Dealing with Leisure a Quest for Tools to Revise the Dutch in Between Landscape Based on Its Recreational Potential

dealing with leisure a quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential

thesis report

P.J.M. Rosmulder | b1257900

Msc. Urbanism | TU Delft 28-01-2011 | BK-T

Graduate Thesis Report

P.J.M. Rosmulder b1257900 [email protected]

28 january 2011

Part of: AR3U100 – Graduation Lab Urbanism

Urban Acupuncture Studio, jan-dec 2010

Mentors: Rene van der Velde Jaap van den Bout

Department of Urbanism Faculty of Architecture TU Delft

Images by author, unless stated otherwise

Cover: mountainbiking at Gulberg, Mierlo

o Closed bridge over the Dommel, Eindhoven dealing with leisure a quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential

Special thanks to all who have supported me during my graduation.

I want to thank Jaap and René, for their guidance and inspiration;

Sander, for giving me the opportunity to experience the real deal and for his usefull advices; Remco, for stimulating my zest for study;

Marijn and Ellen, for helping with the model and Rian and my parents for helping me out when I needed it. . finishing the quest - foreword

Reading guide:

The lay-out of this report is following the quest I have made the past year, step by step. The final version of the research thesis can be found in the summary, presenting the results in the right order. After that, each chapter will illustrate the separate topics of this thesis. The chapters are arranged in the order as described in the methodology section. First, the theory on ‘leisure landscape’ is explained. After that follows the theory on the ‘in-between landscape’ in the Netherlands. These two theoretical chapters are applied in the case study of the Brainport region. This section consists out of a location analysis, a problem statement, schedule of requirements and a number of designs to improve the area. An evaluation captures the used methods into one thesis, as presented in the summary. In the epilogue I will give a quick review of my time at the SRE, where I have been able to take a look into the daily practice of creating a regional plan for the Realm of Dommel and Aa.

o runner at the Broekstraat, Mierlo

This is my graduation thesis, the outcome of a long and But each and every time I returned from a walk, I was ea- city boundary, our task was to make challenging year. ger to start working again. The moment outside helped the leap towards the landscape. Al- When I chose the subtitle of my project, “a quest for tools me to structure my thoughts and recapture the spirit to though the method wasn’t perfect, to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recre- finish this project. Often I remembered the reasons that we proved that it could be useful ational potential”, I did not realise that it literally would got me engaged in this project in the first place. Recalling to find strategic interventions to become a quest. At times when I found myself stuck and these fascinations got the fire inside me burning again. improve the recreational structure. I no longer could oversee the big picture, I put on my Tragically the one person that has walking boots and closed the door behind me. I walked, The first fascination that determined my project was my inspired me with his method is no just walked. Into the polder, there and back again, leav- own living environment. I grew up in a village next to longer among us. ing my troubles behind me. By looking at the polder Eindhoven in the south of the Netherlands. Here rap- landscape of Midden-Delfland I could recapture the re- id urbanization has taken over the former countryside. ality. I could see the abstract theories becoming physi- The area in between the cities is scattered with a re- By now, while I’m finishing the final cal interventions. During the year I saw people walking fuse dump, a golf course, a zoo and an industry area. It graduation report, the temperature their dogs, playing golf, cycling at ease, rowing on the seemed to me that there was little or no regional plan has dropped below freezing point. Schie, buying honey from a farmer, racing on their bikes, to guide these developments. In the meantime I know My feet, numb from the cold, slow- making a tour on the motorbike, piking daisies, skating, that I should call this region the Brainport Region (Urban- ly regain their normal colour. The taking a photograph of a old farm or a young lamb, walk- Affairs and VHP, 2006) and that this area in-between cit- quest has nearly come to an end. I ing hand in hand, going bird watching, fishing and even ies should be called ‘het rijk van Dommel en Aa’ (the hope that the story of my quest will ice-skating. Realm of Dommel and Aa; these are two brooks that run apply to your imagination. Although through the area). The question is if these new identities I am obliged to write a scientific re- I could see how the landscape was used, how it was im- can solve the spatial problems that still exist here. port, I have tried to turn this thesis portant for the inhabitants of the surrounding urban ar- Another fascination that has driven me to start this re- about my quest into an inspiring tale eas. I could also see the problems that occur here. My search was a project that I did at university concerning about how the Dutch in between regular walking route is closed now, because of the con- the city of Utrecht (Josselin de Jong, 2009). With an landscape can be revised on the ba- struction of the A4 highway. Whenever it started to rain enthusiastic group of international students we did an sis of its recreational potential. I cursed the detour I had to make to get back home. analysis of the landscape surrounding the city. Our men- Sometimes I got tired of walking the same stretch over tor, Frank de Josselin de Jong, stated eight factors which and over, wishing there would be more paths heading would determine the success of a landscape for recre- into the landscape instead of walking back and forth ational use (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008). He had near the urban periphery. tested this method extensively on city parks within the

Peter Rosmulder Delft, December 1st, 2010 . index

o Signs, Heiderschoor

p. 6 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 1. summary - the thesis 08 2. dealing with leisure - the graduation project 10 A. layout 12 B. green is good 14 3. part I - the recreational landscape 16 A. the statistics 18 B. literature review 20 C. additional literature 22 D. typological analysis Spaarnwoude 24 4. part II - the in between landscape 32 A. literature review 34 B. the contemporary ‘large’ city park 36 C. how to revise the landscape in between 38 5. case study: Brainport - analysis 40 A. spatial analysis 42 B. recreational structure 46 C. conclusion 48 6. Brainport - design 50 A. concept 52 B. Medevoort 60 C. Oudven 62 D. Gulberg 64 E. Mulakkers - Conclusion 66 7. Epilogue: the real world 74

bibliography 76

Attachments A. theory - review paper 80 B. Methodology: summary 86 C. project area - map 88

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 7

summary – the thesis 1. This thesis proposes a strategy for the revision In the basic open green type ‘landscape’ the Once the accessibility is at the of Dutch in-between landscape on the basis functional aspect of the landscape, as an agri- right level the ‘facilities’ of an of its recreational potential for the urban con- cultural or ecological system, is dominant, public open green space become im- text. A regional design for the Brainport region space is formed by the utilitarian network. In a portant. The facilities enable is used as a case study to test the theoretical ‘landscape park’ the functional aspect is framed people to undertake a specific background. This theoretical framework is split in an architectural composition to become part recreational activity and can up into two main topics: the recreational land- of a open public green space. Economical, eco- form an attraction to draw vis- scape and the in-between landscape. logical and social demands are levelled out. In itors into the landscape. The the ‘city park’ type the natural and cultural layers design principle ‘experience To revise an in-between landscape based on its have been altered by an architectural interven- value’ contains all factors that recreational potential, one must start by ana- tion to meet the demands of the urban layer; contribute to the perception lyzing the area. First the natural underground, it has become part of the public domain. Once of people at leisure. The mo- combined with the cultural transition made by this democratic open space is restricted by spe- tives of people to go into the mankind, must be mapped. The natural and cul- cific programming or by limited accessibility, it landscape differ, sometimes tural value of the landscape determines wheth- becomes a ‘Recreational park’. For instance a they come for peace and qui- er the landscape is able to cope with a chosen golf course, a zoo or a theme park, form paro- etness, sometimes they come

recreational function. Secondly the urban con- chial spaces within the open green areas in a to sport; thiseghel influences the Oss / Nijmegen Den Bosch / V text and the urban networks in the area ought metropolitan context. experience they have. to be mapped. This determines the potential Amsterdam / Den Bosch of an area to function as public domain or as a The functional recreational interventions can specific (recreational or utilitarian) domain. be related to four design principles: context,

Tilburg The interaction between the natural layer and accessibility, facilitiesRotterdam / and experience value.

the urban layer (fig. 1) establishes the size and (fig..3) The design principle ‘context’ concerns enlo / Greenport V location of the permanent open space and de- the reach and the variety of an urban edge. The Ruhrgebied termines which functional recreational interven- more people are available to use the landscape, tions are needed and which basic type of open the more potential it has for an intensive rec- green space is best suited. reational program. If the context is clear, the design principle ‘accessibility’ is used to deter- From a landscape architectonical point of view mine how the urban edge best can be crossed. four types of open green spaces can be distin- Factors like connectivity determine where the guished. (fig. 2) most people profit from a new access point. Aken / Maastricht

p. 8 Antwerpen graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Together the applicable basic type of open green Landscape Landscape-Park City-Park Recreational park space and the functional recreational interventions form the schedule of requirements for the in-between landscape. The types of open green space form a basic zoning plan for the area. The recreational design principles put a number of interventions forward, both in the urban edge (Fig. 2) Design principles as well as in the area itself. The spatial interven- for recreation tions that support the schedule of requirements influence thus both the urban framework and the framework of the landscape.

The spatial design guides the spatial interventions and offers the arrangement and material- ization of both the spatial landscape-architectonical and urban-design elements. The design decisions will be influenced by the vision and ambitions of the metropolitan region (i.e. a regional masterplan), the current condition of the location (spatial problems) and landscape- architectural and urban-design theories.

< (Fig. 1) (Fig. 3) Natural, Cultural and Urban Design principles layer of Brainport for recreation

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 9 2. dealing with leisure - the graduation project

o Parking place of the zoo, Mierlo

p. 10 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Aim of the Project Expected Products Research Questions

The main aim of the project is to re- • Review Paper: literature study - What are the current trends in leisure and how do they affect the land- vise the Dutch landscape in between about existing monitoring tools scape? cities based on its recreational po- that analyse the recreational use tential for the urban context. of the Dutch landscape. - How is leisure currently present in the Dutch green buffer zones? • Typological research: analysis At the moment there are hardly any of the recreational use of green tools or strategies for urban design- buffer zones in the Netherlands. - What tools are already developed to monitor the recreational use of the ers to deal with the recreational pro- Dutch landscape? gram in a green buffer zone. Such • Location analysis: morphologi- a strategy, which can provide spatial cal analysis of the natural and - Which design principles can be used to revise the Dutch landscape in designers with appropriate design cultural structure and spatial between cities based on its recreational potential? principles, is the main objective of problems of the design loca- my graduation project. tion. - What is a metropolitan landscape park? How is it constructed? • Location design: master plan for The strategy will be derived from the ‘Realm of Dommel and Aa’. - How can spatial problems in a Dutch green buffer zone be solved by both literature review and typologi- constructing a metropolitan park and improving the recreational structure? cal analysis of recreational areas in • Development of a strategy: for the Netherlands. The strategy will designers dealing with recre- be tested in a case study: the Brain- ation in Dutch in-between land- port area. A spatial design for the scapes. case study will help to evaluate the strategy.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 11 2a. | lay-out | references AA, B. V. D., BERKERS, R. & BOODE, S. (2008) This thesis deals with two main topics: leisure and land- The theoretical input on in-between landscapes is de- Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoe- scape. Next to that it attempts to combine the two worlds rived from a literature review and a quick-scan of con- fteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking. Den Haag: reSearch theSiS in which an urban designer should be active: theory and temporary large parks. A number of studies on the Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum. practice. The theory should give the input for practical landscape form of the metropolis and the relationship BOODE, S., BERKERS, R. & HOFFMANS, W. H. solutions, which at their turn can be used to rate the ef- between city and landscape are combined to get a good (2009) Recreatief groen in de stedelijke regio’s; Bele- The in-between landscape Leisure Landscape fectiveness of the theory. (fig. 4) overview of the functioning of the open green spaces in idsopgave voor groen in het kader van de integrale - case studies - case studies verstedelijkingsopgaven. Den Haag: Kenniscentrum TU Global the urban context of the Netherlands. Together with a - literature review - literature review Recreatie. study on contemporary large parks this theoretical back- Theory BRULS, E. J., GOLEN, A. J. V. & MIDDELKOOP, M. V. The theoretical input on leisure is derived from a litera- ground helps to define four basic types of open green (2002) Wandelen en toegankelijkheid, bedreigingen en ture review and typological analysis of the recreational spaces. The study on contemporary large parks gives a knelpunten. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie. conclusions use of green buffer zones in the Netherlands. First the good overview of the feasibility of the design theories in GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. (2008) Recreati- Criteria for suCCessful leisure landsCapes current needs and trends in leisure are studied. This in- daily practice. emotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landsc- formation can be found in publications by the CBS, CPB hap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. = and the knowledge centre for recreation (Boode et al., ractice P (2008) Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. 2009, Aa et al., 2008, Huis et al., 2008). Additional social The case study is meant to bridge the gap between the- METZ, T. (2002) Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotter- analysis Method & design prinCiples studies help to understand the developments in leisure ory and practice. The whole thesis, and in particular the dam, NAi Uitgevers. (Goossen and Boer, 2008, Metz, 2002, Mommaas et al., case study, has been completed in consultation with the MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. 2000). A literature review is produced to give an over- SRE (Samenwerkingsverband Region Eindhoven). This (2000) De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie The in-between landscape Leisure Landscape view of tools that are already developed to monitor the is the inter municipal union in which municipalities co- naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- SRE? - natural/cultural - current recreational local recreational use of the Dutch landscape. This review pro- operate in order to promote common interests. gevers. landscape analysis facilities vides an overview of spatial factors that are commonly The SRE has much specific knowledge of the area, which used and explores the theoretical background behind was useful to execute the spatial analysis of the location. these spatial factors. Both the landscape and the urban structure of the study TesTing area were investigated. Next to this a recreational analy- analysis meThod & design principles The literature review and the leisure studies structure the sis was also executed, to give an insight into the (poten- typological analysis of green buffer zones. The area of tial) recreational structure. Based on the conclusions from on BrainporT Spaarnwoude is used as a location to test the analysis both studies a spatial design was made for the ‘Realm of method. Once the structure of the recreational analysis is Dommel and Aa’ (RvDA), as a test case for the design Spatial Design assessed, it can be repeated on other green buffer zones principles. The thesis and the design were presented to ‘middengebied’ like Midden-Delfland or Park Lingezegen. The compari- the project group of the RvDA, that is working on a inter son between different types of buffer zones provides municipal regional structure plan. evaluation useful information for the design of the ‘realm of Dom- mel and Aa’. After the completion of the spatial design for the case analysis Method & design prinCiples At the P2 presentation the above mentioned steps were study an evaluation will be executed in collaboration evaluated to determine which design principles can be with the SRE. This will help to examine the practicability used to revise the Dutch landscape in between cities of the strategy. based on its recreational potential.

p. 12 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder reSearch theSiS

The in-between landscape Leisure Landscape TU - case- quick studies scan - typological- case studies analysis GTheorlobaly - literature review - literature review

conclusions Criteria for suCCessful leisure landsCapes =+ Building-Blocks for a Metropolitan Landscape park analysis Method & design prinCiples

The in-between landscape Leisure Landscape SRE? - -analysis natural/cultural interaction - current- current recreational facilities practicelocal naturallandscape and urban analysis layer and futurefacilities strategies

TesTing analysis meThod & design principles on BrainporT

Spatial Design Realm‘middengebied’ of Dommel and Aa

evaluation (Fig. 4) Strategyanalysis to M Rethodevise I n&-B detweenesign pLrinandCsiplescapes Lay-out of the graduation thesis

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 13 2B. | green is good | references Societal Relevance The societal relevance of this thesis could be stressed COETERIER, J. F. (2000) Hoe beleven wij onze by giving an overview of articles dealing with the spa- omgeving? Resultaten van 25 jaar omgevingspsychologisch onderzoek in stad en landschap, S.l., S.n. tial quality of the Dutch landscape that have appeared GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. (2008) Recreati- in various newspapers. People also find a forum on the emotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landsc- internet where they can complain about the cluttering of hap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. the landscape or how annoying motor-crossers ruin their HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. quiet afternoon in the forest. These statements could be (2008) Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. supported by figures with the total economical value of MINISTERIE VAN LNV (2009) de waarde van groen. leisure in the Netherlands (35,3 billion euro in 2007 (Huis Nieuwkoop: ecodrukkers. et al., 2008)) or numbers about the amount of jobs that MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. exist because of leisure. (in Brabant: 132.000 FTE, 15% (2000) De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie of total employment (ZKA, 2006)) (see also fig. 5&6) naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- gevers. TUMMERS, L. J. M. & TUMMERS-ZUURMOND, J. M. This however, has already been done by the Dutch gov- De waarde van (2000) Het land in de stad de stedebouw van de grote ernment, who has gathered the value of green for the city agglomeratie, Bussum, Thoth. in one publication (fig.7). They state that ‘urban’ green VELDE, R. V. D. & WIT, S. D. (2009) The landscape is valuable for the health of people, for social interac- Groen form of the metropolis. Footprint, 55-79. tion and cohesion, that green has economical value, that VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. (2002) Modelling green helps to diminish climate change and that urban recreational visits to forests and nature areas. Urban green serves as a link between city and countryside. Forestry & Urban Greening, 1, 5-14. WOESTENBURG, M. (2010) Het metropolitane park (fig.7) ‘The value of green’, by the platform Green&the City (Ministerie van LNV 2009) is helemaal geen park. Blauwe Kamer. Wageningen: Stichting lijn in landschap. ZKA (2006) Economische betekenis toerisme & vrije Ruimte voor vrijetijdsbesteding Toerisme en vrijetijdsbesteding tijd in Brabant. Brabants Bureau voor Toerisme. Tijd voor vrijetijdsbesteding Ontwikkeling in bodemgebruik in Nederland (ha): 1996 - 2003 leveren geld en banen op! Totaal Landbouw Verkeer Bebouwd Semi-bebouwd Recreatie Bos&Natuur Toerisme en vrije tijd vormen een belangrijke pijler van de Brabantse economie. 1996 3.380.050 2.360.382 112.503 304.823 37.780 86.166 478.396 En nu is ook onderzoek gedaan naar de economische betekenis van de toeris- 2000 3.378.329 2.326.047 113.039 318.330 48.573 88.877 483.463 tische en vrijetijdssector in Brabant en de Brabantse regio’s. Hieruit blijkt dat in 2003 3.375.616 2.304.074 114.268 328.867 50.615 93.702 484.090 Brabant 11,5 miljard euro wordt besteed aan toerisme en vrijetijdsbesteding en Verschil 1996 – 2003 (ha) -4.434 -56.308 1.765 24.044 12.835 7.536 5.694 dat levert direct 96.100 arbeidsplaatsen en indirect nog eens 35.600 banen op. Verplichte, persoonlijke en vrije tijd, bevolking van 12 jaar en ouder, 1975-2005 (in uren per week) Verschil 1996 – 2003 (%) -2% 2% 8% 34% 9% 1% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Bron: CBS-Statline, Bodemgebruik in Nederland 2003 AFBAKENING SECTOR Verplichte tijd 40,7 40,8 40,7 42,0 42,6 43,9 44,3 Er is een brede benadering van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector gebruikt. Persoonlijke tijd 76,3 76,8 75,3 75,5 75,0 76,6 76,2 Verblijfstoerisme Vrije tijd 47,9 47,0 49,0 47,2 47,3 44,8 44,7 ■ Nederland werd er tussen 1996 en De oppervlakte recreatie-, bos- en natuur- - toeristische vakanties van Nederlanders en buitenlanders Bron: SCP, www.tijdbesteding.nl 2008 2003 niet groener op. De oppervlakte gebied groeide slechts met 13.230 ha. - vakanties van vaste gasten uit Nederland en buitenland 6 bebouwd en semi-bebouwd terrein (o.a. De groei van deze groengebieden gaat (met eigen accommodatie zoals stacaravan of tweede woning) ■ q Nederlanders kregen vanaf 1985 steeds meer besteed dan in 1975. De hoeveel- leeftijdsgroep 20-64 jaar, die werk en zorg bouwterrein, delfstofvindplaatsen en ten koste van de oppervlakte landbouw- Dagtoerisme minder vrije tijd. Aan verplichtingen - heid vrije tijd is ongelijk over de bevol- combineren, en vooral bij tweeverdieners stortplaatsen) groeide met 36.879 ha. grond. Die nam af met ruim 56.000 ha. - vrijetijdsbesteding van Nederlanders en buitenlanders (bijvoorbeeld betaald werk, opleiding en zorgtaken - king verdeeld. Het gebrek aan vrije tijd met jonge kinderen. 5 q funshoppen, uitgaan, sporten, buitenrecreatie, attracties, evenementen) werd in 2005 per week drieënhalf uur concentreert zich bij mensen in de Ontwikkeling oppervlakte recreatief grondgebruik 1996-2003 ■ De totale oppervlakte recreatiegebied Zakelijk toerisme 35 nam tussen 1996 en 2003 toe met bijna - ééndaags zakelijk verblijf van Nederlanders en buitenlanders 1996 2000 2003 Vrijetijdsbesteding, bevolking 12 jaar en ouder 9% tot ruim 93.000 ha. Vooral de groei - meerdaags zakelijk verblijf van Nederlanders en buitenlanders 30 aan parken en plantsoenen valt op. Dat is Overig 8% gunstig voor de recreatie dicht bij huis. 10% - reisbemiddeling voor uitgaand toerisme (reisbureaus e.d. in Brabant) 4% Gedrukte media Sport en bewegen 25 Ook de ruimte voor sport, - aanschaf duurzame recreatiegoederen (caravans, boten e.d.) 6% dag- en verblijfsrecreatie neemt toe. Elektronische media Uitgaan 20 De oppervlakte volkstuinen daalde de INDELING REGIO’S 6% Sociale contacten Vrijwilligerswerk, mantelzorg en kerkgang afgelopen jaren licht. De economische impact van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector is berekend 32% voor Brabant als geheel en voor vijf Brabantse regio’s: Meierij, Midden- Hobby's Vrijetijdsmobiliteit x 1000 ha 15 Brabant, Noordoost-Brabant, Zuidoost-Brabant en West-Brabant. 14% De afbakening van deze regio’s wordt hiernaast getoond. 10 ONDERZOEKSRESULTATEN 20% 5 Het onderzoek is in 2006 eerst uitgevoerd voor de gehele provincie Noord- Brabant. In het najaar van 2007 heeft een verbijzondering naar de regio’s Bron: SCP, www.tijdbesteding.nl 2008 0 Bron: CBS-Statline, Bodemgebruik in Nederland 2003 plaatsgevonden. Alle gegevens hebben betrekking op het jaar 2005. Parken en plantsoenen Volkstuinen Verblijfsrecreatie Sportterreinen Dagrecreatie BESTEDINGEN PER REGIO WERKGELEGENHEID BRABANTSE SECTOREN VERGELEKEN - BANEN ■ Veel vrije tijd wordt binnenshuis besteding. Het onderhouden van sociale Sporten en bewegen en uitgaan zijn de Meierij € 1.331,8 miljoen besteed. Zo is mediagebruik - lezen, tv, contacten - op visite gaan, een praatje belangrijkste vormen van vrijetijdsbeste- Midden-Brabant € 2.086,3 miljoen (fig. audio,5) computer - metRecreational bijna 19 uur per maken enland telefoneren use - komt metin ruim the ding N buitenshuis.etherlands (Huis et al., 2008) (fig.6)Noordoost-Brabant Factsheet€ 1.340,9 miljoen on leisure in Brabant (ZKA, 2006) week veruit de meest gekozen vrijetijds- 9 uur per week op de tweede plaats. West-Brabant € 3.613,0 miljoen Zuidoost-Brabant € 3.128,7 miljoen Totaal € 11.500,9 miljoen

VERGELIJKING SECTOREN Om de betekenis van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector te kunnen plaatsen in de totale Brabantse economie, wordt de werkgelegenheid in de sector vergeleken met enkele andere belangrijke economische sectoren in de provincie. Zoals de p. 14 rechtergraﬁ ek laat zien, is de sector toerisme en vrije tijd qua werkgelegenheid tien keer zo groot als de landbouwsector. graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder De werkgelegenheid in de zakelijke dienstverlening is van vergelijkbare omvang, het aantal FTE’s in de industrie is zo’n 30% hoger. De toeristische en vrijetijdssector is al met al goed voor 15% van de totale werkgelegenheid in Brabant.

MEER INFORMATIE Brabants Bureau voor Toerisme Kenniscentrum (013) 465 67 18 [email protected] Het volledige rapport is te downloaden op www.bbt.nl.

