independent States, consumerism III.357, 360 affluence, I.44, 65 communications revolution, I.12, III.385–92, assessment, III.511–12 491, 509 bibliography, III.596–8 Communism communications revolution, III.491 see also specific countries early Cold War, III.493–502 American strategies, II.44 critique, III.500 containment, I.73–7, 435, II.5–8, 438, East–West split, I.414–15 510–13, III.24, 25, 112–13, 201 Eastern bloc, III.497–8 McCarthyism, I.423–30 exhibitions, III.496–7, 498 politics of productivity, III.494–5, 500 gender politics, I.436, III.496–7, 498, population control, III.478–9 499–500 welfare capitalism, III.499 “kitchen debate,” I.44, 46, 54, 441, III.497 birth control and, III.473 standard of living, III.494 Brezhnev Doctrine, see Brezhnev Doctrine United States, III.493–7 bureaucratization, III.5 US–Soviet competition, III.497–502 democratic deficit, I.18 values, I.417–18 domino theory, I.258, II.123, 288–9 end of Cold War and, III.489–90 economic crises and, I.8–9 historiography, III.490 Eurocommunism, see Eurocommunism Japan, I.248–9, 265, III.494, 508 historiography, I.5 late Cold War, III.502–11 ideology, I.4, 23, 39–40 advertising, III.503, 504–5 economic ideology, I.46–50 China, III.504–7 industrial relations, I.51 Soviet Union, III.506–9 international movement, II.504–10 Third World, III.509–10 Marx, 462 mass consumerism, III.490 postwar parties, II.509 overview, III.489–512 propaganda, I.417 pre-Cold War, III.491–3 Soviet leadership, II.505–6 American model, III.491–2 transition to, I.39–40 anti-Americanism, III.493 Communist International, II.439, 505 critique, III.493 computers, III.391–3 Soviet picture of American conceptualism, I.6–7 consumerism, III.492–3 Conference on Security and Cooperation in women, III.492, 493 Europe, see Helsinki Accords symbol and substance of freedom, III.489 Congo (Zaire) transnational phenomenon, III.490 1978 Western interventions, II.346 United States and, III.490, 511, 512 Angola and, II.337 Contadora Group, III.213 Cold War battlefield, II.259 containment doctrine, I.73–7, 435, II.5–8, 438, Cuban support, II.277, 332, 340–1 510–13, III.24, 25, 112–13, 201

586

Index

contexts, I.2–3 revolution (1959), I.482–3, II.279, II.505 contraception, III.468, 469, 485 Cold War watershed, III.204 Coordinating Committee, see CoCom domino theory and, II.302 Costa Rica, I.471, III.205, 210, 213, 214 effect on United States, III.221 Council of Europe, I.126, III.455–6 revolutionary model, II.515 countercultures Soviet relations, I.306, II.329–30, 333–5 1968 phenomenon, III.1–2 assistance, III.203 assessment, II.480–1 breakdown, II.339 bibliography, II.564–6 Brezhnev era, II.151, 339 Cold War contradictions, II.465–71 early enthusiasm, II.265 détente and, II.478–80 independence, II.343, 345 law and order, II.476–7 military aid, III.204 leaders confronting, II.461–5 oil supply, I.490 rising expectations, II.465–71 reassessment, II.272–3 Soviet Union, II.463–4 Soviet brigade, III.103, 148 dissidence, II.466–8, 476 tensions, II.260 United States, II.462–3, 470 Third World and, II.343–5, 347–8 violence, II.471–5 trade, II.63–4 violence and backlash, II.471–7 Third World and, III.224 terrorism, II.473–4 Africa, II.331–3, 340, III.99 Cousins, Norman (US journalist), Algeria, II.331–2 III.406 Angola, see Angola Cox, Archibald (Watergate special assessment, II.346–8 prosecutor), II.386 Castro’s motivations, II.340–5, Cradock, Percy (British head of III.228, 242 intelligence), II.432 early African movements, II.331–4 Craxi, Bettino (Italian prime minister), Ethiopia, II.327, 344–5, III.147 III.300 Guinea-Bissau, II.333 critical theory, III.4–5 Horn of Africa, II.338–40, III.78–9 Croatia, I.200, II.28 Latin America, I.483–4, II.330–1, 341–2, Crocker, Chester (US assistant secretary for 347, III.202, 203 African affairs), III.235–6, 240 liberation movements, II.277 Cronkite, Walter (US journalist), III.66 Morocco, II.332 Cross, Gary (US historian), III.491 Namibia, III.231–2, 520–1 Crozier, Michel (French sociologist), III.3 origins, II.328–31 Cuba Rhodesia, III.227, 230, 231 see also Castro Ruz, Fidel South Yemen, III.146 Angola and, see Angola Soviet relations, II.343–5, 347–8 Chinese relations, II.70, 277–8 Zaire, II.332 Cold War centerground, II.259 US policy, II.342–5 (1959–80), II.327–48 Bay of Pigs fiasco, I.328, II.56, 69, 121, 136, assessment, II.346–8 328–9, III.204 geopolitical significance, II.65 Carter, II.339–40, 344, 346, III.79 missile crisis, I.465 covert actions, II.424, 425 Communism, II.46 Eisenhower, II.328 model, II.62 Kennedy, I.306, 307, II.293, 328–30, 346 despotism, I.43 Third World and, II.346–7 French intellectuals and, III.7 trade sanctions, II.52, 53, 54 liberation, I.22 Cuban missile crisis Marxism-Leninism, II.16 “13 Days,” II.65 Mexico and, II.342 Berlin crisis and, II.67, 68, 69, 74, 81, 85–6, 483 missile crisis, see Cuban missile crisis bibliography, II.531–3 Nicaragua and, III.211, 213 China and, II.351, 354

587

Index

Cuban missile crisis (cont.) Soviet Union closeness of nuclear war, I.310, II.66, ballet, I.400, 402, II.440, 455, III.496 75–84, 139 Bolshoi Theatre, I.400, III.496 consequences, II.85–6, 96, 98, 199, 302, Chinese split and, I.373–5 329–31 cinema, I.416 countdown to crisis, II.67–70 cultural perspective, I.14 Cuba as Cold War centre ground, I.465 exchange programs, I.405 cultural impact, II.66, 446 International Book Company, II.439 effect on Kennedy, II.126 popular culture, I.461–3 French position, II.167–8 propaganda machine, II.438–42 historiography, II.86–7 Russian tradition, I.404 Kennedy’s response, II.71–4, 136, 201 science fiction, I.415 Khrushchev’s decision, II.12, 46, 67–70, Western contracts, I.405 136–8 United States Khrushchev’s diplomacy, I.331–3, 397 Cold War culture, I.422 nuclear danger, I.42 consumerism, I.436 origins, II.46, 65 cultural wars, I.398–406 overview, I.394–5, II.65–87 Hollywood, I.416, 461–2 postcrisis Soviet relations, II.272–3 limits of Cold War culture, I.440–1 settlement terms, II.241–2, III.204 McCarthyism, I.423–30 superpower drama, II.199 nuclear weapons and, I.437–40 “Trollope Ploy,” II.81 pop culture, II.443, 458 US spy planes and, II.421–2 pop culture in Europe, I.411–16 Cukor, George (US film director), II.455 products, I.16 culture propaganda machine, II.442–3 see also countercultures; propaganda Cumings, Bruce (US historian), III.25 Americanization, I.411, III.490, 511 Cunhal, Alvaro (Portuguese Communist bibliography, I.542–3, II.562–4 leader), III.51, 52 Cuban missile crisis, impact, II.66 cybernetics, I.53 cultural diplomacy, III.417–18 Cyprus, II.242, 253, III.298 destruction themes, II.445–7 Cyrankiewicz, Jósef (Polish prime détente and, II.455–7 minister), II.229 espionage themes, II.447–51 Czechoslovakia European Cold War 1939 German invasion, II.4 American pop culture, I.41, 400–1, 1948 Communist takeover, I.58 411–16, 418 1956 amnesty, I.344 bibliography, I.542–3 1968 Prague Spring, II.46, 143–4, 222–5, 518 Britain, I.124 Action Program, II.223–4 consumerism, I.414–15, 417–18 legacy, III.519–20 cultural contest, I.398–401 pluralism, II.224 Eastern bloc, I.416–17 Polish example, I.352 German cultural battlefield, I.401–6 1968 Soviet invasion, I.69, II.10, 14, 46 high culture, I.418 ABM Treaty (1972–2002) and, II.129 modernity, I.417–19 awakening of reformist movement, Soviet occupation zone, I.402–5 III.458 Soviet propaganda, I.407, 417, 418 Brezhnev Doctrine, II.46, 145, 209, US propaganda, I.406–11, 418–19 226–7, 252–3 fantasy epics, II.451–5 Brezhnev policy, II.143–6 Helsinki watershed, II.455–7 Chinese response, II.275, 367 historical fantasies, II.451–5 civilian resistance, II.228 ideological clashes, I.13–17 détente and, II.230–1, 375 popular culture, I.16, II.458–9 East European responses, II.225, second Cold War (1980s), II.457–9 227–8, 474

588

Index

East European troops, II.225–6 international inﬂuences, III.398 European Communist response, III.45, negotiated capitulation, III.323 48, 62 withdrawal of Soviet troops, III.327 Italy, II.255–6, III.47 European response, II.146, 173, 174, Dahl, Roald (British writer), II.446 209, 253 Dahrendorf, Ralf (LSE director), III.12, 13, 16 legacy, III.311, 519–20 Dairen, I.97, 109, 319 NPT and, II.410 Daley, Richard (mayor of Chicago), II.474 objectives, III.514 Dalian, I.234 role of intelligence services, II.436 Dallek, Robert (US historian), II.393–4 Western responses, II.86, 227, III.294, 298 Damansky Island, II.148 United States, II.107, 250, 496 dams, III.433, 488 Charter 77, II.19, 232–3, 237, III.17, 18, 73, Daoud, Mohammed (Afghan prime 324–5, 460, 462, 529, 529–30 minister and president), III.122–3, Chinese relations, III.192 124, 125–7 Communist coup (1948), I.79–80, 187, 213 Dartmouth Conferences, III.402, 406, 409, 418 Communist Party, I.182 Darwin, Charles (British scientist), I.14 culture, II.444 Darwinism, I.14, 455 dissidence, III.97, 457 Davey, T. H. (British doctor), III.477 economy, II.221, III.315 Davies, Joseph (US ambassador), I.29, 70 Egyptian trade, II.306–7 Davignon Report (1970), II.198–9, 215 expulsion of Germans, I.182 Dayan, Moshe (Israeli minister of defense), German partition and, I.151 II.315 German relations, Brandt, II.147 De Gasperi, Alcide (Italian prime minister), Helsinki monitoring group, II.232 I.162, 170 human rights, III.463 de Gaulle, Charles (French president), II.167, Japan and San Francisco Treaty, I.251 169, 189 K-231, II.224 bibliography, II.538–40 Litvinov document, I.176 British relations, II.189 Marshall plan and, I.79, 189 EEC and, II.57, 188–9, 195 New Course, I.338 Canada and, II.202 postwar unrest, I.285, 336–7 Cold War and, II.158 Prague coup (1948), I.169 1968 watershed, II.173–5 pre-1989, refusal to reform, III.315 Europeanist language, II.132, III.307 Soviet relations hesitant entry, II.159–60 1945 departure, I.98 strategy, II.164–75, 201–3 Bratislava Treaty (1968), II.227 Communist Party and, II.508 Brezhnev reforms, I.53 Cuba and, II.342 Gorbachev, III.252 Cuban missile crisis, II.73, 167–8 nuclear technology, II.408, 409 détente, II.198, 375 post-Stalin, I.343–4 end of Algerian War, II.242, 302 reparations, I.183 European integration and, II.186–7 Sovietization, I.177, 181, 184, 186–7, veto on British membership, II.57, 189, 335 188–9, 195 Stalin, I.79, 102–3, 106, 110, 182 foreign policy strategy, II.158, 165–8 Stalinization, I.194 Gaullism uranium, I.487, III.438 legacy, II.159, 175–8 US relations, Carter, III.73, 457 meaning, II.159 Velvet Revolution, III.324–7, 463, III.531 shattered myths, III.5–6 consumerism, III.489 German relations, II.167 fall of Berlin Wall and, III.324, Adenauer, II.184 325–6, 398 nuclear weapons, II.487 Gorbachev and, III.325–6 reuniﬁcation and, II.484, III.342

589

Index

de Gaulle, Charles (French president) (cont.) emergence, III.181 Mediterranean policy, II.243 Mao Zedong and, II.361, III.186–7 Middle East, II.249 One Nation, Two Systems model, III.44 nationalism, II.216 reform, II.20, III.186–9, 504 NATO, II.57, 132, 172, 186, 190, 202, 243 rise, III.186–9 nuclear weapons, I.390, II.120 Soviet relations, I.372 nonproliferation, II.408 1963 visit to USSR, II.355 resignation (1946), II.160 Gorbachev, III.198 resignation (1969), III.6 unequal alliance, II.371 return (1958), II.164 Vietnam War and, II.363 Soviet relations, II.57–8, 146, 165–6 Third World theory, III.184–5 1966 Moscow visit, II.170, 208 Tiananmen tragedy, III.199–200, 505–6 détente, II.168–73 US relations, III.189–92 “politique à l’Est,” II.168–71 1978 visit to Washington, III.148, 190–1 treaty with Stalin (1944), II.160 Carter, III.80, 148, 190–2 US relations, II.133, 169–70 Vietnamese relations, III.193 Cuban missile crisis, II.167–8 Denmark, I.176, 322, 410–11, II.4, 257, 507, détente, II.375 III.301 European integration and, II.186 destruction themes, II.445–7 Kennedy, I.308, II.118–19 détente rebellion, II.193, 202–3, 204 assessment, II.392–4 Vietnam War, II.132, 173 bibliography, II.557–8 de Klerk, Frederik Willem (South African Brezhnev and, II.135, 140, 149–51 president), III.241 European détente, II.146–7, III.104–5 De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean (French later years, III.91–7 general), II.287 collapse (1975–80), II.156–7 Deaver, Michael (US presidential adviser), actors, II.20 III.274 Afghan invasion, II.40, III.63, 85, 150–2 decolonization, see liberation movements bibliography, III.566–8 deep ecology, III.12 Carter, III.72, 142–55 DEFA, I.416–17 crises, III.92–3 defense spending, see military expenditure dynamics of arms race, III.154–5 Deighton, Len (British writer), II.448 Eurocommunism and, III.61 Demichev, Petr (Soviet politician) , II.137–8 factors, III.111 DeMille, Cecil B. (US film director), II.451 failure of stabilization, II.14–16 Demirel, Süleyman (Turkish president), II.247 flaws (1977), III.142–5 democracy Horn of Africa, III.146 affluence and, II.513 lack of common values, III.153 American identity and, II.23, 28–9, 131 lack of economic interdependence, crisis of democracy, III.3–5 III.153 Kennan on, II.6, 8 lack of mutual restraint, III.154 liberal democracy, I.22 lack of trust, III.152 NATO, III.540 least common denominator, III.146–9 post-Cold War, III.547–8 loss of momentum (1975–6), III.136–42 postdemocracy, III.19 overview, III.135–55 voting rights, I.18 reasons, II.24, 39–41, III.152–5 Western Europe, III.289, 297–301, 309, 525 Soviet strategic overstretch, II.16–19 Western gaps, I.17 stages, III.136 Deng Xiaoping (Chinese Communist transnationalism, revival, III.408–14 leader), II.353, III.191 countercultures and, II.478–80 access to power, II.19 Cuba and, Third World policies, II.346 agriculture, II.352 culture and, II.455–7 Cultural Revolution, II.365 de Gaulle, II.168–73, 375

590

Index

Eastern Europe, II.230–3 development theories, III.475–6 bridges, II.207–9 Dewey, John (US philosopher), I.29 pressures, II.205–7 Diem, Ngo Dinh (Vietnamese president) economics and, II.520 control of South Vietnam, II.290 Europe (1962–75) corruption, II.293 bibliography, II.542–4 overthrow, II.130, 293–4 Brezhnev, II.146–7, III.104–5 refusal to negotiate with DRV, II.291 bridges, II.207–9 repressive regime, II.292, 293 complexities, II.216–18 US policy, II.271 Eastern pressures, II.205–7 abandonment, II.13, 293–4 European project, II.198–9 support, I.481, 483, II.123, 290, 292, 293 French pressures, II.201–3, 204 Diepgen, Eberhard (mayor of Berlin), III.305 German pressures, II.203–4 Diggins, John Patrick (US historian), III.523 Helsinki Accords, II.212–16, 217, 231–2 Dillon, Douglas (US secretary of the Nixon response, II.375 Treasury), II.72 Ostpolitik, II.209–12, 375 Dimitrov, Georgi (Bulgarian Communist overview, II.198–218 leader) shadow of superpowers, II.199–201 Balkans, I.96, 210 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and, Bulgaria, I.204, 209 II.209 Eastern Europe, I.175, 176 Western Europe/United States postwar Germany, I.103, 145 diﬀerences, III.291–3 Yugoslavia, I.207, 212 Europe (1985–88), uncertainty, III.303–5 disappearances, III.454 Ford, II.374, 388–92 displaced persons, III.469 historiography, III.89–90 dissidents human rights and, II.374, 380, 384, Eastern Europe, III.17–20 389–90 Soviet Union, III.73, 97, 100, 144, 252, 258 identity and, II.37–41 countercultures, II.466–8, 476 incomplete ending, III.515 nonviolence, III.530 Johnson, II.127–30, 496 repression, III.452–3 Kennedy, II.124–5 diversity, I.2 Middle East, Nixon, II.317–18, 385–7 Dixon, Pierson (Bevin’s private secretary), neoconservatives and, II.40 I.121 Nixon years, I.42, II.39, 250–1, 373–88 Djilas, Milovan (Yugoslav Communist arms control (1969–72), II.378–82 leader), I.175, 201–2, II.518 Basic Principles Agreement, II.24, 381–2, Dobrynin, Anatolii (Soviet ambassador to 383, 386, 387, 480, III.100, 137 United States) bibliography, II.557–8 Cuban missile crisis, II.71, 76, 82 economic relations, II.383–4 détente, II.64, 149, 378–9, 479 intellectual foundations, II.374–6 Gorbachev and, III.249, 251 Middle East, II.317–18, 385–7 Helsinki Accords, III.529 Nixon–Kissinger relationship, II.376–8 human rights and Carter, III.145 PNW Agreement (1973), II.385–6, 387 Lyndon Johnson and, II.38 public reaction, II.382–3 Middle East, II.153 US strategy, II.497–502 on popular opinion, II.141–2 nuclear weapons and, II.110–11 SALT talks, II.148 role, II.20 secretive diplomacy, III.99 trade relations, II.55–6 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, II.209 US contradictions, III.71–2 Third World, II.425–6 Deutsche Film AG, see DEFA Yom Kippur War, II.322 Deutsche Theater, I.403 Doctors’ Plot, I.456 Deutsche Welle, III.398 Dodge, Joseph (US banker), I.251, 257 Development Loan Fund, II.62 Dole, Robert (US senator), III.263

591

Index

Dominican Republic, I.471, II.34–5, 46, 52, 271, Dunn, James (US ambassador to Italy), I.75 327, III.457 Dutschke, Rudi (West German student domino theory, I.258, II.123, 288–9, 297, 302, leader), II.469–70, 477 III.52, 203–4 Dylan, Bob (US singer), I.414 Dooge Report, III.302 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks (founder of Soviet Doty, Paul (Harvard chemistry professor), intelligence), II.436–7 III.405, 409 Douglas, Gordon (US director), II.445 Eagleburger, Lawrence (US under secretary Douglas, William O. (US Supreme Court of state), III.270 justice), I.35 East Timor, I.484 Douguet, Max (French admiral), II.243 Eastern Europe Dr. Strangelove (film), II.66, 103, 446 see also specific countries Draper, William (US Air Force officer), 1989 revolutions III.479, 487 assessment, III.331–2 Du Bois, W. E. B. (African-American bibliography, III.583–5 leader), I.468, III.447–8 Bush strategy, III.282–4 Duarte Fuentes, José Napoleón (El consumerism and, 489–90, III.491 Salvadoran politician), III.217 effect on Baltic states, III.364–5 Dubček, Alexander (Czechoslovak effect on Soviet Union, III.363–4 Communist Party leader) Gorbachev and, III.251–4, 262, 268, 311–12 Action Program, II.223–4 Helsinki process and, III.527–9 Brezhnev and, II.145, 222 human rights and, III.463–4 election as first secretary, II.144, 222 international broadcasting, III.398 Prague Spring, II.144, 222–5 nationalisms, III.532 Soviet relations, III.311, 519 negotiated capitulations, III.323 Velvet Revolution, III.325, 326, 327 negotiated revolutions, III.323 Dulles, Allen W. (CIA director), I.294 nonviolent opposition assisting change, Dulles, John Foster (US secretary of state), III.529–32 I.291 overview, III.311–332 Bandung Conference, I.260–1 repudiation of Brezhnev Doctrine, brinkmanship, II.67, 70 III.315, 318, 539 China, I.324 Soviet acceptance, III.311–12, 464 Cold War strategy, I.292 Soviet military/KGB and, III.371 Egypt, Suez crisis, II.307–9 Western Europe and, III.306–8 Eisenhower team, I.290 anti-Semitism, I.193 European economics, III.25 apparatchiks, II.220 European security policy, I.298, II.182 beginnings of people’s democracies, Geneva Conference (1954), II.290 I.177–81 German policy, II.496 bibliography, II.544–6 human rights, III.449 Brezhnev Doctrine, see Brezhnev Doctrine Indochina, II.288, 289 collapse of détente and, III.154 Japan Communism, I.175–97 China and, III.174 consumerism and, III.508 defense, I.264 covert actions, II.422–3 rearmament, I.255, 256 cultural diplomacy, II.444 revision of security treaty, III.159 decrepit system, III.309 San Francisco treaty, I.252, 253, 254 détente, see détente territorial claims, I.262 dissidents, III.17–20 Korean War, I.381–2 economy nuclear weapons, I.291, 295–6, 298, 381–2, 1962–75, II.48–50 390–1 1981–85, III.314–15 security policy, I.293, 295, II.69 crisis, II.521–2, III.97–8, 252, 303, 309, 526 on Third World, I.301 performance, II.516–18

592

Index

espionage as cultural theme, II.449–50 effect of Cuban missile crisis, II.86 European integration and, II.195–7 Johnson, II.128 human rights, II.18–19, 237 universal values, II.237 Khrushchev and, I.320–1, II.220 wartime assumptions, I.175–6 life expectancy, III.303 West German relations map, I.190 Brandt, II.55, 130 Marxism-Leninism, I.195 Ostpolitik, II.209–12 Moscow Summit (1956), I.341 Western Europe and national roads to Communism, I.181–3 attraction, III.290, 308–10 pan-Slavism, I.181–2 trade, II.215 peace movements, III.416 Yalta agreements, I.334 post-Cold War, market democracies, EC, see European (Economic) Community III.548–9 Ecevit, Bülent (Turkish prime minister), post-Stalin (1953–6), I.334–52 II.247 bibliography, I.537–8 economic rights, III.445, 449 de-Stalinization and destabilization, economies I.343–6 1962–75, II.44–64 first crises, I.335–40 bibliography, II.529–30 Khrushchev objectives, I.341 political backdrop, II.45–7 legacy, I.351–2 recession and recovery, II.64, 520 New Course, I.338–9 Soviet Union, II.47–50 Polish and Hungarian crises, I.346–52 United States, II.44–64 transformation, I.340–2 US trade policies, II.52–60 postwar status quo, I.334, 351 world performances, II.47, 51 reform from above, II.221–8 1970–90 reform from below, II.228–30 bibliography, III.559–60 revolutionary–imperial paradigm, crisis of US hegemony, II.41, 44, III.23–31 I.196–7 GNP table, III.28 show trials, I.188, 193–4, 213–14, 344, 348, affluent Western society, II.510–13, 514, III.514 518, III.1 social justice, III.303 capitalist crises, I.8–9, 10, III.33 Soviet relations China, see China Brezhnev era, III.97–8 Cold War and, bibliography, II.569–70 credit, II.18 competition of systems, I.44–6, II.514–18 de-Stalinization, II.220–1 technology, III.38–9 Gorbachev, III.251–4, 262, 268 current account balances (1980–90), III.35 Stalin, I.59, 72, 79, 80, 102–3, 105–6, 168 détente and trade, III.153 see also specific countries East Asia foreign policy, I.189 economic shift to, III.41–4 Marshall Plan, I.189 neoliberalism and, III.36 move to socialism, I.185 US dependence on, III.41 objectives, I.196–7 Eastern bloc, II.516–18, III.252 pan-Slavism, I.181–2 1981–85, III.314–15 political trials, I.188 crisis, III.97–8, 252, 303, 309, 526 wartime assumptions, I.175 decline, II.518–22 vulnerability, II.134 dissolution, II.522–3 Sovietization, I.183–90, 209, 213–14 energy, II.521 bibliography, I.524–6 neoliberalism and, III.36–40 historiography, I.196–7 Fordism, I.50–4, 55 self-Sovietization, I.195–7 France, see France Stalinization, I.191–5 Great Depression, I.37, 47, II.4, 507–8, 509, United States and 514, III.493 1950s inaction, II.11 Japan, see Japan

593

Index

economies (cont.) United States Korean war effect, II.511–12 1979–82 recession, III.32, 33, 39, 41 limits to growth, III.478 agriculture, I.256 neoliberalism, III.23 budget deficits, III.21, 33, 34, 36, 41 interest rates, III.32 crisis of hegemony, III.23–31, 41, 44 legacy, III.40–4 debtor nation, III.41 money supply, III.32 drivers, I.4 revolution, III.31–44 financial crisis (1929), I.28–9 United States, III.31–40 GNP, I.67 oil shock, see oil politics Great Depression, II.507 post-Cold War, market economies, III.547–8 labor taming, III.33–4 postwar, I.44–66 military Keynesianism, III.24, 33, 39 bibliography, I.512–14 policy (1962–75), II.44–64 Cold War costs and benefits, I.63–5 exchange rates, II.59, 60, 132, III.23, 31, growth, II.510–13 172 ideologies, I.46–50 performance, II.47, 51 oil, I.491–3 Third World, II.60–4 restructuring global economic space, trade sanctions, II.52–4 I.54–63 trade with allies, II.56–60 Soviet Union, II.514–16 trade with Communist countries, 1961 harvest, II.135 II.52–6 1962–75, II.47–50 postwar, I.40–1, 47, 49 1963 harvest, II.138 power, I.11, 67 1975–85, III.95 social Keynesianism, III.24, 26, 31 agriculture, I.46, 447, 448, 450, II.514, Soviet trade, I.27–32, II.55–6, 383–4 515–16 technology, III.39 CIA reports, III.67 trade relations, I.60–1 crisis, II.45, 493–4, III.23, 37, 39–40, warfare–welfare state, III.24–9 248, 359 world monetary system and, III.27–31 energy, II.521 World War II economy, I.56 export commodities, III.40, 95 Western Europe (1979–89), III.290–1, food price riots (1962), II.139 299–301 food shortages, III.107 growth rates, III.300 growth, II.514–15 ecopacifism, III.13 Gulag, I.448 Eden, Anthony (British prime minister), guns vs. butter, I.446–51 I.116–17, 126, 384, II.187, 291, 307, industrial production, I.55–6 308–9 industrialization, I.40, II.3, 507, 514–17 education, expansion, I.13, 52 inefficiency, II.64 EEC, see European (Economic) Community militarization, I.11, 443 Egypt neoliberalism and, III.36–40 1919 unrest, I.468 planning, I.28–9, 46, 58, 100, 446–7, 1952 military coup, I.480 II.220–1 Afghan relations, III.126 postwar, I.40 anticolonial movement, I.470 Soviet model on the defensive, II.518–22 Aswan Dam, I.41, 62, II.273, 307–8 stagnation, III.291 Chinese relations, II.267 technocrats, I.456 Cold War and, II.324, III.141 Third World model, I.475–6 Congo, II.54 US trade, I.27–32, II.55–6, 383–4 Czech trade, II.306–7 state planning, I.28–9, 46, 53, 58, 100, 446–7, despotism, I.43 II.220–1, III.15 Indonesian relations, II.307 Third World, see Third World Iran and, III.115 United Kingdom, see United Kingdom Iraq and, I.300

594

Index

Israel and Einaudi, Luigi (Italian ﬁnance minister), I.162 Camp David Accords, II.323–4, III.81–2 Einstein, Albert (German physicist), III.259, Gaza attack, II.306 404 Nasser, I.501, II.307 Einstürzende Neubauten, I.414 occupation of Gaza, II.310 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (US president), peace treaty, II.323 I.291, 506 Six Day War, II.152, 244, 245, 246, advisory team, I.290 313–15, 324 Berlin, I.309, 325, 392, 393 Suez crisis, II.308–9 Churchill and, I.300 war of attrition, II.318–19 consumerism, III.498 Yom Kippur War, II.15, 56, 251–2, Cuba and, II.328 319–22, 386 Cuban missile crisis, II.73 Muslim Brotherhood, I.468, II.324, III.124 Dartmouth Conferences and, III.406 nineteenth-century reformism, I.468 defense budget, I.290–1, 303 Non-Aligned Movement, I.477, 480, II.307 détente, I.318 nuclear weapons and, II.407, 411 domino theory, I.258, II.123, 288, 289 pan-Islamic movement, I.468 Eastern Europe, I.334 repression of Communists, II.35 Berlin, II.67 Saudi relations, II.312–13 economic policy, II.30–1 Sinai, II.319, 324, 385 farewell address, I.43, 396 Soviet relations, I.300, II.244, 324 foreign policy approach, II.112 Brezhnev era, II.151, 152, 153, III.92 French relations, II.166 deterioration, III.98 German occupation, I.141–2 economic assistance, II.243 Guatemala, I.479 expulsion of advisers, II.15, 153, 325 ideology, I.432 ﬁnancial support, I.476 Indochina, I.258, 299–300, II.289, 290 Khrushchev, I.475, II.273, 307 intelligence services, II.420, 423 militarization, II.274, 318, 319, 320 Iran, I.299, 477, II.306, 311 nuclear technology, II.408 Iraq, I.324 Sadat, II.252, 319, III.92, 101 Israel, II.310, 312 Suez crisis, I.391–2, II.273, 309–10 Japanese policy Yom Kippur War, II.386 critique, III.163 Suez Canal, I.62, 114, 505–6 rearmament, I.256 Suez crisis, see Suez crisis (1956) revision of security treaty, III.159, 161 Tito and, I.216 security, I.264, III.162 United Arab Republic, I.480, 502, 503, 505, trading relations, I.258 II.311, 312 Khrushchev and, I.318, 321, 324, 325–6 United Kingdom and, II.306–10 China, I.366 US relations, II.324 Korean War, I.281 Carter, III.146 Laos, II.293 Eisenhower, I.300, 391–2, 481, 501–2, legacy, I.302–3 II.307–10, 312, 325 McCarthy and, I.427–8 Johnson, II.313 Mediterranean policy, II.244 Kennedy, I.306 Middle East, I.300–1, II.310–11 postwar, I.87 Egypt, I.325, 391–2, 481, 5101–2, Sadat, II.252 II.307–10, 312 Suez, II.306–10 Eisenhower Doctrine, I.502 trade, II.54 Iraq, II.311 trade sanctions, II.52, 54 Lebanon, II.311, 325 Yemen, II.54 Suez crisis, I.391–2, 481, 501–2, II.307–10 Ehrlich, Paul (US biologist), III.478 national security Eighteen Nations Disarmament Committee alliances, I.294 (ENDC), II.404, 407 assessment, I.311

