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Osmanli Devleti'nde Veliahtlik Kurumu Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE VELİAHTLIK KURUMU (1908-1922) RUHAT ALP Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2018 OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE VELİAHTLIK KURUMU (1908-1922) Ruhat Alp Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2018 v TEŞEKKÜR Uzun ve yorucu bir araştırma süreci ve arşiv mesaisi neticesinde ortaya çıkan bu çalışmada danışmanım Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öz ‘ün katkı, destek ve emeği büyüktür. Haliyle ilminden, sabrından ve birikimiden istifade ettiğim danışmanıma müteşekkirim. Munzur Üniversitesi’nde araştırma görevliliğime denk gelen tezimin yazım sürecinde benden hiçbir desteği esirgemeyen ve kaynakların temininde bana önemli yardımlar sağlayan dostlarım Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Harun Danışmaz’a, Öğretim Görevlisi Tahsin Hazırbulan’a, Araştırma Görevlisi Salih Başkutlu’ya ve Araştırma Görevlisi Harun Korunur’a teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca çalışmamda ailemin yakın ilgi ve desteğini gördüm. Annem, ablam, eşim ve varlığıyla ruhumu aydınlatan kızıma minnet ve şükranla… vi ÖZET ALP, Ruhat. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Veliahtlık Kurumu (1908-1922), Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2018. Altı yüzyılı aşkın bir süre boyunca tarih sahnesinde yerini alan Osmanlılar, tedrici olarak bürokratik karakteri baskın, merkeziyetçi, pratik, reel politik ve akılcı bir monarşi inşa etmede büyük bir maharet göstermişlerdir. Osmanlıların bu başarıyı yakalamalarının ardında yatan sebeplerden birisi de değişen koşulların gerektirdiği kurumsal düzenleme ve yenilikleri yapabilme becerisini gösterebilmeleridir. Dolayısıyla, Osmanlı müesseseler tarihi aynı zamanda Osmanlıların değişen dünya koşullarına uyum ve esneme becerisini mahirane bir şekilde uyguladıkları bir tarihtir. Osmanlılar klasik dönem boyunca özellikle II. Selim ve III. Murat dönemlerinde tek şehzadeye tek sancak uygulaması ile bir tür veliahtlık yöntemini klasik sancak geleneği çerçevesinde onaylamışlardır. XVI. yüzyıl sonu XVII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde kafes sistemi olarak bilinen şehzade yetiştirme yöntemiyle, paralel bir şekilde gelişen ekberiyet ilkesiyle, ekber şehzadenin veliahtlığı da teyid etmiştir. Bu durum ise bir bütün olarak kafes kurumunun aynı zamanda bir veliahtlık sistemi olması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Osmanlı tarihinde, XIX. yüzyılda tarihsel ve maddi temelleri atılan veliahtlık makamı, 23 Temmuz 1908’de II. Meşrutiyetin ilanından hemen sonra faaliyete geçmiş ve bu tarihten itibaren makamın kurumsallaşması adına maddi, yasal ve fiili çok önemli girişimler ve düzenlemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu atılımlar ve düzenlemeler sayesindedir ki osmanlı devletinde bir veliahtlık müessesesinden bahsetmek mümkün hale gelebilmiştir. Bu noktada çalışmamızın amacı, Osmanlıların XX. yüzyılın başlarında dünya devletler sistemi ile uyumlu bir veliahtlık kurumu inşa etme adına gösterdikleri çaba ve girişimleri anlamak ve açıklamak olacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler Ekberiyet, Dolmabahçe Veliahd-ı Saltanat Dairesi, Veliahtlık Kurumu, Yusuf İzzeddin Efendi, Osmanlı Müesseseleri vii ABSTRACT ALP, Ruhat. The Institution of Crown Prince in the Ottoman State (1908-1922), Ph. D. Dissertation, Ankara 2018. The Ottomans stayed in the stage of history for over six hundred years and were rather skilful in gradually building a bureaucratic, centralized and a rational monarchy adaptable to actual political circumstances. One of the reasons underlying this skill was their capacity of institutional transformation and adaptation to current developments. In this sense, the history of institutions in the Ottoman Empire was also a history of competency in adaptation, accommodation and flexibility to global conditions. While the sultans sent their sons along with their mothers and tutors (lalas) to sandjaks or sub-provinces to learn state administration, in the reigns of Selim II and Murat III only the eldest son was sent to govern a sandjak. At the end of the 16th and in the first quarter of the 17th centuries, two parallel developments occurred in the training of the princes, namely the “cage rule” and the rule of senioratus (ekberiyet), which eventually validated the eldest imperial prince as the crown prince. As a result, the cage system simultaneously happened to be an heir apparency system. In Ottoman history, the historical and material foundations of the office of heir apparency were laid in the 19th century and it began to operate on 23 July 1908, immediately after the promulgation of the 2nd Constitutional period. Subsequently, significant material, legal and practical attempts and regulations were made in order to institutionalise this post. It is