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EUROPEAN BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Soil Resources of Croatia

F. Bašić Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb Department of Agronomy ZAGREB

Introduction Bearing in mind the Multifunctional Character of After the establishment of the Higher Royal Agriculture and Land (MFCAL) approach, Croatia Agricultural and Forestry School at Križevci in does not treat the development of agriculture and 1877, M. Kišpatić’s ‘Zemljoznanstvo’ (Earth- forestry merely as sources of food, timber and/or knowledge) was published, as the first textbook of profits and separate from other functions and roles. in the Croatian language, and All the functions and roles of agriculture and generally one of the first in the world. In 1891, the agricultural land are inextricably linked and first laboratory for soil analysis was founded in equally important. In national parks and other Zagreb. Thereafter followed the establishment of protected and/or sensitive areas, the most the Department of Soil Science, Petrology and important function is the environmental. In others Mineralogy of the Forest Academy in Zagreb in it is the social function, providing profitable 1910, later integrated into the Faculty of employment and maintenance of a planned and Agriculture and Forestry of the Kingdom of desirable demographic balance, or shaping a Yugoslavia in 1919 in Zagreb. cultural landscape for recreation and tourism. The most important role in the development of soil Following this approach, all the roles of soil are sciences in Croatia has been our famous soil equally important because, after all, it is possible scientist, plant physiologist and plant ecologist to buy food and other goods on the global market, Mihovil Gračanin (1901-1981). The first but agricultural land, landscapes and plants in it are organisation of Croatian soil scientists was the not subject to the same market forces. Yugoslavian section of International Society of Soil Science, whose first president in the period Due to its varied climate, geological structure, 1931-1940 was M. Gračanin. So, we take 1931 as relief and vegetation, most of the common the year of establishment of Croatian Society of European soil types can be found in Croatia. Soil Science - CSSS. After World War II, CSSS continued its activities within the Yugoslavian Soil genesis depends primarily on the parent rock Society of Soil Science, as a member of ISSS (now and prevailing climate. A layer of soil 30cm thick IUSS). may form in 1,000 to 30,000 years on loose parent materials, such as , and marl. On Versions of several soil maps at smaller scale have limestone, a very common rock in Croatia, for a been prepared for the area of the former layer of soil 50cm thick to form (which is required Yugoslavia, mostly for educational purposes. The for a good and fertile soil for agriculture) may take work of Croatian authors Škorić and Bogunović is more than 1 million years. Due to such long noteworthy in the production of the of formation time, Varallyay (1997) describes the soil Yugoslavia at 1:2,000,000 scale, based on a map as a ‘conditionally renewable’ resource, because prepared for the Soil Map of Europe (CEC, 1985). although it may be renewed, this will not be This latter project was initiated by FAO at a scale possible within the human time scale. of 1:1,000,000. Using the same maps and material, Bogunović (1997) prepared the Soil Map of Croatia at the scale 1:1,000,000, the Soil Survey first one produced after the independence of the Soil investigations have a long history in Croatia country. and have never lagged behind the rest of Europe. In the period 1964-1985, the General Soil Map of Croatia at scale 1:50,000 was prepared. This map was an epoch-making document, containing as it

Soil Resources of Croatia. F. Bašić 89 EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9 does data on physical, chemical and biological Detailed soil mapping has also been carried out in properties and the spatial distribution of of the past. Large scale maps, at 1:5,000 or 1:10,000 Croatia, collected with an observation density of scales, have been prepared for the needs of soil approximately one soil profile per 1,000ha. This reclamation - drainage and irrigation of the important document has analytical data for about agricultural land, as well as for afforestation. 6,000 soil profiles and is the basic document on the Silvicultural practices cover approximately 10- Croatian soils. It was made using modern methods, 15% of agricultural land and a somewhat lower with the application of aerial stereo-photographs, proportion of total forest soils. Detailed soil with the soils being depicted on sheets of a investigations, or interpretation of already topographic map. The maps were printed, but some completed research, were conducted for other, very sheets, with areas extending into neighbouring different purposes, such as environmental effects countries and those on the Adriatic islands, were in landscape planning, optimal silvicultural never printed due to lack of funds. It is now practices, establishment of fruit plantations and necessary to prepare a revised General Soil Map of vineyards, building of reservoirs for hydroelectric Croatia - RGSMC, using the modern techniques of generation, research in areas with degraded forest multispectral satellite images. Revision of GSMC vegetation, exploration of localities exposed to is also justified because new soil survey material strong erosion, assessment of soil pollution by and interpretations have been collected since the heavy metals and choice of most suitable highway first sheets were prepared (1964) and completed routes. (1985). All these investigations have had specific targets, It is also very important because environmental which have driven the research programme, protection needs soil maps and since its planning is methods of soil sampling and choice of analytical county based, the GSMC documentation should be methods. Another common characteristic is that used to prepare a separate soil map for each county their results have remained in manuscript form of Croatia. although they contain valuable and unique data and ideas. As part of regional soil studies, the preparation and printing of GSMC was accompanied by Thus, an imposing amount of diverse data and publication of regional monographs. Three information on the distribution and properties of monographs with maps have been published to the soils of Croatia has been collected by modern date: Soils of the Upper Sava Valley, Soils of methods since World War II. Slavonia and Baranja, and of Istria.