595

Index

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (cont.) US policy Cold War strategy, I.288–93 Bush, III.220 Europe, I.297–9 Carter, III.205–6, 207–8 New Look, I.293–7, 299, 300, 302, 385, 386, Reagan, III.208, 217–18 II.70 support for dictatorships, III.451 propaganda, I.294–5, 409, II.442 electronics, III.382–5 satellite reconnaissance missions, I.303 Eliot, Theodore (US ambassador to NATO leadership, I.279, 297 Afghanistan), III.126 nuclear weapons, I.290–1, 293 elites, I.15, 17, 18 Atoms for Peace, II.398 Elizabeth II, III.304–5 Bravo Tests (1954), I.298 Elliott, T. A. K. (British ambassador to consideration of use, I.391 Finland), II.215–16 de Gaulle and, I.390 Elsey, George (US presidential adviser), European control, I.298–9 I.36, 40 hydrogen bomb, I.383–4 Encounter, I.410 Korean War, I.381–2, 390–1 END, III.414–16 legacy, II.92 end of Cold War military-industrial complex, I.396 see also collapse of Soviet Union new weapons, I.386 Afghanistan and, III.254–6 predelegation agreement, II.103 bibliography, III.599–600 “prevail and survive,” II.91 consumerism and, III.489–90 preventative war, I.385–6 dating, III.519 rationale, I.438 Eastern Europe, see Eastern Europe Soviet competition, I.387 end of history, I.19, 43, III.513 stockpiling, II.99 factors, III.264, 420 strategy, I.295–7, 302, II.11, 398–9 assessment, III.532–4 umbrella, I.294 debate, III.267–9, 518–32 oil policy, I.505 forceful US leadership, III.267–9, 286–8, “Open Skies” proposal, I.295, 321 522–4 Operation Solarium, I.292–3 Gorbachev, III.519–22 Pakistan, I.294, 299, II.311 Helsinki process, I.316, II.232, III.527–9 population control, III.467, 479 nationalisms, III.532 racial politics, II.30 nonviolent opposition assisting change, South Korea and, II.13 III.529–32 spiritual dimension of Cold War, III.499 political risks in a stable world, III.525–7 Stalin and, I.141 foreseeing, III.515–18 suburban dreams, I.44 German uniﬁcation, III.355 Taiwan, I.281, 294, 297, 299, II.13 historical turning point, III.535 Third World historiography, I.5, III.513 Development Loan Fund, II.62 human dimension, III.518 failure to deal with nationalism, I.300–1 human rights and, III.461–4 policies, I.299–302 identities and, II.41–3 resources, I.301 information society and, III.394–8 Zaire, II.332 Malta Summit (1989), III.368 transport policy, III.434–5 postwar moment, III.536, 538–44 Turkey, II.311 pressures, III.536–7 USIA formation, II.442, III.495 Reagan and Gorbachev, II.19–21 Zhukov and, I.141 South Africa and, III.241 El Salvador speed, III.513, 535 Central American Peace Treaty, III.214 triumphalism, I.43, III.2, 21–2, 40–1, 267, 269, death squads, III.217 276, 522 dictatorship, I.471, III.85–6 Western Europe and, III.289–90 Nicaragua and, III.213 end of history, I.19, 43, III.513

596

Index

Engel, Leonard (US writer), II.445 bibliography, III.560–1 Engels, Friedrich (German revolutionary), birth and contradictions, III.50–5 II.42, 503–5 demise, III.60–3 Enigma, II.417–18 human rights, III.53, 54–5 Enlightenment, II.262, III.6–7, 13 Italy, II.255–6, III.53–7, 59 environment demise, III.60–5 agriculture, III.423–34 origins, III.45–51 anthropocene (1945–91), III.423 source of conflict, III.56–60 bibliography, III.590–2 Soviet reaction, III.46, 51–5, 57–60, 62–5 Cold War and, III.422–3 Gorbachev, III.261 Cold War ecologies, III.443–4 new thinkers, III.258 deep ecology, III.12 US reaction, III.46, 52–3, 56–7, 60–1 ecopacifism, III.13 eurodollars, III.28–30 environmental movement, III.444 Europe, see Eastern Europe; Western United States, III.436, 444 Europe green revolution and, III.431–4 European Atomic Energy Community, see Habermas, III.4–5 Euratom lasting legacy of New Left, III.12 European Central Bank (Frankfurt), III.527 nuclear weapons and, III.437–43 European Coal and Steel Community, I.126, Soviet Virgin Lands, I.450, III.429–31 171–2, 285, II.179, 180, 183 table of environmental changes, III.424 European (Economic) Community transport and, III.434–7 see also European Union Erfurt Program, II.504 1963 crisis, II.195 Erhard, Ludwig (West German chancellor), 1973 enlargement, II.257, III.301 I.170, II.203, 487 antecedents, II.179 Eshkol, Levi (Israeli prime minister), II.314, 319 bibliography, II.540–2 Estonia, II.390 Cold War framework, II.179–97 Ethiopia Davignon Report (1970), II.198–9, 215 Chinese relations, II.267 development (1979–89), III.301–3, 525–6 Cold War and, I.484 Dooge Report, III.302 Cuban policy, II.338–40, 344–5, III.78–9, 146 Eastern Europe and, II.195–7 Cuban soldiers, II.327 economic growth, II.206 Marxist insurrection, II.17 economic priorities, II.179–80 revolution, II.278–9 European monetary system, II.60, III.301 Somali invasion of Ogaden, II.338, 345, Fouchet Plan, II.166–7 III.70, 77–80, 146 France and Soviet relations Gaullist boycott (1965–6), II.186 Andropov, II.426–7 Gaullist veto on British membership, Carter response, III.77, 79 II.57, 188–9, 195 Cuban troops and, II.344 restoring French power, II.185–7 détente and, III.146–7 fundamental principles, III.301 mistakes, II.278–9 GATT and, II.183 Somali conflict, III.75, 77 Germany and support for dictatorship, III.453 rehabilitation, II.183–5, 194, 195 support for revolution, II.477, III.99 unification, III.352 US policy, II.338–40 Helsinki Accords, human rights, III.459 Carter, III.67, 70, 75, 76–80 institutions, II.180 ethnicity, I.2, III.358, 364 map, II.196 EU, see European Union origins, II.47, 56, 182 eugenics, III.468, 469 Poland and, III.293 Euratom, II.182, 185–6, 398–9 shaping the Cold War, II.194–7 Eurocommunism Single European Act (1986), III.302 assessment, III.63–5 Social Charter, III.302

597

Index

European (Economic) Community (cont.) Federation of American Scientists, III.410, 419 social justice, III.302–3 Feklisov, Aleksandr (KGB officer), II.79 Soviet response, III.47, 48 feminism, I.435–7, II.460–1, 480, III.4–5, 12, 485 success, III.289 Field, Noel (CIA officer), I.193 Third World and, II.63, 249 Figueres Ferrer, José María Hipólito (Costa Treaty of Paris (1951), II.182 Rican president), II.426 United Kingdom and, II.56–7 films early ambivalence, II.187–91 Cold War and, I.16 Gaullist veto, II.57, 188–9, 195 destruction themes, II.445–7 United States and, II.194–5 détente and, II.455 competition, III.67 Eastern Europe, I.416–17 Kennedy, II.118 epic fantasies, II.451–4 priority, II.180–3 espionage, II.447–8, 449 protective cocoon, II.191–4 Soviet Union, I.16, II.440, 447–8, 450, 454 European Convention on Human Rights, United States, I.416, II.443, 445–6, 447, 448, III.455 449, 451–2 European Cooperation Agency, I.58–9 consumer images, III.492, 494 European Defence Community, I.126, 315, Western Europe, I.412 II.162, 163, 164, 179, 181, 186, 290 youth culture, I.461–2 European monetary system, II.60, III.301 financial crisis (1929), I.28–9 European Nuclear Disarmament, see END financial crisis (2008–), III.537, 556 European Organization for Nuclear financial services, III.395–6 Research see CERN Finland European Payments Union, I.58 borders, I.102 European Union Communist Party, II.509, III.48 2004 enlargement, II.197 European integration and, II.190 German leadership, III.542 neutrality, II.190 Maastricht Treaty (1992), II.178, III.355 Soviet relations, I.81, 176, 319, 505 new great power, III.541 Finletter, Thomas (US ambassador to eutrophication, III.432–3 NATO), II.241 exchange rates, see monetary system Fitzwater, Marlin (President G. H. W. Bush Excomm, II.71–3, 77, 80 spokesman), III.283 exhibitions, III.496–7, 498 Fleisher, Leon (US musician), I.409 Exim Bank, II.53 Fleming, Ian (British writer), II.448 existential angst, II.461 Foner, Eric (US historian), I.434 Exner, Judith Campbell (US actress), II.116 Food and Agriculture Organization, see FAO Exxon, I.491 food shortages, III.424–5 Ford, Gerald R. (US president), II.151 Fairbanks, Douglas (US actor), III.492 1974 Trade Act, II.55–6 Fairchild Semiconductors, III.384–5 Angola, II.278, 337, III.141, 225 Faisal ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud (Saudi king), arms control, II.109, 150, 346, 388–9, 391, II.312–13 III.136, 140, 154 family planning, III.472–4, 477–85 Cambodian policy, II.54, 301 famines, I.28, 447, II.220, 267, 352 China, III.189 Fanon, Frantz, II.462 defeat (1976), II.322, III.141 FAO, III.473 détente, II.374, 388–92, III.136 Far East Commission, I.244 assessment, II.392, 393 Fascism, I.8–9, 30, 32, 38, 46, 47, 115, II.507, III.1 Helsinki Accords, II.455–6, III.71 Fatah, I.484 vulnerability, III.140 Faulkner, William (US author), I.409 election primaries (1976), III.140 Faure, Edgar (French politician), II.163 Japan, III.176 FBI, I.427 Latin America, III.205, 451 Federal Bureau of Investigation, see FBI Middle East, II.324, 325

598

Index

realism, II.40 Czech invasion and, III.45 Solzhenitsyn and, III.72 decline, II.513, III.2, 298 southern Africa, III.229–31 Eurocommunism and, III.46, 48, 53–4, 55, Third World, III.222 58–9, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 trade policy, II.55–6 Indochina and, II.282, 283 Vietnam War, II.15 Portuguese carnation revolution and, visit to Vladivostok, II.388–9 III.51 Ford, Henry (US industrialist), I.28, III.492 postwar, II.160, 509 Ford Foundation, I.409, 410, III.405, 406, 426, socialist alliance, III.57–8, 61 460, 479, 487 Stalinism, III.6 Fordism, I.50–4, 55 World War II, II.508 Forrestal, James (US secretary of defense), culture I.69, 78, 495 American culture, I.412, I.414 Foster, William (ACDA director), II.404, anti-Americanism, I.411, 412 III.405 cultural diplomacy, II.443–4 Foucault, Michel (French philosopher), III.7 ﬁlms, I.412, II.446 Fouchet Plan, II.166–7, 169 defense spending, I.64 France deuxième gauche, III.5 1940 fall to Germany, II.4 economic planning, I.50 1968 unrest, I.51, II.173, 475, III.8, 290 economy, postwar, I.136, 159 Afghan invasion and, III.291–2 EDC, II.162, 163, 164 anti-totalitarian movement, III.5–8, 17 European integration British relations dominant state, II.191 Gaullist EEC veto, II.57, 188–9, 195 ERM, III.302 nineteenth-century armament race, III.38 Euratom, II.185–6 postwar, I.117, 120 European Coal and Steel Community, Brussels Pact (1948), I.169 I.171–2 China, II.172, III.167 European Defence Community and, Cold War and I.298, 316, II.186 1968 watershed, II.173–5 Mitterrand, III.302 bibliography, II.538–40 restoring French power, II.185–7 détente, II.168–73 Schuman Plan, II.185 Fourth Republic, II.162–4 Fouchet Plan, II.166–7, 169 Gaullist independence, II.165–75, 201–3, Gaullism 204, 244 see also de Gaulle, Charles hesitant entry, II.159–62 legacy, II.159, 175–8 overcoming Yalta, II.158, 170, 171, meaning, II.159 176, 178 German relations overview, II.158–78 1963 Treaty, II.169, 184, 202, 203–4 strategy, II.165–8 Adenauer–de Gaulle, II.184 colonialism, I.73, 472 Berlin Agreement (1971), II.147 Algeria, see Algeria cooperation, I.152, 285, II.177–8 end, II.165 nuclear weapons, II.487 Indochina, see Indochina occupation zone, I.139 natural resources, I.486 partition, I.151–2 population control, III.477 post-Gaullism, II.175–6, 177–8 Tunisia, II.164 postwar policy, II.185 United States and, II.164 division, I.139, 144–5 Communism, I.75, 156, 170 economic restraints, I.57 interwar period, II.507–8 EDC plan, I.86 myths, III.6 London Conference (1948), I.167 Communist Party, I.57, 94, 156, 170 Monnet/Schuman Plans, I.171 Cominform and, I.191, 209 occupation zones, I.80

599

Index

France (cont.) Suez crisis, I.321, 391–2, 480, 501, II.164, security guarantees, I.81 308–9 Stalin and, II.160 US relations rearmament, II.162 Carter, III.75 reconciliation, I.152, II.161 credits, II.59 territorial claims, II.161 de Gaulle, II.169–70, 193 uniﬁcation, III.341, 342, 343, 344, 346 détente and, II.375 Great Depression, II.509 Fourth Republic, II.163–4 human rights, III.8 independence, II.125, 247, III.308 immigration, III.470 Indochinese war, II.164, 185, 282–3, 287, industrial relations, I.50, 51 288 Lebanon, III.295 Kennedy, I.308, II.118–19, 483 Lithuanian independence and, III.367 Marshall Plan, I.79, 157, 158, 160–1, 166, Litvinov document, I.176 170–1, II.162 London Conference (1948), I.167 military assistance, I.81 Mediterranean policy, II.242–3 MLF scheme, II.129–30 Middle East policy, II.249 Pompidou presidency, II.256 Mitterrand government, III.6, 8, 298–9 post-Gaullism, II.175 economics, III.300 postwar, I.61 Monnet Plan, I.160–1 Suez crisis, II.164 Muslim population, III.466 Vietnam War and, II.173 NATO Zaire and, II.346 de Gaulle, II.57, 132, 172, 186, 190, 202–3, 243 Franco Bahamonde, Francisco (Spanish early support, II.163 dictator), II.244, 248, 255, III.298, 301 membership, I.107 Frankenheimer, John (US ﬁlm director), withdrawal, II.100, 132, 202–3 II.448 New Philosophers, III.6–7 Frankfurt School, III.4 nuclear weapons, I.390, II.120, 165, III.305 Fraser, Donald (member, US Congress), arms reduction negotiations and, II.177 III.457 Euratom and, II.185–6 Freedman, Lawrence (British historian), II.491 FIG agreements, II.398–9 freedom of individuals, I.17 Mitterrand policy, III.305, 307 freedom of information, I.1 motivation, II.416 Freedom Trains, I.429–30, III.495 NPT and, II.408 FRG, see Germany (FRG) stock levels, III.438 Fried, Richard (US historian), I.428, 430 US cooperation, II.411 Friedan, Betty (US feminist), II.460–1, 462, Petite Entente, II.160 477, 480 Pompidou presidency, II.256 Friedman, Milton (US economist), III.3, 16 population control, III.469, 482 Fujiyama, Aiichiro (Japanese foreign Revolution (1789), III.7 minister), III.159 roads, III.434 Fukuyama, Francis (US political scientist), science and technology, III.379 I.43, III.2, 21–2 SEATO membership, II.290–1 Fulbright, William (US senator), II.442 socialism, II.504, III.5, 6, 8 Furet, François (French historian), III.7 Soviet relations Fursenko, Aleksandr (Russian historian), Brezhnev, III.104 II.69 de Gaulle, II.57–8, 146, 165–6, 208 end of Cold War, III.304 Gaddis, John Lewis (US historian), I.34, Fourth Republic, II.163 II.200, 393, 395, 425, III.518 intelligence services, II.420 Gagarin, Yuri (Soviet astronaut), I.415, II.51, Molotov, I.316 III.386–7 post-Gaullism, II.175–7 Gaillard, Félix (French prime minister), Stalin, I.104, 107, II.160, 161 I.390

600

Index

Gaither Report (1958), I.303 internal opposition, III.353 Gandhi, Indira (Indian prime minister), international negotiations, III.346–8 II.411, II.424–5, III.467, 476, 482 monetary union, III.351–3 Gandhi, Mohandas (Indian political leader), Ostpolitik and, II.198, 211–12, 216, III.334 I.469, 470, III.426 overview, III.333–55 Gandhi, Rajiv (Indian prime minister), power politics, II.484 III.254 proposals, III.324 Gardner, Richard (US ambassador to Italy), Soviet position, II.494, III.344–5, 347–50, III.56, 60–1 351–2, 354 Garthoff, Raymond (US diplomat and Treaty on German Unity (1990), III.353–5 historian), II.39, 276, 386, 392 unification date, III.354, 518 Gates, Bill (US businessman), III.397 Western Europe and, III.341–4 Gates, Robert (CIA director), II.428–9, 434–5, Germany III.214 Berlin, see Berlin; Berlin Wall GATT, I.257, 258, 264, II.47, 52, 56–7, 58, 183, collapse of Soviet Union and, III.375 192, III.549 East Germany, see Germany (GDR) Gauchet, Marcel (French intellectual), III.8 EU leadership, III.542 GDR, see Germany (GDR) postwar, see Germany (postwar) gender, see women pre-1945, see Germany (pre-1945) General Agreement on Tariffs and reunification, see German unification Trade, see GATT West Germany, see Germany (FRG) genetics, I.13, III.426 Germany (FRG) Geneva Conference (1954), I.316, 357–8, 1966 strikes, I.51 II.289–90 antimilitarism, I.323 Geneva Summit (1955), I.130, 383–4 autobahns, III.434 Geng Biao (Chinese defense minister), Baader–Meinhof Gang, III.290 III.194 benefits of partition, I.152–3 Genocide Convention (UN Convention on Cold War choices, II.482–5 the Prevention and Punishment Communist Party, III.48 of Genocide, 1948), III.448 culture Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (FRG foreign American pop culture, I.414–16 minister), III.306, 337, III.350, Amerika Häuser, I.400, 413 III.354 anti-Americanism, I.413 Georgescu, Teohari (Romanian politician), cinema, I.416 I.188–9 cultural exchanges, I.405–6, II.444 Georgia, I.101, II.464, III.358, 364, 460, cultural war, I.404–5 521, 532 identity, I.413 Gerasimov, Gennadii (Soviet foreign affairs pop music, I.414 spokesman), III.264, 403 sport, II.444 Gerhardsen, Einar (Norwegian prime East German relations, III.334–5 minister), I.319 1972 Agreement, II.147, 210, III.333 German unification détente, II.14 1989 GDR revolution, III.337–40 economic dependence, III.334 bibliography, III.585–7 Ostpolitik, II.211–12, III.291 bilateral summits, III.348–50 Eastern Europe and, II.197 Bush and, III.324, 332, 342, 343–4, 345, 348, 354 Lithuanian independence, III.367 consolidation of status quo, III.333–5 Ostpolitik, II.55, 146–7, 184, 209–12 disintegration of status quo, III.335–7 Polish treaty (1970), II.231, III.346 European unification, II.178 Romanian recognition, II.205–6 failures, II.203 economy, I.45 GDR assent, II.523 affluence and democracy, II.513 Helsinki Accords and, II.214 consumerism, III.500–1 inter-German negotiations, III.351–3 failure, III.98

601

Index

Germany (FRG) (cont.) NPT, II.130, 408, 409, 410–11, 412 GDR comparisons, II.516–17 political fears, II.401–2, 403 Korean War effect, II.511–12 Soviet position, II.492 miracle, I.41, 152, 162–6, 172, III.25, 500–1 US consultation, II.398 overtaking United States, III.26 US guarantees, II.414 unemployment, III.290–1 Ostpolitik environmental movement, III.444 see also Brandt, Willy Eurocommunism, III.46 East Germany, II.211–12, III.291 European integration end of Cold War and, III.526 dominant state, II.191 Italian Communist response, III.47 economic effect, II.512 post-Czech invasion, II.230–1 European Coal and Steel Community, power politics, II.484–6 I.171–2 rationale, II.491–2 French relations, II.191 Schmidt, III.308 Kohl, III.302 Soviet impact, II.495–6 rehabilitation, II.183–5, 194, 195 status of Germany and, II.198, 211–12, 216, European policy, I.126 III.334 foreign policy unification and, II.211–12, 216 Hallstein Doctrine, I.63, II.170, 203 US relations and, II.203–4, 375, 502 new confidence, II.194, 195 peace movement, III.415 Free University, II.468–70 population, I.145, II.191 French relations rearmament, I.277, 278, 279, 285, 1963 Treaty, II.169, 184, 202, 203–4 298, 315 cooperation, I.285 French position, II.162 de Gaulle, II.167, II.184, 484, 487, III.342 Johnson and, II.128 post-Gaullism, II.175–6, 177–8 Khrushchev, II.124 rearmament, II.162 Korean War and, II.8 reconciliation, I.152, II.161 Paris Agreements, I.316 GNP, I.63–4 Red Army Faction, II.473 Green Party, III.12 reunification, see German unification immigration, III.470 science and technology, III.379 industrial relations, I.48, 51 Soviet relations, II.58, III.294 life expectancy, III.303 Afghan invasion and, III.291–3 Marshall Plan, I.64, 77, 79, 80, 148, 156–7, Brezhnev era, II.146–7, III.104–5 160, 162–8 end of Cold War, III.305 monetary reform, I.58 Gorbachev, III.305, 308, 335–7 NATO and Moscow Olympics boycott, III.293 Anglo-German disagreements, Moscow Treaty (1970), II.147, 210, 231 III.306, 307 Stalin, II.7 Brandt policy, II.495 telecommunications, III.391 loyalty, II.483 Third World policy, I.62–3 membership, I.81, 84, 86, 110–11, 122, 126, trade union federation, I.51 173, 316, 317, 319, 323, II.162 US policy, II.133 neoconservatism, III.11 1950s, I.126 nuclear weapons and, II.100, 110 Carter, III.75 Berlin crisis, II.399 Eisenhower, I.289 Cold War politics, II.483 Johnson, II.128, 129–30 FIG agreements, II.398–9 Kennedy, II.119–20, 124, 125, 483–4 French position, II.408 nuclear guarantee, II.396 Limited Test-Ban Treaty, II.484 Ostpolitik and, II.203–4, 375, 502 missile deployment, III.103, 306–7 popular opposition to, I.413 NATO, I.323, II.110, 487, 491, III.296 Reagan, III.293–4 nonproliferation negotiations, II.407 Truman, I.87–8

602

Index

Germany (GDR) Soviet relations, II.201 see also Berlin 1953 uprising, I.314 1953 unrest, I.285, 337–8, II.9 Beriia, I.449 1956 amnesty, I.344 Brezhnev, III.97 1989 revolution, III.337–40, 463 invasion, I.69 fall of Berlin Wall, III.339–40 nuclear technology, II.408 Gorbachev and, III.323, 339 post-Stalin, I.343–4 international influences, III.398 reparations, II.516 KGB reaction to, III.372–3 Sovietization, I.335 negotiated capitulation, III.323 Stalinization, I.194 annexation to FRG, II.523 sport, II.444 Chinese relations, III.192 Stasi, III.337–8, 339–40, 353, 414–15 consumerism, III.497, 501 telecommunications, III.391 culture uranium, I.488, III.438 American pop culture, I.414–15 US relations cultural war, I.404–5 culture, I.406 exchanges, I.405–6 trade sanctions, II.52, 53–4 film, I.416–17, II.454 Germany (postwar) spy stories, II.450–1 Allied Control Council, I.134–5 détente, III.304 British policy, I.81, 112, 116–17, 118–19, 121–2, dissidents, II.236 136–7, 167 economy, I.42, 64, II.519–21 Communism, I.147–8, 150 consumerism, III.507, 508 Communist Party, I.182 crisis, II.523, III.338, 351, 397 demilitarization, I.97, 98 debt, III.314 division, I.57 FRG comparisons, II.516–17 assessment, I.151–3 GNP, I.63–4 benefits, I.152–3 industrial production, I.59, 65 bibliography, I.519–21 New Economic System, I.53 British politics, I.137–40 pre-1989, III.315 coming to terms with, I.149–53 reform, II.519 consolidation of status quo, III.333–5 emigration, II.517, III.460, 471, 525 cultural wars, I.401–6, 415 French policy, II.171 economy, I.56–61 FRG relations, III.334–5 French policy, I.139, 144–5 1972 Agreement, II.147, 210, III.333 FRG, see Germany (FRG) Brandt, II.147 from occupation to division, I.137–49 Communist Parties, III.48 GDR, see Germany (GDR) culture, I.405–6 German problem, I.133–7 détente, II.14 historical legacy, I.133–4 economic dependence, III.334 historiography, I.151–2 Ostpolitik, II.211–12, III.291 London Conference (1948), I.167 human rights, III.463 public opinion, I.149–50 Hungarian agreement (1969), III.525 Soviet policy, I.145–9, 177, 180 industrial relations, I.51 subsequent power politics, II.482–5 intelligence services, II.433, 436, 450 US policy, I.140–3 iron wall, I.149 economy, I.46, 47, 48, 159 life expectancy, III.303 desolation, I.74–5 Peace Council, I.406 Erfurt Program, II.504 population, I.145 French policy, II.185 pre-1989, refusal to reform, III.315 economic restraints, I.57 Protestant churches, II.236 EDC plan, I.86 reunification, see German unification London Conference, I.167 show trials, I.193 Monnet/Schuman Plans, I.171

603

Index

Germany (postwar) (cont.) Gerö, Ernö (Hungarian Communist leader), occupation zones, I.80 I.346 security guarantees, I.81 Ghana Stalin and, II.160 Accra riots (1948), I.28 territorial division, I.139, 144–5 Chinese relations, II.267 territorial claims, II.161 decolonization, I.468 Great Depression, II.509 independence, I.482 Litvinov document, I.176 Kennedy and, I.306, II.122 nationalism, I.115 Nkrumah rule, I.483 new borders, I.136, 347 Non-Aligned Movement, I.480 nuclear weapons and, I.376 pan-African movement, I.468 occupation, I.39, 122, 134, 136–40 Soviet relations American zone, I.81 economic and military aid, II.265 bizone, I.57, 166, 208 reassessment, II.272 British occupation, I.112, 139–40 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghiu (Romanian Soviet occupation, I.141–2, 402–5 Communist leader), I.188–9, 193, Sovietization of SBZ, I.183, 184, 188 194, 216, II.205 zones, I.80, 137–40, 147, 167 Giap, Vo Nguyen (Vietnamese general), political parties, I.147–8 II.287 reparations, I.56, 64, 96, 101, 133, 135–6, Gibbon, Edward, II.6 147, 183 Gibson Robinson, Jo Ann (US civil rights Ruhr, I.50, 77, 80, 134, 136, 140, 142, 144, activist), I.435 147, 167 Giddens, Anthony (British social scientist; socialism, II.505 LSE director), III.394 Soviet policy, I.80, 135 Gierek, Edward (Polish leader), II.229, 519, Beriia, I.314, 315 III.97, 98 cultural war, I.402–5 Gillette, III.491 Molotov, I.315 Gilpatric, Roswell (US assistant secretary postwar, I.145–9, 177, 180 of defense), I.310, II.71–2 Stalin, I.93, 96, 103, 104, 106–7, 315 Gilpatric Committee, II.405–7 trading power, I.68 Gilpin, Robert (US social scientist), II.157 uranium, I.487–8 Ginzburg, Aleksandr (Soviet dissident), US policy, I.87–8, 122, 136, 155 III.73, 100, 458 1967 tripartite discussions, II.59 Giorgios of Greece, King, I.204 cultural propaganda, I.406–11 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry (French president), Germany (pre-1945) II.175, 176–7, III.104, 291–2, 292–3 1941 attack on Soviet Union, II.508 GKKS, II.439, 440 1945 defeat, Red Army role, II.508 Glazer, Nathan (US sociologist), III.9 African colonies, I.467 global positioning systems, see GPS Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), I.30 globalization, III.490, 535, 548, 556 Barbarossa syndrome, I.92 Glucksmann, André (French philosopher), Bavarian insurrection (1919), I.26 III.6 Communism, I.115, II.508 Goebbels, Joseph, I.407, III.305, 335 Enigma, II.417 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, I.404 Great Depression, II.507 Goethe Institute, II.444 imperialism, III.546 Gold Coast, see Ghana Munich Agreement, II.75, 113 Goldwater, Barry (US politician), II.130, 295 Nazi economy, I.163 Gomułka, Wladysław (Polish leader) Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), I.30, 115, II.3, 5, 508 1968 repression, II.223 Nazism, I.30, 32, 36, 45, 46, 92, II.4, 507, de Gaulle and, II.173 III.447 de-Stalinization, I.344 population control, III.469 Dubcˇek and, II.223 World War II, oil resources, I.488 Gdańsk unrest, II.228–9