Project met ﬁ nanciële steun van de Europese Unie Scientific Relevance In the mean time, architects, planners and urban/land- A number of authors from different fields of interest have scape designers already started designing the new met- done scientific research on the topic of the leisure land- ropolitan parks, the parks of the future. (fig.9) At a debate scape. They answered questions like: ‘how do we per- organised by the NVTL (Nederlandse vereniging van ceive the landscape?’ (Coeterier, 2000) or ‘how can we tuin- en landschapsarchitecten) it turned out that there is model the amount of visits to recreational areas?’ (Vr- no clear definition of what a metropolitan park should be ies and Goossen, 2002). Seldom these studies come up (Woestenburg, 2010). This thesis tries to combine vari- with spatial solutions to improve an area. Social studies, ous theories to add a new standpoint to this debate. like Mommaas’ (2000) research at the leisure industry in city and countryside, describe the relation between leisure and landscape. However, this doesn’t necessarily provide designers with spatial solutions to deal with the changes that they illustrate. The research by Alterra on experiential value of the landscape acknowledges that there should be design criteria that designers can work with. So far they don’t really know how to define them:

(fig.8) The inversion of city and landscape (Tummers, 2000) “These design criteria shouldn’t be strict rules. There must be room for the creativity of the designer, but at the same time the design must meet the needs of the future users.” (Goossen and Boer, 2008, p. 52)

Other authors are more interested in the in between landscapes. The shift in balance between city and countryside is noticed by Tummers and Tummers-Zuurmond (2000), who talk about inversion of city and landscape (het land in de stad, fig.8). This topic is currently extended into a debate about the landscape form of the metropolis. Van der Velde en de Wit address this topic in their essay:

“The question is not so much if metropolitan form is determined by landscape, but how we can use it to structure and give meaning to territories: a delicate choreography of mega-shapes and the micro-topogra- phy of landscape places.” (Velde and Wit, 2009, p. 76)

(fig.9) Subject for debate: Park 21, Haarlemmermeer (Woestenburg, 2010)

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 15 3. Part I - the recreational landscape

o Rowing boat at the Eindhovens Kanaal, Geldrop

p. 16 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Introduction references

All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are un- All kinds of networks are rolled out for the active inhabit- BUIJS, A. E., PEDROLI, B. & LUGINBUHL, Y. 2006. der pressure (Hazendonk et al., 2008). Urbanization has ant, but they don’t know how to reach it from their home. From hiking through farmland to farming in a leisure changed the way we perceive landscape. Instead of a You will get lost on a miserable industry area next to the landscape: changing social perceptions of the Euro- functional image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, highway before you even can reach the landscape. In the pean landscape. Landscape Ecology, 21, 375-389. nature as wilderness. Thus, productive landscapes are ‘greening plan’ (groenstructuurplan) from the municipal- HAZENDONK, N., HENDRIKS, M. & VENEMA, H. transformed into recreational landscapes to meet the ity of Utrecht the problem is clearly stated: (eds.) 2008. Greetings from Europe, Landscape & Lei- demands for leisure activities (Buijs et al., 2006). These sure, Rotterdam: 010 uitgeverij. activities are also changing over time. Traditional activi- “The green lines in Utrecht are currently only METZ, T. 2002. Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotter- dam, NAi Uitgevers. ties like cycling or walking are supplemented with the partly available as long connections.” MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. latest fashionable activities like GPS-tracking or a game (Zeijl, 2007, p. 14) 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie of ‘farmers-golf’. Private resorts and fenced festival ar- “The current connections aren’t found suitable naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- eas are changing the public space into private consumer for travelling longer distances, because of their barriers, gevers. paradises (Metz, 2002). their design and their position.” ZEIJL, J. W. V. 2007. Groenstructuurplan Utrecht, These changes are noticed by a number of authors. Tracy (ibid, p. 18) stad en land verbonden. Amersfoort: Van Amerongen. Metz (2002) writes about the changing way we spend our free time and the way it affects the land- and cityscape. (It must be said that this plan by the municipality is a Hans Mommaas (2000) also focuses on the leisure in- good attempt to deal with one of the many aspects of dustry in city and countryside. He notices that the Dutch the changing recreational structure.) population has less free time, but wants to experience more; they are looking for effective ways to recreate. The current trends in recreation are not necessarily a problem, as long as it is dealt with in the right way.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 17 3a. | the statistics | references AA, B. V. D., BERKERS, R. & BOODE, S. (2008) To be able to start a solid research on recreation the car is the most used. The land use for rec- Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoefteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking. Den Haag: in the Netherlands, an overview of the current reation is only 3% of the total land use in the Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum. recreational activities among the Dutch popula- Netherlands, but this percentage is growing. BOODE, S., BERKERS, R. & HOFFMANS, W. H. tion is needed. In Holland, there is an enormous Most of this space is taken by sport fields. (2009) Recreatief groen in de stedelijke regio’s; Bele- idsopgave voor groen in het kader van de integrale amount of data available. On the next page the One-third of the leisure activities by inhabitants verstedelijkingsopgaven. Den Haag: Kenniscentrum most important numbers are given. (fig.10) This of an urban area in the Netherlands are execut- Recreatie. data is abstracted from a number of publica- ed in the landscape. Another one-third consist BRULS, E. J., GOLEN, A. J. V. & MIDDELKOOP, M. V. tions (see references), among which the follow- out of ‘urban’ activities that are placed in the (2002) Wandelen en toegankelijkheid, bedreigingen en knelpunten. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie. ing publications were most useful: landscape. GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. (2008) Recreati- In Brabant the activities do not differ much. The emotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landsc- ‘Recreatie bij de hand’ (Huis et al., 2008) people from Brabant like to eat and drink a bit hap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. > in this publication by the knowledge institute HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. more than the people ‘from above the great riv- (2008) Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. for recreation the most important statistics are ers’. METZ, T. (2002) Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotter- summarized. dam, NAi Uitgevers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. ‘Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoe- (2000) De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- fteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking.’ gevers. (Aa et al., 2008) > This publication focuses on the recreational activities of the inhabitants of urban areas in the

Netherlands. Dealing with leisure A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities From the statistics it can be concluded that the ‘traditional’ leisure activities, walking and cycling, are still executed most. Despite trends and hypes, like a sudden boost of interest in wellness facilities, most people choose outdoor activities as leisure activity. This is mostly done in the direct living environment. For destina-

tions within 5 kilometer from home people walk p.1 Presentation 15-04-2010 or cycle, if the destination is further away, P.J.M. Rosmulder Msc Urbanism TU Delft

p. 18 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 2. leisure activities - the hours 2. leisure activities - the activities

(fig.10) recreational data: based on references; adjusted/processed by author

leisure activities - the places leisure activities - the places 2. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones 2. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones

Figuur 3.4: Top twintig van meest ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten van alle stedelingen, als percentage van Figuur 3.4: Top twintig van meest ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten van alle stedelingen, als percentage van Leisure hours het totale aantal ondernomen activiteiten. het totale aantal ondernomen activiteiten. 42% media, 20% social interaction, 14% hobby, Leisure Activities overall (>1h) 24% Outdoor Recreation, 17% (fun)- 8% travel, 6% sports & exercise, top 20 activities by inhabitants of an top 20 activities by inhabitants of an shopping, 15% sports, 11% eat/drink/party, 6% going out, 4% voluntary works urban area in the Netherlands: urban area in the Netherlands: 11% other, 7% visiting attraction, 5% water- leisure activities - landscape activity, 3% visiting event, 2% wellness, 2% visit- 36% is strictly urban 36% is strictly urban 2. 28% is strictly landscape, 28% is strictly landscape, 2.Amount ofleisure leisure activities hours: - landscape44,7 h/week ing a sportsgame 36% is unclear 36% is unclear Hours spent outside: 5,3 h/week

where? how? Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. 2. leisure activities - the city 2. Bron:leisure CVTO (2007 activities), bewerking Stichting - the Recreatie in-between KIC.

where? how? P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. Walking: Transport: p. 22/523.3 Buitenactiviteiten van stedelingen p. 26/523.3 Buitenactiviteiten van stedelingen De Nota Ruimte noemt een aantal activiteiten die prioriteit dienen te krijgen bij het De Nota Ruimte noemt een aantal activiteiten die prioriteit dienen te krijgen bij het 1. living environment, toegankelijk en bereikbaar maken van buitengebieden als de bufferzones. Als toegankelijk en bereikbaar maken van buitengebieden als de bufferzones. Als voorbeeld noemt men wandelen, fietsen, varen en paardrijden. Zijn dit ook de voorbeeld noemt men wandelen, fietsen, varen en paardrijden. Zijn dit ook de < 1km: walking activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? Walking: Transport: activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? 2. village/town/citypark, Voor het beantwoorden van deze vraag concentreren we ons op de in het Voor het beantwoorden van deze vraag concentreren we ons op de in het buitengebied ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten op minder dan 10 kilometer van de buitengebied ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten op minder dan 10 kilometer van de 1. living environment, 1-5 km: cycling woning. In totaal houden we 2.155 activiteiten over, verdeeld over 15 vormen van woning. In totaal houden we 2.155 activiteiten over, verdeeld over 15 vormen van 3. forest/heath < 1km: walking vrijetijdsbesteding. Deze 15 recreatievormen vinden, met uitzondering van vrijetijdsbesteding. Deze 15 recreatievormen vinden, met uitzondering van paardrijden in een manege, allemaal plaats in de buitenlucht. top 20 activities by inhabitants of an top 20 activities by inhabitants of an 2. village/town/citypark, > 5 km: driving paardrijden in een manege, allemaal plaats in de buitenlucht. paardrijden in een manege, allemaal plaats in de buitenlucht. In figuur 3.5 visualiseren we het resultaat. Wandelen blijkt de activiteit te zijn die urban area in the Netherlands: In figuur 3.5 visualiseren we het resultaat. Wandelen blijkt de activiteit te zijn die urban area in the Netherlands: 1-5 km: cycling stedelingen verreweg het vaakst ondernemen. Daarbij gaat het om het ondernemen stedelingen verreweg het vaakst ondernemen. Daarbij gaat het om het ondernemen 3. forest/heath van een recreatieve wandeltocht, maar ook wandelsport en joggen. Fietsen voor het van een recreatieve wandeltocht, maar ook wandelsport en joggen. Fietsen voor het cycling: > 5 km: driving Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum 25 36% is strictly urban 36% is strictly urban P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisureStichting Recreatie, activities. Kennis- en InnovaToekomstigetiecentrum recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones25 Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum 25 1. rural area p. 20/52 leisure activities - the space Vermaak ‘gezelligheid’ stEdElijkE REcREatiE p. 19/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. 28% is strictly landscape, 28% is strictly landscape, cycling: 2. 36% is unclear 2. village/town/citypark 36% is unclear 1. rural area plezier komt op de tweede plaats, vóór recreëren aan het water. Stedelingen doen ook 3. living environment aan paardensport en varen per motor- of zeilboot, maar zij doen dit minder frequent. 2. village/town/citypark De populariteit vanleisure deze activiteiten activities, en daarmee- the numbers ook de vraag, bevindt zich ongeveer op hetzelfde niveau als skaten of skeeleren. 3. living environment Land-use in the Netherlands 2. = close to home! Vissen en recreatie aan het water zijn de enige vrijetijdsactiviteiten van stedelingen leisure activities - the numbers die duidelijk op één plaats worden ondernomen. Over de gehele linie blijken de Agricultural use 2.304.074 ha. actieve recreatievormenAn geliefderurban atmospheredan de stationaire is required recreatievormen. for these “urban” functions are being pushed 2. 0 = close to home! Traffic 114.268 ha. activities, it can not take place in the landscape. towards the landscape interesse ‘educatie, kunst & cultuur’ tREkplEistER Built area 378.867 ha. p. 23/52 P 1 PresentationFiguur - P.J.M. 3.Rosmulder5: Populariteit van Dealingbuitenactivitei with leisure - A questten for tools binnen to revise the10 Dutch kilometer in between landscape van tode integrate woning leisure activities. door alle stedelingen,p. 27/522007. P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. (average) money spent during a single trip Recreation 93.702 ha. = 3% of NL

Forest & nature 484.090 ha. leisure activities - the places 2. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones (fun)shopping: e. 32,69 activities in the landscape Figuur 3.4: Top twintig van meest ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten van alle stedelingen, als percentage van het totale aantal ondernomen activiteiten. Wellness/beautyp. 56/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M.e. Rosmulder 23,61 Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones(<10km from home) dining/party e. 17,39 growth recreation 1996-2003: 9% p. 56/52Event/festival P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder e. 16,31Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. plezier komt op de tweede plaats, vóór recreëren aan het water. Stedelingen doen ook aan paardensport en varen per35% motor -walking of zeilboot, maar zij doen dit minder frequent. culture e. 12,74 top 20 activities by inhabitants of an De populariteit vanleisure deze activiteiten activities, en daarmee- the numbers ook de vraag, bevindt zich ongeveer urban area in the Netherlands: op hetzelfde niveau als skaten21% of skeeleren cycling. Visit sport match e. 08,65 2. Recreational land-use Vissen en recreatie(water-recreation aan het water zijn de enige / horse vrijetijdsactiviteiten riding) van stedelingen Attractionpark e. 08,18 Sport area 35% 36% is strictly urban die duidelijk op één plaats worden ondernomen. Over de gehele linie blijken de 28% is strictly landscape, actieve recreatievormen geliefder dan de stationaire recreatievormen. Hobby e. 03,73 park 29% 36% is unclear

Sporting e. 03,92 camping/hotel/other 21% Figuur 3.5: Populariteit van buitenactiviteiten binnen 10 kilometer van de woning door alle stedelingen, 2007. Waterrecreationleisure activities - the people e. 03,72 ‘day-recreation’ 11% 2.Outdoor recreation e. 03,40 allotment garden 4 % activities in the landscape

Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. 2. leisure activities - landscape (<10km from home) BUT: spendings x total amount of trips/year = 3,3 billion euro’s for outdoor recreation p. 24/523.3 BuitenactiviteitenP 1 Presentation van stedelingen - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. De Nota Ruimte noemt eenBron: aantal activiteiten CVTO (2007 die prioriteit), bewerking dienen te krijgen Stichting bij het Recreatie KIC. toegankelijk en bereikbaar maken van buitengebieden als de bufferzones. Als p. 53/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisurevoorbeeld activities. noemt men wandelen, fietsen, varen en paardrijden. Zijn dit ook de Who does What? activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? 35% walking Voor het beantwoorden vanDe deze in vraag figuur concentreren 3.5 we genoemde ons op de in het activiteiten vinden allen plaats in een groene omgeving. buitengebied ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten op minder dan 10 kilometer van de woning. In totaal houden Ditwe 2.155 is activiteitenhet gevolg over, verdeeld van overde 15 gemaakte vormen van selectie, zodat het recreatiegedrag van alle 21% cycling vrijetijdsbesteding. Deze 15 recreatievormen vinden, met uitzondering van paardrijden in een manege,stedelingen allemaal plaats in dein buitenlucht. het volge nde hoofdstuktop 20 kanactivities worden by inhabitantsvergeleken of met an het gedrag van de stedelingen nabij bufferzones. Wanneer we niet alleen kijken naar het (water-recreation / horse riding) In figuur 3.5 visualiseren we het resultaat. Wandelen blijkt de activiteit te zijn dieP 1 Presentationurban area - P.J.M. in the Rosmulder Netherlands: Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. children (0-14): 84% playground, 78% cycling, 75% walking stedelingen verreweg hetp. recreatiegedragvaakst 55/52 ondernemen. Daarbij ingaat groenehet om het ondernemen gebieden –zoals natuur, bos en landelijk gebied – blijken van een recreatieve wandeltocht,ook toertochtjesmaar ook wandelsport met en joggen. de Fietsenauto voor of het motor en bezoek aan de volkstuin redelijk populair. adolescent (15-30): 89% movie/theatre, 76% night out, 67% walking 36% is strictly urban Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en InnovaButiecentrumiten activiteiten in categorie25ë n P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. 28% is strictly landscape, p. 54/52 De 15 activiteiten uit figuur 3.5 vallen in de volgende drie CVTO-categorieën: adults (30-49): 84% walking, 73% movie/theatre, 72% cycling 36% is unclear . Buitenrecreatie seniors (50-65): 83% walking, 76% cycling, 56% museum . Zelf sporten . Waterrecreatie en –sport elderly (65+): 67% walking, 52% cycling, 45% museum

26 Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum in the landscape: most people ‘just’ walk or cycle. Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. p. 25/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. De in figuur 3.5 genoemde activiteiten vinden allen plaats in een groene omgeving. Dit is het gevolg van de gemaakte selectie, zodat het recreatiegedrag van alle stedelingen in het volgende hoofdstuk kan worden vergeleken met het gedrag van de Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. stedelingen nabij bufferzones. WanneerP 1 Presentation we - nietP.J.M. alleen Rosmulder kijken naar het p.Dealing 19 with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p.recreatiegedrag 55/52 in groene gebieden –zoals natuur, bos en landelijk gebied – blijken ook toertochtjes met de auto of motor en bezoek aan de volkstuin redelijk populair.

Buitenactiviteiten in categorieën De 15 activiteiten uit figuur 3.5 vallen in de volgende drie CVTO-categorieën:

. Buitenrecreatie . Zelf sporten . Waterrecreatie en –sport p. 21/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities.

26 Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum 3B. | literature review | are unique because of its remote position and extensive public. The same is true for the program: a large variety The paper ‘Mapping Leisure’ gives a theoretical back- of functions can bring liveliness to a park, but it can also ground by exploring the already existing modelling tools disturb the peace and quietness. on recreation. The abstract of this paper can be found on this page (fig.11), the whole article is in Appendix A. The variable ‘Experience value’ is hard to put into an ob- This paper compares a number of analysis models that jective method. Still, a number of authors have stated focus on the recreational use of the Dutch landscape or spatial criteria that determine how people perceive their on the success of urban green areas. It is important to environment. For recreation, a division between people explore both scales, since the in-between landscape has can be made based on motives for recreation. When potential to act on both levels. The comparison is based someone is looking for peace and quietness they will on four variables: context, accessibility, facilities and ex- think of a group of people as a disturbance, while some- perience value. These four variables were recognizable one who is more socially orientated will like the company in most of the models examined. of others.

mapping leisure Peter J.M. Rosmulder The variable ‘context’ deals with the supply of visitors to a green space. If there is a high density of inhabitants nearby, the park is more likely to become a viable place. mapping leisure Here the factor competition is also important. If there a quest for spatial criteria to model the recreational use of Dutch are a number of parks next to each other, the potential landscapes visitors are divided over the parks within reach. This way competition reduces the number of visitors to a park. Peter J.M. Rosmulder The variable ‘accessibility’ addresses whether people b1257900 _ [email protected] Delft University of Technology, Department of Urbanism can actually reach an urban green space. This raises the 6th Graduation Lab Urbanism Conference question how far people are willing to travel to reach their destination? This depends on a number of factors, Abstract – The Dutch landscape in between cities is increasingly under pressure of urbanization. The among which are: the size of the park, the location, and traditional agricultural land use is no longer viable here. The green buffer zones (rijksbufferzones), defined 50 the program. The physical access is also defined by the years ago to prevent the cities from growing together, are now being addressed to accommodate various leisure facilities (Herngreen et al., 2008). From a number of different professions research is conducted on the number of ‘gates’ of a park. These gates are places where relationship between leisure and landscape. Each research tackles a part of the problem, but an integral method one can cross the barrier of a park, but also a place where linking the various professions is missing. This literature review will focus on four analysis models. Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003), de Vries and you can park your car or get of the public transport. Goossen (2002) and Hoffmans (1998) have each developed a GIS-based monitoring tool. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) have made a manual analysis method to examine the success of city parks. Through comparison on a number of variables the models will be reviewed. This comparison will give me an overview of The variable ‘Facilities’ deals with the fitness for use the most important spatial criteria for the recreational use of the Dutch landscape. of the green space. This can be split up in routing and The spatial criteria will be used in my graduation project. It will give me a theoretical background on which I can start developing my own design principles that will help to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its program. Since the statistics have proven that walking recreational potential. and cycling are still the main activities among the Dutch (Fig. 11) population, the density of paths is an indication for the abstract theory review Key words – recreation; green buffer zones; leisure landscape; experience value; GIS-based monitoring tool success of a green space. On the other hand, some areas 1 Introduction are being used to express arguments to resist the uprising pressure on the scarce public space p. 20 All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder under pressure. Urbanization has changed the way (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, Spek et al., 2009, we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional Vries and Goossen, 2002) image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, nature as wilderness (Buijs et al., 2006). Productive The main aim of this literature review is to find landscapes are transformed into recreational spatial factors that determine whether or not a landscapes to meet the demands for leisure activities. specific location is suited to accommodate leisure These activities are also changing over time. activities. Therefore I will focus at three GIS-based Traditional activities like cycling or walking are planning models, that are used to predict or analyze supplemented with the latest fashionable activities the use of the Dutch landscape for recreation. The like GPS-tracking or a game of ‘farmers-golf’ 1 . three GIS-based models will be compared with a Private resorts and fenced festival areas are manual (non GIS-based) analysis model, to give a changing the public space into private consumer critical comment on the use of computer software. paradises (Metz, 2002). Various professions conduct The four models all deal with approximately the research on the balance between leisure and same set of variables. Each variable is based on a landscape. Spatial designers are discussing how a specific theoretical background. 21st century metropolitan park should function The theoretical background will give me input for (Haarlemmermeer, 2008). Planners and politician my graduation project. In my graduation project I’m are searching for the right controls to regulate the studying the recreational potential of green buffer use of the landscape (Leinfelder, 2005). A number zones in the Netherlands. The buffer zones are a of state of the art modelling tools (like GIS and GPS) result of a building restriction ordered fifty years ago by the government to prevent urban sprawl in 1 the landscape between the main Dutch cities A game of golf with big wooden clubs (or wooden shoes on a (Herngreen et al., 2008). Today the original stick) in a meadow (Farmersgolf, 2006) agricultural use of the landscape is diminishing.

- 1 - Conclusion ‘Context’ and ‘Accessibility’ are two external factors, ‘Facilities’ and ‘Ex- perience value’ are mostly internal qualities of an urban green space. The precise balance between the importance of internal or external factors changes according to the scale level one has as starting point. If the city park is the main subject of study, the context proves more important than when a nature area is studied. The internal qualities and facilities are more important on a regional scale, where there is more room for differentiation and special- ization.

Based on the studied literature, a matrix was constructed with two axis: scale (or time) on one side and the four variables ‘context’, ‘accessibility’, ‘facilities’ and ‘experience value’ on the other side. The scale levels are local and regional. On a local scale, people use the green spaces for making a short tour, a stroll, of 1-2 hours, starting from the doorstep of one’s home. When looking for leisure for 4-8 hours, the regional level is important. Here most people use the car to reach a specific destination with unique qualities that is worth travelling for. The matrix is showed here. (fig.12)

(Fig. 12)

design principles for recreation

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 21 3C. | additional literature | References Next to the sources incorporated in the theory review, a - ‘Landkaartmos’ & ‘Landschap in meervoud’ HAJER, M., REIJNDORP, A. & BRINKMAN, E. 2001. number of other sources is explored. These writings did In both books a number of essays on the changing Dutch In search of new public domain analysis and strategy, not provide a direct input, but are certainly valuable for landscape are combined. These essays give a good over- Rotterdam, NAi Publishers. KOLEN, J. & LEMAIRE, T. 1999. Landschap in meer- the process of the graduation project and to put the rec- view of the current developments from a spatial, social and even philosophical point of view. voud perspectieven op het Nederlandse landschap in reational aspect of the landscape into perspective. They de 20ste/21ste eeuw red.: Jan Kolen en Ton Lemaire, also give critical input for the design for the case study. Utrecht, Van Arkel. A short summary: - ‘a new public domain’ & ‘variations on a theme park’ METZ, T. (2002) Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotter- The discussion on the public domain is very important. In dam, NAi Uitgevers. relation to leisure the term ‘disneyfication’ is used soon- SIJMONS, D., FEDDES, F. & STICHTING ROTTER- - Tracy Metz (2002) ‘Fun!’ er or later. This implies a strong thematic program and a DAM-MAASKANT. 2002. Landkaartmos en andere This book was studied, to get a better understanding of bounded freedom. The function of green spaces as pub- beschouwingen over landschap door Dirk Sijmons; met the changes in recreational activities of the Dutch popu- lic space is very important. This aspect is incorporated in Fred Feddes...[et al.], Rotterdam, Uitgeverij 010. lation. In striking essays Metz clearly describes the cur- the typological analysis as the factor ‘right of entry’, but SORKIN, M. 1992. Variations on a theme park; the new American city and the end of public space, New rent need for experiences; people want to spend their it should cover more than only the legal side of the topic. York, Noonday. leisure hours with more intense activities. The essays This will be further explored in part II. are supported by evocative photographs, showing the Dutch at leisure. (fig 13) Also the position of the government is addressed, who doesn’t seems able to respond to the changing trends. Metz describes the example of ‘Buitenborgh’:

“It was out of the question to build permanent homes here because this area is a part of the Green Heart, and that has to remain open. Holiday apart- ments, however, fall under different regulations, so on paper the ‘gnome village’ does not affect that fiercely desired openness.” (Metz, 2002, p. 190)

(Fig.13)

images from ‘Fun! Leisure and landscape’ (metz, 2002)

p. 22 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 23 3d. | typological analysis | Spaarnwoude

The typological analysis is a method to analyse locations on one specific topic. To test the design principles that were found in the theory review, a typological analysis of Spaarnwoude (fig.14) was made. If you think about leisure landscapes in the Netherlands, Spaarnwoude is bound to show up sooner or later. Designed in the sixties, it still provides a green space for the inhabitants of Haarlem, Velsen, IJmuiden and Amsterdam-West. The area is also national known for the many festivals that are organized here, like Dance Valley, Mysteryland and Awakenings.