The comprehensive GSMC documentation, that Soil Databases contains printed material and unique manuscripts, In some ways, Croatia is a natural ‘soil museum’. is kept at the Department of Soil Science, Faculty The highest unit in the Croatian classification is of Agriculture, which is the centre of cartographic the soil order, characterised by a specific type of activities in Croatia. The data, which are waiting drainage and genesis; automorphic, hydromorphic, for up-to-date computer processing, represent a halomorphic and subaqual soil order. The central solid and reliable basis for developing an and the most important unit of is information system on the soils of Croatia. , characterised by the properties of the soil profile (number and sequence of soil horizons), The GSMC sheets, as well as other ‘purely’ genesis, evolution and main properties. The topographical documents, were designated as General Soil Map of Croatia at 1:50,000 scale is an ‘officially secret’ in the period prior to 1990 and, inventory of Croatian soils. as a consequence, were not accessible for public scrutiny, particularly for international exchanges of The data in Table 1 refer to areas covered by information. Thus, the knowledge and information different soil orders and the prevalent soil types. about Croatian soils circulated within a small- Useful information about soils in Croatia can be closed circle of professionals and remained found at the on-line journal of the Faculty of inaccessible to the general and wide professional Agriculture in Zagreb - ACS (Agriculturae public. One of the consequences is that the Conspectus Scientificus) with free access to the awareness of the importance of the soil, and the full text of published paper hazards to which it is exposed, are only slowly http://www.agr.hr/smotra/issues.htm. Unlike its penetrating the minds of professionals and the neighbours, Croatia has a high percentage of general public circles. Hence, the surprise with hydromorphic soils, in part because Croatia started which information on the endangered state of the soils is received by the public.

90 Soil Resources of Croatia. F. Bašić EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Table 1: Soil orders and main soil types of the Republic of Croatia (Bogunović, 1997) No Soil type Area, ha % I. Automorphic Soils 3,153,432 56.631 1. Lithosol 32,703 0.587 2. 70,698 1.270 3. Colluvial soil 91,938 1.651 4. Arenosol 667 0.012 5. 51,808 0.930 6. on hard limestone and dolomite (melanosol) 255,201 4.583 7. Humic silicate soil (ranker) 86,944 1.561 8. Leptosol, calcaric 420,184 7.546 9. 5,002 0.090 10. , eutric 172,495 3.098 11. Cambisol, distric 316,184 5.678 12. Cambisol, rhodic () 245,289 4.405 13. Cambisol on limestone and dolomite 474,959 8.530 14. Luvisol 703,215 12.629 15. 1,382 0.025 16. Brown podzolic soil 7,393 0.133 17. Anthropogenic soils 217,370 3.904 II. Hydromorphic Soils 1,617,640 29.050 18. Stagnosol 577,025 10.363 19. 136,343 2.449 20. Humofluvisol 89,901 1.614 21. Pseudogley-gley 84,713 1.521 22. 499,526 8.971 23. Humogley 64,555 1.159 24. Hydroameliorated soil 163,000 2.927 25. soils () 2,577 0.046 III. Halomorphic Soils 532 0.010 26. 121 0.002 27. 411 0.007 IV. Subaqual Soils 321 0.006 28. Gyttja and protopedon 321 0.006 Rockiness 796,459 14.303 Grand Total 5,662,031 100.000 investing in soil amelioration rather late and such contains a wide range of soils, with different investment unfortunately came to a halt after degrees of fertility. As a result of this natural Croatia’s independence. diversity, Croatia can be divided into three clearly defined regions - Pannonian, Mountain and Adriatic (Figure 1). Agriculture occupies 56.7% of Agricultural Regions the country, but the proportion of agricultural land Agricultural regions are agroecological spatial varies from region to region (see Table 2). units of the agrosphere, each with their specific climatic and soil conditions. Regions are in turn In the period 1965-1991, there was a permanent divided into subregions - smaller units that stand decrease of agricultural and cultivated land. In that out by their specific climate, soils or relief, period the average annual loss of agricultural land providing different conditions for crop growth and was 7,235ha, or 20ha/day, most of which affected the basis for different farming systems. Albeit a the soils of the highest quality. Croatia covers 5.7 small country, Croatia experiences different million ha, of which 3.2 million ha is under climates and has rocks with variable geological agriculture. From region to region the use of soils and lithological properties. Thanks to all these differs a great deal (see Table 3). influences and a heterogeneous relief, Croatia