604

Index

retirement, II.229 unification, III.324, 344–5, 347–9, 352 rise to power, I.346–7 glasnost, II.86–7, III.310, 358 Soviet relations, I.178, 192–3, 325, human rights, III.307, 362 II.219 informatizatsiia, III.397 González Márquez, Felipe (Spanish prime Nehru and, III.402 minister), III.250, 265, 301 new thinking Gorbachev, Mikhail (Soviet leader), III.251, arms race, III.246, 268 281, 350 common security, III.256–9 access to power, II.20, III.110, 247 end of Cold War and, III.539 Afghan policy, III.131–3 foreign policy, III.304 withdrawal, III.239, 254–6, 286, 520 human rights, III.462–3, 465 Azerbaijan riots, III.283 Leninism, III.265 Baltic states view of Europe, III.463 economic sanctions, III.369 nuclear disarmament, II.20, III.256–8, 262–3, independence, III.360 265, 269, 419 use of force and, III.370–1 Ostpolitik and, II.495 Western approaches, III.368–9 peace movements and, III.417 China, III.198–200 perestroika, III.282, 304, 330, 356, 359, 362 1989 Beijing visit, II.371, III.198–9, 200 reforms, II.523, III.358, 362 collapse of Soviet Union economic reforms, II.64 Bush response, III.284 Eurocommunism and, III.65 KGB and military reaction, III.371–4 relaxation of social control, II.436 nationalisms, III.532 revolution, III.244–5 rational decision hypothesis, III.519–22 Afghanistan, III.254–6 shifting tactics, III.359–60 ambiguity, III.315 use of force and, III.369–71 assessment, III.264–6 Western responses, III.375–7 bibliography, III.576–80 defense policy, III.419–21 common security, III.256–9, 414 security dilemma analysis, II.42 consumerism and, III.508–9 defense spending, I.43 early development, III.245–8 détente, II.394, 495 Eastern Europe, III.251–4 Eastern Europe influences, III.462, 520 Bulgaria, III.330–1 motivation, III.420–1 Czechoslovakia, III.325–6, 332 new guard, III.111, 248–51, 403 debt crisis, III.526 objectives, III.248, 521 East Berlin, III.354 social democracy, III.245 East Germany, III.323, 332, 336, 339 transnationalism, III.249, 259–61, glasnost and perestroika, III.363 402, 418 Hungary, III.319, 320–2 US relations, III.261–4 nationalisms, III.532 Sakharov and, III.256–7, 461 Poland, III.317, 318–19 Southern Africa, III.238–9 repudiation of Brezhnev Doctrine, strategy, II.20–1, 41–3 III.253, 315, 318, 539 Thatcher and, III.246, III.247, III.304, 524 revolutionary approach, III.251–4, 332 Third World policy, II.157 Romania, III.329 United Nations and, III.525 tolerance, III.262, 268, 311–12, 464 US relations, III.524 end of Cold War and, III.519–22, 524, 534, Bush, III.264, 284–8 539, 540 change, III.261–4 freedom of choice, III.419 end of Cold War and, III.267–9, 282–8 French relations, II.177 Geneva summit (1985), III.305 Germany German unification and, III.348–9, 349 FRG relations, III.305, 335–7 Reagan, II.458, III.257, 261–4, 265, Kohl, III.308, 335 277–88, 517

605

Index

Gorbachev, Mikhail (Soviet leader) (cont.) China, III.427–8 Reykjavik summit (1986), III.257, 262, Cold War and, I.65, III.476 265, 275, 279, 288, 305 dams, III.433 southern Africa and, III.239 environment and, III.431–4 Western Europe and, III.307, 309, 336, 366–7 eutrophication, III.432–3 Yeltsin and, III.284, 359, 376 India, III.426 Gorbachev, Raisa (wife of Mikhail irrigation, III.433 Gorbachev), III.246, 261 monocultures, III.432 Gordievskii, Oleg (KGB officer, defector), overview, III.425–9 II.433, 434 pest infestations, III.432 Gorshkov, Sergei (Soviet admiral), I.331 Southeast Asia, III.426–7 Gottwald, Klement (Czech Communist United States, III.426 leader), I.194 Green Run, III.439 GPS, III.388 Greene, Graham (British writer), I.398, Graham, Billy (US evangelist), I.437 II.448, 458 Gramsci, Antonio (Italian Communist Greenham Common peace camp, III.296 leader), III.45 Greenspan, Alan (US chairman of the Great Depression, I.37, 47, II.4, 507–8, 509, Federal Reserve), III.33 514, III.493 Grenada, US invasion (1983), III.109, 294 Grechko, Andrei (Soviet defense minister), Grew, Joseph (US secretary of state), I.69, II.143, 150, III.89 247 Greece Griffith, William, II.207 1967 coup, II.248, III.456 Grimm, Brothers, I.417 1973 coup, II.253 Grinevskii, Oleg (Soviet diplomat), I.323 Civil War, I.37, 57, 60, 94, 198, 203–7 Gromyko, Andrei (Soviet foreign British policy, I.57, 60, 75, 201, 203, 205 minister) Communist casualties, I.206 Afghanistan, III.83–4, 103, 150, 254 end, I.205–6 Africa and, III.147 Soviet interventions, I.203–4 Brezhnev and, II.143 Stalin, I.196, 203–4, 206–7, 219 career, III.110, 249 Truman policy, I.37, 76, 143, 155–6, 205, 219 China, I.365, II.494 Communist Party, III.48, 297 Cuban missile crisis, II.72 democracy, II.513, III.525 Eastern Europe, III.252 EC membership, III.301 Ethiopia, III.146–7 emigration, III.470 foreign policy power, III.91, 109, 249 human rights, III.456 French relations, II.146 Litvinov document, I.176 German policy, II.494 NATO membership, I.87, 122, 279, 285 Gorbachev and, III.110, 246, 249 oil imports from USSR, I.505 Helsinki Accords, II.154–5, III.142 Turkey and, II.248 Japan, III.159–60 alliance, I.208 Middle East, II.153, III.81 Cyprus dispute, II.242, II.253 mindset, I.92, III.265 United States and nuclear weapons Cyprus dispute, II.244, III.298 Euromissiles and, III.296 military assistance, II.63, 250 Gromyko Plan, II.397 support for dictatorships, III.457 NPT negotiations, II.409 Truman, I.37, 76, 143, 155–6, 205, 219, SALT, III.140 II.239 Prague Spring, II.144–5 Green Berets, I.307, II.452 Third World, II.425–6, III.93 green revolution US relations Africa, III.428 Carter, III.100 benefits, III.433–4 Nixon, II.373 biodiversity and, III.433 nonproliferation, II.379, 380

606

Index

Grönemeyer, Herbert (German musician), Harmel Report (1967), II.174, 198–9, 208–9, I.414 210, 217 Grosz, Karoly (Hungarian prime minister), Harriman, W. Averell (US ambassador to III.320–1, 322 Soviet Union), I.69 growth theory, II.35, III.478 Hartz, Louis (US political scientist), II.23 Gruenther, Alfred (US general), III.479 Hassan II, King of Morocco, II.246–7 Gundle, Stephen, III.503 Hatoyama, Ichiro (Japanese prime Guatemala minister),I.257, 259–60, 261, 262 crushed armed struggle, II.334 Havel, Vacláv (Czechoslovak dissident, despotism, I.43 later president), II.19, 20, 233, human rights abuses, III.216, 220, 450–1 III.18–19, 325, 326, 327, 463 Soviet policy, III.202 Hayek, Friedrich von (Austrian United Fruit Company, I.62 philosopher), III.2, 3, 14–16, 21 US policy He Long (Chinese vice premier), I.370, Carter, III.205–6 II.359–60 Clinton, III.220 Heath, Edward (British prime minister), covert actions, II.423 III.171 development, II.269–70 Hegel, Georg, III.6 Kennedy, II.122 hegemonic discourse, I.6 military intervention (1954), I.479, II.329 Heidegger, Martin (German philosopher), Reagan, III.210, 216–17, 218 III.18 GuevaradelaSerna,Ernesto“Che” Hekmatyar, Gulbudden (Afghan guerrilla (Argentinian revolutionary and leader, later prime minister), Cuban minister), I.483–4,II.70, 270, III.125, 128, 130–1 273, 276, 279, 332, 333, 334, 340, 469 Hellman, Joel (US political scientist), Guinea, II.122, 267, 277, III.453 III.257–8 Guinea-Bissau, II.333 Helms, Jesse (US senator), III.263 Gulags, I.448, II.220, 466, 467, III.6, 7, 437 Helms, Richard (CIA director), II.462 Gulf Oil, I.491, 494, 496 Helsinki Accords (1975) Gulf War (1991), III.371, 550 assessment, II.392 Gulyashiki, Andrei (Bulgarian writer), Baltic states and, II.390 II.449–50 biannual monitoring, II.237 Guyana, I.482, 483 contents, III.528 Gyohten, Toyoo (Japanese Finance détente and, II.217 Ministry official), III.172 European Communists and, III.54–5 France and, II.176 Habermas, Jürgen (German philosopher), human rights III.2, 4–5, 13 Brezhnev miscalculation, II.18 Habib, Philip (US diplomat), II.389 Charter 77 and, II.19, 232 Habomai Island, I.262 dissidents and, II.232, III.17 Hagen, Nina (US musician), I.414 emergence of human security, II.214 Haig, Alexander (general, US secretary of end of Cold War and, I.316, II.392, state), II.321, 322, III.263, 271, 294 III.527–9 Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, II.338, European insistence on, III.456 III.453 impact, III.465 Haldeman, H. R. (Nixon’s chief of staff), monitoring groups, II.155, 232, 456–7, III.172 III.100, 419, 460–1 Hallstein Doctrine, I.63, II.170, 203 negotiations, III.459–60 Hamilton, Donald (US writer), II.449 post-Helsinki period, III.460–1 Hanford, III.438–9, 441 significance, II.215–16 Harkin, Thomas (US senator), III.457 Soviet Union and, II.154–5, 214, Harmel, Pierre (Belgian foreign minister), III.141–2, 362 II.174 West European negotiations, III.456

607

Index

Helsinki Accords (1975) (cont.) overview, I.3–8 impact, II.374, 392, 458 Realism, I.5 legitimation of status quo, II.232, III.96–7, structural history, III.466 141, 333, 529 US Cold War mobilization, I.I.421–2 limitations, III.528 Hitchcock, Alfred (US film director), II.449 NATO agenda, III.289 Hitler, Adolf overview, II.212–16 1941 invasion of Soviet Union, II.5 principles, II.231–2 access to power, I.30 Soviet Union and, II.154–5, 214 British appeasement of, I.118, 169 human rights commitments, III.141–2 concentration camps, I.150 monitoring groups, II.232 cultural onslaught, I.402 Moscow Helsinki Watch Group, III.460, defeat, I.45 461, 463 invasion of Czechoslovakia, II.4 motivation, III.142, 362 Munich Agreement, II.75, 113 Soviet Helsinki Committee, III.460 Nazism and, I.32 stabilization of power politics, II.415 recklessness, I.295 United States and, III.72 Soviet pact (1939), I.30, 115, II.3, 5, 508 Carter critique, III.71 Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese leader) critics, II.390–1, III.529 1919 Paris Conference, I.466 Helsinki Watch Committee, III.460 Chinese support, I.83, 85, 481–2, II.303 popular opinion, III.141 Comintern and, I.467 watershed, II.199, 212–16, III.141 countercultures and, II.461–2 cultural watershed, II.455–7 death, II.304 Helsinki Watch groups, II.155, 232, 456–7, Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945), III.100, 419, 460–1 I.470, 472, II.282 Hemingway, Ernest (US writer), I.409 French propaganda, II.282, 302 Hennessy, Peter (British historian), I.131 French war, I.87, 472 Herodotus, II.1 US relations, II.283 Hersey, John (US journalist), II.445 Ho Chi Minh Trail, II.295 Herter, Christian (US under secretary of ideology, II.281–2 state), II.312 Soviet relations Hillsman, Roger (US presidential adviser), recognition of DRV, I.82–3 III.166 Stalin, I.473–4, II.302 Himmelfarb, Gertrude (US intellectual), support, II.303 III.11 steadfastness, II.86 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, I.246,I.247 strategy, II.13–14, 16, 303 Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombs, I.70, 96, 244, tactics, II.17 259, 376, 381, 438, 488 Than Nien, I.469–70 Hirota, Koki (Japanese prime minister), I.247 Hodge, John R. (US lieutenant general), historiography I.269, 271 1940s, I.3 Hoffman, Paul (US official), I.58–9 1950s, I.4 Hoffmann, Stanley (US historian), II.166 1970s, I.5 Hollings, Ernest (US senator), III.179 1980s, I.5 Hollywood, see films 1990s, I.5–6 Holmes, Oliver Wendell (US Supreme anti-imperialism, I.4–5 Court justice), III.468 consumerism, III.490 Homer, II.1 end of Cold War, III.513 Honda, Ishirô (Japanese film director),II.446 end of history, I.19, 43, III.513 Honduras, I.471, III.205, 210, 214 gaps, III.487 Honecker, Erich (GDR leader) international perspectives, I.7–8 1989 revolution, III.339 bibliography, I.508–10 accession to power, II.147 multidisciplinary approach, I.6 Berlin, III.305

608

Index

Brezhnev and, III.97 righteousness, III.73 Castro and, II.344 Soviet response, III.58, 100, 144–5 détente, III.304 Cold War and, III.446, 464–5 economic policy, II.519 politics of repression, III.448–53 fall, III.324 Communist violations, III.451–3 Gorbachev and, III.332, 336 détente and, II.374, 380, 384, 389–90 West German relations, III.334–5 development of concept, III.453–8 Hong Kong, I.358, II.45, III.41, 43, 491 economic rights, III.445, 449 Hoover, Herbert (US president), I.28 end of Cold War and, III.461–4 Hoover, J. Edgar (director of FBI), I.424, 427, Eurocommunism, III.53, 54–5 428, II.419, III.390 French intellectuals, III.8 Hopf, Ted (US social scientist), II.36 Gorbachev, III.307 Hopkins, Harry (US envoy to Stalin), Helsinki Accords, see Helsinki Accords I.70, 96 (1975) Horthy, Miklós (admiral, Hungarian John Paul II and, II.234 regent), I.180 Latin America, III.220–1, 450–1, 457 House Un-American Activities Madrid CSCE conference (1980–83), III.293 Committee, see HUAC national security and, III.446 Howard, Katherine (US politician), III.496 NGOs, III.454 Howe, Geoffrey (British foreign secretary), Soviet bloc, III.458 II.434, III.303–4 overview, III.445–65 Hoxha, Enver (Albanian leader) pre-Cold War, III.447–8 Chinese relations, II.247 Soviet vs. Western perspectives, III.445, death, I.220 448–9 emergence, I.194, 201 state sovereignty and, III.553–4 “Little Stalin,” I.216 UN instruments, III.448, 449 Soviet relations, I.189, II.205, 247 UNHCR, III.448, 449 Yugoslavia and, I.212 United States, III.456–8 Hu Yaobang (Chinese Communist leader), foreign policy, III.446 III.197, 199 violations, III.450–1 Hua Guofeng (chairman of the Chinese Human Rights Watch, II.457 Communist Party), III.186, 187 humanitarian interventions, III.553–4 HUAC, I.428, 430 Humphrey, George (US secretary of the Huang Hua (Chinese Communist official), Treasury), I.290 I.236 Humphrey, Hubert (US senator, vice Hubble space telescope, III.380 president), II.296 Hudson Institute, II.413 Hungary Hughes, Langston (US writer), I.429 1953 unrest, I.285, 335 Hugues, Thomas (INR director), II.340, 342 1956 liberalization, I.215, 217, 218, 219, 320–1, Hull, Cordell (US secretary of state), II.205 I.494 1956 uprising, I.26, 322, 335, 341 human rights impact of repression, II.219 bibliography, III.592–4 China, I.360 Carter Communist parties, III.45 Central America, III.86, 205–9 international effect, II.513 contradictions, III.70, 72 Western responses, I.351–2, III.293–4 détente and, II.40 intelligence services, role, II.436 effectiveness, III.457–8 legacy, I.351–2, III.311 Helsinki Accords, III.71 overview, I.348–52 Iran, III.118–19 postrising period, II.220 motivation, III.144 Pozsgay Report (1989), III.320 Pakistan, III.129 Soviet human rights abuses, III.452 rightwing dictatorships, III.10 Soviet invasion, I.351, II.227, 309

609

Index

Hungary (cont.) Husák, Gustáv (Czechoslovak politician), sport and, II.444 II.228 United Nations, I.351–2 Hussein, King of Jordan, II.307, 311, 314, 318, 1989 revolution, III.319–24, 337 III.467 1990 elections, III.324 Husserl, Edmund (German philosopher), Berlin Wall as catalyst, III.323–4 III.18 consumerism, III.489 Hutchings, Robert (US diplomat), III.539–40 effect on Czechoslavakia, III.325 Huxley, Julian (director-general of Gorbachev, III.320–2, 363–4 UNESCO), III.472, 473 international influences, III.398 HYDE Database, III.424 nonviolent opposition, III.530 hydrogen bombs, I.83, 259, 382–4, II.11, prerevolution debate, III.315 III.403–4 pull of Western Europe, III.526 Soviet tolerance, III.331 IAEA, II.398 Bush strategy, III.283 Iakovlev, Aleksandr (Soviet adviser), II.141, Chinese relations, III.192 III.250, 251, 260, 320–1, 372 culture, I.213, 405, II.454 Iazov, Dimitri (Soviet general, minister of dissidents, III.20 defense), III.251 East German Agreement (1969), III.525 IBM, III.380, 382–4, 392, 395, 396–7 EC, PHARE, III.308 Iceland, I.319, 505 economy, III.98 ICRC, III.401 crisis, II.523, III.314 identity GNP per capita, III.37 bibliography, II.527–9 reforms, III.314, 315, 319–20 Cold War and, II.22–43 elections (1947), I.187 end of Cold War, II.41–3 Eurocommunism and, III.46, 57 standard view, II.31–2 Foundation to Support the Poor, III.20 conflict in Third World, II.32–9 “goulash Communism,” II.519 détente and, II.37–41 New Course, I.338, 339–40 exaggeration, II.27–8 Peace Group for Dialogue, III.416 limits of claims, II.29–31 postwar Communist Party, I.182, 211 meaning, II.22 show trials, I.193, 348 revolution and, II.25 Smallholder Party, I.186 Soviet and American identities, II.22–7 Soviet relations, II.349 symmetries and asymmetries, II.24–7, 43 Brezhnev, III.97 theory, II.27–9 de-Stalinization, I.344–5 Third World conflict and, II.32–7 Gorbachev, III.252 ideologies invasion and occupation, I.69, 183 bibliography, I.510–12 Khrushchev, I.341 China, see China Litvinov document, I.176 commonalities, I.23–4 nuclear technology, II.408, 409 cultural clashes, I.13–17 post-Stalin, I.346 economics, I.46–50 reparations, II.516 end of ideology, I.41–3 Sovietization, I.177, 180–1, 184, 186, 187, Ho Chi Minh, II.281–2 213, 335 instruments, I.41 Stalin, I.96, 102–3, 105, 110, 181 interwar period, I.27–32 Stalinization, I.194 Mao Zedong, I.354, II.267, 355, 359, 360, 362, soviet republic, II.505 515, III.94–5 Warsaw Pact, I.351 Marxism, see Marxism Yugoslavia and, I.345 Marxism-Leninism, see Marxism-Leninism Huntington, Samuel (US social scientist), III.3 messianism, I.23–4, 27, 38, 39 Hurley, Patrick (brigadier general, US neoconservatives, II.40, III.9–11, 13–14, 154–5 secretary of war), I.222, 224 neoliberalism, see neoliberalism

610

Index

proletarian dictatorship, II.222 World War I, I.25 Soviet Union, I.22–43, 245, II.33 India Brezhnev, I.42, II.38, 140–1, III.93–4 Bhilal steel plant, I.41 Brezhnev era, II.17, 38, III.93–4 Chinese border disputes, I.373, 484, II.46, Gorbachev, II.21, III.265 266, 274, 350, 354, 402 identity and, II.23 Cold War and, II.35 ideology vs. technology, I.445, 451–9 decolonization, I.40, 127 Khrushchev, I.318, 452, 457–9, 462, 463, EC trade preferences, II.63 II.36, 117, 264 environmental movement, III.444 Marxism-Leninisn, see Marxism- food supply, III.426 Leninism green revolution, I.65, III.426, 433 proletarian dictatorship, II.222 independence, I.114, 470, 472 shifts, II.369–71 Japan and San Francisco Treaty, I.251 Sino-Soviet split, II.352–6, 371 jewel in British crown, I.112 stalemate, II.9–10 martial law, III.482 Third World and, II.258–67 Non-Aligned Movement, I.477, 480 liberation movements, II.515 nuclear weapons, II.401, 405 United States exclusion of ﬁrst use, II.412 Kennedy, II.112–17, 263 motivation, II.416 liberalism, I.20–2, 23, 25, 26, 30, III.535–6, nonproliferation negotiations, II.407 547–51, 556 NPT and, II.411 universalism, I.23, 24, 33, 43,II.24–5, 33,III.514 Pakistan conﬂicts, III.426 World War I crucible, I.25–7 1965 war, II.152 Idris, King of Libya, II.247 1971 war, II.152, III.92 Ikeda, Hayato (Japanese prime minister), Tashkent Declaration (1966), II.152 I.251, 256, III.161–2, 163, 164, 165, 167 partition, I.472, III.471 Ikenberry, John (US political scientist), population control, III.472, 480–1, 482 III.287 South Korea and, I.286 Iklé, Fred (US presidential adviser), Soviet relations, II.265 II.403–4 Brezhnev era, II.151, 152, III.102 Iliescu, Ion (Romanian president), III.329, 330 covert actions, II.426 ILO, III.469 Khrushchev, I.373, 475–6, II.350, 354 IMF, II.47, 48, 58, 59, 192, III.32, 537 militarization, II.274 imperialism state planning, I.476 see also liberation movements steel production, I.55 Afghan invasion, II.17 Tito and, I.216 anticolonialism United States and beginning of Cold War, I.472–4 economic assistance, II.62 Castro, II.340–8 Kennedy, I.306, II.122, 268 Congo, II.265–6 modernization, II.268–9 interwar, I.466–70 trade sanctions, II.52 watershed, I.482–4 US racism, III.456 World War II, I.470–2 Vietnam and, II.268 countercultures and, II.470 Vietnam and, I.474 Khrushchev and, II.352 individualism, II.23, 460, 518, III.1, 15, 21 Lenin on, I.22–3, 25 Indochina migration and, III.470–1 see also Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam postwar, I.32, 38 American war, see Vietnam War racism and, III.448 Associated States of Indochina, II.284 Russia, II.3 Chinese threat, II.402 Soviet and US ideologies, I.25, 34, 36, 38 Cold War (1945–75) Third World rhetoric, II.258 anti-Communism, II.282–3 Vietnam War, II.276 assessment, II.302–4

611

Index

Indochina (cont.) Kennedy, I.306 bibliography, II.549–51 support for dictatorship, II.272, 275 centrality, II.281–2 Truman, II.303 domino theory, II.288–9, 297, 302 Vietnam and, I.474 first war, see French war (below) INF Treaty (1987), III.262–3, 286, 297, 304–5, interregnum, II.289–92 308–9, 419, 521 overview, II.281–304 information technology, III.391–3 second war, see Vietnam War Inönü, Ismet (Turkish politician), II.247 French war, I.64, 87, 287, 472 Inozemtsev, Nikolai (IMEMO director), anti-Communist battlefield, II.282–3 III.258, 412 Armistice (1954), I.256 Institute of Economic Affairs (London), ceasefire, I.357 III.14 Chinese ideology, II.267 Intel, III.392 Chinese policy, I.85, 284, II.284, 290 intellectual history colonial and Cold War conflict, II.286 1968 phenomenon, III.1–2 Dien Bien Phu defeat (1954), I.299, 475, bibliography, III.557–8 II.164, 288, 291 crisis of democracy, III.3–5 ending (1955), I.284 crisis of the West, III.1–3 French politics, I.83 Eastern Europe, dissidence, III.17–20 Geneva Conference (1954), I.316, 357–8, end of social democratic consensus, II.289–90 III.12–14 international positions, I.473–4 French anti-totalitarianism, III.5–8, 17 internationalization, II.284–8 liberal triumphalism, III.21–2 origins, II.281–2 metanarratives, III.13, 21 Soviet policy, I.474–5, II.282, 286, 290, 302 neoconservatives, II.40, III.9–11, 13–14, 154–5 US policy, II.164, 282–3 neoliberalism, see neoliberalism Eisenhower, I.299–300 politics of antipolitics, III.16–20 finance, II.185, 287, 288 intelligence services support, I.276, 287, 474, II.286–9 asymmetry, II.435–7 ideological influence, II.515 bibliography, II.560–2 map, II.285 Cold War and, II.437 Indonesia covert actions, II.422–9 anticolonial struggle, I.469, 472 Eastern Europe, II.422–3 Chinese relations, II.274, 402 Enigma, II.417–18 Cold War battlefield, II.259 espionage culture, II.447–51 Communist insurgencies, II.46, 286, 505 HUMINT, II.417 despotism, I.43 IMINT (images), II.420–2 EC trade preferences, II.63 spy planes, II.421–2 economic growth, II.45 nuclear weapons, II.102 Egyptian relations, II.307 arms control verification, II.422 green revolution, III.427 Cuban missile crisis, II.421–2 Non-Aligned Movement, I.477, 480 START Treaty, II.422 nuclear weapons and, II.405, 414 political intelligence analysis, II.430–5 South Korea and, I.286 scientific and technological intelligence, Soviet relations II.429–30 assistance, I.476, II.265 SIGINT (signals), II.417–20 Khrushchev, I.475 Soviet Union reassessment, II.272 atomic bomb, II.419 Stalin, I.108 covert actions, II.422–3, 425–7 US relations foreign embassies, II.420 CIA failures, I.294 ideological control, II.435–7 covert actions, II.423 political analysis, II.430–5 Johnson, II.272 RYAN, II.432–4

612

Index

scientiﬁc and technological intelligence, Carter politics, III.66, 82–3 II.429–30 economic impact, III.39–40 SIGINT successes, II.419–20 Islamic state, III.120–1 United States overview, III.119–21 Afghan counterintervention, II.427–8, US monetary system and, III.31 III.130–1 Afghan relations British activities, I.410 border dispute, III.122–3 CIA, I.294, 409–10 Communist coup, III.127 code-breaking successes, II.418, 419 Daoud regime, III.126 counterinsurgency networks, III.451 Anglo-Soviet wartime occupation, III.114 covert actions, II.423–5 Azeri resistance, I.101, 473, 495–6 cultural propaganda, I.409–10, II.442 Baghdad Pact, I.207, 300, III.115 domestic surveillance, II.474–5 British policy, I.477, 494, II.306, 308, III.114 Eisenhower presidency, I.294 Central Treaty Organization (1957), III.115 nuclear weapons, II.420–1 Cold War and, III.113–14 revelation of CIA dirty tricks, II.424 Communist Party (Tudeh), I.473, 477, sharing, II.418, 419 498–9, III.114, 116 Soviet economy, III.67 death of Khomeini, III.22 spy planes, II.421–2 Egypt and, III.115 “Year of Intelligence,” II.424 Islamic revival, II.325 Intelsat, III.389, 390 nuclear weapons and, II.416 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces oil politics, I.494–6, 498–500 Treaty, see INF Treaty Mossadeq, I.61–2, 477, II.306, 308, III.113, International Atomic Energy Agency, see 114–15 IAEA revenue increases, III.117–18 International Business Machines, see IBM OPEC, formation (1960), I.505 International Committee of the Red postwar position, III.113 Cross, see ICRC shah’s reign, III.114–21 International Labour Organization, see ILO alienation, III.119 International League for Human Rights, dictatorship, I.43, III.115 III.458 opposition groups, III.116–17 International Monetary Fund, see IMF US dependence, III.115, 117 International Physicians for the Prevention White Revolution, II.263, 325, III.116 of Nuclear War, see IPPNW Shi’ites, III.116–17, 119–21 International Planned Parenthood Soviet relations, III.115 Federation see IPPF 1979 Revolution and, III.83 International Refugee Organization, Islamic Republic, III.121 III.469 occupation, I.73, 100–1, 494 International Relations scholars, III.518 shah’s regime, III.118 International Research Exchange Board, Stalin, I.92, 473 I.406 Syria and, III.118 International Tchaikovsky Competition, United States and I.409 anti-Mossadeq coup, II.306, III.113, Internet, I.12, II.103, III.394 114–15 Interstates, III.434–6 arms policy, III.117 Ionnanides, Dimitrios (Greek colonel and Carter, III.68, 70, 82–3, 87, 118–19, 127 political leader), II.253 covert actions, II.423, 425 IPPF, III.473, 483, 485 dependence, III.115, 116 IPPNW, III.411, 418, 421 economic and military assistance, I.481, Iran III.115 1978 unrest, II.325 Eisenhower, I.299, 477, II.306, 311 1979 Revolution, II.325, III.112 hostage crisis (1979–80), III.66, 83, 87, 121 bibliography, III.565–6 Iran–Contra aﬀair, II.429, III.214–15

613

Index

Iran (cont.) Egypt and, see Egypt Islamic Republic, III.121 Golan Heights and, II.314, 315, 317, 319, 385 modernization, II.263 nuclear weapons, II.401, 405 neoconservatives, III.10 motivation, II.416 oil politics, I.494–6, 498–500, II.306 NPT and, II.410, 411 Shi’ite opposition, III.117 US tolerance, II.412 sphere of inﬂuence, III.114, 115 Yom Kippur War and, II.320 support for dictatorship, II.272, 275, 325 Palestinian issue Truman, I.61, 88, 495 oil politics, I.496–7 Iraq pan-Arab movement, I.480 anticolonial movement, I.470 Paris Conference (1973), II.251–2 Baghdad Pact, I.207–8, 300, 500, 502 Sinai and, II.319, 324, 385 British policy, I.502, II.307 Six Day War, see Six Day War Egypt and, I.300 Soviet relations, II.252 Gulf War (1991), III.550 Jewish emigration, II.55, 384, III.152 human rights violations, III.453 Zionism, II.306 Iran and, III.118 US policy Khomeini, III.117 dependence, II.244, 250 Kuwait and, I.503 economic assistance, II.62 military coup (1958), I.323–4, 502–3, II.311 Eisenhower, II.310, 312 military coup (1963), I.503 Hawk missiles, II.241, 244–5 pan-Arab movement, I.480 military assistance, II.63, 318 Soviet relations, II.246, 326 Six Day War, II.313–18 assistance, III.101 Yom Kippur War, II.386–7 Brezhnev era, II.151, 153 Yom Kippur War, see Yom Kippur War Khrushchev, II.311, III.453 Italy militarization, II.274 aﬄuence and democracy, II.513 Saddam Hussein, II.324 Allied Control Commission, I.201 United States and American culture, I.412 2003 invasion, III.555, 556 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), I.30 economic assistance, I.481 borders, I.102 Eisenhower, I.299 British–American dominance, I.94 military coup (1958), I.502–3 Communism, I.75, 81, 156, 170 military coup (1963), I.503 Communist Party, I.57, 94, 105, 156, 170 Ireland, I.114, II.257, 404, III.301, 472 Cominform and, I.191, 209 Iron Curtain, I.36 Czech Soviet invasion and, III.45 irrigation, III.433 Czech Velvet Revolution and, III.325 Ishibashi, Tanzan (Japanese prime decline, II.513, III.298 minister), I.257, 262 Eurocommunism, II.255–6, III.45–51, Islamism 53–7, 59, 60–5, 75 9/11 attacks, III.134 Popular Front, II.508 Afghanistan Portuguese carnation revolution and, opposition groups, III.124–5, 128 III.51 resistance to Soviet occupation, III.130–1 World War II, II.508 Soviet policy, III.102 Craxi government, III.300 US counterintervention strategy, III.130 economy birth control and, III.483 postwar, I.159 Khomeini and, III.119–21 steel industry, I.50 rise of political Islam, II.324–5, III.112, 533, unemployment, III.290 536–7, 556 emigration, III.470 Rushdie fatwa, III.22 European integration, I.172, II.191 Israel European policy, I.126 creation of state, II.306 family tradition, III.1