The matrix, as introduced in the previous paragraph, is filled in for the test case of Spaarnwoude (fig.15). The layers will be addressed one by one.

(fig.14) Design for the recreational area of Spaarnwoude, only partly executed (Bruggen et al., 1969)

p. 24 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder (Fig. 15)

Spaarnwoude - design principles for recreation

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 25 Context Density: (inwoners) 003.972 - Local scale (1 km) 058.002 The inhabitants that want to make (3 km) 170.358 a short tour from their home, have to live within 1 km of the border of Spaarnwoude, in order to reach is within 15 min (based on an average speed of 4 km/h). The percentage of the border that is effective is the border that can be reached by inhabitants. In Spaarn- woude only 50% of the border is effective for a short route. Next to that there is very little variety in the context.

Effective border

Reach (1km/3km)

15000/2 Situation in 2007

5064/2

6928/2 16525 15525

3148/2

2700

5477 6000

(20701-2700)/2 8024

8344/2

1200 1535 1500/2

12564/2

7000 1600 3280 21116 6500 3522 7667 3234/2

6350

4500 200

2500

p. 26 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder accessibility Public, free access

Private, access on road/paths Parking place - local scale M Commercial, payed access Public transport stop When people are walking or cycling, M Not accessible they don’t want to pay to access an area, they prefer areas that are freely accessible. In Spaarnwoude there are a number of golf courses that are only accessible for golfers. Next ? to golf, also camp sites form an en- C clave in the recreational landscape. Measuring the effective border (context) is just one step. Secondly it is important to look at the number of entries along this border. By draw- M ing the lines from this access points, it can be illustrated how effective an entry is. Right of entry - regional scale Point of access (bike/walking) On a regional scale most visitors come by car to the area. This means that the supply of parking places Parking place should be sufficient. By taking the Public transport stop connectivity of these parking places it can be illustrated how well these places are attached to the urban tissue. Although some parking places along the border of Spaarnwoude are well attached to some neighbor- hoods of Haarlem, the lines don’t go inside the area. The parking places in the centre of the area are not connected with the urban areas but well connected with the national and regional road network.

The public transport system covers a great part of the area, this is fine. Connectivity of access points (car)

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 27 facilities

Color according to motive:

Cycling path fort Information - local scale Paard

Walking path Paard terras Amusement Important on a local scale are the eet ATB route eet vogel Quietness density of the routing network, the KIJK! KIJK! golf Activities barriers and the number of attrac- atelier tions that form a goal for a short drink Paard eet route. Infocentrum eet pannenkoek Snack

eet Eet - Regional scale fort On this scale all of the program is Vogel

Vogel kerk eet sluis addressed. The routes that are part fort terras of a larger network are interesting molen for people that want to make a lon- KIJK! Vogel eet Paard ger tour, especially towards the ur- Vis Paard ban centres. fort molen kerk eet boer fortshop

Routing Barriers Program (goal for short route)

Color according to motive: cycling route Cycling path hotel Paard fort Information vaar city centre Walking path camp site schaats Speel Paard terras Amusement hond! eet festival Snowplaneteet vogel Quietness IJmuiden Beverwijk ATB klim KIJK! KIJK! Slee ATB golf Activities evenement atelier Speel Speel Speel Resort drinkSpeeloutdoorPaard Waterland > Speel treinkanoResort Hotel eet Hotel vlieg SpeelVogel paintbal Zaandam golf

Infocentrum eet Kampeer Snack eet vaar pannenkoekSpeel eet Snack golf Speel Speel Naakt Vis < kust Kampeer Vis Speel Vis Surf Speel eet Eet fort Santpoort golf Fiets! Vogel schaats

Vis Vogel kerk eet B&b vaarsluis fort terras

molen

kerk KIJK!Speel outdoorgroep boer golf groep SpeelVis Speel Haarlem Halfweg Vis Vogel golf zeil eet Paard Vis Speel Paard kampeer Speel kampeer Speel vaarfortgroep Speel evenementfestival groep molen Speel Speel Osdorp Speel kerk outdoor Speel boerengolf! LF - 20b eet Speel outdoor boer Hoofddorp Speel fortshop eet Hotel fort Program

Routing (cycling routes and urban centres) Routing (long distance cycling/walking) Locations for stay p. 28 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 50-60 dB Meadows experience value Former land 60-70 dB Oppervlakte: Forest Former IJ-lake - 44% privé / natuur Paard vaar - 30% openbaar schaats >70 dB Grassland Unesco world heritage site Speel Paard - 9% commercieel - Local/regional level hond! eet - 2% bebouwing Town festivaleet 15% infrastructuur/onbekend Snowplanet The experience value of an area is ATB klim KIJK! KIJK! Slee ATB Golf course

evenement atelier more or less similar for visitors from Speel Speel Water Speel drink outdoor Paard ResortSpeel Speel kano the region. Factors that can influ- trein Infrastructure eet Hotel vlieg Speel Vogel paintbal ence the experience value are the golf eet Kampeer Snack Infocentrum vaar pannenkoek eet eet Snack Speel golf Speel historic qualities of an area, the qui- Speel Naakt Vis Vis Vis Surf Speel Speel eet Eet etness and the land-use. Empirical fort golf Fiets! Vogel research has proven that people schaats Vis

Vogel Vogel kerk eet vaar sluis rather walk in a forest than in a pol- fort terras der landscape. For cycling the op- molen

Speel outdoor kerk KIJK! groep boer golf posite is true. Speel Vis Speel golf Vis Vogel zeil eet Paard Spaarnwoude has two unique histor- Vis Speel kampeer Paard Speel Speel ic layers: the former IJ dike and the vaar fort Speel festival groep evenement molen Speel Speel Speel Speel kerk outdoor boerengolf! remains of the Dutch defence line. eet Speel outdoor fort boer Speel shop The area scores bad on quietness, eet noise from Schiphol airport and the fort highways disturbs the quietness of History Noise and busyness Land use the polder. In other areas there are 19.000 a lot of facilities, what means that there are more visitors. In land-use Information Amusement a clear division exists between the former land and the new polders. Oosterbroek 43.000

The recreational motives are all present in Spaarnwoude. The motive ‘information’ for people who want to get to know something while at leisure is mostly present around the water front. The recreational areas Quietness Activities Oosterbroek and Houtrak are much more suited for amusement.

As stated in the introduction, 25.000 Spaarnwoude is nationally known Houtrak for its festivals. In 2008 over 100.000 people visited a festival here.

11.000 7.000 4.000

Motives for recreation Festivals (2008)

p. 29 Spaarnwoude: Observations

At my visit to the area I’ve taken photographs of striking objects or surroundings that influence the recreational use of the area. The overall conclusion is clear: Spaarnwoude is solemnly designed for recreation. However, this leads to an interesting paradox: “The more you make an area suited for recreation, the more inappropriate it becomes.” (Coeter- ier, 2000, p. 219)

To me it seemed like there was an overload of information and regulations. Because the use of the area is so clearly defined it becomes annoying. The horse riders have their own sandy track next to the asphalt track for the cyclists. The skaters are warned a number of times for a dangerous decline, the cars are lead straight to their destination, a parking place. The number of routes is overwhelming, every five meters you have to stop to re-orientate. Still, the area functions well for people who want to recreate, it is effi- cient in reaching its goal.

p. 30 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Conclusion The typological analysis, strengthened by the observations, tell the story of Spaarnwoude: designed and developed as a recreational landscape. Because of this, the area functions good on a regional level with a lot of parking places and facilities. By zoning the area into a busy and a natural part, people with various motives can enjoy themselves here. There is, however, no middle course, it is all or nothing. This leads to an overload of paths and facilities. The biggest problem of the area is the accessibility on a local scale, the area is not integrated with the urban context, it is caught within barriers. The effective barriers are not always exploited in a optimal way.

* reservation for business fare

* skaters attention - dangerous decline!

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 31 4. Part II - the in between landscape

o Farmer harvesting leek, Brandevoort

p. 32 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder introduction references

The division between city and countryside is disappear- In areas that aren’t secured as green buffer zones, the clut- HERNGREEN, R., SLOOTEN, I. V. & MINISTERIE VAN ing in our current network society. An uniform urban sys- tering continues. Because most of the in-between land- VROM 2008. 50 jaar Rijksbufferzones; jubileumboek, ‘s- tem is spread out over the country, linking centralities, scapes extent over multiple municipalities, there rarely is Gravenhage, VROM. both urban and natural. The scarce open space has to a common vision. Even when municipalities agree that MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2008. Structuurvisie Rand- stand strong to resist the pressure of urbanisation. something should be done, they point to each other to stad 2040, naar een duurzame en concurrerende Eu- The government is trying at hardest to do something pay for the costs. ropese topregio. Den Haag. against the cluttered areas at the edge of our cities. The WOESTENBURG, M. 2010. Het metropolitane park ‘rijksbufferzones’ (green buffer zones between cities, that It’s no coincidence that the in-between areas in the Neth- is helemaal geen park. Blauwe Kamer. Wageningen: Stichting lijn in landschap. have to be kept free of built program) have been used erlands are associated with leisure activities. The buffer over 50 years to draw a strict line between urban and ru- zones are mostly located next to residential neighbour- ral (Herngreen et al., 2008). But is this a sustainable way hoods and are criss-crossed with the main infrastructural to protect the landscape? networks between the cities. The open landscape offers room for functions that require a good connectivity or The discussion on the green buffer zones, as a kind of that take up a lot of space. The big boxes next to the in-between landscape, and the overall landscape form highway where some people happily spend their after- of the metropolis is rising within the profession. The min- noon shopping, are cluttering the much appreciated istry of VROM proposed in their ‘Randstad 2040’ vision landscape according to others. Instead of a recreational to transform the main function of the green buffer zones structure that manages the left-over open space in be- from agricultural to recreational (Ministerie van VROM, tween cities, the leisure facilities are addressed as annoy- 2008). However, the solution presented by the ministry ing and inconvenient. isn’t clear. They’ve come up with the term metropolitan park, while no-one knows exactly what this is supposed to be (Woestenburg, 2010).

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 33 H H

feasible, either from an economical, social or from a sus- e 4a. | Literature review | t HET L a n d e

tainable point of view. (Provincie Gelderland et al., 2010) e

l METROPOLITANE i j k D t

Large recreational areas, like the 935ha. Amsterdamse a PARK: The current metropolitan arrangement of urban nodes g b l a d L Bos, were the result of post-war labour provision proj- • VORMGEVEN AAN and natural voids is the result of an ongoing process, in- u i t g a

v DE BUITENRUIMTE e a

ects. Research has shown that people no longer greatly v

fluenced by the spatial planning policy of the Dutch gov- a n d

e TUSSEN STEDEN n N

value these man-made recreational areas. (Gemeente V

ernment. (Cammen, 2003) After the explosive growth of T L • d v

Amsterdam et al., 2008) Because people have less lei- e r

the urban area, a strict division between the city and the s c h e i j n sure time but want to experience more, there is a need t t

landscape is no longer practicable. Instead, a homoge- h e l m a t i i s

for ‘natural’ areas with a strong identity. Since one can c

neous mixture of suburban spaces bridges the gap be- h j • J a a k

travel further as a result of increased mobility, the natural r tween dense urban nodes. The Netherlands contains a g a n g 1 areas will have to compete to attract visitors. (Mommaas 2 number of urban regions which consist of multiple urban • N D u m m

et al., 2000) e

nodes, a suburban periphery and remnants of landscape; (fig.17)r discussion in the practice (NVTL, 2010) 1 • a 2 0 1

one of which is the Brainport area. (Ministerie van VROM, 0 2004) g b

(fig.16) protest to protect the buffer zone (Herngreen et al., 2008)l From Buffer Zone to Metropolitan Park a d

N V T L nederlandse vereniging voor To prevent the Dutch landscape from further urbanization tuin- en landschapsarchitectuur netherlands association for the government constructed nine ‘green buffer zones’ landscape architecture fifty years ago. (fig.16, Herngreen et al., 2008) Today the buffer zones still successfully function as green barriers between cities. However, there is renewed interest in the buffer zones because of shifts in the function of the landscape in the current metropolitan context in Holland. The traditional agricultural function of the buffer zones is no longer feasible in the overcrowded Randstad. Farmers are struggling to find successors for their businesses. (Aa et al., 2008) According to the government, now is the time to change the agricultural buffer zones into metropolitan landscape parks for city inhabitants. (fig. 18; Ministerie van VROM, 2008) This will improve the quality of life in the cities and help to solve the ecological tasks emerging from climate change in a sustainable way. It will give the green buffer zones new significance in the Dutch metropolitan landscape and will improve overall competitiveness of the Netherlands globally. (fig. 17)

The question is what this metropolitan landscape park should look like and how it ought to function. Turning the landscape into one big traditional city park is not

p. 34 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder references The Land in the City This three-field inversion formula has effectively been In their thesis Tummers and Tummers-Zuurmond (2000) used to plan open green spaces in new-built neighbour- AA, B. V. D., BERKERS, R. & BOODE, S. 2008. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoe- urge planners and designers to actively design open hoods, but the authors state that it can also be used to plan city parks and urban agglomerations; the periphery fteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking. Den Haag: spaces in metropolitan areas. By analysing thriving urban Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum. parks and metropolitan regions the authors have formed and the public facility have to be scaled up to suit the CAMMEN, H. V. D. 2003. Ruimtelijke ordening van a strategy that helps to determine a well proportioned type of open space. grachtengordel tot Vinex-wijk door Hans van der Cam- open space that can counteract against the urban pres- The Belgian researcher H. Leinfelder (2005, 2008) proj- men en Len de Klerk, Utrecht, Spectrum. sure. The three-field inversion system that the authors ects this formula onto the Flemish context and links it GEMEENTE AMSTERDAM, SMEETS, H. & GEDDET, propose consists of three steps: with theories on the functioning of the open space as a J. 2008. Het grote groenonderzoek 2008. In: AMSTER- public space, or even as a part of the public domain. He DAM, D. R. O. (ed.). Amsterdam. 1. An open space with a permanent status has to be states that the change from an open space to a public HAJER, M., REIJNDORP, A. & BRINKMAN, E. 2001. In search of new public domain analysis and strategy, (fig.17) discussion in the practice (NVTL, 2010) defined, space does not mean that it always has to be made ac- Rotterdam, NAi Publishers. 2. The edge must be predominantly occupied by built- cessible by adding paths. By creating public space on the edges or implementing a public program peripheral HERNGREEN, R., SLOOTEN, I. V. & MINISTERIE VAN up areas, VROM 2008. 50 jaar Rijksbufferzones; jubileumboek, ‘s- 3. A special, preferably public, program is peripherally inside the open space the people passing by can get in Gravenhage, VROM. located inside the open space. touch with the parochial users of the open space. Paro- LEINFELDER, H. 2005. “op een eenzaam veld zult chial space is public space that is clearly claimed by a ge een rund tegenkomen...”; Naar een alternatieve specific group of users. (Lofland, 1998) ruimtelijk-conceptuele benadering van het buitenge- The strategy of linking flow spaces (meant for mobility, bied in vertedelijkend Vlaanderen. S.i.: S.n. movement) to meeting places (where people can stay LEINFELDER, H. 2008. Binnenste buiten Over open and rest) and creating a public domain by strengthening ruimte als publieke ruimte in een verstedelijkende the cultural heterogeneity by combining parochial (vlaamse) ruimtelijke context. LOFLAND, L. 1998. The public realm: exploring the city’s quintessential social territory, Aldine de Gruyter. spaces of subcultures, was already proposed for the MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2004. Nota ruimte, ‘s- KEUZES urban context. (e.g. Hajer et al., 2001, van der Woud- Gravenhage, Sdu Uitgevers. en, 2002) The projection of this strategy onto the open MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. spaces outside the city delivers a new tool to improve 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie the meaning of the open landscape for the urban inhab- naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- itant. Leinfelder (2008) argues that the three-field inver- gevers. sion formula is a good tool to improve the public value NVTL 2010. Het metropolitane park: vomgeven aan de buitenruimte tussen steden. Het landelijk dagblad, of the open space. 12. PROVINCIE GELDERLAND, DHV & SAB 2010. Park Lingezegen; intergemeentelijke structuurvisie. TUMMERS, L. J. M. & TUMMERS-ZUURMOND, J. M. 2000. Het land in de stad de stedebouw van de grote agglomeratie, Bussum, Thoth. VAN DER WOUDEN, R. 2002. Meervoudig (fig.18) Metropolitan landscape parks in the Randstad in 2040 ruimtegebruik als culturele opgave : ontwikkelingen in de openbare ruimte. Nova terra : kwartaaluitgave over meervoudig ruimtegebruik, 2, 35-39.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 35

Zorgen voor waterveiligheid lange termijn Verbinden van arbeidsmarkt en woningmarkt op een hoger schaalniveau 1. Randstad blijvend beschermen tegen overstromingen 4. Beschermen en ontwikkelen van landschappelijke differentiatie 8. Benutten en versterken (inter)nationale topfuncties door middel van: 10. Opschalen van de stedelijke regio's: Versterken internationale economische krachten van de steden in de Randstad Veilige, klimaatbestendige, groenblauwe delta als raamwerk voor verstedelijking - piekafvoer grote rivieren - bundeling en klimaatbestendige inrichting van verstedelijking, met - versterken van diversiteit en identiteit - Versterken en benutten van internationale, metropolitane kansen van - versterken dijkringen ruimte voor werklocaties - versterken kust de regio Amsterdam - ruimte voor de rivier - zeespiegelstijging Verstedelijkingsopgave - kwalitatief en kwantitatief Zorgen voor waterveiligheid lange termijn Verbinden van arbeidsmarkt en woningmarkt op een hoger schaalniveau 1. Randstad blijvend beschermen tegen overstromingen 4. Beschermen en ontwikkelen van landschappelijke differentiatie 8. 5.Benutten Transitie en van versterken de landbouw (inter)nationale topfuncties door middel van: 10. Opschalen van de stedelijke regio's: - verbeteringVersterken van OV- internationale en wegbereikbaarheid economische krachten van de steden in de Randstad Veilige, klimaatbestendige, groenblauwe delta als raamwerk voor verstedelijking - van zuidwestelijke delta naar IJsselmeer - piekafvoer grote rivieren - kustbescherming - Versterken - bundeling hubfunctie en klimaatbestendige van Schiphol mede inrichting in relatie van verstedelijking,met onderzoek metnaar Verbeteren- versterken externe van relaties diversiteit en identiteit - ruimte voor groenblauwe woonmilieus i.c.m. versterken identiteit landschappen - Versterken en benutten van internationale, metropolitane kansen van - wateroverlast verstedelijkte droogmakerijen, glastuinbouwgebieden - versterken dijkringen eventuele ruimte uitplaatsing voor werklocaties naar Lelystad en Eindhoven - centrumontwikkeling op het niveau van de Noordelijke en de Zuidelijke - versterken kust - metropolitane parken Versterken relaties met andere stedelijke regio’s de regio Amsterdam Randstad - ruimte voor de rivier - zeespiegelstijging Verstedelijkingsopgave - kwalitatief en kwantitatief - lage veenweidegebieden (bodemdaling) -5. ruimte Transitie voor van grote de landbouw rivieren 6. Ontwikkeling van groene woonmilieus gekoppeld aan groenblauwe opgave - Uitbouwen - verbetering toppositie van OV- Rotterdamse en wegbereikbaarheid haven door innovatie, Versterken- van concurrentiepositiezuidwestelijke delta van naar de IJsselmeer Randstad in noordwest Europa Inzetten op kracht: versterken van de topfuncties - kustbescherming - Versterken hubfunctie van Schiphol mede in relatie met onderzoek naar transformatie en ontwikkelen havennetwerk Verbeteren externe relaties - ruimte voor groenblauwe woonmilieus i.c.m. versterken identiteit landschappen - versterken van de topfuncties in de steden ( hoofdvestiging internationale - wateroverlast verstedelijkte droogmakerijen, glastuinbouwgebieden eventuele uitplaatsing naar Lelystad en Eindhoven - centrumontwikkeling op het niveau van de Noordelijke en de Zuidelijke 11. Optimaal benutten en klimaatbestendig inrichten binnenstedelijke ruimte - metropolitane parken organisaties en NGO’s, wetenschap, internationale congressen, beurzen, - dijkringen en kust Benutten internationale topfuncties in de steden, de greenports, luchthaven Versterken relaties met andere stedelijke regio’s - Versterken Randstad en uitbouwen van Den Haag als internationale stad van recht, voor wonen, werken en voorzieningen door tentoonstellingen e.d., stedelijk toerisme, hoofdkantoren multinationals en Schiphol en haven van Rotterdam en Amsterdam - lage veenweidegebieden (bodemdaling) - ruimte voor grote rivieren 2. Anticiperen6. Ontwikkeling op toenemende van groene woonmilieusverzilting en watertekort:gekoppeld aan zoet groenblauwe water opgave 7. - Uitbouwen Extra groenblauwe toppositie kwaliteitsimpuls Rotterdamse haven bij de doorsteden innovatie, in de vorm van vrede en veiligheid - transformerenVersterken concurrentiepositie van de Randstad in noordwest Europa VersterkenInzetten positie op kracht:van havens versterken en luchthavens van de topfuncties internationale banken, havens, luchthavens en internationale toegankelijkheid) - extra aandacht voor waarborging veiligheid tegen overstromingen transformatie 'metropolitane en parken' ontwikkelen (aangegeven havennetwerk gebieden zijn hiervoor zoekgebieden) - versterken van de topfuncties in de steden ( hoofdvestiging internationale - ontwikkelen havennetwerk -11. Versterken Optimaal nationale benutten potenties en klimaatbestendig Utrecht als draaischijfinrichten binnenstedelijke en kennisstad ruimte - herstructureren Goede robuuste organisaties nationale en NGO’s, en internationale wetenschap, verbindingen internationale (weg congressen,en spoor) met beurzen, een - versterken hubfunctie van Schiphol - dijkringen en kust Benutten rond Rotterdam internationale en Drechtstedentopfuncties in de steden, de greenports, luchthaven Versterken bereikbaarheid - Versterken en uitbouwen van Den Haag als internationale stad van recht, voor wonen, werken en voorzieningen door focus op tentoonstellingen de corridors naar e.d., het zuiden, stedelijk oosten toerisme, en zuidoosten. hoofdkantoren multinationals en - versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports Schiphol en haven van Rotterdam en Amsterdam 2. Anticiperen op toenemende verzilting en watertekort: zoet water 7. Extra groenblauwe kwaliteitsimpuls bij de steden in de vorm van vrede en veiligheid - transformeren - intensiverenVersterken positie van havens en luchthavens internationale banken, havens, luchthavens en internationale toegankelijkheid) - tussen de steden en hun regio’s 3. Van Groene Hart naar groenblauwe delta: beschermen, ontwikkelen en - versterking clusters rond de universiteiten - extra aandacht voor waarborging veiligheid tegen overstromingen Zorgen voor waterkwaliteit lange termijn: zoutindringing klimaatbestendig 'metropolitane inrichtenparken' (aangegeven gebieden zijn hiervoor zoekgebieden) - Versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports - ontwikkelen havennetwerk - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad rond Rotterdam en Drechtsteden - Versterken nationale potenties Utrecht als draaischijf en kennisstad - herstructureren Goede robuuste nationale en internationale verbindingen (weg en spoor) met een - versterken hubfunctie van Schiphol Versterken bereikbaarheid - nationaal en internationaal 12. Uitvoerenfocus schaalsprong op de corridors Almere naar in relatie het zuiden, met ontwikkeling oosten en zuidoosten. regio - versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports Focus op de stad 3. Van Groene Hart naar groenblauwe delta: beschermen, ontwikkelen en - Versterking - intensiveren hoogwaardige economische clusters rond de zes Amsterdam, bereikbaarheid en ecologische verbetering IJmeer – - versterking clusters rond de universiteiten - steden centraal, met extra inzet op verdichting - Hersteltussen devan steden ecologische en hun waarden regio’s en biodiversiteit door ruimte voor Zorgen voor waterkwaliteit lange termijn: zoutindringing klimaatbestendig inrichten - Versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports universiteiten in de Randstad Markermeer - opschaling ‘daily urban system’ van stadsregio's naar Noordelijke en Zuidelijke - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad en samenhang tussen natuurgebieden Randstad - nationaal en internationaal 9. Verbeteren12. Uitvoeren van schaalsprong (inter)nationale Almere verbindingen in relatie tussen met ontwikkeling de Randstad regio en andere Focus op de stad - schaalsprong Almere - Versterking hoogwaardige economische clusters rond de zes stedelijke Amsterdam, regio’s bereikbaarheid(weg en OV) en ecologische verbetering IJmeer – - steden centraal, met extra inzet op verdichting - versterken relaties met andere nationale stedelijke netwerken Herstel van ecologische waarden en biodiversiteit door ruimte voor universiteiten in de Randstad Markermeer Kwaliteit van groen rond de steden – versterken identiteit, diversiteit - opschaling ‘daily urban system’ van stadsregio's naar Noordelijke en Zuidelijke en samenhang tussen natuurgebieden Randstad Versterken bereikbaarheid (weg en spoor) en toegankelijkheid van de groenblauwe gebieden 9. Verbeteren van (inter)nationale verbindingen tussen de Randstad en andere - schaalsprong Almere - tussen de steden en hun regio’s, stedelijke regio’s (weg en OV) - versterken relaties met andere nationale stedelijke netwerken - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad Kwaliteit van groen rond de steden – versterken identiteit, diversiteit Versterken bereikbaarheid (weg en spoor) en toegankelijkheid van de groenblauwe gebieden Goede robuuste nationale en internationale verbindingen - tussen de steden en hun regio’s, (weg en spoor) met een focus op de corridors naar het zuiden, oosten en zuidoosten. - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad - Zuid: A4 Amsterdam - Antwerpen, HSL Zuid en mogelijk verbeterde goederenverbinding Rotterdam - Antwerpen (Robel) Zorgen voor waterveiligheid lange termijn Verbinden van arbeidsmarkt en woningmarkt op een hoger schaalniveau 1. Randstad blijvend beschermen tegen overstromingen 4. Beschermen en ontwikkelen van landschappelijke differentiatie 8. Benutten en versterken (inter)nationale topfuncties door middel van: 10. Opschalen van de stedelijke regio's: VersterkenGoede internationale robuuste nationale economische en internationale krachten van deverbindingen steden in de Randstad Veilige,- Zuidoost: klimaatbestendige, A2 en mogelijk verbeterde groenblauwe internationale delta als treindienst raamwerk via voor Eindhoven verstedelijking in - piekafvoer grote rivieren - bundeling en klimaatbestendige inrichting van verstedelijking, met (weg en spoor) met een focus op de corridors naar het zuiden, oosten en zuidoosten. - versterken zuidoostelijke van richting diversiteit en identiteit - Versterken en benutten van internationale, metropolitane kansen van - versterken dijkringen ruimte voor werklocaties - Zuid: A4 Amsterdam - Antwerpen, HSL Zuid en mogelijk verbeterde - versterkenOost: A2/A12, kust vrij pad voor de ICE naar Keulen, A15 en Betuweroute. de regio Amsterdam goederenverbinding Rotterdam - Antwerpen (Robel) - ruimte voor de rivier - zeespiegelstijging Verstedelijkingsopgave - kwalitatief en kwantitatief - Overig: A1 en op peil brengen verbinding Schiphol - Lelystad Zorgen voor waterveiligheid lange termijn Verbinden van arbeidsmarkt en woningmarkt op een hoger schaalniveau 1. Randstad blijvend beschermen tegen overstromingen 4. Beschermen en ontwikkelen van landschappelijke differentiatie 8. 5.Benutten Transitie en van versterken de landbouw (inter)nationale topfuncties door middel van: 10. Opschalen van de stedelijke regio's: - verbeteringVersterken van OV- internationale en wegbereikbaarheid economische krachten van de steden in de Randstad Veilige,- Zuidoost: klimaatbestendige, A2 en mogelijk verbeterde groenblauwe internationale delta als treindienst raamwerk via voor Eindhoven verstedelijking in - van zuidwestelijke delta naar IJsselmeer