Soil Resources of Croatia. F. Bašić 91 EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

The Pannonian region is the most important and (biological potential of varieties). The causes of the largest agricultural region in Croatia. However, yields lower than the maximum are as follows: Table 4 shows that the area of agricultural land per • Low natural fertility of soils capita is the highest in the mountainous region, and lack of amelioration ...... 20% because of pastures and intensive depopulation • Low quantity or unfavourable caused by the recent war. distribution of precipitation ...... 16% • Unsuitable soil tillage ...... 13% In spite of quite favourable agroecological • Unsuitable crop variety …...... 16% conditions, yields of the main arable crops in • Unsuitable crop density ...... 14% Croatia are below the maximum possible • Crop diseases and pests ...... 10% • Other factors ...... … 11%

Figure 1: Agricultural regions of Croatia

Table 2: Land use in Croatia (ha and percent) Region Forests Agriculture Water Settlements, Total Roads ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % Pannonian 904,617 38.5 1,643,844 51.2 38,267 71.7 30,702 68.9 2,617,430 46.2 % 34.6 62.8 1.5 1.2 100.0 Mountainous 849,813 36.1 531,505 16.5 4,583 8.6 2,847 6.4 1,388,748 24.5 % 61.2 38.3 0.3 0.2 100.0 Adriatic 596,840 25.4 1,037,467 32.3 10,509 19.7 11,037 24.8 1,655,853 29.2 % 36.0 62.7 0.6 0.7 100.0 Croatia 2,351,270 100.0 3,212,816 100.0 53,359 100.0 44,586 100.0 5,662,031 100.0 % 41.5 56.7 0.9 0.8 100.0

92 Soil Resources of Croatia. F. Bašić EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Table 3: Agricultural land and land use (hectares and percentage)

Region - Subregion Agricultural Arable Ploughland Orchard Vineyard Meadow land land Pannonian P-1 - Eastern 418,577 13 390,200 19 373,662 26 4,926 7 4,158 7 7,454 2 P-2 - Central 329,932 10 296,024 15 242,003 17 7,699 12 3,817 6 42,505 10 P-3 - Western 607,944 19 549,058 27 358,303 25 15,766 22 12,695 21 173,747 40 P-4 – North western 193,162 6 176,888 9 116,591 8 8,065 12 8,543 14 43,693 10 Total 1,549,615 48 1,412,170 70 1,090,559 75 36,456 54 29,213 49 267,399 62 Mountainous G-1 - Perimountainous 274,607 9 174,103 9 112,553 8 3,615 5 2,027 3 45,190 10 G-2 - Mountainous 318,619 10 127,607 6 58,857 4 1,366 2 318 1 70,000 16 Total 593,226 19 301,710 15 171,411 12 4,981 7 2,345 4 115,190 26 Adriatic J-1 – Northern 258,501 8 122,612 6 75,802 5 4,281 6 7,695 13 31,448 7 J-2 - Central 409,775 13 100,266 5 65,606 4 10,524 15 9,551 16 14,585 3 J-3 - Southern 366,266 12 82,575 4 53,829 4 12,425 18 11,342 19 4,975 1 Total 1,034,542 33 305,453 15 195,237 13 27,230 39 28,588 47 51,008 12 Croatia - Total 3,177,383 100 2,019,333 100 1,457,207 100 68,667 100 60,146 100 433,597 100