614

Index

Fascism, II.4 autonomous Japanese policy, Great Depression, II.509 I.259–60 “hot autumn” (1969), III.290 Bandung Conference, I.261 industrial relations, I.48, 50 Deng period, III.192 Lebanon, III.295 Japanese invasion, I.45 Marshall Plan, I.160, 162–3, 166 nuclear threat, II.408 Middle East policy, II.249–50 San Francisco Treaty, I.253–4 national solidarity government, III.56 trading, I.257, 259–60, III.164, 165–6 NATO membership, I.107 US policy and, III.160, 161, 165, 171–5 nuclear weapons and, II.405 Vietnam War and, III.168–9 Cuban missile crisis, II.241 consumerism, I.248–9, 265, III.508 FIG agreements, II.398–9 US occupation, III.494 NPT, II.410 culture, destruction themes, II.446 US missiles, II.81, 239 dissolution of empire, I.245 peace movement, III.296 economy population policy, III.472 business structures, III.43 Red Brigades, II.256, III.61, 290 ﬁnancial services, III.396 socialism, II.508 overtaking United States, III.26 Soviet relations postwar devastation, I.46 intelligence services, II.420 recovery, I.41, 82, 257–8, 265, II.132, 283, Litvinov document, I.176 III.25, 41 Podgornyi visit, II.208 standard of living, III.162 Stalin, I.94, 107, II.238–9 superpower, III.179–80 Trieste status, I.102, 198, 202, 212, II.239 US competition, III.67 US relations US relations, III.41, 42, 44 1960s, II.244, 247 yen revaluation (1985), III.44 covert actions, II.423 end of war, I.69, 70 missiles, II.81, 239 green revolution, III.426, 429 Iudin, Pavel (Soviet ambassador to China), Hokkaido, I.96–7 I.363–5 Indochina, invasion of, II.281 industrial relations, I.48 Jackson, C. D. (special assistant to information technology, III.395 Eisenhower), I.400 international recognition, I.257, 264 Jackson, Henry (US senator), III.139 Korea, rule over, I.266–8 détente and, II.389, III.138, 143 Korean War and, I.255, 257, III.25 Helsinki Accords and, II.390, III.529 impact, I.285, 286–7 human rights, III.457 Manchuria, I.30 SALT critic, II.109, 383, III.140, 144, 388 militarism, I.68, 92 Jackson–Vanik Amendment (1974), II.55–6, military expenditure, III.177 384, 387, III.72, 457 National Safety Agency, I.255 Jagan, Cheddi Bharat (Guyanese leader), I.483 nuclear weapons and, I.258–9, II.405, 411 Jakeš, Milouš (Czechoslovak Communist Chinese threat, II.408 leader), III.325, 332 Hiroshima/Nagasaki, I.70, 96, 244, 259, Jamaica, I.482 376, 381, 438, 488 James, C. L. R. (Trinidadian historian), NPT, II.410 I.468 US guarantees, II.407, 413, 414 Jancsó, Miklós (Hungarian director), II.454 oil consumption, I.497–8 Japan Okinawa, I.85, 251, 253, 254, 262, 264, III.163, see also Okinawa 164, 166, 169, 170, 172 Allied Council, I.244 paciﬁsm, I.258, 264 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), I.30 Paris Conference (1919), I.466 Bandung Conference, I.260–1 Pearl Harbor, II.5 China and, I.69, 253–4, III.164, 176 post-Cold War order, III.549, 550

615

Index

Japan (cont.) San Francisco Treaty, I.84, 251–4, 257, prewar 265, 279, III.159 imperialism, III.546 specters of neutralism, I.258–62 Korean relations, I.267 strategies, I.81–2, 86, 87–8 rise of authorianism, II.4 Strike Report, I.249 Russo-Japanese war (1904–5), I.69 United States and (1960–91) reemergence, III.541 bibliography, III.568–70 satellites, III.387 Kennedy, II.118 Soviet relations, I.69, 261–2 loans, III.179 1960 US security treaty and, III.159–60 long end of Cold War, III.175–80 end of Cold War, III.175–6, 179 new Pacific frontier, III.163–6 Gorbachev, III.252 new security treaty (1960), I.262–5, oil imports, I.505 III.158–63 San Francisco Treaty and, I.251, 253–4 renewal, III.175 Stalin, I.93, 96, 97, 98, 109 Nixon shocks, III.171–5 territorial claims, II.356, III.160 nuclear guarantee, II.396 trade, III.157 Pacific alliance, III.156–8 Taiwan and, I.254, 261, 263, III.43, 176 popular opposition, III.160–1, 162 telecommunications, III.391 trade, II.53, III.157, 162–3, 171, 177–9 territory, I.261–2 Vietnam trauma, III.166–71 Third World policy, II.60 World War II, oil resources, I.488 birth control, III.483 Zengakuren, III.161 trade preferences, II.63 Jarring, Gunnar (Swedish UN diplomat), trade unions, I.48 II.317 trading Jaruzelski, Wojciech (Polish general, prime GATT, I.257, 258 minister and president) power, I.68, 257–8 1981 coup, III.63, 106, 293, 314 Southeast Asia, I.258 1986 amnesty, III.316 United States, II.53,III.157, 162–3, 171, 177–9 postrevolution role, III.319 UN membership, I.257, 261, 264 presidency, III.318 United States and (1945–60) resignation, III.324 American bases, I.251, 252, 253, 254, 263–4 Solidarity and, III.106 anti-Americanism, I.259 Soviet relations, III.107 assessment, I.265 jazz, I.461, 462, II.442 bibliography, I.529–31 Jefferson, Thomas, I.470 currency, I.251 Jenkins, Roy (British politician), III.11 democracy, I.247–8, 265 Jiang Jieshi (Chinese generalissimo and economic restructuring, I.45, 251, 257–8, 280 political leader) Korean War, I.285, 286–7 1949 defeat, II.8 legal reform, I.248 Chinese Civil War, I.227–30 Lucky Dragon,I.258–9 Eisenhower and, II.13 military tribunals, I.247, 252 flight to Taiwan, I.245 new security treaty (1960), I.262–5, fragile postwar peace, I.222–4 III.158–63 Japanese relations, I.263 occupation Sino-Soviet Treaty (1945), I.108–9 1945–47,I.246–9 Stalin and, I.223, 473 1947–51,I.249–51 US missiles, I.363 MacArthur control, I.77 US support, I.222, 224, 226, 229 objectives, I.249 abandonment, II.287 rearmament, I.255–6, III.157–8 Jiang Jingguo (Taiwan leader; son of Jiang reconstruction, II.7 Jieshi), I.228, III.197 “red purge,” I.250 Jiang Qing (Mao Zedong’s wife), II.365, reverse course, I.249–51 III.186

616

Index

Jim Crow laws, I.434 trade policy, II.55 Jinmen Islands, I.365–6 Vietnam War, II.294–8 Jobert, Michel (French foreign minister), bombing of North Vietnam, II.86, 128 II.252 embarking on full-scale war, II.13 Jobs, Steve (founder of Apple), III.392, 397 global impact, II.130–2 John Paul II, Pope, II.19, 20, 234–5, III.105, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, II.130–1, III.316, III.485 294–5 Johnson, Chalmers (US social scientist), identity and, II.37 III.179 Japan and, III.167, 168, 169, 170–1 Johnson, Leon (US general), II.89–90, 96 morass, II.125, 126 Johnson, Lyndon B. (US president), II.127 objectives, II.128 career, II.125–6 Vietnam Report (1961), II.123 China, II.114 Johnson, U. Alexis (US ambassador to countercultures and, II.462, 471 Japan), II.71, III.168, 170 Cuban missile crisis, II.72, 81 Johnston, Eric (president of Motion Picture Dominican Republic, II.46 Association), II.451 economic policy, II.51, 58–9, 132 Jordan foreign policy, II.125–30 anticolonial movement, I.470 assessment, II.132–3 British troops, I.502 détente, II.55, 127–30, 170, 207–8 civil war, II.318 principles, II.112–14, 126–7 Egypt and, II.318 France and, II.57, 59, 202 expulsion of British advisers, II.307 Germany (FRG), II.58, 128, 129–30 Kuwait and, I.503 nuclear weapons, II.487 pan-Arab movement, I.480 Great Society, II.127, 133, III.9, 28 Paris Conference (1973), II.251 ideology, I.42 Six Day War, II.152, 314 Japan, III.167, 168, 169, 170–1, 171 Syria and, II.319 Latin America, II.131 US policy, I.481, II.63, 311 nuclear weapons, II.92 Joseph, Keith (British Conservative ABMs, II.106, 379 politician), III.14, 16 arms control, II.496–7 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, II.248, 255 NPT, II.405, 407, 410 J. Walter Thompson (advertising nuclear taboo, II.105–6 company), III.492 Outer Space Treaty, II.411 stalemate, II.91, 129 K-231, II.224 stockpiling, II.99 Kádár, János (Hungarian leader) strategy, II.490 1968 Czech invasion and, II.225 personality, II.125–6 Brezhnev and, III.97 population growth, III.467 economic policy, II.519 propaganda, I.409 Eurocommunism and, III.60 Six Day War, II.313–17 New Economic Mechanism, II.225 Soviet relations post-1956 rule, III.320 1967 Kosygin meeting, II.143, 315–16 relaxation of regime, II.220 deep freeze, II.38 resignation, III.320 Khrushchev, II.113, III.161 US relations, I.352 Middle East, II.315–16 Kahn, Hermann US strategist), II.415 SALT negotiations, II.209 Kaiser, Jakob (German CDU chairman), Third World, II.131 I.148 modernization, II.269–72 KAL007 incident (1983), III.272, 274–5, 278, 295 national liberation movements, III.166–7 Kalatozov, Mikhail (Soviet director), population control, III.480 II.440, 455 trade preferences, II.63 Kaldor, Mary (British social scientist and Zaire, II.332 CND activist), III.416

617

Index

Kalugin, Oleg (KGB officer), II.426 Cuban missile crisis, II.82 Kang Sheng (Chinese Politburo member), allies and, II.199, 201 II.355 assessment, II.87 Kania, Stanisław (Polish Communist effect, II.126 leader), III.106 French position, II.167–8 Kant, Immanuel, I.6n11 Khrushchev diplomacy, I.394–5 Karamanlis, Constantine (Greek prime mutual deterrence and, I.310 minister), II.253, III.297, 298 overview, II.65–87 Kardelj, Edvard (Yugoslav Communist response to Khrushchev, I.333, II.71–4, 136 leader), I.207, 210, 212–13 secret deal, II.241–2, III.204 Karmal, Babrak (Afghan Communist toughness, II.116 leader), III.124, 127, 128, 131, 150, de Gaulle and, I.308, II.118–19 254–5 death, I.42 Karpov, Anatolii (Soviet chess world defense budget, I.304 champion), II.436 Eastern Europe, Berlin, II.67 Kaunda, Kenneth (Zambian president), economic policy, II.51 III.184 Kennedy Round, II.56–7 Kazakhstan, I.450, III.360, 438 European integration and, II.194 Keita, Modibo (Malian president), III.453 European memory of, I.413 Kekkonen, Urho (Finnish president), II.213 European politics, II.118–20, 482–5 Kelly, Petra (German Green politician), foreign policy, II.114–25 III.12 approach, III.74 Kennan, George F. (US diplomat and assessment, II.132–3 historian) détente, II.55, 124–5, 207 Cold War architect, I.420 ideology, II.112–17 on Communism, III.475–6 legacy, II.125 containment doctrine, I.435, II.5–8, III.25, Vietnam, II.123–4, 293–4 112–13 funeral, III.388–9 economics, III.38 Iran, III.115 on Europe, II.167 Japan, III.163–6 foreseeing end of Cold War, III.515–16 Khrushchev and, II.117 German policy, I.141, 143, 149 arms control, II.138 ideology, I.38, 49 brink of war, I.327–9 Japan, I.81, 250 Cuban missile crisis, I.333, 395, II.71–4, Kennedy and, II.125 116, 136 “Long Telegram,” I.35–6, 49, 72, 73, 88, détente, II.124–5 III.475–6 Germany, II.136 Marshall Plan and, I.155 Vienna meeting (1961), I.393, II.33–4, national security priorities, I.77–9, 83, 84, 88 67, 123 Operation Solarium, I.292–3 Laos, II.293 population bombs, III.467 Latin America, I.307, 308, II.62, 120–2, strategy, III.464 125, 131 vision, II.20 Alliance for Progress, I.307, 308, II.62, 116, Kennedy, Edward (US senator), II.457, 121–2, 125, 263, 346, III.204 III.66, 86 “long twilight struggle,” II.261 Kennedy, John F. (US president), I.305, II.115 Mediterranean policy, II.244 assassination, I.42, II.138, 294, 424, 442 Middle East, II.312 Berlin, I.309, 393, II.119–20 Egypt, II.325 China, II.113, 114, III.163–4 Israel, Hawk missiles, II.241 Cuba, II.328–30 Saudi Arabia, II.313 Bay of Pigs fiasco, II.69, 293, 328–9, 423 national security strategy, I.303–11 recklessness, II.346 assessment, I.311 Soviet combat brigade, III.148 flexible response, I.303–5

618

Index

mutual deterrence, I.310–11 Keynesianism, I.47, 304, III.24, 26, 31, 33, 39, NATO, I.308–9 299, 300 New Frontier, II.116, 132 KGB, see intelligence services nuclear weapons, I.304, II.92 Khan, Shah Mahmoud (Afghan prime ACDA creation, II.404 minister), III.122 China, II.402 Khan, Mohammed Hashem (Afghan prime Eisenhower and, I.296, 387 minister), III.122 Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963), Khmer Rouge, II.301 II.106 Khomeini, Ruhollah (Iranian ayatollah and mutual deterrence, I.310–11 political leader)), II.325, III.22, 112, NATO, I.308–9 117, 119–21 nuclear taboo, II.105–6 khozraschet, I.53 proliferation fears, II.400, 403, 415 Khrushchev, Nikita (Soviet leader), I.326, Soviet competition, I.387, 388 327, 369,II.137 stalemate, II.89–90 Adenauer and, I.319 stockpiling, II.99 Austrian treaty (1955), I.317 personality, II.115–17, 125–6 Beriia and, I.317 political crises, II.56 Berlin, I.42, 309, 324–31, 333, 392–3 population control, III.479 Cuban missile crisis and, II.67, 74 presidential election (1960), I.303 defeat, II.68, 69 propaganda, I.409 nightmare, II.117 rhetoric, I.42, 43, II.115 nuclear weapons issue, II.399 space policy, II.51 Wall, I.309, II.10, 46 Third World, I.304, 305–8, II.116, 120–4 character, I.333 Agency for International Development, China, see China II.62 consumerism and, III.497 Alliance for Progress, I.307, 308, II.62, Cuban missile crisis, I.331–3, 394–5 121–2, 263, ii.116, 125, 346 aftermath, II.137–8, 302, 330 Congo, II.46, 332 assessment, II.87 counterinsurgency techniques, I.307 countdown to crisis, II.12, 46, 67–70 Dominican Republic, II.34–5 lack of consultation, II.199 Food for Peace, II.61–2 motivation, II.136–7 ideology, II.263 overview, II.65–87 Laos, II.69 secret deal, II.241–2 modernization, II.269 Soviet internal criticism, II.139 New Africa, II.116 culture Peace Corps, I.307, II.61, 116, 122, 263 cultural anxiety, I.442 strategy, II.312 dissolution of Cominform, II.439 Trade Expansion Act (1962), II.118 oﬀensive, II.439, 441 Vienna Summit (1961), I.393 policy, 462 Vietnam, II.123–4, 293–4 defense policy, III.420 abandonment of Diem, II.13 Denmark, I.322 Kennedy, Joseph P. (US ambassador), denunciation of Stalin II.115 1936–38 terror, I.458 Kennedy, Paul (British historian), III.21 awakening of reformist movement, Kennedy, Robert (US politician), II.72, 74, III.458 76, 77, 116, III.170 Chinese response, I.360 Kennedy Round (1964–67), II.56–7 contradictions, II.466–8 Kenya, I.114, 127, 468, 482 de-Stalinization of Eastern Europe, I.343, Kenyatta, Jomo (Kenyan president), I.467–8 II.220 Kettering Foundation, III.406 ideology, II.36 Keynes, John Maynard (British economist), insecurity, I.314 I.48, III.14 landmark, I.217–18

619

Index

Khrushchev, Nikita (cont.) Aswan Dam, II.307 Mao’s response, I.319–20, II.10 Iraq, II.311 Molotov and, I.450 Suez crisis, I.321, 391–2, II.273, 309 downfall, I.42, 393, II.85, III.91 Syria, II.310 conspiracy, II.138–9 Molotov and, I.216, 450 Eastern Europe, I.320–1, II.220 Nixon and, III.498 GDR, II.9, 13 Norway, I.319, 322 Hungary, I.320–1, 322 nuclear weapons, I.330, 384, 386 objectives, I.341 crises, I.391–3 Poland, I.320, 322, 344, 347, II.10 Germany, II.403 economy, I.449, 450–1, II.514–15 Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963), boasts, II.48 II.106 military expenditure, II.50, 70 tactics, I.397, II.98 Eisenhower and, I.318, 321, 324, 325–6 personality, I.326–7, II.137 China, I.366 science and technology, III.385, 387 Finland, I.319 Sputnik effect, I.323–4, II.11 food production, III.429–31 Third World, I.301, II.117 foreign policy, I.451 Congo, II.265–6 assessment, II.139–40 economic development, II.274 bluff, II.136 Egypt, II.273 brink of war, I.327–9 ideology, II.264 détente, I.318–20, 333 national liberation movements, I.306, erratic nature, II.85 475, II.117, 261 innovations, I.316–18 success, I.318 last years, II.134, 135–40 support for dictatorships, III.453 tragedy, I.333 thaw, II.36–7 French relations, II.166 US competition, III.475 Geneva summit (1955), I.384 transnationalism, III.402, Hungary, I.341 404–6 ideology, I.318, 457, II.36, 117 Ulbricht and, I.331 failure, I.463 UN shoe-thumping, I.326, II.312 popular culture and, I.462 Vietnam, II.291 technology vs. ideology, I.452, 457–9 vision of Soviet bloc, I.343 Third World, II.264 Warsaw Pact, I.317 Indian relations, I.373, II.354 Yugoslavia, I.212, 216–19, 318, 320, 322, 345, intelligence services, II.432 346, II.10, 247 internal politics, I.317, 322 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg (West German Johnson and, II.113, III.161 chancellor), II.203, 209, 408 Kennedy and, II.117 Kim Il Sung (Korean Communist leader), arms control, II.138 I.270 brink of war, I.327–9 1966 visit to Vladivostok, II.366 Cuban missile crisis, I.333, 395, II.71–4, 1975 visit to China, III.186 116, 136 early career, I.269 détente, II.124–5 emergence, I.269 Germany, II.136 Korean War, I.274, 279, 280, 380 Vienna meeting (1961), I.393,II.33–4, 67, 123 PRK leadership, I.273 “kitchen debate,” I.44, 46, 54, 65, 441, III.497 Soviet relations, I.271, II.364 “lacking confidence and bluffing,” I.321–2 Stalin, I.109–10, 238, 273, 380 Malenkov and, I.317, 450 Kim Ku (Korean politician), I.270 Mao and, I.320, 325, 355, 358, 359, 360, 366–75, King, Martin Luther Jr. (US civil rights II.10, 266, 350–8, 364 activist), I.413, II.126, 462, 471, Mediterranean policy, II.239 III.170 Middle East, II.310–11, 325 Kipling, Rudyard, II.448

620

Index

Kirkpatrick, Jeane (US ambassador to UN), Moscow visits, II.386, 387, III.135 III.10, 517 nonproliferation, II.387–8 Kirov Ballet, I.402 on Soviet attitudes, II.24 Kirpichenko, Vadim (Soviet KGB oﬃcer), Vietnam War and, II.276 II.431 support for dictatorships, III.139 Kishi, Nobusuke (Japanese prime minister), Vietnam War, II.38, 299, 300, 377 I.250, 258, 262–4, III.158–61, 163 “year of Europe” (1973), II.257 Kissinger, Henry (US secretary of state), Kistiakowsky, George (US presidential II.151, 485 adviser), III.408 Afghan policy, III.126 “kitchen debate,” I.44, 46, 54, 441, III.497 on Castro, II.343 Klaus, Václav (Czech political leader), on Chile, II.33 III.15 Chinese policy, II.148, III.158 Klueva, Nina (Soviet medical researcher), 1971 trip to Beijing, II.378, III.172 I.454 Japan and, III.171–4 Kochemasov, Viacheslav (Soviet strategy, II.497–500 ambassador to GDR), III.339 Cold War strategy, II.15–16 Koestler, Arthur (Hungarian writer), II.508 Cuban policy, II.335 Kohl, Helmut (West German and German détente, II.478–80, 499 chancellor), III.350 assessment, II.392–3 East European revolutions and, III.308 objectives, III.137, 138 election, III.299 secretive diplomacy, III.99 French relations, II.177–8 domino theory, III.52 GDR and, II.521, III.335 Eurocommunism and, III.52, 57 German uniﬁcation, III.324, 341–6, 349, on Europe, II.198, 501–2 351–2, 354–5 Ford years, II.391 European integration and, II.184 French relations, II.252 on Gorbachev, III.308, 335–6 German Ostpolitik and, II.210 missile deployment, III.306–7 Helsinki Accords, II.214, III.71, 529 Soviet relations, III.294, 305 human rights and, III.72, 451 1988 visit to Moscow, III.336 Iran, III.126 Kokoshin, Andrei (Soviet social scientist), Japan, China, and, III.171–4 III.412 Middle East, II.252, 318, 319 Komer, Robert (US presidential adviser), détente, II.317 II.241–2 Syria, II.318 Konrad, György (Hungarian writer), III.19 Yom Kippur War, II.320, 321–2, 386–7 Korchnoi, Viktor (Soviet chess grand Nixon Doctrine and, III.126 champion), II.436 Nixon relationship, II.376–8 Korea nuclear weapons See also North Korea; South Korea arms control, II.107, 108, 109–10 Cairo Conference (1943), I.267–8 Europe, II.490, 491, 501–2 China and, historical divide, I.280 INF Treaty, III.263 Committee for the Preparation of Korean madman theory, II.103–4 Independence, I.268–9 NPT and, II.410 division (38th parallel), I.268–9 personality, II.374, 392, 393–4, III.99 Japanese rule, I.266–8 Pugwash and, III.408 Korean War, see Korean War Realist school, II.40, 376–7 postwar economy, I.271–2 southern Africa, III.229–31 United Nations and, I.272–3 Angola, II.277, 336, 389, III.141 US–Soviet occupation, I.268–73 Rhodesia, II.347 Korean War Soviet relations, II.497, III.534 armistice (1953), I.256, 280–3 Basic Principles, II.24, 381–2, 387, III.137 assessment, I.287 détente, II.39–40, 149, 276–7, 373–82, III.58 bibliography, I.531–3

621

Index

Korean War (cont.) Korolev, Sergei (Soviet engineer, head of China and, I.86, 87, 110, 129, 221 the Soviet missile program), diplomacy, I.274, 279, 280–1 III.386 human rights violations, III.452 Kosolapov, Richard (Soviet journalist), participation, I.236–41, 278, 380–1 III.246 postwar impact, I.284, 286 Kostov, Traicho (Bulgarian Communist), preparations, I.277 I.193, 214, 344 return of Chinese prisoners, I.280 Kosygin, Aleksei (Soviet premier) Soviet relations, I.354, II.8 Chinese relations, II.147–8, 357–8, watershed, I.266 361–2, 367 Cold War dynamics, I.474 collective leadership, II.140, 143 Cold War watershed, I.266 Czechoslovakia, II.10, 144 defense spending, I.64 meeting with Johnson (1967), II.143, 315–16 economic effect, II.511–12 Middle East policy, II.325 impact, I.282–7 nuclear arms control, II.106, 209 Japan and Six Day War and, II.315 economic recovery, I.257, III.25 Third World policy, II.152 rearmament, I.255 Vietnam, II.128, 148 nuclear weapons and, I.380–2 Kovács, Béla (Hungarian Smallholder Party origins, I.266–76 leader), I.186 Cold War relations, I.268–76 Kramer, Stanley US film director), II.446 North Korean attack, I.85–6, 109–10, 274 Kreisky, Bruno (Austrian chancellor), overview, I.266–87 III.393 Soviet policy, I.110–11, 129 Krementsov, Nikolai (Russian historian of China and, I.354 science), III.382 diplomacy, I.277, 279, 282 Krenz, Egon (GDR politician), III.339 impact of war, I.285 Kristol, Irving (US intellectual), III.9–11 material assistance, I.284 Kriuchkov, Vladimir (KGB chairman), military expenditure, I.447 II.426, 430, 436, III.372, 373 popular opinion, I.460 Ku Klux Klan, III.456 prewar politics, I.268–76 Kubrick, Stanley (British film director), Stalin, I.86, 109–11, 238–40, 279, 281, 285, II.66, 103, 446, 452, 458 380, 382 Kulikov, Viktor (Soviet marshal), III.106 Stalin blunder, II.8 Kunert, Günter (GDR writer), I.406 termination of war, I.313, 382 Kurdistan, I.473, 495 stages, I.277–83 Kurile Islands, I.69, 92, 97, 261, 262 United Nations, I.274–5, 277–9 Kuron, Jacek (Polish politician), II.230 US participation, I.239, 245, 276, 277 Kursk, battle of (1943), I.175 covert action, II.423 Kuwait, I.496, 503, 505, II.315 US policy, I.85–6, 129, 380–2 Kvitsinskii,Iulii (Soviet ambassador to diplomacy, I.277–82 FRG), II.520 early failure to act, I.275–6 impact of war, I.285–6 Laird, Melvin (US secretary of defense), Indochina and, II.286 II.383 intelligence, I.131 Lake, Anthony (Clinton’s national security Iran and, I.500 adviser), III.548 military presence, I.238 Lamarckianism, III.429 prewar politics, I.268–76 land mine convention (Ottawa Treaty, propaganda, I.407, 408 1997), III.553 rearmament, I.173, 257, II.8 Laos vassalage, III.41 1962 settlement, II.293 Kornienko, Georgii (Soviet deputy foreign Associated States of Indochina, II.284 minister), I.324, III.414 Cold War and, II.281

622

Index

Communist insurgency, I.306, 307 postwar, I.477–9 French deal (1948), II.284 strategy, III.201–4 Geneva Conference (1954), I.357, II.293 Latvia, II.390 Lao Issara, II.284 law and order, II.476–7 Pathet Lao, I.307, II.54, 293, 301–2 Layne, Christopher (US political scientist), US policy III.541 invasion, II.300 Le Carré, John (British writer), II.448 Kennedy, II.293 Le Duan (Vietnamese Communist leader), military assistance, II.63, 69 II.275 Nixon, II.300 Le Duc Tho (North Vietnamese chief trade sanctions, II.52, 54 negotiator), II.300 Vietnam War and, II.295 League of Nations, II.3 Vietnamese relations, III.193 Leahy, William (US fleet admiral), I.69 latifundia, III.432 Lebanon Latin America anticolonial movement, I.470 see also specific countries British troops (1958), I.502 nineteenth-century independence despotism, I.43 movements, I.21 independence, I.472 bibliography, III.572–4 population policy, III.472 Cold War politics, I.10 religious strife, II.324 counterrevolutionary regimes, I.54 US relations, II.311, 325 Cuban policy, I.483–4, II.330–1, 341–2, 347, Western troops in, III.295 III.202, 203 Lebedev, S. A. (Soviet scientist), III.396 dictatorships, I.471, 477–9, II.271, 272 Leffler, Melvyn (US historian), II.155 dirty wars, I.479 Lefort, Claude (French philosopher), III.5 end of Cold War, III.219–21 Lehrer, Tom (US singer), II.66, 445 Hayek and, III.14 Lem, Stanislav (Polish science fiction human rights abuses, III.220–1, writer), I.415 450–1, 457 LeMay, Curtis (US general), II.73, 421, 432 natural resources, I.I.486 Lemnitzer, Lyman (US general), I.388 neoliberalism and, III.36 Lend Lease, II.55, 383 nuclear-free zone, II.412 Lenin, Vladimir population control, III.483 anti-imperialism, I.32, 40 refugees, III.221 connected world, III.422 Rio Treaty (1947), III.204 Ho Chi Minh and, I.470 Soviet policy, III.202–3 incredibly swift transitions, III.515–16 US policy industrialization strategy, II.6 Alliance for Progress, I.307, 308, II.62, 116, Khrushchev and, I.370, II.264 121–2, 125, 131, 132, 263, 269, 346, New Economic Policy, I.28 III.204 proletarian dictatorship, II.222 American dominance, I.8 Red Terror, III.453 birth control, III.480 revolutionary ideology, I.25, 26, II.505, Carter, III.457 III.255 containment doctrine, III.201 social democracy and, I.46 domino theory, III.203–4 socialism vs. imperialism, II.226 good neighbor policy, III.202 Soviet deification, III.265 human rights violations and, III.450–1 Stalin and, I.91, II.2–3 Johnson, II.131, 269–71 strategy, II.3 Kennedy, I.307, II.120–2, 131 use of ideology, I.22 movement against US intervention in Leonov, Nikolai (Soviet KGB officer), II.431 Central America, III.417 Lerner, Daniel (US sociologist), II.262 number of interventions, III.220 Lessing, Gotthold, I.403 post-Cold War, III.548 Lester, Richard (British film director), II.446

623

Index

Lévy, Bernard-Henri (French philosopher), Soviet relations, II.243, 246 III.6–7 assistance, III.101 Li Fuchun (Chinese vice premier), I.354 Brezhnev era, II.151 liberalism Stalin, II.239 see also neoliberalism US policy classical liberalism, III.14 bombing (1986), III.294–5 crisis of the West, III.2 economic assistance, I.481 Locke, I.20–1 Ligachev, Yegor (Soviet Politburo New Deal liberalism, III.546 member), II.42 population control and, III.468 Lin Biao (Chinese marshal and Politburo post-Cold War international order, III.547–51 member), II.267 triumphalism, III.21–2 Lindenberg, Udo (German singer), I.414 universalism, I.43 Lioznova, Tatiana (Soviet film director), US hegemonic order, III.535–6 II.450 US ideology, I.20–2, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30 Lippmann, Walter (US journalist and US liberal project, III.556 writer), I.38, II.80, 296 Vietnam War and, I.42 literature Western Europe, III.310 cultural wars, II.444–5 liberation movements destruction themes, II.445–6 see also Third World espionage, II.448–51 Bandung Conference, I.260–1, 479–82 Soviet Union, II.440, 450 bibliography, I.547–9 United States, II.449 Castro and, II.340–8, III.242 Lithuania causes, I.10 Helsinki Watch Group, III.460 Chinese policy, II.266–7 independence struggle Cold War and, 241–3,I.465, 484–5,II.260, 262 Bush strategy, III.283, 367 countercultures and, II.470 declaration (1990), III.367 Cuba and, see Cuba effect of Polish revolution, III.365 early Cold War, I.472–4 Soviet use of force and, III.370–1, 531 historiography, I.7 transnational influences, III.366 human rights discourse, III.454–5 Western responses, III.367–8 ideologies, I.40–1, 457, II.515 Soviet annexation, II.390 interwar movements, I.466–70 Litvak, Anatole (US film director), II.447 map, I.478 Litvinov, Maxim (Soviet diplomat), I.92, 93, refugees, III.471 102, 175–6 right to self-determination, III.454–5 Liu Shaoqi (Chinese Politburo member), Soviet policy, 1.18,I.473–6, II.265–6, III.520 I.233, II.352, 361, 365, 372 covert actions, II.425, 426–7 Liu Xiao (Chinese ambassador to USSR), Khrushchev, II.352 I.366, 367, II.350 media channels, II.440–1 Lloyd, Selwyn (British foreign secretary), Stalin, I.472–4 II.307, 419 US policy, I.61, 245, 473–4 Locke, John, I.20–1 Cold War perspectives, II.113 Lockheed, III.380 ideology, II.262–3 Lodge, Henry Cabot (US ambassador to watershed, I.18, 482–4 South Vietnam), II.131 World War II, I.470–2 Lon Nol (Cambodian leader), II.301 Liberman, Y. G. (Soviet economist), II.220–1 London Conference (1948), I.167, 168 Libermannism, I.53 London Summit (1991), III.376 Libya Los Angeles Olympics (1984), II.458 1969 coup, II.247 Lovett, Robert (US secretary of defense, Cold War and, II.247 Kennedy adviser), II.71 nuclear weapons and, II.416 Lown, Bernard (Harvard cardiologist), Six Day War, II.314–15 III.411, 418