through these steps and regulations that it has become possible to argue for the institution of heir apparency in the Ottoman Empire. The aim of our study is to explain the Ottoman efforts and initiatives in order to build up an Ottoman heir apparency system in harmony with the global world in the early 20th century. Key Words Seniorat, Dolmabahçe Palace Suit of Heir to the Throne, The İnstitution Of Crown Prince, Yusuf İzzeddin Efendi, Ottoman Institutions viii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY ........................................................................................................ i BİLDİRİM...................................................................................................................... ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI ............................................. iii ETİK BEYAN ............................................................................................................... iv TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................. v ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. viii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................. xi TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ..................................................................................................... xii RESİMLER DİZİNİ ..................................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ 1) KONUNUN ÖNEMİ VE AMACI..................................................................... 1 2) YÖNTEM, SINIRLAR VE KONUNUN ZORLUĞU ........................................ 2 3) KAYNAKLAR VE ARAŞTIRMALAR ............................................................ 3 1. BÖLÜM: ANA HATLARIYLA TÜRK-İSLAM DEVLETLERİNDE VELİAHTLIK MESELESİ 1.1. Orta Asya’dan Osmanlı’ya Türk Monarşilerinde Otorite Anlayışı ...... 11 1.2. Türk Devletlerinde Veliahtlık Meselesi ................................................. 17 1.3. İslam Dünyasında Veliahtlık Meselesi (Dört Halife, Emevi Ve Abbasi Dönemleri) .................................................................................................... 26 2. BÖLÜM: XIX. YÜZYILA KADAR OSMANLI DEVLETİNDE VELİAHTLIK MESELESİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ 2.1. Klasik Dönem Osmanlı Tarihinde Veliaht Tayinleri (1300-1595) .......... 34 2.2. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Adı Konulmamış Bir Veliahtlık Sistemi Olarak Kafes ve Ekberiyet Usulleri .......................................................................... 41 ix 2.2.1. XVI. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısından İtibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nde Saltanat Kurumunda Yaşanan Değişim ............................................... 41 2.2.2. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kafes Kurumu ........................................... 44 2.2.3. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ekberiyet .................................................. 56 3. BÖLÜM: XIX. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE VELİAHTLIK MAKAMININ TARİHSEL TEMELLERİ 3.1. Genel Durum .......................................................................................... 65 3.2. Veliahtlık Makamının İnşasında Etkili Olan Faktörler .......................... 71 3.2.1. Avrupa Etkisi ............................................................................. 71 3.2.2. Ekberiyet Geleneğinin Bıraktığı Tarihsel Miras .......................... 76 3.3. Veliahtlık Makamının İnşa ve Gelişiminde Atılan Adımlara Genel Bir Bakış ............................................................................................................. 87 3.3.1. III. Selim’in Veliahtlığı Esnasında Üstlendiği Kamusal Görev ..... 87 3.3.2. Dolmabahçe Veliahd-ı Saltanat Dairesi’nin İnşası ..................... 88 3.3.3. Veliaht Murat Efendi’nin Avrupa Gezisi ...................................... 95 3.3.4. Kanun-ı Esasi’nin Üçüncü Maddesi ......................................... 102 4. BÖLÜM: ÇAĞDAŞ BİR KURUM OLARAK OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE VELİAHTLIK MAKAMI (1908-1922) 4.1. Veliahtlık Kurumunun Faaliyete Geçmesinde Etkili Olan Faktörler ve Genel Atmosfer ........................................................................................... 105 4.2. Makamın Kurumsallaşması Doğrultusunda Atılan Adımlar .............. 133 4.2.1. Osmanlı Veliahdını İlgilendiren Yasal Düzenlemeler ............... 133 4.2.2. Veliahd-ı Saltanat Dairesi Müdüriyeti’nin Kuruluşu .................. 138 4.2.3. Personel Tayinleri ve Kurumun Personel Yapısı ...................... 140 4.2.4. Veliahda Bütçeden Pay Tahsisi ............................................... 155 4.2.5. Osmanlı Matbuatında Veliahdın Kamuoyuna Sunulma Çabaları .........................................................................................................
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