Table 4: Agricultural land per capita* Regions Population Agricultural land Arable land Ploughland Subregions No. of people ha ha/capita ha ha/capita ha ha/capita P-1 Eastern 491,860 418,577 0.85 390,200 0.79 373,662 0.76 P-2 Central 382,360 329,932 0.86 296,024 0.77 242,003 0.63 P-3 Western 1,483,058 607,944 0.41 549,058 0.37 358,303 0.24 P-4 North-West 441,961 193,162 0.44 176,888 0.40 116,591 0.26 Pannonian Total 2,799,239 1,549,615 0.55 1,412,170 0.50 1,090,559 0.39 G-1 Perimountainous 169,921 274,607 1.62 174,103 1.02 112,553 0.66 G-2 Mountainous 81,330 318,619 3.92 127,607 1.57 58,857 0.72 Mountainous Total 251,251 593,226 2.36 301,710 1.20 171,411 0.68 J-1 Northern 484,853 258,501 0.53 122,612 0.25 75,802 0.16 J-2 Central 267,171 409,775 1.53 100,266 0.38 65,606 0.25 J-3 Southern 578,838 366,266 0.63 82,575 0.14 53,829 0.09 Adriatic Total 1,330,862 1,034,542 0.78 305,453 0.23 195,237 0.15 Croatia 4,381,352 3,181,107 0.73 2,020,626 0.46 1,458,216 0.33

*As per the census of 2001.

polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy metals and Soil Monitoring potentially toxic elements (Cd, Hg, Pb, Mo, As, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Ag, V, Al, Sb, Se and Sn), Croatia has participated in the creation of the biostimulators (hormone preparations and approach to organised and integrated soil thyreostatics), drugs (antibiotics, sulphonamides protection within the Alps and Alps-Adria and and other chemotherapeutic agents in veterinary Danube river regions. This approach includes three medicine), nitrates and nitrites. fields of activity: Although soils in Croatia are not strongly 1. Inventory of soil conditions - collecting of degraded, in general, there is no systematic data on the kind, degree and intensity of evaluation of soil degradation. However, a damage; classification scheme for processes of soil 2. Permanent soil monitoring - quantification and degradation has been devised (Table 5). This has balancing of each soil damage process; been applied qualitatively to the regions od Croatia 3. Soil information system - the data (Table 6). indispensable for correct decision making. All the intensive agricultural operations have Though there is no uniform standardisation in involved usage of large quantities of agrochemicals Europe, there is tacit agreement on the following (mineral fertilisers, pesticides, esp. herbicides, e.g. substances being monitored for the use of: mineral the atrazine group). Processes of anthropogenic fertilisers, pesticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons, soil and subsurface water degradation are as organic phosphates and carbamates), follows:

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• Anthropogenic soil compaction and structural Because of different methodologies used for damage; research it is sometimes very difficult to compare • Excessive tillage, through use of heavy results. machinery; • Tillage in unsuitable moisture conditions; prevention relies on the selection of • Decline in organic matter content and humus adequate soil conservation measures and this requires thorough understanding of the erosion quality; process. On sloping land, soil protection measures • Unfavourable changes in the organic matter are necessary for sustainable land use. regime; • Improper recycling of organic residues; Soil erosion caused by strong surface runoff, lack • Lack of organic fertilisers; of permanent cover of crops, steep slopes, heavy • (, mineral and liquid rainfall and limited infiltration, results in fertilisers, acidic deposition, air pollution); considerable losses of organic matter and plant • Biological degradation; nutrients, silting of waterways, canals, and • Soil and water pollution. reservoirs (increasing costs because of more frequent cleaning), and increasing hazards of Basic information on changing soil conditions are: waterlogging and flooding (Table 7).