624

Index

Loyalty Day, I.428–9 Machel, Samora (Mozambique leader), Lübbe, Hermann (German philosopher), III.232, 233, 237 III.11 Maclean, Donald (British diplomat and Luca, Vasile (Romanian politician), I.188–9 spy), I.125 Lucas, George (US film director), II.454 Macmillan, Harold (British prime minister), Lucas García, Fernando Romeo I.325, II.73, 166, 188, 404 (Guatemalan president), III.216 McNamara, Robert (US secretary of Lucky Dragon incident (Japanese fishing defense), I.305, II.127 vessel, 1954), I.258–9 on Castro, II.121 Ludlum, Robert (US writer), II.449 Cuban missile crisis, II.71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 81, Luhmann, Niklas (German sociologist), III.4 86, 329–30 Lukanov, Andrei (Bulgarian deputy prime flexible response, II.116–17 minister), III.331 nuclear weapons, I.310, II.91, 92 Lumet, Sidney (US film director), II.446 ABMs, II.106–7 Lumumba, Patrice (Congolese prime Europe, II.490 minister), I.62, 483, II.46, 123, 265–6 mutual assured destruction, II.86, 93 Luxembourg, I.167, 169, 172 NATO, II.99 Lysenko, Trofim (Soviet biologist), I.454, nuclear taboo, II.105–6 455, 457, 458–9, III.429 strategy, II.95 Lysenkoism, III.427, 430, 431 West Germany and, II.130 population control, III.467, 480 Maastricht Treaty (1992), II.178, III.355 Vietnam War, II.86 MacArthur, Douglas (US general), I.246, 275 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, II.294 Japan South Vietnamese government, II.298 occupation commander, I.77, 244 World Bank, III.487 rearmament, I.255 McNeil, Hector (British politician), I.125 San Francisco Peace Treaty, I.249–50 McNeill, John (US historian), I.65 security, I.251 McNeill, William (US historian), III.38 Tokyo military tribunal, I.247 madrasas, III.131 Korean War, I.274–5, 277 Maiak, III.439–41 dismissal, I.278–9 Maier, Charles (US historian) I.164, III.397, 494 nuclear weapons, I.381 Maiskii, Ivan (Soviet diplomat), I.92, 93, 102, operations, I.85–6 175, 176, II.508–9 phraseology, III.177 Maizière, Lothar de (GDR leader), III.352, 354 MacArthur, Douglas II (US ambassador to Makarios III, Archbishop, II.242, 253 Japan), I.263, 264, III.159, 161 Malaka, Tan (Indonesian nationalist), I.467 McCarey, Leo (US film director), II.448 malaria, III.476 McCarthy, Eugene (US senator), II.130–1 Malaya McCarthy, Joseph (US senator), I.84, 423–4, Britain and, I.60, 127–8 428, 429, 430, 440, II.418–19 anticolonial struggle, I.472 McCarthyism, I.423–31, 433, 434, 435, 440, II.30, intelligence, I.130 289, III.382, 514 retreat, I.114 McCloskey, Paul (member, US Congress), Communist rebellion, I.83, 127–8, II.286 II.301 Chinese support, III.187, 188 McCloy, John J. (US diplomat), I.74, II.182, US strategy, II.288 250, 404, III.479 Vietnam and, I.474 McCone, John (CIA director), II.71, 72, 81 Malaysia, II.45, III.427 McDonald’s, III.489, 506 Malenkov, Georgii (Soviet premier) McFarlane, Robert (Reagan adviser), III.275, Eastern Europe, I.340–1 276, 278, 280 failure, 463 McGhee, George (US State Department foreign policy, I.313 official), II.406 Gulag economics, I.448 McGoohan, Patrick (British actor), II.448 Khrushchev and, I.450

625

Index

Malenkov, Georgii (Soviet premier) (cont.) Soviet relations, I.251, 361–2, II.14 nuclear weapons, I.383, 386 alliance, I.274 power struggle, I.217, 316–17, 449 birth of PRC, I.231–6 technocrat, I.445, 449, 456, 457 coastline defense, I.363–5 Mali, II.122, 267, III.453 collapse, I.367–72 Malinovskii, Rodion (Soviet marshal), I.363, Khrushchev, I.320, 325, 355, 358, 359, 360, II.359–60 366–75, II.10, 266, 350–8, 364 Malraux, André (French writer), II.508 motivation, II.372 Malta, II.244 split, II.350–69 Malta Summit (1989), III.368 Stalin, I.108–9, 232–3, 353, 374 Malthus, Thomas, III.468 Taiwan, I.366 Malthusianism, III.426, 474, 477, 483 territorial claims, II.148 Manchuria, I.30, 92, 98, 109, 227–30, II.363, 364 Third World policies, I.481–2 Mandela, Nelson (South African ANC Taiwan, I.284 leader), III.240, 241, 447 Third World policies, I.481–2 manifest destiny, I.21 anti-imperialism, II.266–7 Mann, Daniel (US film director), II.449 Soviet competition, II.272 Mann, Thomas (US assistant secretary of strategy, II.261 state), II.270–1 Three Worlds theory, III.184, 185 Mansfield, Mike (US senator), II.59 United States and, II.369 Mao Zedong (Chinese leader), I.237, 369,II.353 Eisenhower nuclear threat, I.297 Chinese Revolution, I.40, 82, II.286 Japan, III.173–4 countercultures and, II.469 Kennan doctrine, II.8 Cultural Revolution Nixon visit (1972), II.275, 498, III.156–7, chaos, II.475 158, 173–4 economic crisis, III.185 rapprochement, III.181 Japanese relations, III.168 view of Mao, I.251 overview, III.181–3 Vietnamese policy, I.83, II.295 restraining, II.476 French war, II.284 self-insurrection, II.14 ideology, II.267 Soviets and, II.148, 365–9 rationale, I.475 Western countercultures and, II.473 Marchais, Georges (French Communist death, III.92, 181, 186 leader), III.6, 48, 51, 54, 54, 55, 58, 62 Deng Xiaoping and, II.361, III.186–7 Marconi, Giuseppe (Italian inventor), I.12 economic planning, I.359–60, 361 Marcos, Ferdinand (Philippine leader), fragile postwar peace, I.224–5 III.467 Great Leap Forward, I.362, 366–7, 368, 372, Marcuse, Herbert (German philosopher), II.266, 352, 360, 402, III.182, 185 II.470, 473 harsh controls, III.504 market economies, III.547–8 ideology, II.355, 359, 360, 362, III.94–5 Marshall, George (US general), I.78 international influence, II.515 see also Marshall Plan Marxism-Leninism, I.354 becomes secretary of state, I.76–7 Intermediate Zone thesis, III.184, 185 Berlin, I.81 international order, challenge, III.188 China, I.73, 84, 222, 224–9 Korean War, I.110, 251, II.8 German policy, I.143 diplomacy, I.274, 280 internationalism, I.425 participation, I.237–41, 278, 380–1 Vietnam, I.473 political impact on, I.284 Marshall Plan preparations, I.277 Americanization of Europe, I.172–3 North China, I.45 announcement, I.57, 208 nuclear weapons, I.284, II.402–3 bibliography, I.521–3 population policy, III.472 CEEC, I.158, 168 self-reliance, I.366 Cold War and, I.167–8, 192

626

Index

containment of Communism, II.7 class struggle, II.513 core concept, I.143 historiography, I.7 creation of the West, I.166–73, 411 Indochina, I.470 demise, I.58, 154, 173–4 influence, I.14 division of Europe, I.154 materialism, I.37 economic impact, I.154, 159–66, revisionism, I.46 II.512 Soviet ideology, II.503–10 European economic integration and, I.154, Marxism-Leninism II.181 Brezhnev era, II.140–1 European opposition, I.413 China, II.362 France and, I.79, 157, 158, 160–1, 166, 170–1, Cuba, II.16 II.162 decolonization and, I.457 funding, I.49 Eastern Europe, I.195 Germany and, I.64, 77, 79, 80, 148, 156–7, Korea, I.280 160, 162–8 Mao Zedong, I.354 historical significance, I.154 North Vietnam, II.276 historiography, I.154 reforming, II.9–10, 13 images, I.44 Soviet ideology, I.22–3, II.135, 362 information element, II.442 Gorbachev and, III.265 objectives, I.38–9, 411, II.47, 510–11 perceptions, I.312 oil purchase, I.497–8 ritualization, III.93–4 origins, I.155–9 Stalin, I.35, 444, II.3, 4, 7 politics of productivity, III.495 US view of, I.38 ripple effects, I.166–73 Masaryk, Jan (Czechoslovak leader), I.189 Soviet Union and Massoud, Ahmad Shah (Afghan Islamist Comecon, II.206 leader), III.125, 130, 133 Eastern Europe and, I.189, 191 MasterCard, III.506 Kremlin view of, I.45, II.511 Mastny, Vojtech (Czech–US historian), Molotov, I.105, 157–8 I.196 point of no return, I.167–8, II.62 Matlock, Jack (US ambassador to USSR), popular opinion, I.460 III.263, 275–6, 524, 533–4 rejection, I.104–5 Matsu, I.324 Stalin strategy, I.79, 208–9 May, Elaine Tyler (US historian), I.435, 436 surprise, II.7 Mayhew, Christopher (British politician), Turkey, I.207 I.125 UK, I.29, 60–1, 112, 121, 122, 125–6, 157, 158, Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (Polish prime 160, 161–2 minister), III.318, 319, 337 US politics, I.77–81, 155–9, 272 M’Bow, Amadou-Mahtar (UNESCO watershed, III.538, 545 director), II.455 Martin, William McChesney (chairman of medical advances, I.13 the Federal Reserve Board), Mediterranean II.58–9 see also specific countries Marx, Karl 1960s intensification of competition, twentieth-century influence, I.14 II.241–4 capitalism, I.18, 22–3, 36, II.42 Americanization, II.256–7 class conflict, II.2–3, 503–5 British policy, I.119 Communism, 462 Cold War and, II.238–40 on industrialization, II.6, 9 map, II.240 “locomotive of history,” I.33 Middle East, see Middle East socialism vs. imperialism, II.226 Soviet policy, I.102, 132, 205, II.238–9, 243–4 Third World and, II.17 transformation (1960–75), II.238–57 Marxism US counteroffensive, II.250–1 capitalism, III.50 Medvedev, Roi (Soviet historian), III.403

627

Index

Medvedev, Vadim (Soviet oﬃcial), III.250 US strategy, II.324–5 Medvedev, Zhores (Soviet biologist), II.467 Yom Kippur War, see Yom Kippur War Meir, Golda (Israeli prime minister), II.241, (1973) 319–20 consumerism, III.510 Mejía Victores, Oscar (Guatemalan historiography, I.7 president), III.217 nuclear weapons and, II.405 Mendel, Gregor, I.13 oil, see oil politics Menderes, Adnan (Turkish leader), I.207 post-Cold War, III.536–7, 556 Mendès-France, Pierre (French prime Soviet policy, II.384, 500 minister), I.357, II.163 Brezhnev era, II.152–4 Menges, Constantine (Reagan adviser), Gorbachev, III.376 III.517 marginalization, III.67, 82, 92 Mengistu, Haile Mariam (Ethiopian leader), US policy II.338, 344, III.75, 77, 453 Carter, III.69, 70, 81–2, 101 Merker, Paul (GDR politician), I.193 Eisenhower, I.300–1 MESM (Soviet computer), III.396 Eisenhower Doctrine, I.502 metanarratives, III.13, 21 exclusion of Soviet Union, III.67, methodology, I.2 82, 101 Mexico oil, see oil politics Contadora Group, III.213 Truman, I.87, 88, II.305–6 crop genetics, III.426 migration Cuba and, II.342 Asia, III.471 debt default, III.35 colonialism, III.470–1 democracy, I.471 Communist control, III.471 green revolution, I.65 displaced persons, III.469 Nicaragua and, III.212 Jewish emigration from USSR, II.55, 384, nuclear weapons and, II.405 III.152 revolution, II.505 postwar, I.52, III.470–1 US relations, I.492–3, 505, II.443 refugees, III.471 Meyerowitz, Joanne (US historian), I.436 Soviet opposition, III.470 Mezhkniga, II.439 to United States, III.466 Michael of Romania, King, I.179, 180, 209 Asians, III.470 Michaels, Al (US sports journalist), III.85 colonial migrants, III.470–1 Michnik, Adam (Polish student leader), control, III.468 II.230, III.19, 20 identity and, II.29–30 Mickiewicz, Adam, II.449 immigrant perspective, I.14 Microsoft, III.392 political migrants, III.470 Middle Ages, III.378 Mikoian, Anastas (Soviet Communist Middle East leader) see also speciﬁc countries Berlin, I.328 1956–78 on Castro, II.34 assessment, II.324–6 China, I.233, 234, 354 bibliography, II.551–3 Cuban missile crisis, II.75–6, 85 Black September, II.318–19 Hungary, I.346, 348, 350 British policy, I.114, 127, 207, II.305–7 Khrushchev and, I.322, 326 Camp David Accords, II.323–4, III.81–2 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw (Polish Peasant détente and, II.385–6, 499 Party), I.182, 184, 186 early Cold War, II.305–12 Militaru, Nicolae (Romanian revolutionary Paris Conference (1973), II.251–2 and general), III.329 road to Camp David, II.318–24 military expenditure Six Day War, see Six Day War (1967) international comparisons, I.64 Soviet strategy, II.325–6 Japan, III.177 Suez crisis, see Egypt NATO, I.59, 64

628

Index

Soviet Union, I.64, 103–4, 110 modernization theory, I.477, II.268–72, Afghanistan, II.19 III.10, 488 Brezhnev era, II.18, 19, III.95, 110 Moldova, III.358, 364, 532 Gorbachev era, I.43 Molière, I.403 Khrushchev, II.50, 70 Mollet, Guy (French foreign minister), II.309 Korean War, I.447 Molotov, Viacheslav (Soviet foreign United States, I.64, 86, 110, II.18 minister) Eisenhower, I.290–1, 303 Balkans, I.96 fluctuations, II.51 Beriia and, I.449 Kennedy, I.304 blunders, I.315–16 military Keynesianism, III.24, 33, 39 censorship of foreign correspondents, I.98 post-Cold War, III.550 China, I.227, 234, 357 Truman, I.289, 290 on Cold War, I.382 Vietnam War, II.51, III.28 economics, I.448, 449 war on terror, III.550 European security conference, I.317 warfare–welfare state, III.24–9 Germany, I.315 Miller, Henry (US writer), I.409 Hungary, I.320 Miller, Walter (US novelist), II.445 internal politics, I.317 Milligan, Spike (British comedian), II.446 Khrushchev and, I.216 Millikan, Max (US social scientist), I.476, II.262 Marshall Plan, I.105, 157–8 Millionshchikov, Mikhail (Soviet Pugwash Mediterranean policy, I.102, II.239 delegate), III.407–8, 412 Monroe doctrine in reverse, I.316 Mil’shtein, Mikhail (Soviet general), III.413 Moscow Conference (1945), I.100 Milward, Alan (British historian), I.159 pan-European security, II.213 Mises, Ludwig von (Austrian economist), Paris Conference (1947), I.208 III.14, 16 replacement, I.218 Mitta, Aleksandr (Soviet film director), Romania, I.97 II.447 on Russia’s wars, I.95 Mitterrand, François (French president) San Francisco Conference, I.95 Berlin, III.304–5 Stalin and, I.98, 313–14, 450 Communist alliance, III.6, 298–9 US policy, I.102 East European revolutions and, III.308 West European policy, I.104–5 EC policy, III.302 world view, I.93 economic policy, III.8, 300 Yalta Conference, I.99 foreign policy, II.177–8 Yugoslavia, I.210, 313 German unification and, III.341, 342, 343 Mondale, Walter (US vice president), Gorbachev and, III.280 III.77, 269 nuclear policy, III.305, 307 monetary system Miyazawa, Kiichi (Japanese prime see also Bretton Woods system minister), III.179 collapse of Bretton Woods system, II.58, 60, Mladenov, Petar (Bulgarian foreign 200, III.28 minister), III.330–1 eurodollars, III.28–30 Mlynárˇ, Zdeneˇk (Czechoslovak European monetary system, II.60, III.301 dissident), I.460, II.221–2, 224, gold–dollar convertibility, I.58, II.60, 132, III.462, 520 III.23, 31, 172 mobilization, see Cold War mobilization money supply, III.32, 39–40 Mobutu Sésé Seko, ( Joseph) (Zairean post-Cold War order, dollar power, III.550 president), I.484–5, II.265, 275 US loss of control, III.27–31 modernity Monnet, Jean (French internationalist), American and Soviet attitudes, II.25, II.163, 182, 186 35–6 Monnet Plan, I.160–1, 162 concept, III.488 Mont Pelerin Society, III.14 scholarship, III.490 Montgomery Ward, III.492

629

Index

Moore, Hugh (US entrepreneur), III.478 Nagorno-Karabakh, III.358 Moose, Richard (US assistant secretary for Nagy, Ferenc (Hungarian prime minister), foreign aﬀairs), III.234 I.186, 340, 341, 345, 348–51 Morgan, Thomas (biologist), I.12, 13 Nagy, Imre (Hungarian prime minister), Morgenthau, Henry (US secretary of the I.339 Treasury), I.133 Naim, Mohammad (Afghan foreign Moro, Aldo (Italian politician), II.256, III.61 minister), III.122, 126 Morocco, I.468, II.242, 244, 267, 332, 333 Najibullah Mohammed (Afghan Morrison, Herbert (British Labour Communist leader), III.131, 133 politician), I.253, 254 Nakasone, Yasuhiro (Japanese prime mortality rates, III.476 minister), III.176, 177 Moscow Conference (1945), I.99–100 Namibia Moscow Conference (1947), I.57 Chinese policy, III.229 Moscow Helsinki Watch Group, III.460, constitution, III.243 461, 463 Cuban support, II.339, 347–8, III.231–2, 240 Moscow Human Rights Committee, III.458 withdrawal of troops, III.520–1 Moscow Olympics (1980), II.457, III.84, 85, independence, III.241, 520–1 105, 151, 194, 293 South Africa and, II.335, III.230, 232, 235–6 Mossadeq, Muhammad (Iranian premier), Soviet relations, III.228, 236, 241 I.61, 477, 500, II.308, III.114–15, 116 US policy Mozambique Carter, III.223, 231–2 Chinese policy, III.229 Kissinger, III.229–30 civil war, III.235 Reagan, III.236, 241 FRELIMO government, III.225–7 Napoléon I, I.324 liberation movement, I.484, II.122–3 NASA, II.51, III.385, 394 Namibia and, III.230 NASDAQ (US stock exchange), III.395–6 Rhodesian rebels in, III.227 Næss, Arne (Norwegian philosopher), III.12 South Africa and, III.235 Nasser, Gamal Abdel (Egyptian leader), Nkomati Accord (1984), III.237 I.482 Soviet relations, III.228, 237 1952 military coup, I.480 US relations, III.237 alliances, I.198 Kennedy, II.122–3 Cold War leverage, II.12 Mugabe, Robert (Zimbabwean leader), death, II.246, 318 III.233–4, 235 ideology, II.258 Muir, John (US naturalist), III.422 Iran and, III.115 mujahedin, III.130, 132, 133 Iraq and, I.502 Müller-Stahl, Armin (East German actor), Israel and, II.307 II.450–1 Ben-Gurion, II.309 multilocalism, III.490, 503, 511 war of attrition, II.318 Munich Agreement (1938), II.75, 113 pan-Arab movement, I.480, 481 Munk, Andrej (Polish ﬁlm director), II.454 population growth and, III.467 Murmansk, I.91 revolutionary nationalism, I.479–80 Muslim Brotherhood, I.468, II.324, III.124 Six Day War, II.244, 245, 246, 313–15, 324 Mussolini, Benito (Italian dictator), III.301 Soviet relations, I.62, 502, II.246, 312, 325 Mutual Security Agency, I.59, 497 Suez crisis, I.501–2, II.306–10 Myrdal, Gunnar (Swedish sociologist), Tito and, I.216 I.57, III.14 United Kingdom and, I.503 United States and, I.503 NAACP, I.434, III.447 appeal of Nasserism, II.311 Nabokov, Vladimir (US writer), I.409 Eisenhower, II.312 NAFTA (1994), III.536, 542, 548, 549 Kennedy, II.312 Naftali, Timothy (US historian), II.69 Suez crisis, I.501–2 Nagasaki, see Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombs trade sanctions, II.54

630

Index

nation-states Soviet Union and, I.169 changing role, I.19 Khrushchev, I.318–19 globalization and, III.490 membership, I.316 post-Cold War hierarchy, III.556 Molotov, I.315, 316 sovereignty and human rights, Soviet fear of attack, II.432–5 III.553–4 Stalin, I.107, 110–11 National Aeronautics and Space strength, III.298 Administration, see NASA United States National Association for the Advancement defense of allies, II.11 of Colored People, see NAACP dominance, II.192 National Socialism, see Nazism European burden sharing and, I.298 nationalism German–French pressures, II.204 see also transnationalism German Ostpolitik and, II.210 attitudes to, I.16 guarantees to Europe, II.92 end of Cold War and, II.523, III.356, 358–9, Harmel Report, II.217 516, 532 Kennedy presidency, I.308–9 Middle East, I.498–503 Mediterranean, II.245 post-Cold War spread, I.19 membership, I.127, 169 racial nationalism, I.33 objectives, I.290–1 Soviet and US ideologies, I.25 policy, I.129 World War II and, I.32, 33 weakening, II.374 Native Americans, I.21 Yugoslavia and, I.214–15 NATO natural resources 1949 Pact, III.545 Cold War and, I.486–7 Anglo-German disagreements, III.306 oil, see oil politics British membership, I.125, 129, 132 plutonium, III.438, 439 Brussels headquarters, II.180 uranium, I.487–8, 507, III.438, 439 creation, I.39, 81, 122, 279, II.7 Natural Resources Defense Council, III.410, 419 British role, I.112, 122, 168–9 Naumkin, Vitalii (Soviet Middle East Cuban missile crisis and, II.74 specialist), III.406 Czech Velvet Revolution and, III.327 Nawaz Khan, Hamid (Pakistani democratic alliance, III.540 lieutenant-general), III.481 end of Cold War and, III.536 Nazism, I.8–9, 30, 32, 36, 45, 46, 68, 115, II.4, new members, III.543 507, III.447 European burden sharing, I.298 Négritude, I.467 European popular opposition, I.413 Nehru, Jawaharlal (Indian prime minister), ﬁftieth anniversary celebrations, III.543 I.482 France and, see France 1955 visit to Moscow, III.402 FRG and, see Germany (FRG) alliances, I.198 German uniﬁcation and, III.324, 341, 342, Bandung Conference, I.260, 479 344–9 Cold War leverage, II.12 London Declaration, III.349 Comintern and, I.467 Harmel Report (1967), II.174, 198–9, 208–9, 210 countercultures and, II.461–2 US response, II.217 death, II.268–9 Italian Communists and, III.48, 53 development theory, II.268 Korean War, I.110 ideology, II.258 Mediterranean, II.245, 249 Indian independence, I.472 military exercise (1983), III.274–5, 296, 303 modernizing vision, III.426 military expenditure, I.59, 64 nuclear weapons and, III.403–4 nuclear weapons, see nuclear weapons Soviet relations, I.475–6, II.265 Portugal and, II.255 state planning, I.476 post-Cold War, III.548, 549 Tito and, I.216 Serbia bombing (1999), III.551–2 transnationalism, III.402

631

Index

Nelson, Ralph (American film director), II.452 Esquipulas II agreement (1987), III.215 Németh, Miklós (Hungarian reform Mexico and, III.212 socialist), III.337 Sandinistas, III.66, 85, 202, 206–7, 208–16, neoconservatives, II.40, III.9–11, 13–14, 154–5 219–20 neoliberalism Soviet relations, II.426, III.203, 211 consumerism, III.510 US policy, III.202 economic revolution, III.23, 31–44 allies, II.327 legacy, III.40–4 Bush, III.219–20 meaning, III.12 Carter, III.67, 206–7 origins, III.3 covert actions, II.428–9 social democracy and, III.16 Iran–Contra affair, II.429, III.214–15 strong state, III.15 neoconservatives, III.10 theorists, III.14–16 Reagan, II.428, 429, III.208–16, 517 Third World and, III.32, 34–6, 39–40 Western Europe and, III.295 United States, III.31–40 Venezuela and, III.212 Washington Consensus, III.32, 35, 556 Nie Rongzhen (Chinese marshal), I.362–3 neorealism, II.33 Nigeria, I.468 NEP, I.28 Ninkovich, Frank (US historian), I.41 Netherlands Nitze, Paul (US diplomat), I.83–4, 85–7, 1940 fall to Germany, II.4 II.388, III.149 1964 strikes, I.51 Nixon, Richard M. (US president), I.506,II.381 Brussels Pact (1948), I.169 Chile, II.424 colonialism, I.73, 472 Chinese policy, II.15, 148, 497–9 European Coal and Steel Community, I.172 Chinese visit (1972), II.498 Litvinov document, I.176 aftermath, II.275 London Conference (1948), I.167 effect, III.187 peace movement, III.415 Japan, III.156–7, 173–4 postwar, economy, I.159 objectives, III.158 Neto, Agostinho (Angolan leader), I.484, preparations, II.148 II.332, 335, 336, II.337 satellite broadcasting, III.389 Neumann, Robert (US Middle East Cold War strategy, II.15–16 specialist), III.406 Cold War triumphalism, I.441 New Deal, I.29, 33, 47, 48, 76, 424, 432–3, on Communist leaders, II.46 III.23–4, 31, 33, 499, 546 consumerist ideology, II.461 New Economic Policy, see NEP détente, I.42, II.39, 250–1, 373–88, 478 New Left, III.11, 12, 298 assessment, II.392–3 New Right, III.14 Basic Principles Agreement (1972), II.24, New World International Communication 381–2, 383, 386, 387, 480, III.100, 137 Order, II.455 economic relations, II.383–4 New Zealand, I.87, II.290–1, 418 Middle East, II.317–18, 385–7, 499 Newman, Joseph (US film director), II.453 nonproliferation, II.378–82, 387–8 Ngo Dinh Nhu (Vietnamese politician), II.294 objectives, III.137, 138 Nguyen Cao Ky (Vietnamese air marshal, PNW Agreement (1973), II.385–6, 387 prime minister), II.298 secretive diplomacy, III.99 Nguyen Van Thieu (South Vietnamese Soviet Union, II.149–50, 276–7 general, president), II.298, 300 strategy, II.497–502 Nicaragua warnings, III.135 Argentina and, II.327, III.212 economic policy Central American Peace Treaty, III.214 China, II.53 Contras, III.211–15, 219–20 dollar convertibility, I.58, II.60, III.172 Cuba and, III.211, 213 trade, II.58 dictatorship, I.471 German relations, Ostpolitik, II.210 El Salvador and, III.213 Indochina, II.288

632

Index

Japan Nobel Prize (literature), III.461 China and, III.156–7 Non-Aligned Movement shocks, III.171–5 African countries, III.224 Khrushchev and, III.498 aspirations, II.258–9 “kitchen debate,” I.44, 46, 54, 65, 441, Bandung Conference, I.260–1 III.497 Cold War leverage, II.12–13 Kissinger relationship, II.376–8 creation (1961), I.198, 480 Latin America, III.205, 451 emergence, III.402 law and order, II.476 Kennedy and, II.125 Middle East policy, II.325 leaders, I.480, I.482 détente, II.317–18, 385–7 liberation movements and, III.242–3 Egypt, II.324 military coups and, II.275 strategy, II.319 nuclear nonproliferation and, II.400 Syria, II.318 rationale, I.477 Yom Kippur War, II.320, 321–2 Soviet relations, II.426 NATO and, II.251 nonproliferation, see nuclear arms control neoconservative support, III.9 Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), II.106, Nixon Doctrine, II.478, III.117, 126, 127 400–12, 414–15, 486, III.349, 353 nuclear weapons nonstate actors, III.400–1 arms control, II.109, 377, 378–82, 388, Noriega Morena, Manuel Antonio III.154 (Panamanian general), III.219, Europe, II.491 329–30 madman theory, II.103–4 Normandy invasion (1944), I.198 NPT, II.410–12 North, Oliver (US lieutenant colonel), nuclear umbrella, II.96 III.213, 214 parity, II.86 North American Free Trade Agreement, see SALT, II.107, 382, 412 NAFTA strategy, II.490 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, see personality, II.374, 376, 392, 393–4 NATO presidential election (1960), I.303 North Korea realism, II.40 see also Kim Il Sung; Korean War resignation, II.322, 388, 479, III.66 British intelligence and, I.130–1 détente and, III.138 Chinese relations, III.186 Soviet relations, II.15, 497 establishment of DPRK, I.269, 273 Brezhnev, III.138 impact of Korean War on, I.283–4 détente, II.149–50, 276–7 nuclear weapons, II.416 Moscow visit (1972), II.385 refugees from, III.471 Moscow visit (1974), II.387–8 socialist development, I.283–4 San Clemente meeting (1973), II.153–4, Soviet relations 385 Brezhnev, II.366 Vietnam War and, II.276 recognition, I.269, 273 Third World policies, II.37–8, 38, 61, 275 Stalin, I.109–10, 273 Vietnam War, II.15, 299–302 US relations Cambodia bombing, II.276 Eisenhower nuclear threat, I.297 identity and, II.37 trade sanctions, II.52, 53 Japan and, III.167 North Vietnam peace with honor, II.375 see also Vietnam War troop replacement, II.131 Chinese policy, II.274–5 Watergate, II.55, 321, 385, 388, III.94, 189 assistance, II.296, 298, 302 Nkrumah, Kwame (Ghanaian leader), dependence, III.427 I.467–8, 482, 483, II.258, 265, 272, deteriorating relations, III.192–3 280, 461–2 ideology, II.267 Nobel Peace Prize, III.407, 411 inﬂuence, II.295