- piekafvoer grote rivieren - kustbescherming - Versterken - bundeling hubfunctie en klimaatbestendige van Schiphol mede inrichting in relatie van verstedelijking,met onderzoek metnaar Verbeteren- versterken zuidoostelijke externe van relaties richting diversiteit en identiteit - ruimte voor groenblauwe woonmilieus i.c.m. versterken identiteit landschappen - wateroverlast verstedelijkte droogmakerijen, glastuinbouwgebieden - Versterken en benutten van internationale, metropolitane kansen van eventuele uitplaatsing naar Lelystad en Eindhoven - versterken dijkringen ruimte voor werklocaties - centrumontwikkeling op het niveau van de Noordelijke en de Zuidelijke - versterkenOost: A2/A12, kust vrij pad voor de ICE naar Keulen, A15 en Betuweroute. - metropolitane parken Versterken relaties met andere stedelijke regio’s de regio Amsterdam Randstad - ruimteOverig: voor A1 ende oprivier peil brengen verbinding Schiphol - Lelystad - zeespiegelstijging Verstedelijkingsopgave - kwalitatief en kwantitatief - lage veenweidegebieden (bodemdaling) -5. ruimte Transitie voor van grote de landbouw rivieren 6. Ontwikkeling van groene woonmilieus gekoppeld aan groenblauwe opgave - Uitbouwen - verbetering toppositie van OV- Rotterdamse en wegbereikbaarheid haven door innovatie, Versterken- van concurrentiepositiezuidwestelijke delta van naar de IJsselmeer Randstad in noordwest Europa Inzetten op kracht: versterken van de topfuncties - kustbescherming - Versterken hubfunctie van Schiphol mede in relatie met onderzoek naar transformatie en ontwikkelen havennetwerk Verbeteren externe relaties - ruimte voor groenblauwe woonmilieus i.c.m. versterken identiteit landschappen - versterken van de topfuncties in de steden ( hoofdvestiging internationale - wateroverlast verstedelijkte droogmakerijen, glastuinbouwgebieden eventuele uitplaatsing naar Lelystad en Eindhoven - centrumontwikkeling op het niveau van de Noordelijke en de Zuidelijke 11. Optimaal benutten en klimaatbestendig inrichten binnenstedelijke ruimte - metropolitane parken organisaties en NGO’s, wetenschap, internationale congressen, beurzen, - dijkringen en kust Benutten internationale topfuncties in de steden, de greenports, luchthaven Versterken relaties met andere stedelijke regio’s - Versterken Randstad en uitbouwen van Den Haag als internationale stad van recht, voor wonen, werken en voorzieningen door tentoonstellingen e.d., stedelijk toerisme, hoofdkantoren multinationals en Schiphol en haven van Rotterdam en Amsterdam - lage veenweidegebieden (bodemdaling) - ruimte voor grote rivieren 2. Anticiperen6. Ontwikkeling op toenemende van groene woonmilieusverzilting en watertekort:gekoppeld aan zoet groenblauwe water opgave 7. - Uitbouwen Extra groenblauwe toppositie kwaliteitsimpuls Rotterdamse haven bij de doorsteden innovatie, in de vorm van vrede en veiligheid - transformerenVersterken concurrentiepositie van de Randstad in noordwest Europa VersterkenInzetten positie op kracht:van havens versterken en luchthavens van de topfuncties internationale banken, havens, luchthavens en internationale toegankelijkheid) - extra aandacht voor waarborging veiligheid tegen overstromingen transformatie 'metropolitane en parken' ontwikkelen (aangegeven havennetwerk gebieden zijn hiervoor zoekgebieden) - versterken van de topfuncties in de steden ( hoofdvestiging internationale - ontwikkelen havennetwerk rond Rotterdam en Drechtsteden -11. Versterken Optimaal nationale benutten potenties en klimaatbestendig Utrecht als draaischijfinrichten binnenstedelijke en kennisstad ruimte - herstructureren Goede robuuste organisaties nationale en NGO’s, en internationale wetenschap, verbindingen internationale (weg congressen,en spoor) met beurzen, een - versterken hubfunctie van Schiphol - dijkringen en kust Benutten internationale topfuncties in de steden, de greenports, luchthaven Versterken bereikbaarheid - Versterken en uitbouwen van Den Haag als internationale stad van recht, voor wonen, werken en voorzieningen door focus op tentoonstellingen de corridors naar e.d., het zuiden, stedelijk oosten toerisme, en zuidoosten. hoofdkantoren multinationals en - versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports Schiphol en haven van Rotterdam en Amsterdam 7. Extra groenblauwe kwaliteitsimpuls bij de steden in de vorm van vrede en veiligheid - transformeren - intensiverenVersterken positie van havens en luchthavens - tussen2. Anticiperen de steden op entoenemende hun regio’s verzilting en watertekort: zoet water 3. Van Groene Hart naar groenblauwe delta: beschermen, ontwikkelen en internationale banken, havens, luchthavens en internationale toegankelijkheid) - versterking clusters rond de universiteiten - extra aandacht voor waarborging veiligheid tegen overstromingen Zorgen voor waterkwaliteit lange termijn: zoutindringing klimaatbestendig 'metropolitane inrichtenparken' (aangegeven gebieden zijn hiervoor zoekgebieden) - Versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports - ontwikkelen havennetwerk - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad rond Rotterdam en Drechtsteden - Versterken nationale potenties Utrecht als draaischijf en kennisstad - herstructureren Goede robuuste nationale en internationale verbindingen (weg en spoor) met een - versterken hubfunctie van Schiphol - nationaal en internationaal Versterken bereikbaarheid 12. Uitvoerenfocus schaalsprong op de corridors Almere naar in relatie het zuiden, met ontwikkeling oosten en zuidoosten. regio - versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports Focus op de stad

3. Van Groene maken door sterkere Kwaliteit Hart naar groenblauwe blauw wisselwerking groen, delta: beschermen,en rood ontwikkelen en - Versterking - intensiveren hoogwaardige economische clusters rond de zes Amsterdam, bereikbaarheid en ecologische verbetering IJmeer – - versterking clusters rond de universiteiten - steden centraal, met extra inzet op verdichting - Hersteltussen devan steden ecologische en hun waarden regio’s en biodiversiteit door ruimte voor Zorgen voor waterkwaliteit lange termijn: zoutindringing klimaatbestendig inrichten - Versterken van de centrumfunctie van de greenports universiteiten in de Randstad Markermeer - opschaling ‘daily urban system’ van stadsregio's naar Noordelijke en Zuidelijke - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad en samenhang tussen natuurgebieden (N.B. De kaart is een indicatieve weergave) Randstad - nationaal en internationaal 9. Verbeteren12. Uitvoeren van schaalsprong (inter)nationale Almere verbindingen in relatie tussen met ontwikkeling de Randstad regio en andere Focus op de stad - schaalsprong Almere - Versterking hoogwaardige economische clusters rond de zes stedelijke Amsterdam, regio’s bereikbaarheid(weg en OV) en ecologische verbetering IJmeer – - steden centraal, met extra inzet op verdichting - versterken relaties met andere nationale stedelijke netwerken Herstel van ecologische waarden en biodiversiteit door ruimte voor universiteiten in de Randstad Kwaliteit van groen rond de steden – versterken identiteit, diversiteit Markermeer - opschaling ‘daily urban system’ van stadsregio's naar Noordelijke en Zuidelijke en samenhang tussen natuurgebieden Randstad Versterken bereikbaarheid (weg en spoor) en toegankelijkheid van de groenblauwe gebieden 9. Verbeteren van (inter)nationale verbindingen tussen de Randstad en andere - schaalsprong Almere - tussen de steden en hun regio’s, stedelijke regio’s (weg en OV) - versterken relaties met andere nationale stedelijke netwerken - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad Kwaliteit van groen rond de steden – versterken identiteit, diversiteit Versterken bereikbaarheid (weg en spoor) Goede robuuste nationale en internationale verbindingen en toegankelijkheid van de groenblauwe gebieden - tussen de steden en hun regio’s, (weg en spoor) met een focus op de corridors naar het zuiden, oosten en zuidoosten. - tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke Randstad - Zuid: A4 Amsterdam - Antwerpen, HSL Zuid en mogelijk verbeterde goederenverbinding Rotterdam - Antwerpen (Robel) Goede robuuste nationale en internationale verbindingen - Zuidoost: A2 en mogelijk verbeterde internationale treindienst via Eindhoven in (weg en spoor) met een focus op de corridors naar het zuiden, oosten en zuidoosten. zuidoostelijke richting - Zuid: A4 Amsterdam - Antwerpen, HSL Zuid en mogelijk verbeterde - Oost: A2/A12, vrij pad voor de ICE naar Keulen, A15 en Betuweroute. goederenverbinding Rotterdam - Antwerpen (Robel) - Overig: A1 en op peil brengen verbinding Schiphol - Lelystad - Zuidoost: A2 en mogelijk verbeterde internationale treindienst via Eindhoven in zuidoostelijke richting - Oost: A2/A12, vrij pad voor de ICE naar Keulen, A15 en Betuweroute. - Overig: A1 en op peil brengen verbinding Schiphol - Lelystad 4B. | The Contemporary | ‘Large’ City Park references

Currently a number of large parks are under construc- Within the regional plans there is still room for a large FEDDES / OLTHOF LANDSCHAPSARCHITECTEN tion in the Netherlands and foreign metropolitan areas. city park. But even these large parks are no longer fea- 20 07. Plantoelichting de Woerdt; deelgebied van park A quick view of these designs will give an insight into sible or manageable in the crowded Dutch context with Lingezegen. Utrecht: DLG. how the buffer zones can improve the quality of life for its high land prices. (Hendriks, 2010b) By constructing HENDRIKS, M. 2010a. Een megapark voor Leidsche citizens and the ecological function of the natural land- a basic spatial framework in which private investors can Rijn. Blauwe Kamer Landschapsarchitectuur en stede- scape. (a selection is shown in fig.19) cooperate, a large park can still be built, but with a mini- bouw, 9. mum of public expenses. The basic framework ought to HENDRIKS, M. 2010b. Van wie is de stadsrand? be strong enough to capture all the separate facilities in Blauwe Kamer Landschapsarchitectuur en Steden- From this brief overview of designs for large contempo- bouw, 4, 11. rary parks, it can be concluded that the term ‘large parks’ one park. This is where the skilfulness of the designer and LANDLAB 2010. Parkstijl voor Park Lingezegen. can be used to indicate city parks, but also to specify a the consistency of the manager are tested. A strong bor- NVTL 2010. Het metropolitane park: vomgeven aan regional plan. In general, a large city park is at least 300 der with clear entrances to the park, like executed in the de buitenruimte tussen steden. Het landelijk dagblad, hectares big, resembling the archetype of metropolitan Leidsche Rijn park (Hendriks, 2010a), or a consistent use 12. parks, New Yorks Central Park. The maximum size for a of the same materials, like executed in Park Lingezegen REGIONALVERBAND RUHR. 2010. Route der Indus- city park that can be perceived as one unity is approxi- (LandLab, 2010), are good examples of a spatial frame- triekultur [Online]. [Accessed 21 nov 2010]. mately 1000 hectares; the Amsterdamse bos is a good work. The creation of clear entrance points is a starting SACK, M. 1999. Siebzig Kilometer Hoffnung Die IBA Dutch example, measuring 935ha. point from which the interventions to create a park can Emscher-Park, Erneuerung eines Industriegebiets von Manfred Sack, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. The design for park Lingezegen, a contemporary green be planned. As the supervisor of Park Lingezegen states: “just by putting up a sign that says ‘welcome to Park Lin- VEENENBOS EN BOSCH LANDSCHAPSARCHI- buffer zone between Arnhem and Nijmegen, shows that TECTEN 2010. Schetsontwerp Recreatiestrip Waterrijk it is not workable to treat a buffer zone as a single (tradi- gezegen’, you have created a park.” (NVTL, 2010, p.30) Park lingezegen. Arnhem: DLG. tional) urban park. (Provincie Gelderland et al., 2010) In- These ‘quick wins’ will help to bring the park into the stead, the designers have divided the area into a number daily system of the users. Once people are familiar with of sections, which are all treated differently. Some areas the park, they are more likely to visit it, or even to con- are developed as traditional city parks while others are tribute to the construction of it. being altered to make room for ecological or agricultural The creation of new city parks and regional plans will needs. (Feddes / Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, 2007, help to increase the quality of life for inhabitants and the Veenenbos en Bosch Landschapsarchitecten, 2010) The ecological and economical functioning of the landscape. designers have tried to link the fragments by impos- The downside, however, is that these new parks are being continuous recreational routes and by developing a ing constructed in the left-over spaces of our urban con- guidebook that prescribes one style for all interventions; glomerations. The position of Park 21 is determined by such as bridges, benches and signposts. The regional the noise hinder of the airplanes from the national air- plan for the Emscher park uses the same strategy, con- field of Schiphol (Hendriks, 2010b); the regional plan for necting separate landscape or urban parks (like Duisburg park Lingezegen consists of a number of fragments, sep- Nord and CentrO) by introducing a consistent bicycle arated by infrastructure and urban expansion program. network and marketing strategy. (Regionalverband Ruhr, The green buffer zone does not shape the urban body, 2010, Sack, 1999) but the urban body shapes the buffer zone.

p. 36 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder (fig.19) a selection of ‘large parks’ - designs of Park Leidsche Rijn and Park Lingezegen Figuur 1a. De plankaart van het ‘streefbeeld 2025’ voor Park Lingezegen. Bron: Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen / Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, the theory - large parks 2008. 3. Figuur 1b. De plankaart van de ‘basisuitrusting’ van Park Lingezegen. Bron: Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen / Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, 2008.

De Park

Het Waterrijk

1 De gemeente Nijmegen is in de aanloop van het planproces betrokken geweest, maar inmiddels niet meer als initiatiefnemer betrokken. De vijf genoemde partijen vormen later dit jaar het Openbaar Lichaam Park Lingezegen dat verantwoordelijk is voor het tot stand komen Het Landbouwland Leidsche Rijn Park Central Park Amsterdamse Bos van het park. Ook zijn het Staatsbosbeheer en de Dienst Landelijk Gebied bij de uitvoering en het beheer De Buitens van het park betrokken. Een deel van de realisatie van het Park verloopt via de ruilverkaveling Over Betuwe-Oost.

Toekomstvisie Park Lingezegen, afbeelding veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009 De Woerdt PARK LINGEZEGEN: ONTWERPEN AAN DE UITVOERING

Het plangebied van Park Lingezegen ligt middenin de stadsregio Arnhem-Nijmegen; een gebied dat zich sinds de jaren vijftig kenmerkt door een snelle en intensieve verstedelijking. Het is een onregelmatig gevormd areaal van vijftienhonderd hectare nog resterend landelijk gebied dat door de overheid is 29 aangewezen als Rijksbufferzone. De opgave voor Park Lingezegen ligt in het open houden van het gebied om ontwikkelingsruimte te bieden voor recreatie, landbouw, natuur en water. Met de aanleg van het park worden die doelstellingen gerealiseerd.

> Het park is een initiatief van de provincie Gelderland, besluitvormingsproces overeind te houden en uitwerking park dat door de gezamenlijke overheden wordt aange- de gemeenten Lingewaard, Overbetuwe en Arnhem en te geven. legd. Het gaat in grote lijnen om de aanleg van recrea- het Waterschap Rivierenland1. Deze partijen sloten in tiepaden, lanen en wegbeplantingen en om projecten die 2008 een bestuursovereenkomst voor de aanleg van MASTERPLAN te maken hebben met de uitvoering van de ecologische Park Lingezegen Park Lingezegen. Daarbij zijn het masterplan voor Het masterplan voor Park Lingezegen bestaat uit twee en waterhuishoudkundige doelstellingen (ecologische het park, een uitvoeringsagenda en een beeldplan vast- samenhangende delen: een streefbeeld van het park voor verbindingszone, wetlands, waterberging). In de be- gesteld. Met deze plandocumenten zijn de inhoudelijke 2025 (figuur 1a) en een plankaart voor wat ‘de basisuit- stuursovereenkomst is vastgelegd dat het grootste deel uitgangspunten en de ontwikkelingsrichting voor het rusting’ is genoemd (figuur 1b). Het masterplan is opge- daarvan, driehonderdtachtig hectare, in 2013 is uitge- park vastgelegd. steld door Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, onder voerd. Voor de aanleg van deze basisuitrusting is geld 4 deelgebieden, 4 ontwerpen Tussen masterplan en uitvoering in het veld ligt een verantwoordelijkheid van de Stuurgroep Park Lingeze- beschikbaar gesteld. lange weg. Er moeten gronden worden verworven, de gen (2008). Het streefbeeld geeft aan hoe het park er planologische kaders moeten worden aangepast, de rond 2025 uit kan zien. Uitgangspunt bij het ontwerp is PUBLIEK EN PRIVAAT belangen van een groot aantal ondernemers en bewoners de diversiteit van het Betuwse landschap. Op grond van Beide onderdelen van het plan, streefbeeld en basisuit- 1 huisstijl moeten worden afgewogen en talloze onderdelen van het bestaande verschillen zijn vijf deelgebieden te onder- rusting, weerspiegelen dat de aanleg van het park af- plan vragen om nadere uitwerking. Eén van de belang- scheiden, ieder met een eigen karakter. De Linge en de hankelijk is van de inspanningen van publieke en private rijkste vraagstukken daarbij is hoe aan de inhoudelijke belangrijkste waterlopen (hier zegen geheten, vandaar partijen. De basisuitrusting wordt gerealiseerd door de ambities van het masterplan vast te houden. Dit artikel de naam Park Lingezegen) vormen, samen met andere gezamenlijke overheden. Daarnaast zijn er onderdelen doet verslag van de recente plan- en ontwerphistorie doorgaande structuren zoals recreatiepaden, lanen, van het park, zoals intensieve recreatieve voorzieningen van Park Lingezegen. Door een pro-actieve en intensieve bossen en wetlands, het verbindende raamwerk van en nieuwe landgoederen, die afhankelijk zijn van private inzet van (landschaps)ontwerpers wordt geprobeerd de het plan. initiatieven. Bedrijfsleven, particulieren en investeerders kwaliteitsambities uit het masterplan in het complexe De basisuitrusting omvat het publieke deel van het zijn gevraagd om met initiatieven te komen. Er wordt >

28 Het Landelijk Dagblad Park Lingezegen Realm of Dommel and Aa Spaarnwoude p. 26/100 P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure

3. the theory - large parks 3. the theory - large parks

Park Leidsche Rijn

intensieve kern, extensief lint DuiDelijke grenzen

Wildernis Grote eenheden Mozaïek Beeld: Beeld: Beeld: overal gelijk én veel afwisseling forse brokken verwant aan ‘De Park’ Beheer: Beheer: Beheer: weinig aan doen meest manipuleerbaar moeras minder subtiel Aanlegkosten: Figuur 3b. Een impressie van de recreatiestrip -boulevard- Aanlegkosten: Aanlegkaoasntedne: oostoever van de Rijkerswoerdse Plassen in Waterrijk goedkoop duurder duurst(veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten en UrbanXchange, 2010). Figuur 3a. De drie modellen voor de ontwikkeling van nieuwe natuur in het Waterrijk (veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009).

