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Chapter 20 Section 3 CHAPTER 20 SECTION 3 Oil and strategic trading lands have continued to be sources of conflict in the Middle East o United States and Soviets fought for control during the Cold War o Western countries continue to want control today Israel’s creation by the United Nations in 1948 was not recognized by Arabs in Palestine, leading to many conflicts still continuing today o Three wars 1956, 1967, and 1973 . Leads to Israel gaining more land; While between wars, Israelis faced terrorist attacks; United States continually attempts to make peace, unsuccessfully . 1967 war Israeli military takes control of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, and Golan Heights from Syria . 1973/Yom Kippur War Arabs surpassingly attacked on Yom Kippur, but still could not take back occupied lands; Israelis begin housing Jewish people in occupied lands o Palestine Liberation Organization leads Arab fight against Israel . Led by Yasir Arafat; Extreme dislike of Israelis, and wanted to destroy Israel; Attacked Israel numerous times; Airplane hi-jacking and Olympic killings . In 1987, Arabs in Israel-occupied lands attempt to revolt; Using suicide bombers and terroristic attacks, with many Israelis and Arabs dying o United States and United Nations have attempted to bring peace to the region . Golda Meir was in peace talks in 1973 when Arabs attacked; Peace Accord signed in 1979, giving Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt; Jordan makes peace with Israel in 1994; Syria and Israel continue to fight over Golan Heights . Oslo Accords, signed in 1993 by Yasir Arafat and Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin gave Palestinians in Gaza and West Bank limited self-rule, and recognition by Israel, and Palestinian Liberation Organization stops terrorist Attacks on Israel o Even with pledge by Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian violence on Israelis continued . Palestinians split between Fatah, Yasir Arafat’s party, and radical Islam group, Hamas; Iran supported and supplied Hamas; Hamas wins 2006 parliamentary elections, ultimately getting many Fatah out and taking control of Gaza Strip by 2007; Leads to Israel’s economic blockade of Gaza Strip; Hamas launches rocket attacks against Israel; Invasion by Israel into the Gaza Strip leads to a brief, but violent war o Decades of disagreements and conflict keep peace from occurring in this land . Land Palestinians continue to claim their ‘right of return,’ but Israel extremely opposes this belief . Jewish settlements in West Bank Israel forced Jewish people out of the Gaza Strip in the early 2000s, and Palestinians continue to opposed Jews in West Bank . Jerusalem Holy land for Jews, Christians, and Muslims; Israel controlled Arab East Jerusalem and East Jerusalem, but allowed Muslims and Christians to control Holy Sites within the city; While Palestinians believe East Jerusalem should be their capitol . These disagreements have led to many issues in other parts of the world Added to anger of radical Islamic groups, and adds to their popularity (Hamas and Hezbollah) (Hezbollah = radical group based in Lebanon) These groups dislike Israel as well as any of its allies . In the early 2000s, a group of countries including United States, United Nations, and Russia supported the ‘Road Map’ plan for peace Two-State Solution o Israel and democratic Palestine o Called for an end to violence o Approved by some Israeli and Palestinian leaders, but extremely rejected by Iraq and radical Islamists Lebanon had traditionally been a thriving area, but had always had a mixture of ethnic and religious groups that continued to hold power after Lebanese independence o Arab Christians (most power), Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and Druze (similar to Islam) o In the 1970s, the tensions in the nearby Arab-Israeli conflict began to trickle into Lebanon as Palestinian refugees flee to Lebanon . Leads to Lebanon’s Muslim population growing larger than its Christian population; As well as the sending of guerrilas disguised as refugees across the border to attack Israel o Lebanon’s Civil War in 1975 leads to issues with Israel . Christians vs. Muslims Muslim refugees from Arab-Israeli conflicts Israel invades south Lebanon to stop border attacks; Syria controls East Lebanon; United Nations sends troops to help, but pulls troops after many killed by suicide bombers; Takes 16 years, but Lebanon and Beirut eventually get restored to order and began being rebuilt by government . Presently, Lebanon continues to have divisions, but have taken steps to help solve those issues Hezbollah began an attack in 2006 that lasted about a month, killed people in Israel and Lebanon, and caused extreme damage; Syria and Iran continued to back Hezbollah, as well as Shiites in Lebanon; The two sides agree to give Hezbollah more power in 2008, with the agreement both sides cease using weapons and violence in Lebanon Throughout the Cold War, and even after, Iraq had been an important country that both sides competed for, while Iraq continued to be an important oil provider o Also some divisions among Iraq’s people . Population was majority Shiite, government controlled by Sunni Arabs, and Kurds in the north wanted their own government o Iraq’s dictatorial leader, Saddam Hussein, begins wars almost immediately after he takes over in 1979 . 1980 Iran-Iraq War Hussein invaded after Islamic revolution in Iran; Brutal war, both sides attacking others’ oil fields, leading to the United States to send Naval ships to protect shipping lands in the Persian Gulf; The war ended with stalemate in 1988 Kurds o During the war, the Kurds attempted an uprising in north Iraq, but were brutally suppressed by Hussein’s use of chemical weapons . 1990-1991 Gulf War Began with Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait for its oil-rich land and proximity to Persian Gulf; The United States saw this as a threat to Saudi Arabia, and much of the rest of the Middle East; Invaded Iraq under the United Nations’ banner in 1991, and quickly push the Iraq forces out; Hussein remains in power by brutally and inhumanely defeating Kurd revolts and Shiite revolts . Following the Gulf War, the United Nations begins placing sanctions on Hussein and Iraq No-fly zone over minority groups’ lands Limit on oil sales Restriction on use of oil profits Hussein hardly complies . 2003 United States invasion United States claimed Hussein had nuclear weapons and aided terrorists in attacks against United States in 2001; In December of 2003, in ‘Operation Red Dawn,’ United States forces attack and capture Hussein o Hussein is kept in United States custody in Iraq, and tried by the Iraq Interim Government for Crimes Against Humanity in 1982 attacks, and a separate 2005 trial for attacks against the Kurds; He is ultimately found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging in November of 2006, and was hung on December 30, 2006 in secrecy o United States aids in formation of new Iraqi government . Constitution written and elections held in 2005 . New government was hampered by many surprise attacks and suicide bombings from insurgents in Shiite and Sunni groups o Iraq moves toward civil war during new government structuring in 2005 . United States and British attempt to train Iraq military to protect themselves; but United States sends even more troops to Iraq in 2007 to attempt to quell violence . Government continues to struggle, however Sunnis claimed the Shiite-led government did not represent their interests, while Kurds continue to want some type of independence Oil industry continued to decline during war Around 2 million Iraqi refugees seek peace in other countries . Plans were set to remove United States troops by 2001 .
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