633

Index

North Vietnam (cont.) Cuba–Soviet split, II.273 escalation of war in South Vietnam, II.295 détente, II.55 Geneva settlement (1954), II.290 Brezhnev, II.149–50 green revolution, III.427 early Cold War, II.397–400 ideology, II.276 Euratom and, II.182 Laos and, II.293 Europe, II.399 South Vietnamese insurgency and, II.292 Ford years, II.388–9, 391 Soviet relations, II.148, 260, 275 Gilpatric Committee, II.405–7 assistance, II.274, 296, 298, 302, 366 Gorbachev, II.20, III.256–8, 262–3, 265, Castro and, II.334 269, 419 Chinese split, II.363 Gromyko Plan, II.397 conduct of war, II.295 INF Treaty (1987), III.262–3, 286, 297, 304, pressures, II.377–8 305–6, 308–9, 418, 419, 521 Third World inspiration, II.276 Johnson, II.405, 407, 410, 496–7 US policy Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963), bombing, II.126, 128, 271, 294, 299, 300 II.106, 404–5, 415, 484 Johnson, II.294–8 McCloy–Zorin principles, II.404 Kennedy, II.293 Nixon, see Nixon, Richard Nixon, II.299–300, 377–8 NPT (1968), II.106, 400–12, 414–15, 486 trade sanctions, II.52, 54 FRG and, II.130, 408, 409, 410–11, 412 Northern Ireland, II.28 German unification and, III.349, 353 Norway NSAM 335, II.407 1940 fall to Germany, II.4 Outer Space Treaty, II.411, III.388 Communist Party, III.48 potential proliferators, II.401 Khrushchev and, I.319 public reaction, II.382–3 Litvinov document, I.176 puzzles, II.412–14 Moscow Olympics boycott, III.293 Reagan, II.20, III.262–3, 270–1, 273–4, population control, III.472, 480 277–80, 286, 287, 297, 308–9, 418 Soviet relations, Khrushchev, I.322 SALT, see SALT I; SALT II Nosavan, Phoumi (Laotian leader), II.293 Soviet cooperation, III.515 nostalgia, III.509–10 START, II.422, III.270–1, 349, 419 Notestein, Frank (US demographer), III.478 test ban, III.411, 421 Novaia Zemlia island, III.441 US strategy, II.412–13 Novikov, N. V. (Soviet ambassador to US–USSR shared interests, II.396–7 United States), I.36, 40, 102 verification, II.422 Novocherkassk uprising (1962), II.464 Nuclear Freeze campaign, III.417 Novosti, II.439–40 nuclear weapons Novotný, Antonin (Czech Communist annihilation threat, I.19 leader), II.144, 222 arms control, see nuclear arms control Nozick, Robert (US philosopher), III.16 arms race, III.524 NPT, see Non-Proliferation Treaty early Cold War, I.396–7 NSC 68,I.39, 83–4, 85, 289–90, 302, 385, 420, Eisenhower, I.387 421, II.8, III.545 financial costs, III.41 nuclear arms control SDI and, III.270 (1969–72), II.378–82 technology, III.39, 40 ABM Treaty (1972–2002), II.55, 129, 150, 380, US resources, III.40 388, 501 atomic bomb, origins of Cold War, I.376–80 Baruch Plan, II.397 British weapons, see United Kingdom bibliography, II.558–60 China, see China Brezhnev, see Brezhnev, Leonid Cold War escalation (1945–62) Carter, II.150, III.74, 143–4, 148, 151, 152, 154 arms control, II.397–400 Cold War legacy, II.414–16 arms race, I.396–7 collapse of détente and, III.154–5 bibliography, I.540–2

634

Index

Cuban missile crisis, I.394–5, 397, II.68, post-Cold War conflicts and, III.555 69, 72, 80, 86, 400 radioactivity, III.438–43 deterrence, I.384–9 science, III.379 hydrogen bomb, I.83, 259, 382–4, II.11, SDI, see Strategic Defense Initiative III.403–4 secrecy of production, III.438 Korean War, I.380–2 shadow of Cold War, III.514 origins, I.376–80 Soviet Union, I.376–89 overview, I.376–97 1980s, II.20 threats and crises, I.390–3 ABMs, II.106–10 crises, I.390–3, II.400 atomic bomb (1949), I.83 culture and Brezhnev era, II.142 antinuclear culture, II.457 Cuban missile crisis, II.86 destruction themes, II.445–7 environmental damage, III.439–41 debate, II.395–6 European choices, II.492–9 development, I.12 exclusion of first use, II.412 Eisenhower, see Eisenhower, Dwight D. hydrogen bomb, I.383, II.11 environment and, III.437–43 ICBMs, I.303, 306, 310, I.396 France, see France Khrushchev, I.330, 384, 386, 391–3, 397 Germany and, I.376 missile gap, I.331 Gorbachev on, III.246 missile tests over Japan, III.160 Hiroshima/Nagasaki, I.70, 96, 244, 259, 376, no-first-use policy, III.108, 296 381, 438 nuclear capacity, I.83, 108, 110 US popular opinion, I.438 nuclear taboo, II.106 India, see India parity, II.86, 142, III.68, 257 Israel, see Israel post-détente, III.89–90 Kennedy, see Kennedy, John F. scientific intelligence from United States, Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), II.429 I.311 Soviet fear of attack, II.432–5 mutual assured destruction, II.86, 93 Stalin, 376–7,I.379, 381 NATO and, I.385, III.274–5 stock levels, I.387, 389, II.66, 88, 96–8, alliances, II.98–102 III.438 deployment and negotiations (1979), strategic early warning system, III.108 III.149 technocrats, I.457 deterrence, I.386 war plans, II.104–5 Euromissiles, III.12, 63, 75, 103, 105, 271, stalemate (1963–75), II.11–12 295–7, 334, 409, 528 ABMs, II.106–7 opposition, III.414, 416 alliances, II.98–102 European umbrella, II.486–92 bibliography, II.533–5 Germany, I.323, II.110, 487, 491 dilemmas, II.89–91 INF and, III.305–6 innovations, II.89 Kennedy presidency, I.308–9 Johnson, II.91, 129 Korean War, I.381 nuclear taboo, II.105–6 NPT, II.409 overview, II.88–111 Soviet European choices, II.492–9 SALT, see SALT I US guarantees, I.380, 390 satellite technology, II.102–3 Warsaw Pact negotiations, II.399 Soviet postures, II.96–8 Western Europe, III.289 toward détente, II.110–11 neutron bombs, III.415 US postures, II.91–6 nonproliferation, see nuclear arms control war plans, II.103–5 Orwell on, I.3 warning time, II.103–5 Pakistan, II.412, 416 transnational movements and, III.403–4 peace movements, II.400, III.12–13, 17, 271, transnational organizations, III.403–14 296, 414–18 United Kingdom, see United Kingdom

635

Index

nuclear weapons (cont.) Ogarkov, Nikolai (Soviet marshal), III.92 United States, I.376–89 Ohira, Masayoshi (Japanese foreign ABMs, II.106–10 minister), III.167 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency oil politics (ACDA), II.404 bibliography, I.549–51 bomb shelters, I.439 Cold War and, I.493–8 bomber gap, I.386–7, II.420–1 crisis (1973) Carter, III.70–1, 149 economic shock, II.251–2, 325, III.1, 30 civil society and, I.437–40 migration and, III.471 cooperation with UK, I.389–90 Soviet response, III.50 early Cold War, II.397–400 Yom Kippur War, II.18, 56, 320, 322, III.30 Eisenhower, see Eisenhower, Dwight D. “great oil deals,” I.496 environmental damage, III.438–9, 441 importance, I.12, 488–9, 497 first tests, I.70 Iran, see Iran first use strategy, II.412, 413 Middle East nationalisms and, I.498–503 guarantees to other countries, II.396 OPEC, see OPEC hydrogen bomb, I.83, 259, 382–3, II.11 Palestine issue, I.496–7 Manhattan Project, I.376 price decreases, III.299 Minuteman III, II.93, 94, 107 profit-sharing agreements, I.496 missile gap, I.331, 387 Seven Sisters, I.491 NATO guarantees, I.380, 390 Six Day War, II.314–15 neoconservative strategy, III.154–5 Soviet Union, II.18 NSC 68,I.385 domestic production, I.490, 505 nuclear taboo, II.105–6 exports, I.490 parity, II.86, III.68 potential threat, I.506 post-Cold War hegemony, III.550 security of supply, I.489–90, 507 predelegation agreements, II.103 supply and demand, I.489–91, 497–8 production sites, III.438–9 UK, see United Kingdom Reagan era, I.438, III.270–1 United States religiosity and, I.438 Anglo-American Agreement, I.493–4 stalemate, II.89–91 assessment, I.507 stock levels, I.387, 389, II.66, 88, 91–6, III.438 Canadian supplies, I.493 strategic triad, II.93 domestic production, I.490–1 war plans, II.103–4 Mandatory Oil Import Program, I.505 warning, II.102–4 Marshall Plan, I.497–8 uranium resources, I.487–8 Mexican politics, I.492–3 US–Soviet balance, I.303 Middle East, I.61–2, 493–507 Carter and, III.149 control of supplies, I.12 collapse of détente, III.154 Eisenhower, I.301, 501–2 Gaither Report (1958), I.303 Iran, I.499–500 Warsaw Pact, II.100–2 Iraq, I.502–3 NATO and, II.399 Kuwait, I.503 Nujoma, Sam (Namibian SWAPO leader), nationalisms, I.498–503 III.229, 232 OPEC origins, I.504–6 Nyers, Rezso (Hungarian Communist Suez crisis, I.501–2 leader), III.320, 322 oil companies, I.491 profit-sharing agreements, I.496 OAS, III.203, 204 security of supply, I.490–1, 497 Obama, Barack (US president), III.551 Venezuela and, I.491–2, 504 Ochab, Edward (Polish Communist Okinawa, I.85, 251, 253, 254, 262, 264, III.163, leader), I.344 164, 166, 169, 170, 172 OECD, I.59 Olympic Games, II.444, 457–8, III.84, 85, 105, OEEC, I.158, 167, 170–1, II.181 151, 194, 293, 389

636

Index

Oman, III.118 Pakistan OPEC, I.62, 504–6, II.251–2, 320, 325, III.30, 118 Afghan relations “Open Skies,” (1955 proposal), I.295, 321 Al Qaeda, III.134 Operation Solarium, I.292–3 border dispute, III.122, 123, 125 Organisation for Economic Co-operation Communist coup, III.127–8 and Development, see OECD growing influence, III.133 Organization for European Economic intelligence services, III.125, 128, 130–1 Cooperation, see OEEC Islamist support, III.125, 133 Organization for Security and Co-operation Taliban, III.134 in Europe, see OSCE Baghdad Pact, I.299, 300 Organization of African Unity, I.483, II.345, Chinese relations, III.194 III.224, 243 EC trade preferences, II.63 Organization of American States, see OAS Indian conflict, III.426 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting 1965 war, II.152 Countries, see OPEC 1971 war, II.152, III.92 Orlov, Iurii (Soviet physicist), II.155, III.100, Tashkent Declaration (1966), II.152 409, 463 Iran and, III.118 Ormsby-Gore, David (British ambassador nuclear technology, II.411 to United States), II.199 nuclear weapons, II.412, 416 Ortega, Daniel (Nicaraguan Sandinista partition from India, I.472 leader), I.484, III.213 refugees, III.471 Orwell, George (British writer), I.3, 5, II.445, population control, III.480 458 SEATO membership, I.299, II.291 Osborn, Fairfield (US environmentalist), Turkish cooperation treaty (1954), I.207 III.478 US policy OSCE, II.217 Afghan border dispute, III.122 Ostpolitik, see Brandt, Willy; Germany birth control, III.480 (FRG) Carter, III.84, 129–30 Ottawa Agreements (1931), I.60 economic assistance, II.62 Ottawa Treaty, see land mine convention Eisenhower, I.294, 299, II.311 Ottoman empire, III.331 Kennedy, II.122 outer space, I.415 Nixon, II.148 Outer Space Treaty (1967), II.411, III.388 security pact, I.299 Owen, Henry (Carter adviser), III.56 Palestinian Liberation Organization, see Oxfam, III.401 PLO Palestinians Padmore, George (West Indian al Fatah, I.484 nationalist), I.467 Algerian support, II.247 Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Shah (Iranian British departure from Palestine, I.114, 127, monarch) II.305–6 1979 overthrow, III.66 Middle East oil and, I.496–7 Afghan relations, III.126 pan-Arab movement and, I.480 death, III.120 Soviet support, III.118 exile, I.61, II.325, III.82–3, 112, 120 US–Soviet declaration (1977), III.81 objectives, III.115 Palliser, Michael (British diplomat), I.132 opposition groups, III.116–17 Palme, Olof (Swedish prime minister), pro-Western bias, III.114 III.413 quest for grandeur, III.117 Palme Commission, III.259, 413–14 US relations, II.272, 275, 306 Pan-African Conference (1900, London), White Revolution, II.263, 325, III.116 I.467 Paine, Thomas, II.23 Pan-African Congress (1919, Paris), I.467 Pak Hong-yong (North Korean Pan-African Congress (1945, Manchester), Communist), I.269 I.471

637

Index

pan-African movement, I.467–8, 468, 483 Pericles, II.7–8 Pan American Union, III.203 Perle, Richard (US official), III.144 pan-Arabism, I.479–80 Peron, Isabel (Argentinian president), pan-Islamic movements, I.468 II.426 Pan Zili (Chinese ambassador to USSR), II.351 Peron, Juan (Argentinian president), II.426 Panama, III.69, 76, 80, 205, 210, 213, 219, 329–30 Pertini, Alessandro (Italian president), Pant, Krishna Chandra (Indian politician), III.261 II.411 Peru, II.122 Papadopoulos, Georgios (Greek colonel, pesticides, III.432, 474 prime minister), II.248 Peter the Great, I.38 Papagos, Alexander (Greek marshal, prime Petkov, Nikola (Bulgarian politician), I.209 minister), I.205 Pham Van Dong (North Vietnamese Papandreou, Georgios (Greek prime Premier), II.295 minister), I.203, II.248 PHARE (Poland and Hungary aid Paraguay dictatorship, I.471 program), III.308 Paris Conference (1919), I.466, 467 Phelps Brown, Henry (British economist), Paris Conference (1947), I.104, 121, 202, 208 III.26 Paris Conference (1973), II.251–2 phenomenological school, III.18 Paris Treaty (1951), II.182 Philby, Kim (British diplomat and spy), Park Chung Hee (South Korean president), I.125, II.45, 419 III.467 Philippines Parsons, Talcott (US social scientist), II.262, 1898 revolution, I.468 III.4 1978 chess championship, II.436 Pasolini, Pier Paolo (Italian film director), Communist advance, I.83, II.286 III.2 green revolution, III.427 Pasternak, Boris (Soviet writer), II.444 independence, I.472 Pathet Lao, I.307, II.54, 293 SEATO membership, II.291 Patocˇka, Jan (Czechoslovak dissident), US policy, I.85, 477, III.167 II.237, III.18 Vietnam and, I.474 Pătrăs¸canu, Lucret¸iu (Romanian minister Phouma, Souvanna (Laotian prime of justice), I.193 minister), II.302 Patterson, Robert (US secretary of war), physicians, III.411, 421 III.379 Physicians for Social Responsibility, see PSR Pauker, Ana (Romanian politician), I.188–9 Pickford, Mary (Canadian actress), III.492 Pauley, Edwin (US businessman and Piller, Emanuel (US writer), II.445 ambassador), I.249 Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (Chilean Peace Corps, I.307, II.51, 61, 116, 122, 263, dictator), I.484, II.424, III.451 III.216 Plato, III.18 peace movements, II.14, 400, III.12–13, 17, 271, Playboy, III.489, 511 296, 414–17, 457 Pleshakov, Constantine (Russian historian), Pearl Harbor, II.74 I.196–7 Pease, Donald (US literary scholar), I.441 Pleven Plan, I.126, II.179 Pechatnov, Vladimir (Russian historian), PLO I.145, 167, 197 creation, II.313 Pelczynsky, Zbigniew (Polish political growing importance, II.246 scientist), III.517 guerrilla attacks, II.317 Pells, Richard (US historian), III.502 Jordan, II.318 Peloponnesian War, II.2, 12, 16, 21 Sadat and, II.324 Peng Dehuai (Chinese minister of defense), Soviet policy, II.324, 326 I.363, 364, II.360 Syria and, II.314 Peng Zhen (Beijing mayor), II.355–6, 365 plutonium, III.438, 439 Penkovskii, Oleg (Soviet officer and spy), Podgornyi, Nikolai (Soviet politician), II.422 II.135, 138, 140, 145, 208

638

Index

Podhoretz, Norman (US writer), III.9 Marshall Plan and, I.79 Poland new borders, I.136, 347 1953 unrest, I.285, 345 papacy and, II.234–5, III.316 1956 crisis, I.335, 346–7, II.10 postwar politics, I.56 China and, I.365 Solidarity, II.19, 233–6, III.86, 529 legacy, I.352 1981 martial law, III.106, 293, 313 Poznańuprising, I.51, 345–6 1989 roundtable negotiations, III.316–17, 1956 liberalization, I.215, 217, 218, 219 463, 530 amnesty, I.344 electoral victory (1989), III.318, 337 Soviet response, I.341 inspiration for Baltic states, III.365 1968 unrest, II.144, 223, 228, 230 nonviolence, III.529 1981 martial law, II.523, III.106, 108, overview, III.312–14 293–4, 528 rise, II.233–6 Eurocommunism and, III.63 role of intelligence services, II.436 1989 revolution, III.316–19, 337, 463 secret US assistance, III.151 effect on Czechoslovakia, III.325 Soviet quagmire, III.70 fall of Berlin Wall and, III.324 Soviet response, III.105–7, 153, 313–14 Gorbachev and, III.317, 318–19, 363–4 Warsaw Pact and, III.319 pre-1989 debate, III.315 Soviet relations roundtable negotiations, III.316–17, 1980s, III.67 463, 530 Brezhnev, III.97 Soviet tolerance, III.331 de-Stalinization, I.344 agriculture, I.59 Gomułka, II.219 British postwar policy, I.116 Gorbachev, III.252 Chinese relations, III.192 Khrushchev, I.320, 322, 344, 347 culture, I.213 Litvinov document, I.176 film, II.454 New Course, I.338 spy fiction, II.449 reparations, I.183 television, II.450 resources and, III.111 Western contacts, I.405 Solidarity and, III.105–7, 153, 313–14 de Gaulle in, II.169, II.170, 173 Sovietization, I.177–9, 184, 185–6, dissidence, III.97 188, 213 EC, PHARE, III.308 Stalin, I.95, 96, 102, 110, 178–9, 182, 188, economy, II.519, 523 192–3 consumerism, III.508 Stalinization, I.194 debt crisis, II.521–2, III.508 World War II invasion, I.69 failure, III.98 telecommunications, III.391 GNP per capita, III.37 underground universities, II.233 reforms, III.315 United States and energy, II.521 Bush strategy, III.283 Eurocommunism and, III.50, 57 effect of Cuban missile crisis, II.86 expulsion of Germans, I.182 Johnson, II.128 foreseeing end of Communism, III.517 Reagan, III.293 FRG relations Solidarity, III.86, 151 1970 treaty, II.231, III.346 trade relations, II.52, 54 Brandt, II.147, II.211, II.231 Western sanctions, III.308 Gdańsk shipyards, II.228–9, II.235 Workers’ Defense Committee, III.460 German partition and, I.151 workers’ unrest, II.228–30 German unification and, III.346–7 Yugoslavia and, I.345 Helsinki Committee, III.460 Polianskii, D. S. (Soviet politician), I.393, Japan and San Francisco Treaty, I.251 II.139 KOR (Komitet Obrony Robotników), Pompidou, Georges (French president), III.19–20 II.146, 175, 176, 256, 498, 500

639

Index

Ponomarev, Boris (Soviet politician, head PSR, III.411 of CPSU CC International preemptive war, III.554–5 Department), II.264, III.51–2, 62, Primakov, Evgenii (Soviet Middle East 249 specialist), III.406 Popular Front against Fascism, I.30–1 productivity, politics of, III.494–5, 500 Popular Fronts, II.507–9 propaganda population control Communist propaganda, I.417 bibliography, III.594–6 European international propaganda, Cold War and, III.467–8 II.443–5 compulsory repatriation, III.469 satellite broadcasting, III.389 longue durée, III.485–8 Soviet Union, I.407, 417, 418 migration, see migration liberation movements, II.440–1 Soviet Union, III.468–9, 483–5 machine, II.438–42 Third World, III.474–83 United States United Nations and, III.472–4 cultural propaganda, I.406–11, 418–19 United States, III.469–70, 478–80, 482, Eisenhower, I.294–5, 409, II.442 483, 485 machine, II.442–3 US vs. Soviet approaches, III.468–71 Protestantism, I.49 Port Arthur, I.109, 234, 357 Prunskiene, Kazimiera (Lithuanian Portugal politician), III.367 Caetano rule, II.248–9 public health, Third World, III.474–7 Carnation Revolution (1974), II.253–5, 335, Pugwash, III.259, 402, 403–4, 406, 406–8, 421 III.51, 92 Putin, Vladimir (Russian president), III.485 colonial struggles, I.73, II.122– 3, 156, 332 Pye, Lucian (US political scientist), II.262 Angola, II.335 Communist Party, III.48–9, 51–2, 297–8 Qaddafi, Muammar al- (Libyan leader), democracy, II.513, III.525 II.243, 247 EC membership, II.255, III.301 Qasim, ‘Abd al-Karim (Iraqi general), emigration, III.470 I.502, 503 Litvinov document, I.176 Quaker oatmeal, III.491 NATO and, II.255 Quayle, Dan (US vice-president), III.263 Salazar death, II.46, 248 Quemoy (Jinmen), I.324 UN trade sanctions, II.52 US relations, II.52, 247 Rabbani, Burhannudin (Afghan Islamist positivism, I.2 leader), III.125, 130 post-Cold War Rachmaninoff, Sergey (Soviet composer), bibliography, III.600–2 I.409 challenges ahead, III.555–6 racism liberal international order, III.536, 547–51 imperialism, III.448 Middle East, III.536–7, 556 India and US racism, III.456 pluralism of governance, III.537 Soviet Union and China, I.364, II.371–2 restructuring international order, III.535–6 United States, I.21–2, 26, 433–5, II.30, III.448, triumph of US order, III.536, 538–44 449, 456–7 unipolarity, III.537, 544, 551–5, 556 Radford, Arthur (US admiral), III.479 US crisis of governance, III.537 Radio Free Europe, see RFE/RL US security, III.542 Radio Liberty, see RFE/RL postmodernism, III.11, 13, 14, 21 Radio Peace and Progress, II.440 Potsdam Conference (1945), I.56, 57, 70, 96, radioactivity, III.438–43 118, 137, 141, 147, 155, 166 railroads, Soviet Union, III.437 Powell, Dick (US film director), II.452 Rajk, László (Hungarian Communist Powers, Gary (US pilot), III.387 leader), I.193, 213–14, 339, 348 Pozsgay, Imre (Hungarian Communist Rákosi, Mátyás (Hungarian Communist leader), III.320–1, 322, 324 leader), I.186, 194, 339, 344–5, 346

640

Index

Rakowski, Mieczyslaw (Polish Communist SALT II, III.270 leader), III.318, 319 SDI, see Strategic Defense Initiative Ramadier, Paul (French socialist leader), START, III.270–1 II.160–1 strategy, III.154–5 Ramalho Eanes, Antonio (Portuguese technological advantage, III.39 colonel and politician), II.255 zero-option, III.418 Ramphal, Sonny (Commonwealth Pakistan, assistance, III.130 secretary-general), III.233 Poland, III.293 Rand, Ayn, III.16 political propaganda, III.76 Rapacki, Adam (Polish foreign minister), population control, III.483 II.399 Reagan Doctrine, III.517 Rau, Johannes (German Social Democrat), rhetoric, III.267, 269–70 III.305 southern Africa, III.236–8, 239 Rawls, John (US philosopher, III.15, 16 Soviet relations Reagan, Nancy (wife of Ronald Reagan), anti-Soviet consensus, II.278 III.274 assessment, III.286–8 Reagan, Ronald (US president), III.281 bibliography, III.580–1 1976 election primaries, III.140 Brezhnev, II.432 abandonment of New Deal, III.31, 33 cooperation, III.272–7 Afghan strategy, III.130, 151–2, 272, 275, 517 crusade, III.107–11 Gorbachev and, III.132 “evil empire” discourse, II.457, III.109, Argentina, III.210 252, 264, 270, 296, 460–1, 523 Berlin, III.304–5, 335 Geneva summit (1985), III.305 budget deficit, III.21, 33 Gorbachev, II.458, III.257, 261–4, 265, Central America, III.221, 275 277–88, 517 Costa Rica, III.210 hardline years, III.269–72, 277, 293–7, 409 El Salvador, III.208, 217–18 KAL007 incident (1983), III.271, 274–5, Guatemala, III.210, 216–17, 218, 451 278, 295 Honduras, III.210 nuclear world, III.277–86 human rights abuses, III.451 regional conflicts, III.273 invasion of Grenada, III.294 Reykjavik summit (1986), III.257, 262, Nicaragua, II.428, 429, III.208–16, 295, 517 265, 275, 279, 288, 305 Panama, III.210 sanctions, III.293 Chinese relations, III.194–5 shift, III.272–7 Cold War rhetoric, III.88 Soviet fear of attack, II.432–5 détente and, II.19, 20, 41, 390–1 Soviet reforms and, III.281–2 economy, III.299 trade, III.294 end of Cold War and, III.267–9 Western Europe and, III.293–5 collapse of Soviet Union, III.361 strong leadership, III.76 debate, III.523–4 support for dictatorships, III.210 Helsinki Accords and, III.529 Thatcher and, III.293–5 ideology, III.517 Third World policy, III.222, 271–2, 517 Japanese policy, III.176–7, 178–9 Western Europe and, III.293–5 military expenditure, III.33, 39, 107–8 Realism, I.5, II.376–7 “morning in America,” III.21 Réard, Louis (French film director), II.446 neoconservative appointments, III.10 Red Army, postwar unrest, I.98 neoliberalism, III.14, 23, 31 Red Army Faction, II.473 nuclear weapons, II.20, III.265 Red Brigades, III.61, 256, 290 antinuclearism, II.20, III.277–80, 287 Rededication Weeks, I.429–30 arms reduction, III.273–4, 418 Reedy, George (Johnson adviser), II.126 Euromissiles, III.271, 296 Reischauer, Edwin (US ambassador to INF Treaty, III.262–3, 286, 297, 308–9 Japan), III.163–4, 165, 166, 168 protests, I.438 relativism, III.11

641

Index

Remington Rand, III.382 catalyst of fall of Berlin Wall, III.398 repatriation, III.449 Ceaušescu execution, III.200, 530 Resnais, Alain (French film director), II.446 pre-1989 refusal to reform, III.315 Reston, James (US journalist), III.161 US position, III.329–30 Revel, Jean-François (French political violence, III.530 thinker), III.17 Warsaw Pact, III.330 revisionism, I.5n7 borders, I.102 Reykjavik summit (1986), III.257, 262, 265, Ceaus¸escu dictatorship, I.220 275, 279, 288, 305 Communist Party, I.209 Reza Shah, see Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza de Gaulle in, II.170 Shah economy, III.98 RFE/RL, I.408, II.442, 458, 518, III.398 energy, II.521 Rhee, Syngman (Korean president), I.270, Eurocommunism and, III.50 271, 272, 275, 279, 281–2, 286, II.13 National Democratic Front (FND), I.179 Rhodesia New Course, I.338 British policy, III.224, 229, 233–4 nuclear weapons and, II.405 Cold War and, III.227, 242 police state, I.72, II.236, 237 green revolution, III.428 post-Stalin period, I.343–4 liberation war, III.230 show trials, I.193 Cuban support, II.339, III.227, 230, 231 Soviet relations resolution, III.233–4 Brezhnev, III.97 South Africa and, III.229, 230–1 Ceaus¸escu, II.169, 205–6 Soviet policy, III.231 independence, II.205–6 US policy Khrushchev, I.322 Carter, II.347, III.69, 76, 223, 231, 233 Litvinov document, I.176 Johnson, II.131 oil and, I.489, 490 Kissinger, II.347, III.229–30 reparations, I.183, II.516 trade sanctions, II.52 Sovietization, I.177, 179–80, 184, 185–6, Zimbabwe, III.233–5 187, 188–9, 200, 202 Rio Treaty (1947), III.204, 211 Stalin, I.96, 97, 103, 105, 110 Ríos Montt, José Efraín (Guatemalan Stalinization, I.194 general, president), III.217 Stalin’s death and, I.216 Risquet Valdés-Saldaña, Jorge (Cuban World War II invasion, I.69, 198–9 revolutionary leader), II.332 sport, II.444 roads, III.434–7 United States and Roberto, Holden (FNLA leader), II.335 Johnson, II.128 Roberts, Frank (British diplomat), I.120, Nixon, II.148 III.387 trade relations, II.54 Roberts, Lawrence (US engineer), III.394 Rome, Treaty of (1957), I.173, 322, II.182 Robertson, Walter (US assistant secretary Romero Galdámez, Óscar (El Salvadoran of state), I.256 archbishop), III.85–6, III.209 Robeson, Paul (US singer and political Romero Mena, Humberto (El Salvadoran activist), I.429 general, president), III.207 Rocard, Michel (French socialist prime Romm, Mikhail (Russian film director), minister), III.8 II.447, 448 Rockefeller, David (US businessman), Room, Abram (Russian film director), II.448 III.406 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (US president) Rockefeller, Nelson (US vice-president), Atlantic Charter, III.447, 448 II.376 China, I.222 Rockefeller Foundation, I.409, III.426, 476 confidence, II.116 Romania death, I.67, 95, 141 1977 miners’ strike, II.236 economics and war, I.68 1989 revolution, III.323, 327–30 “Four Freedoms,” III.447, 448