UITWERKING MASTERPLAN • De voormalige kasteelplaats (figuur 2b). Deze is als van de waterrecreatie. Het masterplan is een belangrijke mijlpaal voor de een - in eerste instantie - open terrein vormgegeven, Veenenbos en Bosch landschapsarchitecten hebben Toekomstvisie Park Lingezegen, afbeelding veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009 realisatie van Park Lingezegen. Maar voordat kan door zware beplantingen omgeven en op de omgeving drie modellen gepresenteerd voor het ontwikkelen van worden overgegaan op het daadwerkelijk aanleggen aangesloten door middel van lanen in vier richtingen. die natuurdoelen. De drie (wildernis – grote eenheden – van het park zijn formele procedures noodzakelijk mozaïek; figuur 3a) variëren in mate van ingrijpen PARK LINGEZEGEN: (de planologische nieuwbouw): er is een milieueffect- • Het Romeinse lint (figuur 2c). In het masterplan (weinig of veel vergraven), in het ruimtelijk patroon rapport (MER) opgesteld, er ligt een intergemeentelijke wordt uitgegaan van een ecologische en recreatieve van de habitats (spreiding en omvang van de riet- en Figuur 4. De uitwerking van de basisuitrusting in Landbouwland en de Buitens (Dienst Landelijk Gebied, 2009). structuurvisie en er wordt gewerkt aan nieuwe structuur diagonaal door het gebied bestaande uit bosgebieden) en het beheer (intensiteit waterbeheer en ONTWERPEN AAN DE UITVOERING bestemmingsplannen. Om die voor de uitvoering nood- water, ecologische oevers, paden en begraasd gras- begrazing). Ook voor de recreatieve invulling van de zakelijke stappen inhoudelijk goed te richten - en land, met aangrenzende (boom)weiden en bosblok- oevers van de Rijkerswoerdse plassen zijn drie modellen Het plangebied van Park Lingezegen ligt middenin de stadsregio Arnhem-Nijmegen; een gebied dat zich • Het noordelijke lint wordt als recreatieroute in com- bebouwing die past in het beoogde landgoedkarakter. EEN BLIK VOORUIT: VELDREALISATIE > sinds de jaren vijftig kenmerkt door een snelle en intensieve verstedelijking. Het is een onregelmatig daarmee de kwaliteitsambities te waarborgen - is de ken. Deze waterlijn verwijst - in gestileerde vorm - ontwikkeld. binatie met bestemmingsverkeer ontwikkeld en mar- Aan de zuidzijde vormt de bestaande situatie een uitste- Het realiseren van een park met de omvang, ambities en gevormd areaal van vijftienhonderd hectare nog resterend landelijk gebied dat door de overheid is Het doorontwerp vkeoeorrt dWe aovtergrainjkg thuesesefnt sdturoidomelriujkg en komgronden. kend uitgangspunt voor de gewenste nieuwe situatie. de context als Lingezegen is een complexe opgave door basisuitrusting van het masterplan in een serie gerichte naar één van de voormalige stroomruggen van de aangewezen als Rijksbufferzone. De opgave voor Park Lingezegen ligt in het open houden van het gebied • Het zuidelijke lint heeft een meer utilitair karakter. Met een beperkt aantal middelen, zoals herstel van een de intensiteit en omvang van de noodzakelijke overleg- ontwerpstudies nader uitgewerkt. Dat gebeurt onder Rijn uit de Romeinse periode. gemaakt dat de ruimte in het masterplan nog zodanig om ontwikkelingsruimte te bieden voor recreatie, landbouw, natuur en water. Met de aanleg van het park De weg is de verbinding tussen de dorpen Bemmel en kwelkade, het openstellen van paden en de aanleg van circuits en besluitvormingsprocedures. Daarmee is het inhoudelijke begeleiding van de supervisor van Park was, dat nadere besluiten over recreatie en natuur nodig worden die doelstellingen gerealiseerd. Elst. Een vrijliggend fietspad is in het plan opgeno- laanbeplantingen, kunnen de parkdoelstellingen worden typisch een park van de eenentwintigste eeuw. Het waar- Lingezegen. • Het landschapsmozaïek. De rest van het deelgebied waren. Een aanvullemnedne, oomndtawtedript voeokrkeeennbienlagn,gvriojkoersdcheoolroute is. bereikt. Een deel daarvan is inmiddels gerealiseerd (één borgen van de inhoudelijke ambities uit het masterplan bestaat uit het typerende Betuwse patroon van land- recreatiestrip en de oevers van de plassen, was nood- van de ‘quick-wins’ van het park). is daarbij niet altijd even gemakkelijk. Essentieel daar- DOORONTWERPEN AAN PARK LINGEZEGEN bouwpercelen, bosblokken, boomgaarden en wegen. zakelijk. Deze heeDfEt W- iOnEhReDtTMER en de structuurvisie - bij is om op de juiste momenten en op het juiste abstrac- > Het park is een initiatief van de provincie Gelderland, besluitvormingsproces overeind te houden en uitwerking park dat door de gezamenlijke overheden wordt aange- In het masterplan en de uitwerking voor De Woerdt DOORWERKING VAN DE DOORONTWERPEN tieniveau met concrete uitwerkingen van die ambities te In de periode tussen het vastleggen van de bestuurs- Een deel behoort tot het grondgebied van de golf- geleid tot een keuze voor het ontwikkelen van een de gemeenten Lingewaard, Overbetuwe en Arnhem en te geven. legd. Het gaat in grote lijnen om de aanleg van recrea- stellen Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten voor dit Met de doorontwerpen zijn de inhoudelijk ambities en komen. overeenkomst en de start van de formele planologische baan. De ontwerpopgave daarbij is een invulling te intensieve recreatiestrip aan de oostoever (figuur 3b). het Waterschap Rivierenland1. Deze partijen sloten in tiepaden, lanen en wegbeplantingen en om projecten die parkdeel te ontwikkelen als stadslandgoed. In het door- doelen van het masterplan uitgewerkt en waar nodig Bij het uitwerken van het masterplan Park Lingezegen 2008 een bestuursovereenkomst voor de aanleg van MASTERPLAN te maken hebben met de uitvoering van de ecologische procedures (MER, structuurvisie, bestemmingsplannen) vinden die recht doet aan het Betuwse landschap. ontwerp is die ambitie uitgewerkt, waarbij in het gebied concreter gemaakt. Deze nadere inhoudelijke vertaal- in het MER en de structuurvisie en bestemmingsplannen Park Lingezegen. Daarbij zijn het masterplan voor Het masterplan voor Park Lingezegen bestaat uit twee en waterhuishoudkundige doelstellingen (ecologische is besloten het masterplan inhoudelijk verder uit te LANDBOUWLANboDselementen en lanen zijn geprojecteerd, afgewisseld slag van het masterplan was precies gereed bij de start zijn wat dit betreft positieve ervaringen opgedaan met het park, een uitvoeringsagenda en een beeldplan vast- samenhangende delen: een streefbeeld van het park voor verbindingszone, wetlands, waterberging). In de be- werken. Er zijn daarvoor vier ontwerpteams aan het WATERRIJK In de uitwerking vmaent wheeitlamndaens,tearkpklearsnevnobooromhgeataLrdaennd(-figuur 5). van het werk aan de ‘planologische nieuwbouw’. Dat een expliciete, specifieke en pro-actieve inzet van het gesteld. Met deze plandocumenten zijn de inhoudelijke 2025 (figuur 1a) en een plankaart voor wat ‘de basisuit- stuursovereenkomst is vastgelegd dat het grootste deel Samen geven deze een raamwerk met een statige allure, was ook de opzet: met de resultaten van het masterplan ontwerp en de ontwerpers. Via de door de provincie werk gezet voor het ‘doorontwerpen’ van het plan voor Bij de uitwerking van Waterrijk, door Veenenbos en bouwland en de Buitens, door de Dienst Landelijk uitgangspunten en de ontwikkelingsrichting voor het rusting’ is genoemd (figuur 1b). Het masterplan is opge- daarvan, driehonderdtachtig hectare, in 2013 is uitge- waarbinnen ruimte is voor landbouwgebruik en woon- en de doorontwerpen is inhoudelijk richting gegeven aan ingerichte projectorganisatie, met de supervisor op de deelgebieden De Park, Waterrijk, Landbouwland/De Bosch Landschapsarchitecten, gaat het om uitbreiding Gebied, staat het agrarische cultuurlandschap centraal. park vastgelegd. steld door Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, onder voerd. Voor de aanleg van deze basisuitrusting is geld functies. De waterloop die het gebied in noord-zuid de MER-varianten en de toetsing daarvan. De belang- bestuurlijk niveau en de procesmanager van de Dienst Tussen masterplan en uitvoering in het veld ligt een verantwoordelijkheid van de Stuurgroep Park Lingeze- beschikbaar gesteld. Buitens en De Woerdt 2. De opdracht daarbij was het van waterrecreatie, het aanleggen van wetlands en de Het doel is de opernichhetiindg vdaoonrsdneijdlat,nddebBoeumwmgerlosenzdeeeng,ivnormt de kern rijkste beslispunten en daarbij behorende opties, oplos- Landelijk Gebied op ambtelijk niveau als inhoudelijk lange weg. Er moeten gronden worden verworven, de gen (2008). Het streefbeeld geeft aan hoe het park er nader uitwerken van de basisuitrusting van het plan. realisatie van waterberging. Met de wetlands wordt een de laagste gebiedvsadneldeene,cdoleogkisocmhemvernb,intdeinvgesrzsotneeriknednitedneelgebied. singsrichtingen of argumenten zijn in de ontwerpstudies geweten, hebben de ontwerpproducten sturing gegeven planologische kaders moeten worden aangepast, de rond 2025 uit kan zien. Uitgangspunt bij het ontwerp is PUBLIEK EN PRIVAAT Dat heeft geresulteerd in vier ontwerpen voor de deel- belangrijk deel van de ecologische opgave voor het park deze bruikbaar en bInelheeetfpblanaristoeokmvaokoerznieenninheoeundsetrna.teVgaieno-m be- terug te vinden. Met de uitkomsten van het MER is aan het proces van de ‘planologische nieuwbouw’. belangen van een groot aantal ondernemers en bewoners de diversiteit van het Betuwse landschap. Op grond van Beide onderdelen van het plan, streefbeeld en basisuit- staande glastuinbouw om te zetten. Op bepaalde plekken daarmee tegelijkertijd de inhoudelijke basis gelegd en de Er is voor gekozen bij de realisatie in het veld, waar- gebieden die hieronder worden toegelicht. ingevuld. Het gaat daarbij vooral om de ontwikkeling uit het gebied zijn de (ver)gezichten op de stuwwallen moeten worden afgewogen en talloze onderdelen van het bestaande verschillen zijn vijf deelgebieden te onder- rusting, weerspiegelen dat de aanleg van het park af- wordt, mede ten behoeve van de financiering van de koers vastgesteld voor het opstellen van de structuurvisie bij definitieve ontwerpen, bestekken en werkelijke uit- van rietmoerassen en bossen conform Model Rietzanger van Arnhem en Nijmegen van belang. Bij het agrarisch plan vragen om nadere uitwerking. Eén van de belang- scheiden, ieder met een eigen karakter. De Linge en de hankelijk is van de inspanningen van publieke en private afbouw van de glastuinbouw, gedacht aan nieuwe woon- en de nog formeel vast te stellen bestemmingsplannen voering door aannemers aan de orde is, inhoudelijk en DE PARK en IJsvogelvlinder in het kader van de ontwikkeling van cultuurlandschap horen ook de linten op de voormalige rijkste vraagstukken daarbij is hoe aan de inhoudelijke belangrijkste waterlopen (hier zegen geheten, vandaar partijen. De basisuitrusting wordt gerealiseerd door de Het deelgebied De Park (Abe Veenstra; figuur 2a) zal nieuwe natuur, waarvoor aanzienlijke ingrepen (grond- stroomruggen; de plekken waar van oudsher erven, ambities van het masterplan vast te houden. Dit artikel de naam Park Lingezegen) vormen, samen met andere gezamenlijke overheden. Daarnaast zijn er onderdelen 32 Het Landelijk Dagblad doet verslag van de recente plan- en ontwerphistorie doorgaande structuren zoals recreatiepaden, lanen, van het park, zoals intensieve recreatieve voorzieningen worden ontwikkeld als het meest parkachtige deel van verzet, waterhuishouding) noodzakelijk zijn. Extensieve beplante lanen en boomgaarden zijn aangelegd. van Park Lingezegen. Door een pro-actieve en intensieve bossen en wetlands, het verbindende raamwerk van en nieuwe landgoederen, die afhankelijk zijn van private Park Lingezegen. Het is een parkdeel dat relatief vormen van recreatief medegebruik dienen zich daarbij Het masterplan zet in op het herstel van die linten, Fiingzuetuvra6n :(laPndlascahtaspins)gonvtawnerdperseewrosrtdet gberpurgobienerpdadrekstijl hient dpleaenl.gebied initiatieven. Bedrijfsleven, particulieren en investeerders dichtbij bestaande en nog te ontwikkelen woongebieden naar de natuurontwikkelingsplannen te voegen. met bijbehorende beplanting. DkewaPlaitrekits(aémébnitvieasnuidteheqtumicakst-ewrpinlasn) in het complexe De basisuitrusting omvat het publieke deel van het zijn gevraagd om met initiatieven te komen. Er wordt > ligt. Als min of meer traditioneel stadspark is het vooral Bij de recreatie gaat het erom hoe het reeds bestaande Het doorontwerp (figuur 4) komt tot de volgende bedoeld voor aan- en omwonenden. De naam is ontleend recreatiegebied de Rijkerswoerdse Plassen, een strand- uitwerkingen: 28 Het Landelijk Dagblad aan het voormalige kasteel De Park, waarvan de en wandelgebied met enige voorzieningen, verder te • Voor het beoogde recreatieve gebruik en de daarbij Figuur 2a. Het doorontwerp voor deelgebied De Park (Abe Veenstra Landschapsarchitect, 2009) Figuur 5. De uitwerking van ‘stadslandgoed’ De Woerdt (Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, 2009). P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure contouren nog resteren in de verkaveling en een aantal ontwikkelen. Om de keuzemogelijkheden binnen het behorende rustige sfeePr i4s h Presentationet een voorwaarde h e-t P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure p. 25/100 p.bep la27/100ntingselementen. In het doorontwerp zijn de drie masterplan nader aan te geven zijn in de ontwerpstudie gebied verkeersluw te maken. Het sluipverkeer kan hoofdelementen uit het masterplan nader vormgegeven. modellen uitgewerkt. De modellen gaan in op de worden geweerd door afsluiting van de oprit van de Het gaat om: uitwerking van de natuurontwikkeling en op de locatie A325 in het gebied. > procesmatig voort te gaan op die lijn. Zo zijn weer bij het beoordelen van de private initiatieven en bij de Bronnen: nieuwe ontwerpstudies uitgezet, waarbij gekozen is verdere inrichting en het beheer van het park. voor continuïteit door ontwerpers uit de eerdere fasen Het Landelijk Dagblad 31 Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen / Feddes/Olthof Land- te blijven betrekken. Onder leiding van de ontwerpers LINGEZEGEN KRIJGT AL VORM schapsarchitecten, 2008. Masterplan Park Lingezegen. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. wordt gewerkt aan definitieve planvoorstellen voor De eerste nieuwe elementen van Park Lingezegen zijn p. 37 bijvoorbeeld de Kasteelplaats en het Romeinse lint in uitgevoerd, nog klein en bescheiden, maar het park Abe Veenstra Landschapsarchitect, 2009. De Park; De Park en voor de linten in het L>andbgoeuwlearnkdt. Baaijnhestpelrekgoemlst wlaangazramameemdaearozveekrehretdotenlevbeeno. oDredeee-rste stappen uitwerking van het masterplan Park Lingezegen. Waterrijk is gebleken dat een nadere vleernkeonfnidngieniondiitgiatievzeinjnboionkndeonorddeepgleabnrnuieknerps agseszetn(.figuur 6). Het is een is van de uitwerking van ecologische opgaven. grote uitdaging die koers vast te houden. Aan de ene veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009. PARKIDENTITEITkant - waar dat al mogelijk is - direct elementen van Uitwerking Waterrijk Park Lingezegen. RUIMTELIJK KWALITEITSKADER het park aanleggen en het zo betekenis geven voor de Een terugkerend thema bij het ontwerp van het master- Wel is geconstateerd dat door de veelheid aan initiatie- bewoners, de ‘quick-wins’. En waar dat nodig is de veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten en ven - ook uit de private sector - en dooprldaena,fdzoantdberiljijdke uitwrueimrkteinngemerenvaonmnoongtwsetrepeopdgsasvpeneeulitt,teiswerken en UrbanXchange, 2010. Recreatiestrip Waterrijk Park ontwerpstudies voor delen van het parkdedevsraamaegnhaoneg het pamrekt aedeenqudautiedoeplliojksseinegenhte ikdomenene. iHgetnontwerpwerk Lingezegen. Schetsontwerp. en het collectieve leervermogen onder iddreunktkitoemitentetegeven.gDaaet cvoomrtb.in

30 Het Landelijk Dagblad 4C. How to Revise demands are levelled out. In Park Lingezegen this type is park. Park Lingezegen does not | the Landscape In Between | often used to preserve the orchards, while creating room have a large share of landscape, the for people at leisure. area is too narrow and too much scattered by infrastructural lines. By The Dutch buffer zones face multiple difficult tasks. On Once the social aspect becomes the dominant facet, the turning the remaining natural and the one hand, the open spaces have an important task public space meets the typology of the building-block cultural identities into a landscape in fulfilling the ecological duty that our generation faces. ‘city park’. Here the demands of the public domain are park, they are being preserved. In addition to that there is an equally important task of met; this is a democratic open space where the urban Each of the ‘building-blocks’ have protecting the precious Dutch cultural landscape, the inhabitants can experience freedom. (Sorkin, 1992) The their own properties and conditions. product of ongoing transformation. These tasks have to natural and cultural layers have been altered by an archi- Before designing a new recreational be combined in some way to meet the current urban de- tectural intervention to meet the demands of the urban landscape park in a green buffer mands for open and public green spaces (i.e. to improve layer. This type is often located on the urban periphery, zone, one must first consider which the quality of life for its inhabitants (Ministerie van LNV, like the Amsterdamse bos. of the basic landscape architectoni- 2009)). If the buffer zones have an inevitable importance cal open green types fits where. for the city, they can withstand the constant pressure of If this democratic open space is restricted by specific What is the potential of the subar- urbanization. In addition, changes in the field of recre- programming of the open space or by limited accessibil- eas, how can it best be used? ation and leisure industries also place claims on the open ity, it becomes an explicit parochial space. ‘Recreational space in the metropolitan areas. (Metz, 2002, Mommaas areas’, like a golf course, a zoo or a theme park, form By taking this step first, the valuable et al., 2000) appropriate parochial spaces within the open green ar- ground is used in the most optimal The multiple tasks that the buffer zones face can be eas in a metropolitan context. As long as such enclaves way. Combined with the functional solved by using multiple basic landscape architectonical are developed in the right proportion to the scale of the recreational interventions this deter- types of open green space. These types, or ‘building- open green space they form a welcome addition. (Metz, mines the success of an in-between blocks’, are: 2002) landscape.

|| (natural and cultural) landscape For the development of the Dutch buffer zones it is im- || landscape park portant that each of these four building-blocks will be || city park situated, scaled and detailed to such an extent that it references fits the situation of the buffer zone. From the typological || recreational area (fig.20) BOBBINK, I. 2009. Land InSight a landscape archi- analysis it can be concluded that Spaarnwoude is most tectonic investigationof locus, Amsterdam, SUN. suitable as landscape with recreational areas. This is be- METZ, T. 2002. Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotter- The building-block ‘landscape’ resembles the natural and cause of the good accessibility by car and the poor con- dam, NAi Uitgevers. cultural layer of the Dutch landscape. (Bobbink, 2009) nectivity with the urban tissue. Midden-Delfland also has MINISTERIE VAN LNV 2009. de waarde van groen. The functional aspect of the landscape, as an agricul- a large area which can be characterised as the building- Nieuwkoop: ecodrukkers. tural or ecological system, is dominant, the public space block landscape, but the edges are developed into a MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. is formed by the utilitarian network. The central part of 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie park-like structure to meet the recreational demands of Midden-Delfland is a good example of this type. naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- the surrounding neighbourhoods. gevers. The division between the ‘building-blocks’ is not strict, In a ‘landscape park’ the functional aspect is framed in SORKIN, M. 1992. Variations on a theme park; the there is a gradual change from one to the other. The an architectural composition to become part of a open new American city and the end of public space, New park-like periphery of Midden-Delfland does not always public green space. Economical, ecological and social York, Noonday. function as a landscape park, while it also is no true city p. 38 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder (fig.20) overview of landscape architectonical open green types - collage by author 3. the theory - basic open green types 3. the theory - basic open green types het landschap het landschaps-landschap park

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the theory - basic open green types 3. 3. the theory - basic open green types

het pretparklandschap

p. 31/100 P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure p. 32/100 P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 39 5. Case study: Brainport - analysis

o Recreational bicycle network at Urkhoven, Eindhoven

p. 40 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder introduction As explained in the introduction, the situation in my for- ‘gated landscapes’ like a golf course, a holiday park and At the moment the SRE is working mer living environment was one of the fascinations that a zoo. The route network that covers the area is dense, together with the municipalities to lead me to my graduation topic. Let me introduce Brain- but doesn’t create a direct and high quality link between create a formal structure plan that port and why it is a good test case for this graduation recreational facilities. will set the rules for the develop- project. ment of this new regional park. The SRE has been occupied with the Realm of Dommel Now that the municipalities in the Five years ago Brainport didn’t exist. Eindhoven was the and Aa since 2005. In the regional structure plan there region operate as one, spatial prob- main urban node in the south-east corner of Brabant, was already an indication for a landscape development lems can be dealt with according to Helmond was the other one. In between these two cities, plan on a part of the project location. In 2006 the pub- a regional vision. Although there al- a number of former rural villages became the living envi- lication of the ‘brilliant landscape’ (het geniale landsc- ready are some recreational facilities ronment of commuters working in the main cities. Slowly hap) elaborated the spatial potential of the forming of available, the central area doesn’t a regional urban network began to grow, forming one a knowledge based economy. This study was based on function as a metropolitan park for agglomeration. The SRE (samenwerkingsverband Regio case study research of other known knowledge based re- the whole region. Naming the cen- Eindhoven) was founded, an intermunicipal co-operative gions. Some of the conclusions of this study are incorpo- tral area the ‘realm of Dommel and union in which municipalities co-operate in order to pro- rated into the ‘spatial program Brainport’ and the MIRT Aa’ is a first step (ANP, 2010). mote common interests. The main goal was to present exploration. The MIRT is an instrument from the national the agglomeration as one region, one identity. Because government to combine infrastructural tasks with spatial In my vision, this area is a great ex- the region has a large number of knowledge based com- quality. In the Brainport region there is a need for a new ample of a in between landscape panies and industries, ‘brainport’ became that new iden- road around the cities. (to complete the ‘diamond’) that can be revised based on its tity (Urban-Affairs and VHP, 2006). The national govern- recreational potential for the whole ment acknowledged the position of brainport next to the The central area of the region is in all these plans the urban agglomeration. This way the harbour of Rotterdam and Schiphol airport (Ministerie quiet buffer between the cities, a counterbalance to the project area can contribute to the van VROM, 2004). high dense developments in the city centres and along quality of life and thus the competi- Over the years, the green core of Brainport became the national highway A2. This starting point is linked to tiveness of Brainport. fragmented, torn between different visions. The natural the wishes of the ‘international knowledge worker’, who structures are crossed in east-west direction by the in- seeks a high urban service level combined with a rural frastructural lines between Eindhoven and Helmond. To living climate. follow the brooks or the forest band from north to south The ‘vision for the central area’ (wensbeeld middenge- is difficult, you have to cross the canal, the railway track bied) was the formal starting point to start thinking about and a highway. A business area was placed, separating the central area. This document is accepted by all munic- the stream valley and the forest area. The recreational ipalities involved. A competition was held to find a name facilities that are located in the project area are for this central area: ‘the realm of Dommel and Aa’.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 41 5A. | spatial analysis |

The design area is the central part of the whole project area. Here the potential for recreational use is highest, the urban program has left its mark on the landscape. The north and south zones are suited for a more extensive form of recreation.

Landscape Composition The natural background of the Brainport region is formed by a number of stream valleys, running from south to north. They are separated by a stroke of higher rough grounds, covered with heat lands or sandy dunes. In between the stream valleys and the higher ground there are fertile meadows and wetlands, with characteristic marshy land.

The fertile stream valleys are transformed to be suited natural layer for agricultural use. The sandy waste lands are cultivated by planting large plots of forests. Settlements arose along the streams (Eindhoven along the Dommel, Hel- mond along the Aa) or on the safe higher ground (Mierlo, Nuenen, Stiphout). Some wetlands could not be transformed and remain untouched. The wetlands around the Dommel and to the south of Helmond are still present.

The stream the Aa has been straightened to make way for large scale agricultural land use. Because of this the area is much opener than the valley of the Dommel, where rows of trees and boscages create an ever changing view. The agricultural settlements are characterised by open fields, separated by a row of trees. Often the settlement can be seen from the fields, and vice versa. The cultivated sandy grounds now consist out of straight sand paths running through a dense pine forest. In some parts of the forest a patch of heat land or a mere can be found, creating an open place. Nature organizations are busy to bring back some of these original heat lands and cultural layer sand dunes.

p. 42 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder stream valley

forest area

spatial structure and pictoral lay-out

agricultural lands

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 43 Urban network Between the agricultural settlements a network of roads is laid out. These lines are still recognisable today, some of them still function as the main infrastructural lines. In the 19th century the main cities are connected by a railway line and a canal.