• Physical (structure, , water holding According of Racz (1992), central and coastal parts and air capacity, compaction, etc.); of Istria are worst affected, with 100-200t/ha of • Chemical (soil reaction, humus content, cation soil eroded annually, caused by the extreme exchange capacity, contents of macro and erodibility of soil on flysh - , Rendzinas, microelements, nutrient leaching, heavy etc. metals, etc.); • Biological soil properties (number and species Table 7: Categories of water erosion in of micro-organisms, earthworms, etc.). Croatia

The main advantage of these data is that important I. Extreme erosion 0.48% soil properties can be quantified numerically. II. Strong erosion 1.12% Regulations on agricultural soil protection from III. Medium erosion 5.47% contamination from harmful substances (NN IV. Weak erosion 15.95% 15/92) minimise ecological risks and determine V. Very weak erosion 76.98% where and how much manure can be used. The existence of these data places Croatia in an Intensive erosion occurs particularly in the advantageous position with respect to the Pannonian region, as well as in the Mediterranean requirement that soils should not be unduly area, because of the orientation of cultivation up exposed to contaminants, primarily heavy metals. and down the slope. Furthermore, erosion has been exacerbated by changes in cropping in favour of Accumulation of pesticide residues is an important maize. A particular problem is the erosion of soil topic mainly for agricultural soils and for other material immediately after treatment with areas where pesticides are usually applied. There is herbicides, especially atrazine. no systematic monitoring of pesticides in Croatia with the exception of a few scientific projects Future Prospects studying problems of pesticide residue accumulation in soil. Water pollution by nitrates It is clear that sustainable land management in has been detected on sites where large quantities of Europe, as well as the functions of soil, especially poultry manure are used on acid, drained, light, the surface soil layer, requires organised, gravelly soils of northwest Croatia. integrated protection. This involves making an inventory of soil conditions, monitoring of harmful Soil pollution by petrochemicals can occur in areas substances and processes in soil and establishment of oil and gas exploitation as well in areas where of an up-to-date soil information system. Only surface and underground transport of scientific research, based on quantitative data, can petrochemicals occur. give answers reliable enough to solve the many problems facing the management of agriculture in future.

94 Soil Resources of Croatia. F. Bašić EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Table 5: Classification of soil degradation in Croatia Type Cause Kind Effects I. Reversible Damage Practices of (Easily Restorable) intensive agriculture Degradation of physical properties Soil compaction and Soil crusting Degradation of chemical properties Improper changes of water/air regime Degradation of biological properties destruction Degradation through improper Decrease of soil permeability amelioration Acidification and Alkalisation Leaching of nitrates Eutrophication - water pollution Degradation of biological properties Adverse changes in earthworm activities Accumulation of heavy metals and II. potentially toxic elements Contaminated food unsuitable - mutagenic Conditionally Soil pollution Accumulation of PAH and residues and carcinogenic of pesticide Acidification Reversible Petrochemicals in soil Phytotoxicity (Difficult to Restore) Radionuclide Degradation of biological soil properties Acidic deposition and acid rain Environment. Impacts - water pollution

Water and wind erosion Decreasing area of farmland Soil removal by mining industry Loss of part or whole soil profiles III. Soil removal and brickyards, stone and gravel Change in soil profile extraction Reduced yields of agricultural crops Non-Reversible overlapping Soil removal by root crops Increased soil heterogeneity Unrestorable Soil covering by other soils Increased costs Soil covering by trash, industrial Putting other ecosystems at risk waste and ashes Disturbance during tillage Damage of soil by fire IV. Permanent change Urbanisation Loss of productive land Irrecoverable of primary use Different industrial plants Decrease in food production (Loss of soil, ) Traffic (roads, highways, airports) Storage and movement of machinery Power cable

Table 6: Soil degradation in the regions of Croatia Soil Degradation Regions and Subregions Type Cause Eastern North and Low Karst Coast, Slavonia North Region Mountainous Islands West I. Decreasing of humus ++ ++ + + ++ Reversible Acidification ? ++ ++ ++ ? (Easily Restorable) Stagnation of water ++ ++ - - - Deterioration of structure - compaction ++ + + + ++ Heavy metals ? + + ++ + II. Remains of pesticides ++ + + + ++ Conditionally PAH ? ? ? ? ? Reversible Radionuclides ? ? ? ? ? (Difficult to Restore) Waste water ++ ++ - ? + Waste gases ? ? ? ? ? Water erosion + ++ + + ++ Surface mining + + - - + III. Barren material + + - - + Irreversible Ash - + - - + (Unrestorable) Waste - + - - + Car - camps - - ? ? + Playgrounds, picnic area - + - ? + Building of settlements ++ ++ + + ++ IV. Building of plants ++ ++ + + ++ Irrecoverable Roads - highways + + ? ? ? (Loss of accumulation + + ? ? ? Soil sealing) Airports ? ? ? ? ? Power cable + + + + + ++ Moderate and strong, + local and marginal, - not present or neglected, ? no data