642

Index

German occupation, I.137 on French NATO policy, II.243 German policy, I.144 German relations, II.209 Grand Alliance, I.140–1 Japan, III.165, 167, 168, 170 Greece, I.203 on Lyndon Johnson, II.128 human rights rhetoric, III.447 nuclear weapons, II.90, 105, 403 Korea, I.267–8 arms control, II.406, 407, 409 Lyndon Johnson and, II.125–6 Prospect for America (1958), II.114 New Deal, III.24 Six Day War, II.315 oil politics, I.493–4 Russell, Bertrand (British philosopher), Soviet relations, I.32 III.259, 404 1933 recognition of USSR, II.5 Russell, Richard Jr. (US senator), II.202 response to Stalinist strategy, II.4–5 Russell–Einstein Manifesto, III.404 Stalin, I.69, 94, 95 Russia wartime cooperation, II.5 CIS creation, III.360 wartime strategy, II.5 fertility rates, III.484 Yalta Conference, I.69, 139 historiography, I.7 Rosanvallon, Pierre (French intellectual), imperialism, I.92, II.3, III.546 III.5 labor unrest, III.374 Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius (US spies), I.430 Muslim population, III.483 Roskin, Grigorii (Soviet medical nationalist movement, III.359 researcher), I.454 October Revolution, I.20, 27, II.505, III.7 Rostow, Walt (US national security particularism, I.16 adviser) population control, III.485 on countercultures, II.462 quasi-Western country, III.548 on détente, II.124 reemergence, III.541, 544 on economic development, II.35 revolutionaries, I.26 on Germany, I.133, II.119–20 Russo-Japanese war (1904–5), I.69 ideology, II.262 uranium mining, III.438 Japan, III.164 US relations, post-Cold War, III.549 Mediterranean, II.250 Woodrow Wilson on, I.26–7 Pugwash and, III.408 Rust, Matthias (German pilot), III.250–1 on Soviet Union, II.118 Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand on Vietnam, II.123 physicist), I.12 Rotblat, Joseph (British physicist and RYAN (Russian acronym, “nuclear misslle political activist), III.407 attack”), II.432–4 Roth, Philip (US writer), I.409 Ryzhkov, Nikolai (Soviet prime minister), Rowny, Edward (US lieutenant general), III.248 III.276–7 Rubinstein, Helena (US businesswoman), Sadat, Anwar al- (Egyptian president), II.323 III.497 1973 attack on Israel, II.15 Ruddock, Joan (CND chair), III.415 accession to power, II.318–19 rule of law, III.15, 455 Afghan relations, III.126 Rumsfeld, Donald (US secretary of Camp David Accords, II.323–4, III.81–2 defense), II.110, 391 Muslim opposition, II.324 Rusakov, Konstantin (Soviet oﬃcial), peace treaty with Israel, II.323 III.250 Soviet relations, II.246, 252, III.92, 101 Rushdie, Salman (British writer), III.22 expulsion of advisers, II.15, 153, 319, 325 Rusk, Dean (US secretary of state), I.305 US relations, II.252, 319, 324 China, III.165 Carter, III.74, 77 Cuban missile crisis, II.71, 72, 77, 82 Yom Kippur War, II.251, 320, 321, 386 détente, II.124–5, 207 Saddam Hussein (Iraqi president), II.324, foreign policy strategy, II.117–18 III.119, 453 foundation work, III.487 SADS, III.405, 406, 407, 409, 410

643

Index

Sagdeev, Roald (Soviet physicist), III.259, 412 Sartre, Jean-Paul (French philosopher), III.7 SAGE (US air defense system), III.383, 384 satellite technology, II.102–3, 105, III.385–92 Said, Nuri al- (Iraqi prime minister), II.307, 311 Sato Eisaku (Japanese prime minister), Saint Laurent, Yves (French clothes III.167–8, 170, 171, 172, 173 designer), III.507 Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, I.506, II.311, 312 Sakhalin, I.69, 92 Saudi Arabia Sakharov, Andrei (Soviet physicist), III.410 Afghanistan and, III.126, 131 Carter and, III.72, 73, 144, 457–8 Egypt and, II.312–13, 318 exile to Gorkii, III.460 Iran and, shah’s regime, III.118 Gorbachev and, III.256–7, 461 Kuwait and, I.503 ideology, II.141 oil deals, I.496 Moscow Helsinki Watch Group, III.460 oil embargo (1973), II.320 Moscow Human Rights Committee, III.458 OPEC and, I.505, III.118 population control, III.483 Soviet relations, III.74 Prague Spring and, III.452 Suez crisis and, I.501 repression, II.436, III.49 US policy, II.311 return to Moscow, III.256–7, 461 Carter, III.146 transnationalism, III.258, 409, 412 economic assistance, I.481 Salazar, Antonio de Olivera (Portuguese Kennedy, II.313 leader), II.46 oil, I.493–4 SALT I (1969–72) Six Day War, II.245 American opposition to, II.382–3, III.140 Saunders, Harold (US Middle East backbone of détente, III.137 specialist), III.406 balance of terror, III.39 Sauvy, Alfred (French demographer), III.474–5 Brezhnev and, III.73 Savimbi, Jonas (Angolan UNITA leader), France and, II.177 II.335 negotiations, II.106–10, 379–80 Sayyaf, Abdurrasul (Afghan Islamist Czech hurdle, II.209 leader), III.125 final agreement, II.55 Schabowski, Günther (East German origins, II.412 Communist leader), III.339 significance, II.500–1 Schaffner, Franklin (US film director), II.452 signing (1972), II.15 Schäuble, Wolfgang (German CDU success, III.73–4 politician), III.354 SALT II (1977–79) Schell, Jonathan (US writer), II.297 1979 signing, III.148 Schell, Orville (US writer), III.504 Afghan invasion and, III.83–4 Schelling, Thomas (US economist), II.404, 488 American opposition, II.387–8, III.148–9 Schelsky, Helmut (German sociologist), III.4 beginning of negotiations, II.150 Schlesinger, Arthur (Kennedy’s adviser), Carter strategy, III.81, 100, 143–4, 151, 152 II.114, 121, 124 Ford, II.109–10, 346, 388–9, 391, III.136, 140 Schlesinger, James (US secretary of Horn of Africa and, III.79–80 defense), II.104, 109, 320, 388, 391 numbers, III.74 Schlöndorff, Volker (German film director), Reagan and, III.270 I.416 US failure to ratify, III.409 Schmidt, Helmut (West German samizdat publishing, III.458 chancellor) Samuels, Richard (US political scientist), Afghan invasion and, III.291–2 III.542 détente, III.308 San Francisco Conference (1945), I.95, 471, GDR relations, II.520–1, III.334–5 III.447–8 nuclear weapons and, III.295 San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951), I.251–4, Reagan and, III.293–4 261, 265, 279, III.159 Soviet relations, III.104–5, 291–3 Sanger, Margaret (US family planning Schnippenkötter, Swidbert (West German campaigner), III.468–9, 478 ambassador), II.396–7

644

Index

Schrecker, Ellen (US historian), I.424, 427, Senghor, Léopold (Senegalese leader), I.467 430, 440 Serbia, I.200–1, II.28, III.551–2 Schröder, Gerhard (German foreign Sestanovich, Stephen (US political minister), II.195 scientist), II.25 Schumacher, Kurt (German SPD leader), Sethna, Homi (chairman of Indian Atomic I.150 Energy Commission), II.411 Schuman, Robert (French foreign minister), Shakhnazarov, Georgii (Gorbachev aide), I.126, 170 III.245, 260, 403 Schuman Plan, I.171–2, II.179, 181, 185, 187, 512 Sharanskii, Anatolii (Soviet dissident), science and technology III.100 ARPA, III.393–4 Shariatmadari, Mohammad (Iranian bibliography, III.587–8 ayatollah), III.119 cable technology, III.389, 390–1 Sharon, Ariel (Israeli prime minister), II.320 categories of “big science,” III.378–82 Sharp, U. S. Grant (US admiral), III.169 civilian and military technology, I.12 Shebarshin, Leonid (Soviet KGB general), Cold War dynamics, III.399 II.435 communications revolution, III.385–92, Shelepin, Aleksandr (Soviet KGB 491, 509 chairman), II.140, 143, 425, 432 electronics, III.382–5 Shelest, Petr (Soviet Politburo member), growth, I.11–13 II.143, 144–5 information society and end of Cold War, Shell, I.491, 496 III.394–8 Shepilov, Dmitri (Soviet foreign minister), information technology, III.391–3 I.350 intelligence, II.429–30 Shevardnadze, Eduard (Soviet foreign McCarthy era, III.382 minister), III.251 military-industrial complexes, III.378 Afghanistan, III.255 NASA, II.51, III.385, 394 arms control negotiations, III.250 nuclear weapons, III.379 collapse of Soviet Union, III.284 overview, III.378–99 freedom of choice, III.419 satellites, II.102–3, 105, III.385–90 German unification, III.347–8 Soviet ideology and, I.451–9 Gorbachev appointment, III.249 space race, III.385–8 independence of Baltic states and, III.368 telecommunications, III.388–92 Pugwash and, III.259 transistors, III.384, 387 Reagan meetings, III.277–8 US institutes, III.380 on Russell–Einstein Manifesto, III.404 science fiction, I.415, II.453–4 Shigemitsu, Mamoru (Japanese foreign Scobie, Ronald (British lieutenant general), minister), I.262, 264 I.203 Shikotan Island, I.262 Scowcroft, Brent (US national security show trials, I.188, 193–4, 213–14, 344, 348, adviser), III.264, 282 III.514 Scripps Howard, II.443 Shultz, George (US secretary of state), Sears & Roebuck, III.496 III.213, 240, 253–4, 265, 286, 303, 397, SEATO, I.294, 299, 300, II.290–1 461, 524, 533–4 Sékou Touré, Ahmed (Guinean dictator), Shute, Nevil (Australian writer), II.446 III.453 Siad Barre, Mohamed (Somalian president), self-defense, III.555–6 III.75, 77–8 self-determination, I.22, 71, 466–70, II.4, III.454–5 Siberia, III.423, 430, 437, 439–41 Sellafield, III.441 Sicily, II.17, 19 Semenov, Iulian (Soviet writer), II.450 Siegel, Don (US film director), II.448 Semenov, Vladimir (Soviet foreign ministry Šik, Ota (Czechoslovak economist), I.53, official), I.180 II.221 Semichastnyi, Vladimir (Soviet KGB Simonov, Konstantin (Soviet writer), I.453, chairman), II.425 II.447

645

Index

Singapore, I.472, II.45, III.41, 43 Soviet repression, III.49 Singer, III.491 Somalia Singh, Karan (Indian minister of health), Chinese relations, II.267 III.482 Cuban policy, 338, II.344–5 Six Day War (1967) invasion of Ogaden, II.338, 345, III.70, Cold War and, II.313–18 77–80, 146 Israeli territorial expansion, II.246, Soviet relations, III.75, 77–8 315, 316 US policy, II.346, III.70, 74, 75, 76–80 overview, II.244–6, 312–18 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio (Nicaraguan Soviet diplomacy, II.152–4, 244, 245–6 leader), II.327, III.206–7, 208 Syria and, II.46, 152, 244, 314, 315 Son Ngoc Minh, see Cambodia, Khmer Skubiszewski, Krzysztof (Polish foreign Issarak minister), III.319 Soper, Fred (US epidemiologist), Slánsky, Rudolf (Czech Communist leader), III.476, 487 I.193 Sorensen, Theodore (Kennedy’s Slater, John (US scientist), III.380 speechwriter), II.72, 423 Smith, Ian (Rhodesian prime minister), Sorokin, Pitirim (US sociologist), I.32 III.224, 227, 230, 231 Souphanouvong, Prince (Laotian Smoot–Hawley Tariﬀ ACT (1930), II.52 nationalist), II.284 Smrkovsky, Josef (Czechoslovak South Africa politician), II.228 African National Congress, I.484, III.237 Sneider, Richard (US diplomat), III.164 human rights, III.447 Snow, C. P., III.483 political shift, III.240, 241 Soares, Mario (Portuguese socialist leader), Soviet training, III.228 II.254–5 Afrikaner anti-imperialism, III.224 social class, I.2, 15 Angola and, II.335–6, 337, 343, 347, III.225 social democracy Cabinda incident (1985), III.237 end of consensus, III.12–14 invasion, II.277, 278, 336, 346, France, III.8 III.229, 240 Gorbachev and, III.245 Lusaka Accord (1984), III.237 Habermas, III.4 apartheid, II.347, 348 neoliberalism and, III.16 Cold War and, III.241 social justice, I.17 negotiations, III.240, 241 social movements, III.4, 12, 13 Chinese policy, III.229 social systems theory, III.4 Cold War and, III.241, 242 Sokolniki Park (Moscow) exhibition (1959), Communist Party, III.228 III.496–7 Mozambique and, III.235 Sokolov, Sergei (Soviet minister of Nkomati Accord (1984), III.237 defense), III.251 Namibia, II.335, III.230, 232, 235–6 Sokolovskii, V. D. (Soviet marshal), I.388, nuclear weapons, II.411, III.225, 240 II.97 motivation, II.416 Solidarity, see Poland postapartheid constitution, III.243 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (Soviet writer) Rhodesian policy, III.229, 230–1 Carter and, II.391 Soviet relations, III.232–3, 234, 237 Cold War and, II.444 Soweto uprising (1976), III.226, 227, 238 crisis of the West, III.2, 18 Total National Strategy, III.235 détente and, III.89, III.139 US relations dissidence, II.477 Kennedy, II.123 Ford and, II.389–90, 391, III.72 Reagan, III.237, 238 Gulag Archipelago and France, III.6, 7 support for apartheid, III.457 Gulag life, II.220, 467 trade sanctions, II.52 Khrushchev and, II.466–8 uranium supply, I.488 Nobel Prize, III.461 Zimbabwe and, III.234–5

646

Index

South Korea end of Cold War, III.238–41 see also Korean War map, III.223 Bandung Conference and, I.260 sovereignty, III.553–5 British intelligence and, I.130–1 Soviet–American Disarmament Study economic growth, II.45, III.41 Group, see SADS green revolution, III.427 Soviet Scientists’ Committee, III.402, nuclear weapons and, II.405, 412, 414 409–10, 419 post-Korean War, I.286 Soviet Union Republic of Korea, I.272–3 alliances, I.15–16 steel production, I.55 splits, II.349 US policy, I.274 anti-Semitism, II.384 birth control, III.480 cartoons, I.24 economic assistance, I.283, 477, II.62 centralization, I.9–10 military assistance, II.63 class, I.15 military defense pact, I.283 Cold War drift, I.100–4 nuclear guarantee, II.396 Cold War loser, I.18–19 postwar, I.45, 85, 87 Cold War mobilization, see Cold War troop deployment, III.553 mobilization South Vietnam Cold War price, I.43 see also Vietnam War collapse, see collapse of Soviet Union Diem policy, II.291–2 corruption, III.96 Geneva settlement (1954), II.290 diplomacy, I.25 guerrilla insurgency, II.292 economy, see economies Than Nien, I.469–70 election campaign (1946), I.35 US policy, I.85, 88, II.291–2 elites, I.15, III.96 abandonment of Diem, II.13 famines, I.28, 447, II.220 Communist insurgency, I.306 foreign policy (1944–53), I.90–111 counterinsurgency, I.307 see also Stalin, Iosif deteriorating situation, I.308 foreign policy (1953–62), I.312–33 development, II.271–2 see also Khrushchev, Nikita economic assistance, I.477, II.62, bibliography, I.535–7 292, 293 détente, I.318–20, 333 Eisenhower warning, I.258 Eastern Europe, I.320–1 engagement, I.475 innovations, I.316–18 Johnson, II.271–2 Khrushchev, I.316–33 Kennedy, I.306, 307, II.13, 123–4, 263, 271, missed chance, I.312–15 293–4 Molotov’s blunders, I.315–16 military assistance, II.63, 293 tragedy, I.333 modernization, II.263 foreign policy (1962–75) nuclear weapons, I.391 see also Brezhnev, Leonid support for dictatorship, II.272 bibliography, II.536–8 support for Diem, I.481, 483, II.290 Brezhnev’s predominance, II.140–3 US war, see Vietnam War China, II.147–8 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, see end of détente, II.156–7 SEATO European détente, II.146–7 southern Africa Helsinki Accords, II.154–5 see also speciﬁc countries invasion of Czechoslovakia, II.143–6 1975–80, III.225–34 Khrushchev’s last years, II.134, 1980–85, III.234–8 135–40 Cold War and, III.222–5 Middle East, II.152–4 bibliography, III.574–6 overview, II.134–57 black liberation, III.241–3 superpower détente, II.149–51 instability, III.242 Third World, II.15–17, 151–4, 156

647

Index

Soviet Union (cont.) Litvinov document, I.176 foreign policy (1975–85) Morocco and, II.242 Afghanistan, see Afghanistan socialist government, III.301 African gambles, III.98–9 transition, II.244, 248 bibliography, III.563–5 US relations, II.247 Brezhnev stagnation, III.90–8 Spitzbergen, I.92 Carter, III.99–102 sport, II.444 collapse of détente, III.111 Springsteen, Bruce (US singer), I.414 downturn, III.90 Sputnik, I.44, 303, 323–4, II.11, 440, III.39, 379, fear of attack, II.432–5 385–6, 386, 393, 496 historiography, III.89 spy planes, II.421–2 internal decay, III.111 Sri Lanka, I.114, 127, 358, III.472, 480 overview, III.89–111 SSOD, II.439–40 response to Reagan’s crusade, III.107–11 stagflation, III.1 strategic overstretch, II.16–19, III.516–17 Stakhanovism, I.51, 455 think tanks, III.93 stalemate, II.11–14 worsening US relations, III.99–102 Stalin, Iosif (Soviet leader) foreign policy (1985–91), see Gorbachev, 1930s terror, I.10 Mikhail anti-West campaign, II.30 genetics, I.13 architect of Cold War, I.40, 111 German reparations, I.56, 64, 96, 101, 133, Balkans, I.219 135–6, 147 influences, I.201 GNP, I.67 intentions, I.199–200 historiography, I.3–4 cartoon, II.32 international Communist leadership, II.505–6 China and, see China military-industrial complex, III.380 Churchill and military power, I.12 Moscow meeting (1944), I.202, 203 multinational federalism, III.357–8 percentage agreement, I.175 Muslim populations, II.324–5 spheres of influence, I.203 natural resources, I.486, 487–8, 507 Cominform, I.319 Politburo, 456,I,I.10 Comintern dissolution, II.508 stationery, II.33 Communist International, II.439 postwar territorial expansion, I.89 culture terror (1936–8), I.15, 443–4, 453, 458 inconsistency, 462 think tanks, III.93 Soviet inferiority complex, I.442, 454 universities, II.441 Soviet values, I.454 World War II, see World War II death, I.50, 130, 192–3, 216, 281, 382, 475 xenophobic campaigns, I.107–8 Eastern Europe, see Eastern Europe space exploration, I.415, III.39 economy, I.46 space technology, III.379–80, 385–8 agriculture, I.448 Spaemann, Robert (German philosopher), delegation of policy, I.456 III.1 industrialization strategy, II.3, 6, 507, 514 Spain production vs. consumption, I.446, 448 Civil War, II.3, 508 Soviet critics, I.448 Communism, II.508 Eisenhower and, I.141 Communist Party, III.298 foreign policy, I.90–111, III.420 Eurocommunism, III.46, 49, 53, 58, 60, 63 anti-imperialism, I.108–11 Portuguese carnation revolution and, Cold War drift, I.100–4 III.51 control, I.456 democracy, II.513, III.298, 525 postwar plans and intentions, I.91–5 EC membership, III.301 rediscovery of the enemy, I.104–8 emigration, III.470 Soviet critics, I.448 Franco regime, II.248, 255 “tenacity and steadfastness,” I.95–100

648

Index

French relations, II.161, 283 priorities, II.6 1944 treaty, II.160 Sino-Japanese war and, I.222–3, 353 German policy, I.80, 143, 144, 145–9 Yalta Conference, I.69, 96, I.99,I.202, 206 Berlin blockade, I.148–9 Yugoslavia, see Yugoslavia occupation, I.137 Stalingrad, battle of (1943), I.175 Grand Plan for the Reconstruction Standard Oil, I.491–2, 493–4, 496 of Nature, III.429 Stanford Industrial Park, III.380 grand strategy, II.2–4 Star Wars, see Strategic Defense Initiative Greece, I.96, 203–4, 206–7, 219 (SDI) High Stalinism, I.195 Starbucks, III.506 historiography, I.3–4 Stasi, III.337–8, 339–40, 353, 414–15 Hitler Pact (1939), I.30, 115, II.3, 5, 508 Stassen, Harold (Eisenhower’s foreign aid ideology, I.26, 29, 35, 39–40 chief), I.299 technology vs. ideology, I.452–7 states, see nation-states terror, I.453, II.506 status quo imperialism, I.38 consolidation, III.333–5 instability, I.42 disintegration, III.335–7 intelligence service, II.419 Eastern Europe, I.334, 351 Iran and, I.92, 473 Helsinki Accords and, II.232,III.96–7, 141, 529 Italy and, I.94, 107, II.238–9 Yalta Conference, I.334 Khrushchev denunciation, see Khrushchev, steel, I.50, 55 Nikita Steinbeck, John (US writer), I.409 Korean division, I.268 sterilization, III.468, 480, 482 Korean War and, I.86, 109–11, 238–40, 279, Stettinius, Edward (US secretary of state), 281, 285, 380, 382 I.96 blunder, II.8 Stevens, Robert (US ﬁlm director), II.448 legacy, I.312–13 Stevenson, Adlai (US presidential Lenin and, I.91, II.2–3 candidate; UN ambassador), I.429, Marshall Plan and, I.79, 167–8, 189, 208–9,II.7 II.71, 77–8, 460 military economy, I.443 Stewart, Michael (British foreign secretary), Molotov and, I.98, 313–14, 450 II.471 nationalism, I.444 stiliachestvo, 462 North Korea, I.109–10, 273 Stimson, Henry (US secretary of war), I.70, 74 nuclear weapons, I.376–7, 379, 381 stock exchanges, III.395–6 population control, III.469 Stone, Jeremy (US political activist), III.419 Potsdam Conference, I.70, I.71,I.96 Stone, Randall (US political scientist), II.206 Roosevelt and, I.94, 140 Stone, Shepard (US cultural diplomat), I.408 science, III.381 Stoph, Willi (GDR politician), I.406 Stalin Electoral District speech (1946), I.35 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, see Third World and, I.40, 467, 472–4 SALT I; SALT II anticolonial movements, I.472–3 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Ho Chi Minh, I.82–3, 473–4 announcement, III.109, 252 Indochina, I.82–3, II.282, 286, 302 end of Cold War and, III.267, 523 transport policy, III.436–7 escalation of arms race, III.270 Truman and, I.69–70, 73–4, 95–6, 96–7, 104, feasibility, III.286 141, 376–7 meaning, III.270 Turkey, I.72, 100, 101, 207 Reagan objectives, III.276–7 United Kingdom and, I.93, 94, 104, 118, 175, Reykjavik summit and, III.257, 262, 201, 202. 203 279, 305 US view of, I.38, 73 stumbling block, III.419 World War II US scientiﬁc advantage, III.39 alliances, I.200 US–Soviet impasse, III.285–6 attitudes, I.3 Western Europe response, III.295

649

Index

strategies Lithuanian independence and, III.366 bibliography, II.525–7 Litvinov document, I.176 grand strategies, II.1–2 neutrality, II.190 Stalin’s grand strategy, II.2–4 nuclear weapons and, II.401, 405, 411 Truman, see Truman, Harry S. population control, III.472, 480 Strauss, Franz Josef (West German CSU Switzerland, II.405 leader), II.119, 409–10 Syria Straw, Jack (British foreign secretary), 1965 coup, II.313 III.415 anticolonial movement, I.470 Strike Report, I.249 CIA failures, I.294 structural adjustments, III.35 Golan Heights, II.314, 315, 317, 319, 385 Stuart, John Leighton (US ambassador to Iran and, III.118 China), I.235, 236 Jordan and, II.319 Students for a Democratic Society, II.465 pan-Arab movement, I.480 Su Yu (Chinese marshal), I.239 Six Day War, II.46, 152, 244, 314, 315 Suárez, Adolfo (Spanish prime minister), Soviet relations, II.244, 246, 324, 326 II.255 Brezhnev era, II.151, 152, 153, 314 Subbotka, Gustav (German Communist), economic assistance, II.243, III.101 I.180 Khrushchev, II.310 Sudan, I.503, II.267 militarization, II.252, 274 Suez crisis (1956), I.128 Six Day War, II.314, 315 Egyptian politics, I.480 Yom Kippur War, II.386 Eisenhower and, I.391–2, 481, 501–2,II.307–10 Suez crisis and, I.501 French–US relations, II.164 United Arab Republic, I.480, 502, 503, 505, Hungarian crisis and, I.321 II.311, 312 Khrushchev and, I.321, 391–2, II.273, 309 US policy, II.318 overview, II.306–10 Yom Kippur War, II.319, 386 Soviet Union and, II.139 Szálasi, Ferenc (Hungarian Arrow Cross UK and, I.62, 128, 321, 391–2, 480, 501, leader), I.180 II.306–10 Szilard, Leo (Hungarian atomic physicist), Sugihara Kaoru (Japanese economic III.405 historian), III.42 Suharto (Indonesian general, president), Taft–Hartley Act (1947), I.425–6 II.272, 275, III.476 Taiwan Sukarno (Indonesian president), I.482 Bandung Conference and, I.260 anti-imperialism, II.258 China and, I.284, 324, 391 Bandung Conference, I.479–80 attack threats, I.236, 238, II.402 Chinese relations, II.274 Jinmen shelling, I.365–6, 391 colonial struggle, I.472 Quemoy and Matsu shelling, I.324, 391 Communist insurgency and, II.46 Soviet policy, I.363, 365–6 Egyptian support, II.307 United States and, III.190 establishment of Indonesian republic, I.470 despotism, I.43 Soviet relations, II.265 economy US relations, II.272, 303, 423 consumer model for China, III.491 Sulzberger, Cyrus (US journalist), II.131 Japanese links, III.43 Sun Yat-sen (Chinese nationalist leader), miracle, III.41 I.470 green revolution, III.427 Suslov, Mikhail (Soviet Politburo member), Japanese relations, I.254, 261, 263, III.43, 176 I.348, 369–70, II.140, 153, 155, III.55, martial law, III.197 57, 62 nuclear weapons and, II.405, 412, 414, 416 Sweden US policy, I.235, 240 Eurocommunism, III.46 blockade, I.238 European integration and, II.190 Carter, III.80

650

Index

China and, III.190 Terman, Frederick (US engineer), III.380 defense, I.274 terrorism economic assistance, I.477 9/11 attacks, III.134, 537, 550, 554–5 Eisenhower, I.281, 294, 297, 299, II.13 1970s, III.1 Ford, III.189 countercultures, II.473–4 Johnson, III.167 Red Brigades, II.256, III.61, 290 military assistance, II.63 Texaco, I.491, 493–4 missiles, I.363 Texas Instruments, III.384–5 Nixon, III.172, 173 Thailand, I.299, 474, II.45, 63, 291, Reagan, III.195 III.187, 480 Tajikistan, III.532 Thant, U (Burmese UN secretary-general), Takasaki Tatsunoke (Japanese trade II.82, 317 official), I.261 Thatcher, Margaret (British prime minister) Takeshita Noboru (Japanese prime détente and, II.20 minister), III.158 East European revolutions and, III.308 Talbott, Strobe (US journalist and deputy EC policy, III.302 secretary of state), III.268 economics, III.299–300 Taliban, III.133–4 election, III.298 Tambo, Oliver (ANC leader), III.240 end of Cold War and, III.523–4 Tanaka Kakuei (Japanese prime minister), German unification and, III.343 III.174, 176 Gorbachev and, III.246, III.247, Tanzania, and Namibia, III.230 III.304, 524 Taraki, Noor Mohammad (Afghan intelligence services, II.434 Communist leader), III.103, 124, liberalism, II.19 127, 128 NATO policy, III.306 Tashkent Declaration (1966), II.152 neoliberalism, III.14, 15, 23, 31–2 Tatarescu, Gheorghe (Romanian National nuclear policy, III.305, 307 Liberal), I.184 Reagan and, III.293–5 Tati, Jacques (French film director), I.412 Rhodesia, III.233 Taylor, Elizabeth (British actress), II.455 Ukrainian independence and, III.367 Taylor, Glen (US senator), III.456 visit to Soviet Union (1987), III.310 Taylor, Maxwell (US general), I.307, II.71–2, Theater der Zeit, I.405–6 81, 123 Third Man, The (film), I.398, 419 Tchaikovsky, Piotr, I.409 Third World technocracy, III.4 see also liberation movements Teheran Conference (1943), I.94, alternatives to bipolar world, I.198 137, 175 Bandung Conference, I.260–1, 479–82, telecommunications, III.388–92 II.258, 266 television China and, I.483 cable revolution, III.389 Angola, II.156, 277–8, III.229 China, III.504 failures, II.274–5 civilian and military technology, I.12 hubris, II.341 Cold War and, I.16, 44 ideology, II.261–2, 266–7, 275 Eastern Europe, I.417, II.518 militarization, I.484, II.327 espionage, II.448, 449, 450–1 shifts, II.268 satellite broadcasting, III.389 Soviet competition, I.481–2, II.147, 260, science fantasy, II.451, 453 266, III.224 second Cold War, II.458 US relations, III.191–2 Soviet Union, III.411 Cold War (1945–62), I.4, 10–11, 34, 40–1, 43, transnationalism, III.398 52, 474–9 United States, II.442–3, 448, 449 Vienna meeting (1961), II.34 consumerism, III.496 Cold War (1962–75) Telstar, III.388 acceleration of modernity, II.263

651

Index

Third World (cont.) strategy, II.261, 263–6, III.201–2 Angola, see Angola support for dictatorships, III.453 aspirations, II.258–9 trade, II.63–4 battlefields, II.259–60 US conflicts, III.409 bibliography, II.547–9 structural adjustments, III.35 demise of détente, II.275–80 United States and, I.476–9 failures and reassessments, II.268–75 1962–75, II.60–4 identities, II.32–9 Bandung, I.481 ideologies, II.259–67 birth control, III.478–80, 483 tails wagging dogs, II.12–14 China and, III.191–2 United States, II.60–4 coercion, II.260 consumerism, III.491, 509–10 containment, III.201 countercultures and, II.469–71 cultural products, II.452 covert actions, II.425 development, III.24, 475–6 Cuba and, see Cuba Development Loan Fund, II.62 détente and, II.24, 36–9 economic assistance, I.476–7, 481 development theories, III.475–6 Eisenhower, I.299–302, II.62, 332 economic rights, III.449 Generalized System of Preferences, II.63 economies, I.49, 65 growth theory, II.35 crises, II.522 Johnson presidency, II.131, 269–72, III.480 neoliberalism, III.32, 34–6, 39–40 Kennedy, see Kennedy, John F. Soviet assistance, II.60–1 militarization, I.484, II.63–4 Soviet model, I.475–6 modernization theory, I.477, II.121–2, trade preferences, II.63 268–72, III.478 US assistance, II.60–4 neoliberal shift, III.32, 34–36 emergence of concept, III.474, 486 post-Cold War, III.556 end of Cold War, II.41 Reagan, III.271–2, 483 industrial relations, I.52 Soviet conflicts, III.409 Latin America, see Latin America strategy, II.261–3, III.201–4 mortality rates, III.476 support for dictatorships, II.272, III.515 natural resources and, I.I.486 Truman, II.47, III.27 population control, III.467, 477–85 Thomas, Daniel (US political scientist), public health, III.474–7 II.392, III.419 revolutionary nationalism, I.479–82 Thompson, E. P (British historian and Soviet relations political activist)., III.12 1970s, II.477 Thompson, Llewellyn (US Soviet expert), African gambles, III.98–9 II.71, 80–1 Angola, III.141 Thomson, James C. (US official and approaches, I.62–3 journalist), II.303 Bandung, I.481 thorium, I.487 Brezhnev era, II.15–17, 151–4, 156 Three Mile Island accident, III.438 bureaucrats, III.96 Thucydides, II.1, 2, 6, 9, 16, 21 failure, III.509–10, 520–1 Thurow, Lester (US economist), III.542 financial support, I.476, II.46, III.101 Tiananmen tragedy, III.505–6 Gorbachev era, II.157, III.238–9, 240 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar (Indian nationalist), human rights discourse, III.449 I.466 imperial decline, III.361–2 Tilly, Charles (US sociologist and Khrushchev, see Khrushchev, Nikita historian), II.28 militarization, I.484,II.60, 151, 274, III.101–2 Tito, Josip Broz (Yugoslav leader), I.210, 482 national liberation wars, I.306 Albania and, I.106, 201 objectives, I.341–2 alliances, I.198, 216 reassessments, II.272–4 Eurocommunism and, III.55, 60 rigidity, II.260 fragmentation of Communism, II.7