After the second world war the number of inhabitants of the region grew. Based on the provincial ‘prosperity plan’ (fig.21) each parish had to be self sufficient, people had to be able to live and work in their own community. This meant that each town grew individually. Today, the last shift of urban extension plans is being built, taking over former agricultural settlements. In the core of the area the industrial area of Eeneind is being extended into the valley of the Dommel. The infrastructure has intensified. A highway between historic growth Eindhoven and Helmond crosses the area, some old lines are upgraded into a regional system connecting the villages. Sometimes these line form the barrier between the city and the landscape, sometimes the landscape is fenced by a row of expensive villas. A remainder of the urban influence in the landscape is the hill of the former waste dump called ‘Gulbergen’. The waste dump is being covered at the moment.

urban layer (fig.21) p. 44 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Urban Edge

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 45 5B. | recreational structure | Context & Accessibility

The design location can be analyzed with the typologi- The potential of the design loca- cal research based on the recreational potential of the tion for ‘making a stroll’ is very clear. landscape. Most of the area is well integrated between the urban areas. There are also a large number of access point already available for hikers and cyclists. Some borders can be improved.

The provision of parking places is minimal at the moment. A serious threat is the forming of enclaves which scatter the landscape. A holiday park, a golf course and a zoo create a barrier in the area.

experience value

At the moment, the motives for rec- Effective border Point of access (bike/walking) reation are not clearly marked in the area. This can be improved.

LEGENDS

Parking place

Public, free access Public transport stop

Private, access on road/paths

Commercial, payed access Parking place

Right of entry Parking places Not accessible Public transport stop

p. 46 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Facilities

Croy

Cycling path Although the routing network is al- Dommeldal Walking path Helmond

Nuenen ready wide spread, it can certainly ATB route be improved. Currently there are a lot of barriers that divide the area. The waterways, the Dommel and the Eindhovens canal, form a pleas- de Peel ant barrier, it is no problem to follow Eindhoven these lines for a while. The railway track and the highway are problem- atic. The longer cycling routes all Strabrechtse heide pass by the area instead of through Long cycling routes it.

The facilities and recreational program are extensive at the moment.

sport

Only Gulbergen and some swim- bos ming ponds are an attraction for a Routing day-out. In current plans, however, Landgoed sport the area around the settlement of Watermolen strandVis speel evenement dierentuin evenement Vaarle, is proposed to be trans- minigolf golf speel KIJK! Eet Eet golf formed into a leisure centre, with Watermolen hotel bungalow beekdal & camping holiday park, wellness centre and a speel Eet Vis care farm.

kasteel Program This program should be connected to the highway by a new road. These plans could create a new barrier in the area, a new holiday park means an extension of the build-up area.

cycling route Meadows

city centre Forest

Grassland

kijk! Information Town

terras Amusement Golf course

vis Quietness Water

golf Activities Infrastructure Land use Barriers

p. 47 5C. | Conclusion |

The interaction between the natural underground and the urban network leads to a number of conflicts. The problems in the Realm of Dommel and Aa can be split into three topics: the barriers, the urban edge and the enclaves. The barriers have split up the natural structures. The Dommel is crossed by the rail way track, the highway and a regional road. Next to that, the relationship between the wet valleys and the dry higher grounds is disturbed by the industry area. The urban edge can be improved to stimulate the use of the landscape. Now some neighbourhoods are caught behind a infrastructural line or the houses are located with their backs towards the landscape. Thus creating a wall of fences. The recreational program form enclaves in the landscape. The construction of a new leisure park is a real threat to the openness of the landscape. Especially the sandy zone in the middle is no longer experienced as one because of the many fences. Barriers

p. 48 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder D O N G R TE 15 T 16 A 17 14 8 L 1 13 P 265 9 22 1 23 12 4 8 20 6 26 9 21 2 3 K 11 2 6 10 7 24 266 2 R 29 1 6 10 1

30 6 25 28 1 26 5 52 2 1

31 8 6 27 2 A 32 2 12 2 7

5 9 3

33 2 5 7 2 P 14 2 13 3 8 4

15 4 3 0 16 13 4 5 17 6 24 5

2 14 3 1 2 8 5 244 260 1 3 54 5 7

246 2 5 19 25 5 9

25 2

20 15 2 4 36 41 243 2 7 21 1 2 247 51 8 86 22 35 2 16 0 4 1 0 256 5 85 23 3 7 22 0 24 8 33 3 2 7 234 2 9 8 4 32 1 233 24 25 8 31 239 248 42 49 30 24 1 38 3 19 8 9 2 17 2 2 232 9 8 16 2 18 31 35 238 30 5 89 28 3 2 2 2 3 48 83 4 7 25 39 216 4 2 24 36 0 15 27 4 2 31 41 32 218 5 3 6 26 5 40 22 308 0 44 2 15 0 4 47 2 4 2 215 23 7 8 0 31 1 1 23 4 11 90 4 1 26 30 307 3 6 39 6 1 14 2 9 45 4 22 5 224 22 32 39 3 40 38 10 1 39 30 1 7 9 6 223 8 1152 1 8 306 4 153 4 13 227 22 03 21 8 9 3 3 5 7 154 1 2 41 37 214 21 3 7 5 1 1 5 22 31 3 38 9 2 2 05 3 7 6 15 2 7 12 302 3 38 6 0 3 1 20 7 5 1 3 2 2 322 7 42 11 4 7 8 11 36 213 330 1 4 8 4 3 2 1 3 3 72 15 4 11 2 13 24 18 11 30 321 7 1 19 14 30 3 115 11 2 12 35 77 6 36 10 43 15 21 221 3 36 4 1145 27 329 1159 16 23 10 1 11 8 1 19 320 7 1 17 23 1147 35 9 29 8 26 18 1 208 3 3 324 63 7 1148 2 0 11 31 32 28 50 4 17 1 19 2 2 2 9 2 3 64 1149 3 5 3 4 62 70 1 11 5 4 2 2 11 3 3 8 15 6 13 1 4 9 27 65 79 1 1 0 21 0 20 3 8 1 7 2 7 21 2 6 80 3 113 30 314 5 1 33 5 6 2 9 38 1 7 2 6 5 6 315 9 11 14 29 21 4 31 31 326 6 66 113 5 325 2 27 60 1 8 6 4 1140 1 3 12 3 2 1 25 2 15 28 22 1 318 57 1 1 1 2 7 00 14 26 7 6 1 1 28 9 2 1 34 58 6 69 1 99 1 4 7 10 4 6 5 0 11 22 6 17 43 1 1 3 39 28 1127 9 0 9 4 68 8 2 1 33 9 11 8 4 59 0 129 3 1 23 7 1 1 1 5 55 1 30 11 427 63 432 7 5 113 4 9 1 16 2 18 426 7 2 6 442 4 91 6 133 1132 1 11 31 1 428 5 6 1 431 35 52 15 11 9 4 3 9 25 1 417 5 443 5 62 0 1 1118 3 42 96 9 32 1 29 441 6 15 1 4 0 48 92 15 2 11 6 43 4 4 112 2 20 416 65 418 24 157 15 122 11 33 4 1 444 440 93 1 27 15 3 68 6 24 1123 1107 09 4 42 49 447 15 09 4 419 4 80 3 15 11 0 1108 34 94 95 15 57 1 11 4 5 1 41 422 44 1 87 64 11 1 0 2 15 3 12 1111 40 8 42 54 446 1 15 40 4 50 9 1 11 4 2 2 7 5 4 13 2 0 157 7 6 0 11 1 4 55 1 12 4 15 15 15 5 0 1 4 59 1 02 42 1 6 111 02 4 453 451 8 0 11 1 15 8 1 11 03 410 2 50 9 01 57 1 15 04 11 46 1 16 1 157 5 11 2 1 3 15 0 104 56 4 0 3 9 411 4 52 50 3 1 11 15 5 1 63 4 10 502 0 58 5 09 06 11 4 1 5 1 08 1 7 0 151 15 412 46 2 16 0 157 03 11 1 0 157 15 5 1 8 16 2 03 07 457 50 4 4 1 4 59 4 4 4 4 503 0 11 1 1 1 4 51 08 46 460 1 16 07 158 6 1 15 9 1 16 9 157 02 45 11 7 59 15 6 5 1 1 1 40 509 11 1 3 59 13 458 11 6 5 6 161 06 1 83 5 07 69 465 5 50 10 1 6 15 57 15 15 4 4 19 4 1 1 1 1 40 5 2 51 0 98 51 508 1 15 0 12 150 1 2 5 59 2 9 5 468 61 0 1 51 15 6 40 6 06 1 16 158 1 50 46 1 1 13 07 97 74 5 5 5 8 11 4 470 9 1 89 51 15 07 10 11 4 15 1 1 467 1 5 1 16 0 58 71 53 51 16 1 4 20 516 8 6 5 10 159 8 7 0 58 3 51 1 2 1 72 30 1 7 161 03 15 3 4 5 52 51 16 47 2 95 6 52 15 9 1 529 2 15 18 609 02 15 22 532 5 1 16 15 8 28 52 15 3 36 527 52 15 21 533 4 15 54 27 26 2 1 15 534 5 0 55 35 6 1 5 544 24 15 1 20 535 5 43 6 15 15 2 43 1 15 5 536 9 5 34 525 5 15 15 15 2 5 54 52 542 1 1 7 550 33 53 8 1 15 541 155 41 4 15 52 40 9 1 5 538 4 32 9 57 15 15 53 15 540 48 1 56 15 31 15 15 39 15 47 0 5 15 3 55 15 1 8 6 153 4 154 155 37 15 53 45 15 15

Urban edge Enclaves The enclaves are formed by recreational program, residential property power stations and sewage locations

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 49 6. Brainport - design

o Playing hide and seek in the Park, Eindhoven

p. 50 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Introduction The problems, as described in the previous chapter, can be solved by using the theoretical background described in part I and II. First the ‘building-blocks’ of basic green types will be used to divide the area into under- standable units, next the functional recreational analysis can be used to propose interventions to the recreational structure of the area.

First the schedule of requirements, derived from the analysis and based on the theoretical background, will be presented. Next four sub-designs are made to explore the various types of landscape and the numorous recreational interventions. These sub-designs are:

• Medevoort - local recreation in a city park • ‘t Broek & Oudven - phasing of a landscape park • Gulberg - regional route through leisure landscape

Finally all layers will be combined in a design for Mulakkers.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 51 6A. | Concept |

The two main nodes in the urban network are Eindhoven and Helmond. The villages in between are connected to either one of them: Geldrop and Nuenen ‘belong’ to Eindhoven, Mierlo, Stiphout and Brandevoort depend on Helmond. Although the cities and the villages are presented as one urban region, there is a clear gap between the two sides. Between the two clusters runs a stroke of two kilometers of open land. Between Mierlo and Geldrop this is a pine forest, between Brandevoord and Nuenen this is an open agricultural land, between Stiphout and Nuenen this is a forest again. This stroke can be characterized as the ‘landscape’ type. This way the agglomeration is connected to the larger nature areas of the Strabrechtse Heide in the south and the Groen Woud in the north. Next to this stroke of landscape each of the two sides have a number of internal open green areas, like the Dommeldal in Eindhoven. Only when the ecological value is inevitable, like at the Urkhovense Zeggen, the area should be emptied.

Regional structure

Landscape zone

p. 52 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Problem - Enclaves

Regional structure

Schedule of requirements for the landscape stroke

N D G R O T E 15 T 16 A 17 14 8 L 1 13 P 265 9 22 1 23 12 4 8 20 6 2 1 2 63 9 2 1 K 0 1 262 4 1 7 2 266 9 R 2 1 8 6 10 1 5

30 6 2 2 1 26

5 252 1

31 8 6 27 2 A 32 2 12 2 7

5 9 3

33 2 5 7 2 P 14 2 13 3 8 4

15 4 3 0

16 13 4 5 4 5 17 4 2

26 1 3 1 2 60 8 244 4 2 1 5 5 7

3 46 5

9 5 2 2 5 5 1 2 5 9

5 2 2

20 1 2 4 1 36 41 243 2 1 7 6 2 5 1 2 247 5 8 8 22 3 2 16 0 5 4 1 0 256 5 8 23 3 7 22 24 8 33 3 20 7 234 2 9 8 4 32 1 233 24 25 9 8 31 239 248 42 4 4 30 2 1 38 3 19 8 9 2 17 2 8 2 232 09 8 9 16 2 1 31 35 238 3 5 8 28 3 2 2 2 3 48 83 7 25 9 216 4 24 3 24 6 5 27 4 23 310 1 2 1 18 4 3 6 2 225 8 4 23 6 2 5 40 15 30 0 4 47 5 30 4 82 1 14 12 21 2 237 0 40 3 04 7 311 6 9 9 6 11 226 3 30 45 4 2 5 3 14 24 229 2 9 2 2 0 38 10 2 3 3 5 3 4 1 3 1 39 30 1 7 9 6 223 8 5 1 1 28 306 4 4 1 4 13 227 2 303 5 21 1 8 9 3 5 7 1 1 2 4 37 214 21 3 7 5 8 1 22 31 3 5 1 3 9 25 2 05 3 8 7 6 1 2 7 12 302 3 3 6 0 3 1 20 7 5 1 3 2 2 322 7 1 42 1 4 7 8 11 36 213 330 1 4 2 8 5 4 1 3 2 3 4 1 3 3 7 5 1 4 1 2 1 2 8 11 30 321 7 1 5 1 9 4 1 0 3 9 1 1 1 3 5 7 1 6 4 1 0 3 2 12 3 6 7 5 1 36 7 1 4 15 21 221 3 3 1 4 1 2 3 0 329 1 7 1 16 2 9 1 0 1 8 4 1 18 1 1 32 3 7 4 1 17 2 9 9 1 35 6 9 8 2 3 1 2 1 1 208 24 6 8 0 4 1 0 1 313 323 3 8 4 7 1 4 7 9 22 2 9 21 32 6 5 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 3 5 3 4 6 7 1 1 5 1 34 2 2 5 3 1 3 8 5 9 1 6 1 1 4 9 27 6 7 1 3 1 21 0 20 3 8 1 0 7 1 20 7 21 2 6 8 3 1 3 30 314 5 8 1 3 5 6 2 3 1 7 6 9 1 2 5 3 1 5 16 31 19 6 0 1 1 4 9 2 3 3 32 6 7 66 4 1 1 2 5 4 5 2 2 0 1 8 6 32 6 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 1 7 2 1 2 2 15 28 22 1 2 318 5 0 4 1 6 1 1 8 7 1 2 1 28 9 27 5 6 9 10 9 1 7 1 7 0 1 434 6 6 1 9 2 1 2 4 1 36 5 10 8 2 6 17 4 1 1 3 39 8 2 1 9 0 9 4 6 8 9 1 2 1 33 9 9 2 1 8 4 5 0 1 3 1 23 17 5 1 1 1 5 5 3 1 30 1 427 7 63 2 1 432 5 1 6 4 9 1 3 3 1 2 18 426 1 3 1 7 1 42 9 1 1 12 6 8 4 2 4 6 1 1 1 3 42 1 5 5 56 1 8 1 43 435 1 1 1 25 9 7 3 3 2 9 1 1 41 25 44 5 6 6 0 1 1 13 4 41 9 9 15 2 1 32 29 4 2 56 1 4 0 48 9 1 2 1 1 6 0 43 4 4 2 1 2 2 416 7 65 2 1 418 4 15 5 3 1 1 7 3 42 1 2 1 3 44 0 3 1 8 0 4 44 9 1 4 0 1 27 15 3 68 6 2 1 9 1 9 4 42 49 447 0 5 15 1 0 1 34 40 419 4 4 5 58 3 1 1 0 1 1 9 9 1 57 1 1 1 4 5 1 4 1 1 41 422 44 7 6 2 1 1 8 15 1 1 401 0 46 12 15 3 1 1 8 42 454 4 9 1 40 450 2 7 2 7 5 4 1 1 2 0 15 7 6 0 1 1 1 413 55 1 12 4 15 15 15 5 0 4 59 1 2 2 421 1 6 1 1 1 40 53 51 8 1 3 0 1 4 4 5 0 1 1 0 01 1 8 51 0 1 41 62 5 9 01 57 71 1 04 4 1 4 16 1 15 15 5 0 1 2 3 11 3 0 1 1 456 04 1 41 2 2 5 3 10 11 159 85 5 9 6 1 463 45 10 50 8 5 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 5 10 0 1 7 57 15 15 3 1 41 46 2 16 00 57 1 50 1 11 16 1 1 3 57 505 4 8 92 40 407 4 503 4 11 14 15 4 14 464 0 10 11 16 7 58 6 15 508 46 60 1 7 1 2 459 1 1 99 15 50 11 5 17 15 1 406 09 1 3 91 3 8 1 5 5 11 61 6 5 3 1 7 9 65 45 51 06 1 0 1 58 5 15 50 46 4 9 5 10 16 16 1 57 1 04 51 14 1 8 1 1 4 12 5 0 59 2 50 5 508 11 2 1 90 51 1 61 05 15 82 519 1 6 405 468 6 1 16 15 1 0 466 10 15 3 7 51 507 59 1 474 0 9 1 1 89 18 51 47 7 10 1 4 1 15 1 67 10 16 0 15 58 1 4 531 15 16 1 47 20 5 16 8 6 5 5 10 59 7 0 1 88 3 51 1 15 2 1 2 30 1 16 03 15 47 5 52 517 16 473 2 95 6 52 15 1 529 29 15 8 9 2 15 2 532 51 60 60 52 1 1 1 28 28 5 6 15 53 527 523 1 21 33 15 5 44 7 6 15 52 34 52 52 5 1 5 0 15 3 4 56 15 54 5 24 1 3 20 53 5 54 26 15 1 15 543 36 51 5 5 59 15 34 52 15 15 42 25 2 15 15 54 50 33 537 8 15 5 41 55 1 5 1 41 24 15 5 40 8 9 1 5 53 54 32 9 57 1 15 53 15 0 54 48 1 56 15 31 15 15 39 15 47 0 15 53 555 1 1 8 6 53 54 1 54 1 15 37 15 53 45 15 15

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 53 The enclaves are formed by recreational program, residential property power stations and sewage locations The remaining green parts function as either a landscape park or a city park to the urban nodes that they are adjacent to. In Eindhoven these types are already there: city park ‘De Karpen’, the walking area of ‘Eckart’, the landscape park of ‘Urkhoven’ and the city park of Geldrop next to the old castle. On the side of Helmond much can be won: the agricultural settlements of Mede- voort and ‘t Broek can support a function as a landscape park or even a city park, like at the ‘Oudven’ between Helmond Brandevoort and Mierlo. The parks on the side of Helmond will be discussed individually later.

6. 4. 5.

1. 8. 3. Replacing Recreational Nodes .2 9.

problem - urban edge

Schedule of requirements for the local recreation

p. 54 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The last remaining open green type is the ‘recreational area’. There is a large potential for the central core to serve as a leisure landscape. The waste belt of Gulber- gen forms a unique high point in the area. The hill is located in the former forest zone. By moving the recreational program to the west side of the Gulberg, the east slope can remain extensive. On the west side the recreational facilities can be reached from the regional route at Eeneind. The plans for the area of Vaarle cannot be executed in the landscape type, it would destroy the openness and the agricultural identity of the landscape. The facilities proposed in these plans could be placed next to the regional road at Eeneind. This way the recreational program is much more clustered around existing facilities, like the swimming pond of Eenode. The former station settlement of Eeneind has potential to serve as a starting point for a day out. The exact placement of these facilities will be further researched in the conclusion: the Problem - new enclave at Vaarle design for the Mulakkers.

Replacing Recreational Nodes

Sketch of new division of leisure and landscape

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 55 Problem - barriers By proposing a simple zoning scheme, the potential of the area is well served. There are a number of interventions needed to make sure that the basic types can function well. The first functional recreational intervention is the creation of clear regional routes. In north-south direction they can follow the natural lines, one alongside the Dom- mel, one over the former sandy grounds, now forest or agricultural area. In east-west direction the recreational routes can follow the existing infrastructural lines of the canal and the highway, that can be downgraded to parkway. Often these lines are already partly present; all that is needed is an acupunctural intervention, to cross the barrier or open up a fence. This will be further illustrated in the design for the ‘Woudloper’. Opening up the enclaves and the barriers on a regional level is not enough, the local level should also be fa- cilitated. Again acupunctural interventions are needed. Not all barriers need to be breached, some barriers are effective at protecting the landscape or guiding the visitors. The amount of bridges across the stream or the road should be based on the urban context and the recreational value. The same goes for the amount and the intensity of recreational facilities and parking places. The experience value, based on the recreational motives, will help to give the area a clear identity. This process of improving the local recreational level will be further addressed in the designs for Medevoort and Oudven.

The complete overview of the strategy to revise Dutch in between landscape on the basis of the recreational potential is shown in the conclusion: the design for Mulak- kers. Here the local recreational level meets the regional Regional recreational routes program and the landscape meets the urban network.

p. 56 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 6. 4. 5.

1. 8. 3.

.2 9.

Regional recreational routes

Schedule of requirements

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 57 6A | medevoort |

6. 4. 5.

1. 8. 3.

.2 9. 6d | mulakkers | 6B | oudven | 6C | gulberg |

sub-designs

p. 58 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder P.

Potential recreational structure

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 59 P.

Routing Program

Current situation

6B. | Medevoort |

The agricultural settlement of Medevoort is located between Brandevoort, Mierlo-Hout and the High-Tech Au- tomotive Campus (HTAC) in the north. The area is separated from the context by the highway, railway track and a regional road. The area has a huge potential to serve as a walking area for both inhabitants and people who work in the area. Water Park Both villages do not have a city park.

The new city park connects the urban nodes of Brande- The lands closest to the urban tissue is transformed into voort and Mierlo-Hout with the HTAC and the landscape park grounds, playfields and a orchard in the south-west to the north. The circular track reminds of a racetrack, corner. Special program, like a farm that sells local prod- while it functions to border the areas most delicate natu- ucts, attracts people into the landscape. ral area, a wet forest area. (broekbos) The asphalt track can be used by researchers from the HTAC to test remote In the park the paths are paved, inside the circular track vehicles or it can serve as a running track. they continue as sandy tracks. This emphasizes the remote character of the wet forest. New paths cross the highway, railway track and regional The ditches for the water are accentuated to make clear road. In the north they connect to the regional recre- how the water is being transferred. At strategic places ational routes, in the south they head towards the railway the forest is opened up to create a sightline or to create stations. a secluded place for peace and quietness.

p. 60 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder P.

Program

Park

Design for Medevoort

Impression

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 61 6C. | oudven |

Oudven is a small patch of land between two agricultural ribbons, the canal and a regional road, next to the centre of Mierlo. In the north the new extension of Brandevoort is rising, in the east Luchen is being built.

Despite the location next to the centre of the village, the area is not used by the inhabitants. A green house and a sport park fill most of the area.

By crossing the Geldropseweg, the regional road, the at- tachment of Mierlo with the landscape is improved. This is an intervention that is easily executed, but has a large effect. Phase I In the second phase a bridge over the canal will connect Brandevoort with the urban tissue. The area to the north, around the settlement of ‘t Broek, can serve as a landscape park. Paths can be added on the edge of the fields, opening up the agricultural land. Some farms could serve as a recreational attraction.

The land should not be transformed into a classical city park, the agricultural identity should be preserved. Walk- ing routes are not paved, the bicycle route can be paved with the same red stone as the agricultural ribbon.