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Croatia, now at the crossroads of changing from Eastern European Countries (CEEC) and collective farming to private ownership, requires New Independent States (NIS). Institute for extensive information on all branches of Sustainable Develop., p. 45-51, Sofia. agriculture. For management of a modern Kisic, I., Basic, F., Mesic, M. and Butorac, A. ecological farm, the farmer needs an extension (1998). Soil erosion in different tillage service and information about environmental risks systems on stagnosol in Croatia. Proceedings and potential damage caused by some conventional - CD, Scientific registration no: 1351, Symp. agricultural practices so as to be convinced that No:20, Montpellier. sustainable practices are in his/her long-term Martinović, J. (1997). Tloznanstvo u zaštiti interests. okoliša, priručnik za inženjere, Pokret prijatelja prirode «Lijepa Naša», 288pp., The greatest challenge now is to make progress Zagreb. towards a more environmentally sound agriculture Racz, Z. (1990). Tlo i ekološki problemi that can ensure economic profitability, in line with današnjice, Poljoprivredna znanstvena marketing development, whilst adhering to precise smotra, Vol. 55, p.183 - 195, Zagreb. regulatory standards. Resulović, H. (1977). Uticaj tehnološkog progresa na proces oštećenja i potrošnje zemljišta, References znanstveo savjetovanje Oštećenje zemljišta i problemi njegove zaštite, izvodi referata, 1-3, Bogunović, M., Vidaček, Ž., Husnjak, S. and Tuzla. Sraka, M. (1997). Namjenska pedološka karta Republike Hrvatske i njena uporaba, Rojanasoonthon, S. and Kheoruenromne, I. (2002). Agronomski glasnik, 5-6, Zagreb. Tropical soil science realities and challenges, 17. World Congress of Soil Science, Keynot CEC (1985). Soil Map of the European lectures, p.89-107, Bangkok. Communities, 1:1,000,000. Office for the Urushadze, T.F. (2002). Soils in space and time: Official Publications of the European st Communities, Luxembourg, 124pp, 7 maps. realities and challenge for the 21 century, 17. World Congress of Soil Science: Confronting Racz, Z. (1992). Svjetski i domaći trendovi zaštite new realities in the 21st century, Keynot tala i polj. proizvodnje od Stockholma do Rio lectures, p.3-23, Bangkok. de Janeira, Soc. Ekol., Vol.1, No 3, 399-405, Zagreb. Vidacek, Z., Racz, Z. and Basic, F. (1993). The state, current Activities and future Plans for Varallyay, G. (2000). in Relation to Soil Monitoring Systems in Croatia, the Concepts of Multifunctionality and International Workshop on Harmonization of Sustainable Development, Proc. Symp. Soil Soil Conservation Monitoring Systems, Quality, Sustainable Agriculture and FAO/ECE Working Party, Res. Inst. for Soil Environmental Security in Central and Science of Hung. Academy of Sciences, 65- Eastern Europe, NATO Science Series, Vol. 77, Budapest. 69, p.17-35, Dordrecht. Vrankovic, A., Martinovic, J. and Pernar, N. (1991). Neki pokazatelji ekoloških promjena Further reading tla u NP Plitvička jezera, ANUBIH, posebna izdanja, knjiga 15, p.133-143, Sarajevo. Basic, F., Vidacek, Z., Petrac, J. and Racz, Z. (1992). Distribution and regional Peculiarities of Soil Erosion in Croatia, ‘Soil Erosion Prevention and Remediation’ Workshop, US- Central and Eastern European Agro Environmental Programme, Budapest. Butorac, A., Filipan,T ., Basic, F., Mesić, M., Butorac, J. and Kisic, I. (1995). Response of sugar beet to Agrarvital and waste water fertilizing. II.: Heavy metals, toxic elements and boron content in sugar beet root and leaf, Polj. znan. smotra, Vol. 60, br.1, 81-94, Zagreb. Kisić, I., Bašić, F. and Mesić, M. (2002). Soil Damages in Croatia and the Actual Problems in its Protection. Assessment of the Quality of Contaminated Soils and Sites in Central and

96 Soil Resources of Croatia. F. Bašić