652

Index

Greek Civil War and, I.206–7 origins, III.402–4 Kissinger on, III.52 peace movements, III.414–17 national liberation hero, I.200–1 physicians, III.411, 421 neutrality, II.244 post-Stalin era, III.402–4 population growth and, III.467 transport prime ministership, I.201 military priorities, III.437 Soviet relations, I.184, 193 roads, III.434–7 Khrushchev, I.217–19, 318, 320, II.10 Soviet Union, III.436–7 postwar coalition, I.201 technology, I.12 Stalin, I.106, 201, 202, 208–16, II.12 United States, III.434–6 Third World and, I.216 Traoré, Moussa (Malian president), II.337 Titoism, I.192, 193 Trieste, I.102, 198, 202, 212, II.239 Trieste, I.202 Trilateral Commission, III.1, 3, 4 Tiulpanov, Sergei (Soviet major general), Trinidad and Tobago, I.482 I.180 Tripolitania, I.97 Tlatelolco, Treaty of (1967), II.412 triumphalism, I.43, III.3, 21–2, 40–1, 267, 269, Tocqueville, Alexis de, II.465–6 276, 522 Togliatti, Palmiro (Italian Communist Troianovskii, Oleg (Khrushchev’s foreign leader), III.45 policy adviser), II.137 Tojo Hideki (Japanese prime minister), Trotskii, Lev, I.25, 193 I.247, II.74 Trotskyism, III.5, 298 Tokyo Olympic Games, III.389 Trujillo Molina, Rafael (Dominican Tolkien, J. R. R., II.67, 454 dictator), II.34–5, 52 Topchiev, Aleksandr (Soviet academician), Truman, Harry S. (US president) III.404, 405 architect of Cold War, I.40 Torrence, Dean (US singer), III.504 assumption of presidency, I.67 Torres, Juan José (Bolivian leader), II.426 Berlin crisis, I.379 Torrijos, Omar (Panamanian leader), II.426 bibliography, I.514–16 Torture Convention (UN Convention China, I.225, 227–9, 252, II.287, 302 Against Torture, 1984), III.454 Churchill and, I.69 Toshiba, III.177–8 Cuban missile crisis, II.73 Toten Hosen, Die (German rock band), defense budget, I.289, 290 I.414 desegregation of army, I.434 town planning, I.16–17 economics, I.48, 49, II.30–1 Trachtenberg, Marc (US historian and European Defence Community, I.298 political scientist), II.398, 399 Farewell Address (1953), I.88 trade unions, I.51, 425–6 German policy, I.140–1 transistors, III.384, 387 Berlin blockade, I.148–9 transnationalism grand strategy, I.82–88, II.6, III.545 assessment, III.418–21 aspirations and challenges, I.67–73 bibliography, III.589–90 containment, I.73–7, II.438, III.24 bilateral contacts Eisenhower and, I.289–90 Brezhnev era, III.406–8 food supply, III.425 Khrushchev era, III.404–6 priorities, I.77–82 broadcasting, III.398 waging limited war, I.85–8 collapse of Soviet Union and, III.362–4 warfare–welfare state, III.24 cultural diplomacy, III.417–18 Greece, I.37, 143, 155–6, 205, 219, II.239 end of détente, III.408–14 Hoover and, I.427 Gorbachev and, III.259, 402 ideology, I.71, 432 meaning, III.400–1 inaugural address (1949), I.49 names of organizations, III.402 Indochina, II.283, 286–7 nonstate actors, III.400–1 Indonesia, II.303 nuclear weapons and, III.403–14 intelligence services, II.418, 419

653

Index

Truman, Harry S. (US president) (cont.) economic assistance, II.62 Iran, I.61, 88, 495–6 military assistance, II.63 Japan, I.250, 252, 255 missiles, I.395, II.79–80, 81, 82–3, 239 Korean policy, I.268, 272 Cuban missile crisis and, II.241–2 Korean War, I.238, 275, 277, 280 Eisenhower, II.311 dismissal of MacArthur, I.278–9 Truman, I.76, 155–6, 207–8, 219, II.239 impact, I.285–6 Tyler, William (US assistant secretary of nuclear weapons and, I.381 state), II.202 loyalty program, I.425, 427 Middle East, I.87, II.305 Ukraine NSC 68,I.302 CIS creation, III.360 nuclear weapons, I.108, 376–7, 378–9 “East European” state, III.364 Atomic Energy Act (1946), II.397 Helsinki Watch Group, III.460 Hiroshima/Nagasaki, I.438 labor unrest, III.374 hydrogen bomb, I.382–3 Prague Spring and, II.145 Korean War and, I.381 radicalization of popular protests, III.365 proliferation, II.398 separatist movement, III.358 Soviet tests, I.384–5 Bush position, III.367 strategy, II.8 Western responses, III.367 Planned Parenthood chair, III.479 Solidarity, influence, III.105 Potsdam Conference, I.70–1 Stalin and, I.92 Stalin and, I.69–70, 73–4, 95–6, 96–7, 104, 141, agriculture, III.429 376–7 uranium mining, III.438 Taft–Hartley Act and, I.426 Ulbricht, Walter (GDR leader), I.153 Third World policy, II.47, III.27 1953 survival, II.9 Truman Doctrine, I.76, 104, 143, 155–6, 205, Berlin, I.323, 331 207, 208, 219, 425, 454, 495, II.128, Berlin Wall, II.10 239, III.448 covert action, II.422 Turkish policy, I.143, 155–6, 207, II.239 cultural war, I.403, 406 UK relations, I.129, II.418 Czechoslovakia and, II.223 Truong Chinh (Vietnamese leader), II.287, 302 downfall, II.147, 519 Trust Group, III.416, 417 emergence, I.194 Tshombe, Moise (Congolese leader), I.62 xx flexibility, II.219–20 Tuchman, Barbara, II.81 “initiative group,” I.180 Tunisia, I.468, II.164, 244, 246–7, 267, III.480 Khrushchev and, I.331, II.13 Turkey New Economic System, I.53 1908–10 constitutionalism, I.468 West German relations, II.210 Baghdad Pact, I.207, 300, 500 ULTRA (German intelligence decrypted by British policy, I.75 Britain, World War II), II.417–18 CENTO, I.208 UNCTAD, II.63 Cyprus and, II.242, 253, 253 UNEAC, II.397, 398 Greek relations, II.242, 248, 253 UNESCO, I.405, II.455, III.472, 473 Litvinov document, I.176 UNICEF, III.476 Marshall Plan, I.207 Union Minière, I.62 military alliances, I.208 Union of Concerned Scientists, III.410 NATO membership, I.87, 122, 207, 279, 285 unipolarity, III.537, 544, 551–5, 556 Pakistan Treaty (1954), I.207 United Arab Republic, I.480, 502, 503, 505 postwar spheres of influence, I.207–8 United Fruit Company, I.62 Soviet relations, I.202 United Kingdom Moscow Olympics boycott, III.293 Afghan policy, III.131 Stalin, I.72, 100, 101, 207 Balkans US policy Greek Civil War, I.57, 60, 75, 201, 203, 205 1960s, II.243–4, 247–8 postwar, I.201

654

Index

Trieste, I.202 nineteenth-century armament race, III.38 wartime alliances, I.200 Pompidou, II.256 Beveridge Report (1943), I.117 postwar, I.117, 120 Brussels Pact (1948), I.169 German policy Central Office of Information, I.124 Berlin Agreement (1971), II.147 China, and San Francisco Treaty, I.253 military forces, II.488 Cold War (1945–55) nuclear weapons, II.487 1940s abroad, I.118–22 postwar, I.81, 112, 116–19, 121–2, 1940s at home, I.123–5 136–40, 167 1950s, I.125–30 unification, III.343, 344, 346 assessment, I.130–2 Great Depression, II.507 bibliography, I.517–19 immigration, III.470 Communist supporters, I.123–5 imperialism, I.45, 62, 73, 112 elites, I.132 decolonization, I.114, 127–8 emergence of strategy, I.114–22 east of Suez, II.325 European integration, I.126 natural resources, I.486 Germany, I.81, 112, 116–19, 121–2, 136–40, population control, III.477 167 post-World War II, I.122, 127, 205, 472 intelligence services, I.115–16, 130 prewar order, III.546 mentality, I.131 industrial relations, I.51 spies, I.125 Information Research Department, I.124 Combined Development Trust, I.487 intelligence services, I.115–16, II.417–19 Communism, I.115, 119–20, 123–5, III.48 Iron Curtain speech, I.36 culture Labour Party victory (1945), II.509 CIA activities, I.410 Litvinov document, I.176 cultural diplomacy, II.444 London Conference (1948), I.167 films, II.446 Malayan policy, I.60 science fantasy, II.454 Middle East, I.87, 114, 127 spy fiction, II.448 Baghdad Pact, I.207, II.307 defense spending, I.64 Egypt and, I.503 East European policy, I.97 Iran, I.477, 494, II.306, 308, III.114 economy Iraq, I.502, II.307 balance of payments problems, Jordan, II.307 II.59, 60 Kuwait, I.503 exchange rates, II.60 Lebanon, III.295 Thatcherism, III.299–300 Nasser, II.306–10 trading power, I.68 oil politics, I.486, 496, 498–9 unemployment, III.290–1 postwar, II.305–7 European integration, II.56–7 Suez crisis, I.128,I.321, 391–2, 480, 501, ambivalence, II.187–91 II.306–10 dominant state, II.191 NATO and, I.122 EEC membership, II.257, III.301 Anglo-German disagreements, III.306, European Coal and Steel Community 307 and, I.171–2 creation, I.112, 168–9 Gaullist veto, II.57, 188–9, 195 membership, I.125, 132 Pompidou consent, II.256 policy, I.129 Schuman Plan, II.182 nuclear damage, III.441 Social Charter, III.302 nuclear weapons, I.376, 385, 389–90, III.305 Thatcher, III.302 1952 tests, II.397–8 financial services, III.396 decision to acquire, I.113 French relations hydrogen bomb, I.383 de Gaulle, II.57, 188–9, 195 motivation, II.416 Indochina and, II.282, 289, 291 power positioning, I.132

655

Index

United Kingdom (cont.) United Nations stock levels, III.438 Chinese membership, III.164, 472 Thatcher policy, III.306, 307 creation, I.93, 120 US cooperation, I.389–90, II.100 Cuban missile crisis, II.76, 77–8 oil policy end of Cold War and, III.525 Anglo-American Agreement, I.493–4 ex-Eastern bloc members, III.518 Iraq, I.502 human rights, III.448, 449, 455 Kuwait, I.503 Hungarian uprising, I.351–2 Middle East, I.486, 496, 498–9 Japanese membership, I.257, 261, 264 oil companies, I.491, 496 Khrushchev shoe-thumping, I.326, II.312 Suez crisis, I.501 Korea, I.272–3 peace movement, III.296, 415–16 Korean War, I.110, 274–5, 277–9 postwar liberation movements, III.243 defense policy, I.81 London General Assembly Meeting (1946), economy, I.45, 46, 47, 117, 159 I.113 foreign policy, I.113–14 member states, 464 German occupation zone, I.137–9, 208 Namibia, III.232 Greece, see Greece Palestine, II.306 nationalizations, I.47 population control and, III.472–4, 478 Potsdam Conference, I.96 Population Division, III.478 Rhodesian policy, II.224, III.229, 233–4 Population Fund, III.483 science and technology, III.379, 382 post-Cold War order, III.537 SEATO membership, II.290–1 San Francisco Conference, I.471 social democracy, III.11 Six Day War, Resolution 242, II.153, 317 Soviet relations sovereignty principle, II.232 end of Cold War, III.303–4 Soviet role in, I.93, 96 Stalin, I.93, 94, 104, 118,I.175,I.201, 202, 203 trade sanctions, II.52 telecommunications, III.391 United Kingdom and, I.20, 116 Thatcher era, II.19, III.298 United States, and Baruch Plan, I.487, II.397 EC policy, III.302 UNRRA, I.57, 156 economics, III.299–300 Working Group on Disappearances, III.454 trade unions, I.124 Yom Kippur War, Resolution 338, II.321, 386 Turkish policy, I.75 United Nations Atomic Energy United Nations and, I.20, 116 Commission, see UNEAC US relations United Nations Children’s Fund, see Churchill strategies, I.117, 125–6, 128–30 UNICEF CIA cultural activities in Britain, I.410 United Nations Conference on Trade and credit, II.59, 208 Development, see UNCTAD economic relations, I.60–1 United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and ﬁnance, II.59 Cultural Organization, see intelligence, II.418 UNESCO Marshall Plan, I.29, 60–1, 79, 112, 121, 122, United States 125–6, 157, 158, 160, 161–2 Agency for International Development partnership, I.54 (USAID), II.53 postwar, I.121–2, 132 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Reagan, III.293–4, 294–5 (ACDA), II.404 southern Africa and, III.224 capitalism, I.38 special relationship, II.158, 190, 418 cartoon, I.31 Vietnam and, II.291 centers of power, I.9 welfare state, I.117 civil rights movement, I.51, 413, 433–5 World Food Board and, III.474 Little Rock, Arkansas, I.434 World War I, I.115 Montgomery boycott, I.435 World War II, I.131, II.6 origins, II.30

656

Index

US propaganda, II.442 uranium, I.487–8, 507, III.438, 439 class, I.15 Uruguay, I.471, III.451, 457 Combined Development Trust, Ushiba, Nobuhiko (Japanese ambassador to I.487 United States), III.170 Communism, I.32, II.505 USIA, I.295, 408, 418, II.51, 61, 442–3, 459, conservatism, rise, III.139–40 III.495–6, 498–9, 499 economy, see economies USSR, see Soviet Union elites, I.15 Ustashe, I.200 energy policy, I.12 Ustinov, Dmitrii (Soviet defense minister), evangelicalism, I.16 III.92, III.103, 104, 106, 109, 110, exceptionalism, II.23 150, 252 foreign policy (1945–61) Utkin, Aleksei (Russian ﬁlm director), see also speciﬁc countries II.447 alliances, I.15–16 bibliography, I.533–5 Vance, Cyrus (US secretary of state), III.69 Eisenhower, see Eisenhower, Dwight D. China, III.80, 147 Truman, see Truman, Harry S. Cuba, III.148 foreign policy (1961–68) Horn of Africa, II.338, III.76, 79 assessment, II.132–3 Iran, III.82 bibliography, II.535–6 Middle East, III.81 Johnson, see Johnson, Lyndon B. nuclear arms control, III.74, 100, 143 Kennedy, see Kennedy, John F. Palme Commission, III.259 principles, II.112–14 personality, III.68 foreign policy (1968–75) Soviet relations, III.100, 143 Ford, see Ford, Gerald R. transnationalism, III.413 Nixon, see Nixon, Richard M. Vandeberg Resolution (1948), I.264 foreign policy (1975–91) Vanik, Charles (member, US Congress), Bush, see Bush, George H. W. II.55–6, 384 Carter, see Carter, Jimmy Varga, Eugen (Soviet economist), I.33, 37–8 Reagan, see Reagan, Ronald Vatican, III.473, 483, 485 gender politics, I.435–7, 441 Vavilov, Nikolai (Soviet plant geneticist), hegemony, I.245, III.551–5, 552, 556 III.429 ascendancy, I.11 Védrine, Hubert (French foreign minister), manifest destiny, II.114 III.552 military power, I.12 Veiczi, János (East German director), II.450 historiography, I.4, 6 Velchev, Damian (Bulgarian Zveno leader), Information Agency, see USIA I.185 military-industrial complex, I.396, III.136, Velikov, Evgenii (Soviet physicist), III.412 378 Venezuela Mutual Security Agency, 173 Contadora Group, III.213 NASA, II.51, III.385, 394 crushed armed struggle, II.334 National Security Agency (NSA), II.418 democracy, III.205 National Security Council (NSC), I.290 development, II.269 Native Americans, I.21 Nicaragua and, III.212 natural resources, I.486, 487–8 oil production, I.491–2 racism, see racism OPEC and, I.505 religiosity, I.438 US relations World War II, see World War II military coup (1948), I.492 Universal Declaration of Human Rights oil, I.492, 504 (1947), I.472, III.446, 448, 449, 454, VENONA (secret collaboration between US 463, 553 and UK intelligence agencies), universalist ideologies, I.23, 24, 33, 43, II.24–5, II.418, 419 33, III.514 Versailles Treaty (1919), I.56, 144

657

Index

Vetrov, Vladimir (Soviet agent in France), consequences, III.67, 87 II.430 effect of US defeat, I.4, II.133, III.141 Vienna, Congress of (1815), I.25 images, III.66 Vienna Summit (1961), I.393, II.33–4, 67, 123 loss of US credibility, III.27, 30 Vienna Summit (1979), III.101, 102, 148 Soviet success, III.520 Vietnam Ford, II.15 Cambodia and, III.193 French policy, II.173 invasion (1978), III.129, 192 historiography, I.4 Japan and, III.175 ideological influence, II.515 withdrawal, III.198 interests, I.42 Chinese relations, II.291 Japan and, III.166–71 border war, III.175 Johnson, II.294–8 Deng Xiaoping, III.148, 192 embarking on full-scale war, II.13, 130–1, deteriorating relations, III.192–3 271–2, 296–7 war, III.192, 193 global impact, II.130–2 Cold War battlefield, I.484, II.259, 260–1 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, II.130–1, Democratic Republic of Vietnam 294–5 1945 proclamation, I.470, II.282, 304 morass, II.125, 126 Chinese support, I.474–5, 481–2, II.284, objectives, II.128 287 Tet Offensive (1968), II.276, 299 international support, I.473–4 My Lai (1968), II.452 EC trade preferences, II.63 neoconservatives and, III.9 economy, II.45, III.41 Nixon, II.15, 299–302 first war, see Indochina Cambodia bombing, II.276 French war, see Indochina Ceasefire Agreement (1973), II.300 Geneva Conference (1954), I.316, 357, 357–8 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, II.300 green revolution, III.427 peace with honor, II.375 interwar anticolonialism, I.469–70 troop replacement, II.131 Laos and, III.193 Vietnamization, II.299–300 North Vietnam, see North Vietnam nuclear weapons and, II.105 partition, I.357, II.290 origins, II.293–5 refugees from, III.471 Paris Accords, II.298–302 reunification, II.300 Soviet policy, II.295 second war, see Vietnam War interpretation of war, III.99 South Vietnam, see South Vietnam material assistance to DRV, II.296 Soviet policy, III.102 Sino-Soviet split, II.362–4 interregnum, II.292 Soviet interpretation, II.369 recognition of Ho Chi Minh, I.82–3 stalemate, II.298–9 Stalin, I.108, 473–4 Tet Offensive (1968), II.131, 276, 299, III.170 US war, see Vietnam War Third World inspiration, II.275–6 Vietnam War United States Chinese policy, II.295, III.182 American identity and, II.37–8 material assistance to DRV, II.296 Americanization of war, II.295–8 nuclear fears, II.405 domino theory, II.297 Paris Accords, III.185 economic impact, III.41–2 Soviet split, II.362–4 human rights and, III.457 Communist victory, II.46 military budget, II.51, III.28 countercultures and, II.469, 472, 473 peace movement, III.457 antiwar movement, II.14, III.457 product of American ideology, I.42 domestic opposition, II.474 technology, II.299, III.41 cultural impact, US films, II.452 Vogt, William (US ecologist), III.478 Egypt and, II.313 Voice of America, I.409, II.442, 443, 458, end of war, I.54, II.300, 389 III.398

658

Index

VOKS (Soviet cultural exchange Polish revolution and, III.319 organization), II.439 renewal (1985), III.304 Volcker, Paul (chairman of US Federal Romania, III.330 Reserve), III.31, 33, 39 weapons systems, II.430 voluntarism, II.23 Washington, George, I.21, III.434 von Hippel, Frank (US physicist and Washington Consensus, III.32, 35, 556 official), III.419 Watanuki, Joji (Japanese sociologist), III.3 Voorhees, James (US political scientist), Watergate, II.55, 385, 388, III.94, 99, 189 III.418 Watkins, Peter (British film director), II.446 Voronov, Gennadii (Soviet Politburo Watson, Thomas (head of IBM), III.383 member), II.143 Wayne, John (US actor), II.452 Vorster, B. J. (South African prime Weather Underground, II.473 minister), III.227, 229, 230–1, 232 Weber, Max, I.49 voting rights, I.18 Weinberg, Alvin (US physicist), III.378 Vyshinskii, Andrei (Soviet diplomat and Weinberger, Caspar (US secretary of foreign minister), I.179, 180 defense), III.275, 482, 523 Weisband, William (US double agent), Wajda, Andrzej (Polish film director), II.458 II.419 Wałe¸sa, Lech (Polish trade union leader and Weizäcker, Richard von (West German president), II.19, 20, 229–30, III.312, president), III.336 316, 319 welfare capitalism, III.499 Wallace, George (US governor), II.471 welfare states, I.47–8 Wallace, Henry (US secretary of Wellman, William (US film director), II.447 commerce), I.37, 70 Wells, H. G., III.447 Wallace-Johnson, I. T. A. (Sierra Leonean Werner Report (1970), III.301 political activist), I.468 West African Students’ Union, I.468 Waltz, Kenneth (US political scientist), Westad, Odd Arne (Norwegian historian), II.25, 33, 412, III.518, 541 I.485, III.90 Ward, Angus (US consul in China), I.235–6 Western Electric, III.390 Warner, Christopher (British diplomat), Western Europe I.119 1949 map, I.190 Warsaw Pact 1979–89 1981 exercises, III.313 Afghan crisis, III.289, 290–3 1989 revolutions and, III.327 attractions, III.290, 308–10 announcement, I.317 bibliography, III.581–3 Brezhnev and, II.226–7 democracy, III.309 Bucharest Declaration (1966), II.208–9 economy, III.290–1, 299–301 Budapest appeal (1969), II.213 Gorbachev and, III.307, 309, 336 “Buria” exercise, I.330 growth rates, III.300 Bush attitude to, III.332 INF negotiations and, III.305–6, 308–9 conventional arms superiority, III.296 liberalism, III.310 Czech Velvet Revolution and, III.327 NATO cruise–Pershing deployment, defensive defense, III.521–2 III.295–7 disintegration, III.308 Reagan’s first term, III.293–5 German unification and, III.324 uncertain détente, III.303–6 Harmel Report (1967), II.208 unexpected revolution (1989), III.306–8 Hungary and, I.351, II.219 welfare states, III.301 INF and, III.305–6 anti-Americanism, I.407–8 Khrushchev policy, I.318 colonialism, I.10 nuclear weapons, II.100–2 Communism, III.297–8, 309 NATO negotiations, II.399 decline, III.297–8 objectives, I.341 international movement, II.504–10 Poland and Solidarity, III.106 US containment policy, II.510–13

659

Index

Western Europe (cont.) Wilson, Harold (British prime minister), consumerism, see consumerism II.59, 188, 189, 190, III.467 culture, see culture Wilson, Woodrow (US president), I.21–2, 25, democracy, III.289, 297–301 26–7, 30, 32, 466, II.4, 114, 126–7, 132, détente (1962–75) III.538 bibliography, II.542–4 Windscale, III.441 Brezhnev, II.146–7 Winthrop, John, II.114 bridges, II.207–9 Wise, Robert (US film director), II.453 complexities, II.216–18 Wolf, Markus (GDR intelligence chief), Eastern pressures, II.205–7 II.433 French pressures, II.201–3, 204 Wolfowitz, Paul (US deputy secretary of German pressures, II.203–4 defense), III.542 Helsinki Accords (1975), II.212–16, 217 women Nixon response, II.375 American consumerism, III.492, 493, 496–7, Ostpolitik, II.209–12 498, 499–500 overview, II.198–218 gender boundaries, I.2 shadow of superpowers, II.199–201 US politics, I.435–7, 441 détente (1985–88) Woolworth’s, III.492 uncertainty, III.303–5 World Bank, II.47, 58, 307, III.32, 480, 483, US differences, III.291–3 487, 537 economic integration, I.126, 173–4 World Festival of Youth (1957), III.402–3 effect on Germany, II.512 World Food Board, III.474 EDC, I.126, 298, 315, II.162, 163, 164, 179, 181, World Health Organization, see WHO 186, 290 World Population Conferences, III.474, 482, EEC, see European (Economic) 484–5 Community World Population Plan of Action, III.482 end of Cold War and, III.289–90, 525–7 World Trade Organization, see WTO Europeanization of the world, I.7 World War I, I.25–7, 32, 115, 466 green revolution, III.429 World War II international propaganda, II.443–5 capitalism and, I.37 Kennedy policy, II.118–20 Communist parties, II.508 nuclear weapons and, II.88, 486–92 economic interventions, I.47 NATO guarantees, II.92 ideologies and, I.33 post-Cold War order, III.549 Normandy invasion (1944), I.198 telecommunications, III.391 political lessons, I.9 US relations Soviet Union, I.90, 444 defense, II.501–2 1941 German invasion, II.5, 508 dependency, II.200 alliances, II.3 Eisenhower’s security policy, I.297–9 casualties, I.55, 90 Kennedy, II.482–6 Great Patriotic War, I.90, 444, II.447, 454 lack of consultation, II.199 patriotism, I.445, 460 nuclear weapons, II.486–92 postwar popular sentiment, I.460–1 Western European Union, I.126 role of Red Army, II.508 Westinghouse, III.504 US alliance, II.5 Westmoreland, William (US general), Soviet–US alliance, I.31–2, 90, II.3, 5 II.298–9 United Kingdom, I.131, 200, II.6 White, Walter (US political activist), III.447 United States WHO, III.472, 474, 476 economy, I.56 Wiesner, Jerome (US presidential adviser), Office of War Information, II.442 III.408 Pearl Harbor, II.5 Williams, Robert F. (US political activist), priorities, II.6 II.462 World Wide Web, III.394 Williams, Tennessee (US writer), I.409 Wright, James (US politician), III.215

660

Index

Wright, Orville and Wilbur (US aviation Communist Party, Cominform and, I.191 pioneers), I.12 Eurocommunism and, III.46, 50 Wrigley’s chewing gum, III.491 Federal People’s Republic, I.201 Wriston, Walter (US businessman), III.395 Goli Otok concentration camp, I.212 WTO, III.536, 549 Greek Civil War and, I.206–7, 212 Wu Han (Chinese writer and politician), Hungarian relations, I.345 II.365 Japan and, I.251 Litvinov document, I.176 Xoxe, Koçi (Albanian interior minister), nationalizations, I.201 I.189, 193, 213–14 NATO and, I.214–15 neutrality, II.244 Yalta Conference (1945) Non-Aligned Movement, I.480 centrality, I.222 nuclear weapons and, II.405 China and, I.236 Polish relations, I.345 French opposition, II.158, 170, 171, 176, 178 road to socialism, I.215–16 German occupation zones, I.137, 139 Soviet relations legitimacy, I.57 geopolitics, I.201 percentages agreement, I.175 Khrushchev, I.212, 216–19, 318, 320, 322, political status quo, I.334 345, 346, II.247 publication of terms, I.229 normalization, I.216–19, 345 reparations, I.56 occupation, I.183 spheres of influence, I.202, 206 post-Stalin, I.216–19 Stalin and Japan, I.69, 70, 96 postwar, I.219–20 Yaoundé Agreement (1964), II.249 Soviet–Yugoslav normalization, I.198 Yeltsin, Boris (Soviet politician, Russian Stalin, I.99, 106, 191–2, 200, 202, president) 219, 313 1991 coup and, III.360, 532 Tito–Stalin split, I.192, 198, 208–16, boldness, III.522 II.10, 349 Gorbachev and, III.284, 359, 376 Sovietization, I.178, 184 Russian nationalism, III.357, 359 Trieste and, I.102, 198, 202, 212, II.239 US consumerism and, III.509 Turkish alliance, I.208 vision, II.21 US relations, I.214–15, II.52, 53, 54 Yemen, II.17, 54, 312–13, 313, III.118, 146 war of liberation, I.200–1 Yergin, Daniel (US historian), I.426 Yesida Kensi (Japanese director), II.447 Zachariadis, Nikos (Greek KKE leader), Yo Un-hyong (Korean film politician), I.268 I.204, 206–7, 212 Yom Kippur War (1973) Zaghlul, Sa’d (Egyptian nationalist), I.466 détente and, II.386–7, III.92 Zagladin, Vadim (Soviet official), III.51–2 myth of Israeli invincibility, III.30 Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan, III.121–2, oil crisis, II.18, 56, 251–2, 320, 322, III.30 130 overview, II.319–22 Zaire, see Congo Yoshida Shigeru (Japanese prime minister), Zambia, III.227, 229, 230 I.252, 254, 255, 256, 258, III.157–8 Zanuck, Darryl (US film director), II.447, 451 Young, Andrew (US mayor and UN Zawahiri, Ayman Al- (Egyptian islamist), ambassador), III.73 III.133 Younger, Kenneth (British Foreign Office), Zengakuren (Japanese radical student I.125 group), III.161 Youth International Party, II.474 Zhang Hanfu (Chinese deputy foreign Yugoslavia minister), II.350 see also Tito, Josip Broz Zhang Wentian (Chinese ambassador to Albania and, I.106, 201, 212 USSR), I.357 borders, I.102 Zhdanov, Andrei (Communist Party breakup, II.28 official), I.38, 191, 209, 321, 454

661

Index

Zhivkov, Todor (Bulgarian leader), I.216, Vietnam War and, II.363 II.225, III.330–1 XXth Party Congress (1961), II.136 Zhou Enlai (Chinese premier) Taiwan, I.366 global revolutionary network, I.467 Third World, II.267 Indian border dispute, I.373 US relations, I.238, 239, III.156–7, 173–4 intellectuals and, II.352 Zhukov, Georgi (Soviet general), I.141 Japan and, I.261 Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad (Pakistani general Korean War, I.239, 241 and president), III.127–8, 129–30 liberation movements and, II.266 Zimbabwe, III.233–5 Soviet relations, I.372 see also Rhodesia 1964 Moscow visit, II.358, 359–60 Zionism, II.306 Cultural Revolution, II.366, 367 Zorin, Valerian (Soviet diplomat), II.77–8, missile sites, I.363 404 Molotov, I.357 Zubkova, Elena (Russian historian), I.460 Stalin, I.110, 234, 240 Zubok, Vladislav (Russian historian), I.42, Taiwan, I.363 196–7

662