Phase II Intervention

p. 62 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 2. the theory - case local leisure

N D G RO TE 15 16 AT 17 14 8 L 1 13 P 265 22 19 23 12 4 8 20 263 9 21 26 K 0 11 2 62 1 7 24 266 R 29 1 8 6 10 1

30 6 25 2 1 26

1 5 252 1

3 8 6 27 2 A 32 2 12 2 7

5 9 3

33 2 5

P 14 27 13 3 8 2 4 15 4 16 13 3 4 0 17 4 245 5

26 1 3 1 2 8 5 244 4 260 1 3 5 5

9 5 246 2 1 2 5 9

5 25 257

20 1 2 4 36 41 243 2 21 5 2 247 51 87 86 22 3 21 16 1 0 256 50 85 23 34 7 22 0 24 33 3 2 7 234 2 9 88 4 32 1 233 24 25 8 1 39 48 49 0 3 2 2 42 24 3 1 19 8 9 38 23 7 2 21 2 9 6 18 23 1 38 30 1 2 23 235 2 258 89 5 28 3 3 48 83 4 7 2 9 216 4 2 3 24 6 5 27 4 23 310 2 1 18 41 3 6 2 225 8 23 6 2 5 40 15 30 40 44 47 14 2 215 230 37 82 40 31 1 2 04 7 311 90 39 6 11 14 226 3 30 45 46 22 5 8 224 229 2 40 3 10 32 39 1 39 30 13 223 8 115 7 9 16 28 306 4 13 227 2 303 54 21 8 9 3 74 1153 2 41 37 214 21 3 75 5 11 1 22 31 3 38 9 25 2 2 05 3 8 7 2 3 17 1 302 3 3 56 115 20 220 2 76 1 2 32 1 43 11 4 36 213 330 4 8 57 1 37 28 3 4 31 3 72 1 44 1 1 2 1 301 1 5 1 2 18 1 32 37 1 19 14 30 1 11 0 2 12 35 77 36 7 1 43 15 21 221 3 36 1145 2 3 0 329 1159 146 16 2 1 1 8 1 19 320 71 1 17 23 9 1147 35 6 9 2 8 2 18 1 208 3 3 324 63 7 0 1148 2 11 31 32 28 4 5 17 19 2 2 20 9 2 3 6 1149 31 62 70 1 11 5 134 25 24 1 34 3 8 13 1 4 9 27 65 79 115 36 1 21 0 20 3 7 1 20 7 21 28 61 80 1 30 14 33 5 6 3 25 38 113 7 2 6 5 6 315 9 11 9 21 31 31 326 66 1139 14 2 5 4 5 26 27 140 8 32 60 1 6 41 5 3 12 3 2 2 21 15 28 22 318 7 11 6 1 11 2 5 14 1 28 9 27 58 67 100 1 7 10 1 434 56 69 01 99 27 112 22 4 7 436 1 8 16 31 9 2 11 9 43 68 9 1 29 10 3 8 43 59 98 0 1 3 112 2 17 1 5 55 113 30 1 427 63 2 131 32 1 6 4 97 15 3 1 24 18 426 13 1 2 6 442 91 13 1 17 1 31 1 428 2 54 1 431 35 5 1566 18 11 4 3 9 25 9 17 43 5 1 3 4 425 4 96 0 11 1 9 441 1562 32 42 8 92 111 430 44 1569 21 112 26 20 16 4 18 65 3 11 4 424 1574 15 7 33 4 0 1122 0 44 44 93 08 27 15 3 8 24 112 11 09 4 42 9 447 1561 1 1 4 4 419 44 5 156 1 109 1 3 94 9 1580 73 10 1 4 5 15 4 11 1 41 422 44 1 1 1 01 0 6 156 1 4 08 42 454 44 12 1587 4 450 2 7 4 113 1112 1579 7 1 1 413 55 122 120 15 156 1505 1 4 2 02 42 1594 11 0 Current4 53 5 1 Barriers 115 1101 4 4 1 0 1 1586 1 03 41 62 50 1510 04 4 1 1 4 19 1601 1578 1571 1 1 3 15 05 10 56 4 02 9 411 4 2 50 1 113 15 6 1 63 45 10 502 11 4 1 5 103 1585 1515 1509 412 46 1608 1570 110 1577 1503 5 112 1600 03 07 457 3 50 4 4 4 4 50 114 118 1592 8 46 460 104 161 1584 1514 150 9 1607 9 1576 2 45 111 159 150 406 09 117 1 8 1 5 115 9 65 45 51 06 the theory - case local leisure1613 06 159 5 1513 46 4 9 5 105 16 1583 1507 4 51 14 116 157 40 12 5 8 1501 5 50 110 1598 68 12 1590 1512 6 405 4 16 1605 1582 1519 466 106 150 3 51 507 474 0 1597 1511 47 109 11 1589 1 1518 467 31 5 107 16 158 71 5 51 6 1604 4 520 51 108 0 1596 88 3 17 15 15 72 30 1 7 161 152 3 4 5 52 51 1603 47 2 6 52 1595 151 529 9 1529 532 518 160 1522 1602 528 1528 27 23 1536 3 5 5 1521 53 44 26 2 15 1527 534 5 155 44 4 1560 1535 5 35 52 43 1520 5 15 43 1526 5 536 25 1551 1534 5 1559 2 154 1525 542 50 537 15 1533 41 1558 5 41 0 15 1524 54 538 7 539 2. 55 1549 1532 1 40 15 6 1548 155 1531 7 1539 154 1530 1555 8 153 54 1546 15 3 1537 155 1545

p. 32/85 P 3 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure

Bird’sOudven eye and view ‘t - Broek.current situation and proposal

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 63

p. 33/85 P 3 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure 6D. | gulberg |

The Gulberg is a special object in the Realm of Dommel The golf course exists of 27 holes, but the golf associa- and Aa. Rising 60 metres above the ground level it forms tion wants to expand to 36 holes on the other side of the a landmark in the area. mountain. This will be a unique course in the region. The At the moment the last part of the former waste belt is new holes can be put on the shallow parts of the hill, the being covered. On the north side a golf course is already steep sides can be used for hiking or cycling. in use, on the east slope mountain bikes climb up the hill. The west side of the hill, next to the forest area and the industry park can be intensified with recreational pro- The first intervention in this area is opening up the golf gram. A former country estate can be transformed into course. The service road of the golf course can be used an information centre with information about the natural as a recreational route, only a few links are missing. The underground and the current facilities. The hillside can golfers are not disturbed by this change, while it opens be used as a open air theatre or even as a basis for a up the hill for a larger crowd. At the highest point a toboggan run. platform can be added to create a stunning view of the Existing buildings of the company that is covering the area. waste belt can be re-used for recreational purpose. The regional route continues to the agricultural settlement of Vaarle to the north and the forest to the south. Future structure - new routes, gate and golf-course By using the same section and materials the route is recognisable.

Current lay-out of

6. 4. 5.

1. 8. 3.

.2 9.

p. 64 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder design proposal for recreational route

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 65 6E. | mulakkers - conclusion | Situation

The crucial detail of the spatial strategy proposed for the Realm of Dommel and Aa deals with the contrast between the urban and natural layer. The design for the area between Tongelre, Opwetten and Eeneind also has to deal with both local and regional recreational facilities. In this short explanation I will explore how the different layers influence the area and how this can be incorporated in a spatial design.

Natural Underground The most striking feature of the design area is the brook ‘de kleine dommel’ running through it. This brook has shaped the landscape and was a good reason for people to settle in this area. The hamlets of Opwetten, Eeneind, Coll and Loovelden are based on the rich agricultural lands next to the stream. The Opwettense and Collse watermill remind us of the importance of the water for these settlements. The east bank is higher than the east bank; in general the wetlands of the brook are smaller than in the area south of Coll, where a swamp-like ‘zeggen’ landscape exists. The brook is now mostly con- trolled within a fixed course, bounded by large agricultural fields on the east bank, on the west bank is filled with smaller meadows with natural structures between the fields. These small scale agricultural or natural fields are generally considered to be the ‘normal’ brook landscape. The larger fields on the east are considered to vast and without the necessary variation.

Natural underground

p. 66 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Pictural values

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 67 Urban Context Situation A270 As the whole area, this part is also crossed by numerous (images Google Earth) infrastructural lines. The railway line towards Helmond in the south and the A270 highway in the north form strong barriers in the course of the Dommel. The railway tracks can be crossed between the hamlets of Coll and Loovelden and in Eeneind. The highway can be crossed between Tongelre and Opwetten and between Eeneind and Nuenen-South. The highway is part of a infrastructural debate in the region. The road could, after the construction of a new ring road, be downgraded to a regional road or parkway. These plans however are not further examined. A more concrete development is the construction of a utilitarian cycling path alongside the highway between Helmond and Eindhoven. Currently the highway consists out of two times two lanes with a third service or bus track. Be- side the intersection with the Opwettenseweg all cross- ings are on different levels. Other infrastructural lines that cross the area are the power lines. The power station is located south of the railway track. From this station power lines head north, east and southwards. In the design area three lines cross at the west side, in front of the dwellings at the border of Eindhoven. The pylons are placed rationally across the area, without considering the underground or a mutual spatial disposition. The power station is marked by a tall mast with a ring at the top, a real landmark that never has been acknowledged like that, but always has been a pariah in the landscape.

Urban network p. 68Situation power station (images Google Earth) graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The urban structure bordering the landscape consist out of residential neighbourhoods, nature areas and industry areas. In the south-west corner the late sixties early seventies neighbourhood of Tongelre is bordered by a small industry area, of which a large section is currently without user. Further to the north, the old hamlet of Tongelre is bordered with rationalistic flats that stand freely in the open space. The Opwettense weg forms the border towards the agricultural landscape that borders the Dommel in the north. The north-west corner, marked by the Opwet- tense watermill, will transform drastically under the construction of the new neighbourhood of Nuenen West. The north-east corner is bordered by a sport park, a eighties neighbourhood in Nuenen South and the recreational area around the lake of Eenode. The south-east corner at last is formed by the hamlet of Eeneind, with a characteristic settlement formed around a former station area. Now the town is enclosed by industrial areas, the newer the larger. In the south, between the industry area and the power station, the Dommel searches its way underneath the railway track through a wet forest.

It can be concluded that the urban structure is forced upon the natural underground without too much consid- eration. Power lines, the highway, railway tracks and residential areas are all structures that have no connection with the underlying grounds. The most important problems to be solved are the transformation of the A270 into a parkway and adding the utilitarian cycling path, the revision of the industry area in Tongelre, the construction of Nuenen West. There are chances to improve the industry area of Eeneind by creating working places for starting entrepreneurs in the creative or high-tech industry. In the future there is a chance to improve the link between the landscape and the internal green structure of Tongelre when the seventies neighbourhoods need to Urban tissue of Tongelre be reconstructed.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 69 Functional Recreational Structure The recreational potential of the area can be explored based on ten spatial criteria, linked to the design principles of context, accessibility, facilities and experience value.

• The reach of the area is especially great in the south- west and north-east corner, where the urban structures of Eindhoven and Nuenen border the area. The variety of program is given by the industrial areas of Tongelre and Eeneind. Competing green areas are located along the Dommel in the north and south, 6. 4. and in the east by the recreational cluster of Een- 5. 7. ode. 1. 8. • The right of entry in the area is only limited in private 3. .2 allotment garden complexes. The power station is a 9. enclave that is not accessible. • The accessibility in the east is good, there are three Schedule of requirements for Mulakkers access points from Tongelre and one from Opwet- ten. Only the east lacks good access points. • Recreational gates where people can start their visit to the area are not yet clearly defined. The watermills form a good starting point, but are not yet exploited this way. This also accounts for the industrial relicts at Eeneind and the recreational cluster of Eenode. • The connectivity of the west side is strong on a lo- • The current recreational program consists out of the cal level, the integration with the residential area of ‘natural’ pool at the Eenode lake, combined with a Oud-Tongelre is excellent. The east bank has a strong minigolf track and a fishpond. The watermills and connectivity to the regional road structure, because two chapels are interesting objects that are not ex- of the regional routes crossing Eeneind. ploited yet. There is a large sports facility in Nuenen, • Barriers are formed by the highway, the railway track a allotment garden and two scouting groups in Eind- and the Dommel. The last one is a functional barrier, hoven. Recently a huge garden centre is opened at it is not experience as a line that disturbs the area. Eeneind, forming a destination for visitors from the • The agricultural use of the area limits the rout- surrounding towns. These facilities can be combined ing structure in the area. Only the west bank next into recreational motives; ‘being active’ in the north- to Tongelre has some paths linked to the hamlet of east, ‘interest’ in the south, ‘social’ in the east and Loovelden. Regional routes heading north-south or ‘quietness’ in the centre. east-west are going around the area, there is no link going through the landscape. p. 70 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Type of Open Green Space and Schedule of Requirements

From the urban context, the natural underground and the functional recreational structure it can be concluded that the area has the greatest potential as city park on the west bank and around the Opwettense watermill, and as landscape park combined with recreational areas on the east bank. The natural qualities as a brook landscape are stronger in the area to the south, where the small scale of the landscape is better preserved and the wetlands are more extensive. The agricultural cluster is too small to be feasible, this layer of the brook landscape is expressed in the area north of the Opwettense watermill. The infrastructural lines that cross the area are the reason that it can no longer only function as a truly natural or a truly strengthening natural backbone framing the open space (agri)cultural landscape.

However, the urban context that seems to be the weakness here can be turned into the strength of the area. The presence of the power station and the electrical infrastructure connected to it forms a unique element in the region. The good local connectivity with the neighbourhoods to the west and the opportunity to reconnect the urban structure to the south-west by revising the in-between industry area, leads to transform the open green space on the west bank into a energy (or electricity) minded city park. This fits with the regional brainport ambition of ‘sustainable energy’ and with the recreational motive ‘interest’; people can learn something about the energy provision in the region.

Local recreation

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 71 Facilities The good regional connectivity and the existence of regional programme like the garden centre and the open air swimming pool means that the east bank has an opportunity to grow to a fully-fledged recreational cluster. People at leisure often search for a area with a genuine identity to make the experience more interesting. The historical station area of Eeneind can strengthen the identity of the recreational cluster and the some buildings that are part of the cultural heritage can become a recreational gate for people to start their day out. The higher grounds at the east bound make the area suitable for a build program, the large scale of the agricultural land is not valued highly. The adding of a bungalow park can give the recreational cluster a new meaning without damaging the natural underground. From historical point of view the settlements have always been constructed on higher grounds. The link with the regional road network and the A270 means that the accessibility is good enough for a extra-regional program like a bungalow park. The internal organisation of the bungalow park should contribute to the town of Eeneind; for instance by making the park facilities semi-public. Regional recreation (holiday park)

Routes Recreational Routes The Dommel forms the connector between the facilities on both sides. Lands directly adjacent to the brook can be used to strengthen the ecological buffer. The energy park and the recreational cluster can be linked to the water by creating side streams. A restaurant with terrace at the waterside or a edu- cational playground (to show children how to win energy by using a modern watermill) are examples how the energy park and the recreational clustered could be linked to the brook, and thus to the underlying natural structure.

By adding two bridges the local users can take a stroll without having to take the same path twice. A recreational north-south route, crossing both the railway and the highway will attach the area and the recreational cluster to the regional network. In east-west direction the utilitarian cycling path can be redesigned to combine it with recreational usage. This will link the recreational cluster with the ‘Gulberg’, the new-town of Brandevoort, the park ‘Medevoort’ and the city centre of Helmond in the east and city park ‘de Karpen’ and the city centre of Eindhoven (and even the Philips stadion and Strijp-S) in the west.

p. 72 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Design concept

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 73 7. epilogue - the real world

o Picknick at ‘t Witven, Stiphout

p. 74 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder When I started this graduation proces I thought that area is losing quality, despite that at the same time the industrial buildings can be used by nothing was done in Brainport to improve the central SRE is trying to improve the area. An ambitious political artists or young entrepreneurs. core of the region. Once I started my research I quickly statement helps to protect the area, a pragmatic short- learnt that the SRE was working on a regional structure term vision will destroy the qualities. The question is if the municipality plan. Boldly I contacted the SRE to see if a collaboration should initiate such an change or would be an option. Luckily the project team was enthu- But even if there is a common ambition on a local level, if this is the task of the real estate siastic about my research proposal and we agreed on a it does not mean that this can be realized. There are a lot agents. It could also be the task of internship for the rest of the year. of factors that influence the process of changing a large a designer to connect parties and scale plan. A change of political parties, either on a local to communicate the chances to the During the past months I have been granted a look be- or national level, will change the opinions, the visions people involved. hind the scenes of a project of municipal cooperation. and the ambitions; and eventually the design. Because The processes that take place in order to produce a le- if the economical or political means are missing, there is It may just be a naïve thought of a gal document that is approved by all municipalities and nothing that you can do as a designer. nearly graduate, but in changing that meets all (inter)national standards were unknown to times, the municipalities should me. At university you learn how to create a theoretical Still, I am excited to take the next step in my own career. adjust their tasks as well. A passive basis on which a design intervention is argued. In real- I have learnt at university to think of a creative solution to stand of the municipality, only creat- ity you have to work with a given situation; most of the spatial problems. In a time when political and economical ing a legal document to control the times the theoretical arguments are being washed away means are lacking, the designer has to come up with a developments, is no longer justified. by economical or political arguments. I do understand creative way to improve the spatial quality. Maybe there It is time to take the lead in tackling why it works like this, but it often means that ambitions are new ways to generate money, new actors to involve the spatial problems, improving the and visions are being ignored and that quality is lacking. in changing the landscape. Maybe a long term vision can quality of life of the inhabitants. Secondly the complicated process of Dutch spatial plan- only be realized if the government is actively grasping ning means that it takes a lot of time to get something opportunities that arise. If an industry area is vacant for a done in the real world. Five years ago the SRE started to long time because of a bad real estate market, it perhaps work on the Realm of Dommel and Aa. can temporarily be used to improve the quality of life of In the mean time, a new industry area and a bungalow the inhabitants by opening up the gates and creating park are placed into the scarce remaining landscape. The a green corridor between the empty halls. Maybe the

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appendixes

A. theory - review paper 80 B. methodology: summary 86 C. project area - map 88

P4 - Preliminary Thesis Report P.J.M. Rosmulder

Msc Urbanism TU Delft

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 79 A. | theory - review paper | 1 Introduction All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are under pressure. Urbanization has changed the way we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, nature as wilderness (Buijs et al., 2006). Produc- tive landscapes are transformed into recreational landscapes mapping leisure Peter J.M. Rosmulder to meet the demands for leisure activities. These activities are also changing over time. Traditional activities like cycling or walking are supplemented with the latest fashionable activities like GPS-tracking or a game of ‘farmers-golf’ . Private resorts mapping leisure and fenced festival areas are changing the public space into a quest for spatial criteria to model the recreational use of Dutch private consumer paradises (Metz, 2002). Various professions landscapes conduct research on the balance between leisure and landscape. Spatial designers are discussing how a 21st century metropolitan park should function (Haarlemmermeer, 2008). Peter J.M. Rosmulder Planners and politician are searching for the right controls to regulate the use of the landscape (Leinfelder, 2005). A number b1257900 _ [email protected] Delft University of Technology, Department of Urbanism of state of the art modelling tools (like GIS and GPS) are being 6th Graduation Lab Urbanism Conference used to express arguments to resist the uprising pressure on the scarce public space (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, Spek et al., 2009, Vries and Goossen, 2002) Abstract – The Dutch landscape in between cities is increasingly under pressure of urbanization. The traditional agricultural land use is no longer viable here. The green buffer zones (rijksbufferzones), defined 50 The main aim of this literature review is to find spatial factors years ago to prevent the cities from growing together, are now being addressed to accommodate various leisure facilities (Herngreen et al., 2008). From a number of different professions research is conducted on the that determine whether or not a specific location is suited to relationship between leisure and landscape. Each research tackles a part of the problem, but an integral method accommodate leisure activities. Therefore I will focus at three linking the various professions is missing. GIS-based planning models, that are used to predict or ana- This literature review will focus on four analysis models. Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003), de Vries and lyze the use of the Dutch landscape for recreation. The three Goossen (2002) and Hoffmans (1998) have each developed a GIS-based monitoring tool. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) have made a manual analysis method to examine the success of city parks. Through GIS-based models will be compared with a manual (non GIS- comparison on a number of variables the models will be reviewed. This comparison will give me an overview of based) analysis model, to give a critical comment on the use the most important spatial criteria for the recreational use of the Dutch landscape. of computer software. The four models all deal with approxi- The spatial criteria will be used in my graduation project. It will give me a theoretical background on which I can mately the same set of variables. Each variable is based on a start developing my own design principles that will help to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential. specific theoretical background. The theoretical background will give me input for my gradua- Key words – recreation; green buffer zones; leisure landscape; experience value; GIS-based monitoring tool tion project. In my graduation project I’m studying the recreational potential of green buffer zones in the Netherlands. The buffer zones are a result of a building restriction ordered fifty 1 Introduction are being used to express arguments to resist the years ago by the government to prevent urban sprawl in the All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are uprising pressure on the scarce public space landscape between the main Dutch cities (Herngreen et al., (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, Spek et al., 2009, under pressure. Urbanization has changed the way 2008). Today the original agricultural use of the landscape is we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional Vries and Goossen, 2002) image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, nature diminishing. This gives way to the leisure landscape that Metz as wilderness (Buijs et al., 2006). Productive The main aim of this literature review is to find (2002) describes vividly in her book Fun!. The goal of my re- landscapes are transformed into recreational spatial factors that determine whether or not a search project is to find a way to revise the Dutch green buffer specific location is suited to accommodate leisure landscapes to meet the demands for leisure activities. zones to integrate leisure activities. These activities are also changing over time. activities. Therefore I will focus at three GIS-based Traditional activities like cycling or walking are planning models, that are used to predict or analyze p. 80 supplemented with the latest fashionable activities the use of the Dutch landscape for recreation. The graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder like GPS-tracking or a game of ‘farmers-golf’ 1 . three GIS-based models will be compared with a Private resorts and fenced festival areas are manual (non GIS-based) analysis model, to give a changing the public space into private consumer critical comment on the use of computer software. paradises (Metz, 2002). Various professions conduct The four models all deal with approximately the research on the balance between leisure and same set of variables. Each variable is based on a landscape. Spatial designers are discussing how a specific theoretical background. 21st century metropolitan park should function The theoretical background will give me input for (Haarlemmermeer, 2008). Planners and politician my graduation project. In my graduation project I’m are searching for the right controls to regulate the studying the recreational potential of green buffer use of the landscape (Leinfelder, 2005). A number zones in the Netherlands. The buffer zones are a of state of the art modelling tools (like GIS and GPS) result of a building restriction ordered fifty years ago by the government to prevent urban sprawl in 1 the landscape between the main Dutch cities A game of golf with big wooden clubs (or wooden shoes on a (Herngreen et al., 2008). Today the original stick) in a meadow (Farmersgolf, 2006) agricultural use of the landscape is diminishing.

- 1 - First I will introduce the models that will be reviewed and the only addresses the perception value of the landscape, no oth- equal in size or bigger. This means that researchers that have developed these models. The body of er variables are used. The thesis gives a good overview how a neighbourhood park is no substitute the paper deals with the main variables that are used in the the complicated topic of perception can be grasped in a geo- for a city park, but a regional park is. models. These variables are context, accessibility, facilities and graphical information system (GIS). The authors name six different scale lev- perception and experience value. To illustrate the complex The above mentioned researchers are all related to spatial els, each with their own size and reach. interrelation between the variables, I will give an overview on planning or social geography. From the profession of spatial When people from a residential area how they are combined in the models. To conclude I will focus design little attention has been given to fundamental research can reach three parks from their home, at the use of GIS software and the influence it has on the out- on the topic of recreational use of the living environment. The De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel come of the monitoring and analysis models. non GIS-based monitoring tool developed by researchers of distribute the inhabitants equally over the TU Delft is an exception to this rule. De Josselin de Jong the three parks. 2 Authors and models and Van der Mispel (2008) state in their analysis method eight This distribution is based on the assump- The main input for this literature review will be given by four success and failure factors for urban parks. Although the meth- tion that the parks are equal in quality, different models. The models each have a different lay-out and od is designed for urban parks, it can also be used to research the visitor doesn’t have a preference for goal. I will give a short introduction on the authors and their the recreational potential of the Dutch landscape (Josselin de a specific type of green area. It would field of interest. Jong, 2009). This ‘manual’ analysis method provides a critical be better to incorporate the quality of a The main goal of the GIS-based planning tool developed by review of the use of GIS-based methods. park in this decision making process, like De Vries and Goossen (2002) is to model recreational visits de Vries and Goossen (2002) do in their to forest and nature areas. The authors are researchers at the 3 Main Variables model. The inhabitants from a given department of landscape and spatial planning of Alterra, a re- To compare the above mentioned models I have selected a neighbourhood are distributed among search institute from the Wageningen university in the Neth- number of crucial variables that are used by most of the au- the available nature areas according to erlands. The GIS-based planning tool is based on a fixed de- thors. The question is not only why, but also how the variables a fixed rule. The distribution depends mand for recreational facilities from a given residential area. are used in the monitoring tools. on the distance to a nature area and This demand is divided amongst forest and nature areas within its quality. This definition of quality will reach. The recreational quality of the forest and nature areas 3.1 Context: density & competition be addressed later on in this review. It determines the distribution of visitors over the areas. The out- According to De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) must be noted that De Vries and Goos- put of the model is an estimated number of visitors to a spe- a large share of the success of a city park depends on its con- sen only look at other nature and forest cific nature area. text. When there is a high density of potential visitors in the areas as competition to the addressed Van Herzele and Wiedemann, Belgium specialists in spatial districts surrounding the park, it is more likely to become a area. They conclude, based on empiri- planning and social geography, are using a GIS-based tool to vital public space. By dividing the amount of potential visitors cal research by De Boer and Visschedijk monitor the provision of accessible and attractive urban green by the total area of the park, the authors end up with a den- (1994), that urban green spaces don’t spaces (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003). Their tool is citizen sity of x visitors/hectare. De Vries and Goossen (2002) use the compete with natural and forest areas. based, which means that they are taking the city as the main number of inhabitants of a city to calculate how many visits a The same assumption is made for ag- object of the study. The other models described in this section nature area will get. They don’t judge whether a high number ricultural areas: “For agricultural areas each take the landscape or a certain natural area as object. of visitors is positive or negative. This is partly because they we would like to argue that in the Dutch Van Herzele and Wiedemann are addressing both accessibility focus at nature and forest areas outside the city. Here busyness situation these are not often considered and attractiveness. The output of this GIS-based monitoring isn’t the main goal. destinations that one is willing to travel tool is an overview of the number of nature areas that inhabit- When there are multiple destinations within reach, people have to, in the way that one does to a for- ants from a given residential area (or city) can reach. A division to decide where they go for their leisure. The urban green est or nature area. Their main function in quality aspects between the given areas can also be made. spaces have to compete with each other, eager to attract the is more that of an extension area, i.e. an Hoffmans (1998) describes in his thesis a monitoring tool to ‘customer’. The question is on which scale the green spaces area for walks and cycling trips that start map the perception value for recreation of green spaces out- are complementary to each other and when they are competi- at the doorstep of one’s home.” (Vries side the city. His thesis is part of the college for geographical tors. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) conclude and Goossen, 2002, p. 7) information systems. The monitoring tool that he describes that a park only experiences competition from parks that are Because Van Herzele and Wiedemann

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 81 (2003) have made a citizen based moni- their model to walking or cycling trips that start at one’s home. mental map, the chance is very little that you will ever go to toring tool, they don’t deal with the De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) also include the park. On the other hand, if the park is part of your daily issue of competition. To inhabitants a the use of a car. De Vries and Goossen’s model (2002) focuses system, it is more likely that you visit it sometimes (Buurmans larger number of urban green spaces only on car-based trips. They have developed another model and Bois, 2007). The connectivity provides a qualitative speci- within reach means a better quality of that only models cycling trips (Vries and Goossen, 2001). fication of the area already covered by the basic reach circles. life. The density of the neighbourhood is used to calculate the percentage of How the accessibility is modelled differs between the authors. 3.3 Facilities: Program and routing inhabitants that can reach a basic level Since De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) don’t use The previous variables dealt with the context of the urban of green facilities. GIS, they are limited to using circles of theoretical reach. After- green spaces. The authors differ in opinion whether internal wards this circle is diminished by identifying barriers that limit or external factors determine the success of an urban green 3.2 Accessibility: mode of transport people to reach a park. This method may be less accurate than space. Hoffmans (1998) only focuses at the perception quality and reach the use of a GIS model, it is suited for a quick-scan. The GIS- of the landscape, which is an internal factor. In De Josselin de The variable ‘accessibility’ has two based planning tools that Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) Jong and Van der Mispel’s (2008) method 6 out of 8 factors meanings. The first is to which degree and De Vries and Goossen (2002) have developed measure are external, only routing and identity (which includes facilities) people (legally) have access to a plot distance and especially the barrier-effect much better. Thanks are internal qualities of the park. De Vries and Goossen (2002) of land. This right of entry is addressed to the vector based software they can calculate the distance and Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) have both split up later as part of the perception value. to a nature area’s individual entrance points. Still, they are their models in accessibility (extern) and attractiveness (intern) The second definition of accessibility is not using the software to its full potential. By excluding travel of urban green spaces. Attractiveness, the quality of an area, whether people can reach a given desti- speed, they only know something about travel distance, not depends on a number of factors. Program and facilities is one nation within an acceptable travel time. about travel time. Mommaas explains why time is the decisive of these factors that determines the attractiveness. This depends on a number of factors: factor: “… a large share of the Dutch population is confronted kind of activity, durance of the activ- with the paradox of a rising supply of potential leisure activi- I will first focus at De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel’s ity and the mode of transport. Mom- ties and an equal or even less amount of free time. Because of (2008) model, because they look at external program that sur- maas (2000) states that people’s leisure this the leisure time is spend more consciously.” (Mommaas et rounds the park. According to the authors the availability of a activities are expanding over a greater al., 2000, p. 10) variety of urban program leads to a more vital public space. distance. We travel more often and to As Jacobs (1961) has clearly described in ‘the death and life of places further away. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) use next to great American cities’, a successful park is visited by a mixed basic reach two other factors to measure the accessibility of a crowd during the day. If a park only depends on local inhabit- For my graduation project it is impor- city park. First they look at the number of entrances to a park. ants to use it, the park will be deserted most of the day. An tant to know which kind of transport This gives an indication of the permeability of the park’s bor- office, a hospital, a school or a restaurant provide visitors dur- people use and how long they are will- der. Beside this they map the public transport stops surrounding other parts of the day. The mix of diverse people with di- ing to travel. De Josselin de Jong and ing the park. As a last indicator the connectivity of a park is verse interest is what makes the public space so appealing. Van der Mispel (2008) and Van Herzele mapped. With connectivity the authors mean the way the park De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) refer to the and Wiedemann (2003) are dividing ur- is embedded in the urban fabric. This is related to the cogni- observations of Jacobs by mapping external facilities which ban green areas in a number of scale tive map that humans (and animals) use to navigate through could provide visitors to the park. The absolute number of visi- levels, ranging from a neighbourhood space (Bois, 1995). The method used is remotely related to tors originating from this program is not predictable, but the park to a regional park. They both con- the space syntax method, that also addresses the ‘depth’ of amount of functions can be used to compare city parks. clude that people are willing to travel an urban network (Hillier and Hanson, 1984, Read, 1996). The The second factor that attributes to the dynamism of a city further if the park is bigger. Although connectivity of a park is given by taking three steps in all direc- park is the routing that passes along or through the park. they use the same way of working, the tions from the park’s border. The network that is given this way De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel map the continuous numbers that they use differ. This partly resembles the cognitive structure to which the park belongs. routes and the routes that are leading to a specific function depends on the mode of transport: Van To put it more simple: the more expansive the connectivity, inside the park, like a school or museum. The people on these Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) restrict the more people will know the park. If a park isn’t part of your routes aren’t considered visitors, they are passing-by. Howev- p. 82 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder er, these by passers do contribute to the liveliness of a park. subjective version of the reality. The interactions between be- belong to which category isn’t clarified. The authors notice that there is a limit to the amount of traffic havior, perception, appreciation, experience and personality The authors state that the kind of land that passes through a park. “Too much movement can be dis- are complex and dynamic. This means that it is very difficult to use is an important factor whether peo- turbing and for instance playing children can be troubled by predict the perception or even the experience of a landscape. ple at leisure enjoy the landscape. Mod- passing cyclists. This is one of the complains from visitors of Still, a number of attempts have been made to give an objec- ern agricultural land use is appreciated the Vondelpark. Probably there is an optimum to be found.” tive view on how the subjective qualities of a landscape work. less than forest, industrial areas less (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008, p. 15) Coeterier (1996) names eight factors which determine the per- than beaches. Relief is a factor which The supply of facilities inside the park, is part of what the au- ception of a landscape. These factors are not to be addressed is positive for hikers, while the average thors call ‘identity’. I will address this further in the next para- individually, the objects only have meaning in their relation to cyclist experiences it negatively. Banks graph. other objects: “From people’s reactions to landscape change and shores are appreciated by both Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) state attractiveness as it became evident that attributes cannot be isolated. A one- activities. Quietness (or disturbance) is a kind of bonus that will add value to the accessible green sided approach to planning, emphasizing use or maintenance, valued by both cyclists and hikers. The spaces. ‘Facilities’ is one of five attributes that determine this is felt as an impoverishment. Only together they form a com- attribute right of entry is complicated. If attractiveness. The most important facility according to the plete landscape.” (Coeterier, 1996, p.38) limited to walking and cycling as main authors is physical access, paths and entrances. Next to this Based on Coeteriers eight factors, Van Herzele and Wiedemann activity, the access should be free. If the supply of program and basic facilities is named. Benches, (2003) state five quality attributes : space, nature, culture & his- hikers have to pay to access an area, playgrounds and sport are considered positive to the attrac- tory, quietness and facilities. I’ve addressed ‘facilities’ already they are less likely to visit it (Bruls et al., tiveness of an urban green space. At the same time, too much in the previous paragraph. The attribute ‘space’ deals with the 2002). This is not necessarily true for all or unsafe facilities are considered unattractive. When there are feeling that you’re in an unbound nature area. Fragmentation leisure activities. too much facilities or when a facility is unsafe isn’t mentioned and disturbance are the main threads. ‘Nature’ deals with nat- Because Hoffmans (1998) focuses pri- by the authors. ural (living) elements like plantation, natural water areas, but marily on the landscape, he excludes also animals. The ‘historic and cultural’ oneness of an area is towns, city parks, and amusement parks. De Vries and Goossen (2002) use seven indicators that state measured by the number of cultural relicts and landscape pat- The historic value of an area is also left the success of forest and nature areas for recreation. This is terns. Finally ‘quietness’ is named to be an important attribute. outside the model. Hoffmans describes derived from empirical research by Goossen & Langers (2000). Van Herzele and Wiedemann recall a number of recent stud- an example where a new forest is con- Although they have found 18 important indicators, only 7 ies which prove this (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, p. 114). structed in a historic polder landscape: could be incorporated in the GIS-based monitoring tool. One The quality attributes are used to provide data on how many “Someone who knows the area well, of these indicators is ‘the density of cycling and walking op- people can reach a park with a certain value. judges that the forest doesn’t belong portunities’. Other basic or special facilities aren’t part of their here. People at leisure who want to model. Next to the internal routing network, the authors look Hoffmans (1998) explains in his thesis the following objects: make a hike in the forest will think of it is at another facility: “Besides these quality indicators, the pres- land use, relief, disturbance, right of entry, banks and shores. an enrichment.” (Hoffmans, 1998, p. 9) ence of a parking place was also assessed. If present, for car- He has split up the method into walking and cycling, the two born visits the quality score was to be increased with 0,5 point activities that are most common in the Dutch landscape (Huis As stated before, De Vries and Goos- (on a scale from 1 to 10).” (Vries and Goossen, 2002, p. 8) et al., 2008). For each of these activities he uses values to clas- sen (2002) base the quality of a nature sify the objects. The objects and their values are derived from area on seven indicators, which are also 3.4 Perception and experience value Goossen & Langers (2000). These indicators are derived from selected from a list of 18 indicators by Experience and perception are related to each other. Coeteri- empirical research and can be separated in utilization qual- Goossen & Langers (2000). The seven er explains this in his book about the perception of the (Dutch) ity and perception quality. “Fitness for use are those indica- indicators that are used in the GIS- landscape (Coeterier, 2000). He clarifies the relation between tors which are functional and practical, like a road or a special based planning tool are: right of access, the objective environment and its subjective representation. cycle-track to cycle on or a river or lake for sailing. Perception land use, tranquility, density of walking First we perceive the objective landscape, we simply observe quality are those indicators which give an experiential value. and cycling opportunities (paths and it. Through a process of appreciation an individual person How beautiful or ugly is the landscape for cycling, how noisy, quiet roads), relief, banks & shores and gives value to what one sees. This leads to an experience, a etc.” (Goossen and Langers, 2000, p. 242) Which indicators distance to cities. The authors don’t

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 83 explain what these indicators exactly on the actual road distance. Once traffic speed is included also cepted in comparison with less equipped green spaces like mean or how they are measured. In the travel time can be calculated easily. nature reserves and farmlands in the urban fringe.”(Herzele end the quality is measured by a score At the same time the software has it limits. De Vries and Goos- and Wiedemann, 2003, p.112) The scale of a green area partly ranging from 1 to 10. sen (2002) only could use seven out of eighteen quality indi- determines the importance of the context of the green space. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mis- cators in GIS. Complex subjective issues like attractiveness A neighbourhood park is more dependent on visits from peo- pel (2008) have summed up all internal are hard to incorporate in a static GIS-model. Van Herzele and ple that live next to it (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008) than qualities of a city park in the attribute Wiedemann acknowledge this: “A methodological problem in a nature area which can rely on car based visits from a whole ‘identity’. This includes facilities for dai- the application of parameters of attractiveness ... is the varia- urban region (Vries and Goossen, 2002). ly use and special functions. The other tion of values within the same space. In an attempt to cope objects are ‘physical elements’, ‘sig- with this problem, average values were used. However, physi- 4.3 Trends & hypes nificance’ and ‘recognizable elements’. cal spaces are not the same as perceptual spaces. Determi- The recreational activities that take place in the Dutch land- The authors admit that this is just a brief nation of the space’s limits in map-making do not necessarily scape are changing. This is partly due to the movement of ur- selection of elements that form the correspond with the extent of perceived spaces.” (Herzele and ban functions, like shopping malls and entertainment centres, characteristics of a city park: “The con- Wiedemann, 2003, p. 123) When performing an analysis by towards the urban fringe zones. Both Mommaas (2000) and cept ‘identity’ is used as a control factor, hand, a researcher can take these differences in account. Metz (2002) address this topic. The analysis models discussed to test whether the context factors can The usability of GIS software also depends on the main goal here hardly pay any attention to this. The main interest still lies be put into perspective by the qualities of the model. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) with walking and cycling. Next to the shift of urban functions, of the park itself.” (Josselin de Jong and recognize that their method doesn’t lead to accurate absolute both authors recognise that the experience value becomes Mispel, 2008, p. 16) figures. Their main goal however is to compare parks with each more important. Mommaas (2000) states that people are look- other. When the model is meant to provide reliable data for ing for effective ways to recreate : many different experiences 4 Combining the variables policy makers or area managers the accuracy is very important, in a short amount of time. Metz describes the role of the coun- The above listed variables are the start- as De Vries and Goossen explain: “One of the most important tryside: “If you ever had the illusion that the Dutch country- ing point for the development for my questions regarding the model that has been developed thus side is an oasis of peace, remote from or sovereignly elevated own analysis method, which will help far is its validity. To what extent does the model predict actual above the bustle of the city, forget it. The countryside is in- me to indicate the recreational poten- numbers of visits accurately?” (Vries and Goossen, 2002, p. creasingly becoming a green décor for modern amusement; it tial of the Dutch in-between landscape. 12) is packaged, marketed and offered for consumption, the more There are a number of conclusion to be ‘authentic’ the better.” (Metz, 2002, p. 181). This ‘fun-factor’ drawn from the four models that I’ve re- 4.2 Scale or experience value is really difficult to capture in a GIS-based viewed. For the use of an analysis model it is important to realise at monitoring tool, especially when you consider that trends and which scale the model is meant to operate. The scale on which hypes are relative and change over time. 4.1 Use of GIS-software a green space is acting determines whether or not there is First of all the use of GIS software has any competition from other types of parks. De Josselin de 4.4 Leisure motives a great influence on the strength of the Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) only address city parks in their The way people experience their environment depends on analysis model. The analysis method method. This leads to different lead variables than De Vries a number of factors, among which the identity of a person developed by De Josselin de Jong and and Goossen’s model, which deals with forest and nature areas is an important factor (Coeterier, 2000). Still, for recreation a Van der Mispel (2008) of the TU Delft outside the cities (Vries and Goossen, 2002). I’ve explained division between groups of people can be made. Research- shows that a successful analysis meth- this before for the attribute ‘busyness’, but it also applies to ers from the Alterra institute have done a literature review on od doesn’t necessarily has to be based the reach an urban green space has and the facilities it will this topic and came up with a division based on recreational on GIS software. De Josselin de Jong successfully offer. Van Herzele and Wiedemann’s model covers motives. (Goossen and Boer, 2008) The motive one has for and Van der Mispel had to approach green spaces of various sizes. They are aware of the variety recreation partly determines how one experiences the envi- the reach by drawing a circle on a map. of scales they are dealing with: “… the catchment area may ronment. If someone’s main motive is ‘quietness’ a crowd of GIS can do these calculations faster and differ according to the type of green space. For example, for people is experienced as negative, while someone with the more accurate, because it can be based parks in the city centre a smaller minimum surface can be ac- motive ‘sociability’ will enjoy the company of other humans. p. 84 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The division in motives is quite complex. Activities can be part Bibliography LEINFELDER, H. 2005. “op een eenzaam veld zult of multiple motives, people can have different motives for their ge een rund tegenkomen...”; Naar een alternatieve trips and physical objects can apply to multiple motives. Still, ruimtelijk-conceptuele benadering van het buitenge- the authors argue that if you know why people go at leisure, BOER, T. A. D. & VISSCHEDIJK, P. A. M. 1994. Gebruik en waardering van binnen- en bied in vertedelijkend Vlaanderen en Nederland. S.i.: the area can be suited for it. If an area provides all five motives, buitenstedelijk groen. Wageningen: Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (IBN). S.n. it enlarges the attractiveness of the area. The leisure motives BOIS, P. G. D. 1995. STOA-Method for Urban Design and Analysis. Delft: Delft Uni- METZ, T. 2002. Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotter- aren’t incorporated into the models that I’ve looked at for this versity of Technology. dam, NAi Uitgevers. theory review. BRULS, E. J., GOLEN, A. J. V. & MIDDELKOOP, M. V. 2002. Wandelen en toegankelijkheid, bedreigingen en knelpunten. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie 5 Conclusions BUIJS, A. E., PEDROLI, B. & LUGINBUHL, Y. 2006. From hiking through farmland naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uit- The attempts to develop a GIS-based planning tool to grasp to farming in a leisure landscape: changing social perceptions of the European land- gevers. the recreational use of the Dutch landscape have provided me scape. Landscape Ecology, 21, 375-389. READ, S. A. 1996. Function of urban pattern. Pattern with a good overview of the theoretical background that deter- BUURMANS, K. A. & BOIS, P. G. D. 2007. To know the Path is to rule the System « of urban function Delft, Publikatieburo Bouwkunde. mines the recreational potential. As long as the analysis mod- Frame - Pattern - Circuit analysis (FPC) ». European Urban Research Association (EURA) SPEK, S. V. D., SCHAIK, J. V. & BOIS, P. G. D. 2009. els are used in a proper way, they can be useful to understand 10th Anniversary Conference, “The Vital City”. University of Glasgow, Scotland. Sensing human activity: GPS Tracking. Sensors, 9, 3033- the problems related to the recreational use of the landscape. COETERIER, J. F. 1996. Dominant attributes in the perception and evaluation of the 3055. These are however no design machines, that can predict the Dutch landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 34, 27-44. VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. 2001. Planning tools right solution. A critical designer will always be needed. Co- COETERIER, J. F. 2000. Hoe beleven wij onze omgeving? Resultaten van 25 jaar for the recreational function of forest and nature areas. eterier (2000) illustrates this explicitly: “The more you make an omgevingspsychologisch onderzoek in stad en landschap, S.l., S.n. 12th ELRA Congress: “Cultural events & leisure sys- area suited for recreation, the more inappropriate it becomes. FARMERSGOLF, I. 2006. Boerengolf®, de snelst groeiende buitensport van Neder- tems”. Amsterdam: Euro Leisure (ELRA) Secreatiaat. Overexploitation destroys the qualities that attracts people. land. [Online]. Available: http://www.boerengolf.nl/ [Accessed 09-06 2010]. VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. 2002. Modelling recre- The power of an area can also be its weakness. If the greatest GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. 2008. Recreatiemotieven en Belevingssferen in een ational visits to forests and nature areas. Urban Forestry quality of a region is its vulnerable nature, little changes are recreatief landschap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. & Urban Greening, 1, 5-14. sufficient to disturb the original experience.” (Coeterier, 2000, GOOSSEN, M. & LANGERS, F. 2000. Assessing quality of rural areas in the Neth- p.219) erlands: finding the most important indicators for recreation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46, 241-251. HAARLEMMERMEER, G. 2008. Hét recreatieve hart van Haarlemmermeer [Online]. Available: http://www.park21.info/ [Accessed 1 april 2010]. HERNGREEN, R., SLOOTEN, I. V. & MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2008. 50 jaar Rijks- bufferzones; jubileumboek, ‘s-Gravenhage, VROM. HERZELE, A. V. & WIEDEMANN, T. 2003. A monitoring tool for the provision of accessible and attractive urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63, 109- 126. HILLIER, B. & HANSON, J. 1984. The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge, UK, Cam- bridge University Press. HOFFMANS, W. H. 1998. Waardering van de groene ruimte; op weg naar een operationeel waarderingssysteem. Bilthoven: RIVM. HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. 2008. Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. JACOBS, J. 1961. The death and life of great American cities, New York, Random House. JOSSELIN DE JONG, F. D. 2009. City & countryside of Utrecht. TU Delft. JOSSELIN DE JONG, F. D. & MISPEL, A. V. D. 2008. Parkenanalyse Almere, succes en faalfactoren van stadsparken. TU Delft.

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 85 B. | methodology: summary | 1. What are the current needs and trends in leisure 3. How is leisure currently present in the Dutch green and how do they affect the landscape? buffer zones?

1.1 lITERATURE study: Leisure 3.1 Typological analysis: green buffer zone - Possible locations to be compared: Spaarnwoude, 1.1a How do people from urban areas in the Midden-Delfland, Park Lingezegen, RvDA Netherlands spend their free time? - statistics: CBS, CPB, Kenniscentrum Recreatie 3.1a What kind of recreational activities are under- 1.1b How do people from the Eindhoven region taken in the green buffer zones? spend their free time and how does this differ - Map analysis, tourist information from the national average? 3.1b How is the green buffer zone connected with - statistics: CBS, CPB & information by the SRE the surrounding urban areas ? 1.1c What trends and hypes are currently to be seen - Map analysis in the leisure industry? 3.1c How does the cultural and natural structure of - literature study: Mommaas, Metz, Alterra, the area affect the leisure? knowledge centre Recreation 3.2 lITERATURE: green buffer zones

2. What tools are already developed to monitor the 3.2a What was the original purpose of the green recreational use of the Dutch landscape? buffer zones? - literature by VROM 2.1 Review Paper: monitoring and 3.2b What visions are developed for the future use of MODElling tools the green buffer zones? - Tools from Alterra, ministry of VROM & LNV, TU Delft, - literature study Free University Brussels

2.1a How do these tools function? What kind of 4. Which design principles can be used to revise the techniques are used? Dutch landscape in between cities based on its recre- 2.1b Which spatial factors are used as the most ational potential? important input for the tools? 4.1 Evaluation: output from 1.1, 2.1 & 3.1

4.1a What spatial factors can be derived from the output so far? Which are most important? 4.1b How can the spatial factors be clustered into workable design principles?

p. 86 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 5. What is a metropolitan landscape park? How is it constructed?

5.1 lITERATURE study

5.1a What are good examples of a metropolitan landscape park? - Professional magazines 5.1b What is the role of open green spaces in the metropolitan context? - literature study (o.a. Land in de stad) 5.1c What are common building-blocks that are used in metropolitan landscape parks? - Map analysis

6. How can spatial problems in a Dutch green buffer zone be solved by constructing a metropolitan park and improving the recreational structure?

6.1 Analysis of project area: 6.2 Spatial design: Realm of Dommel & Aa Realm of Dommel & Aa 6.2a Which parts of the area are best suited for 6.1a What are distinctive spatial characteristics of the recreational purposes? Brainport region? - designing sectors, based on 5.1c and 6.1d - mapping the urban structure 6.2b How can the recreational structure be improved? - mapping the natural and cultural landscape structure - designing network by imposing 6.1b What is the position of the project area within acupunctural recreational interventions the Brainport region? 6.2c How can the green buffer zone be transformed 6.1c What are spatial problems in the project area? into a metropolitan landscape park? 6.1d What is the specific recreational potential of - integrating variants and interventions the project area? into one concept master plan - typological analysis, based on output from 3.1 & 4 6.3 Evaluation: concept

6.3a How well are the spatial problems in the area solved by the recreational structure? - comparing output of 6.1c and 6.2c, based on 4

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 87 C. | project area - map |

Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. preliminary thesisplan - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 89 p. 90 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder