THEORIES of CONFLICT and the IRAQ WAR Daniel Lieberfeld
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Singapore, July 2006
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Singapore, July 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: SINGAPORE July 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Singapore (English-language name). Also, in other official languages: Republik Singapura (Malay), Xinjiapo Gongheguo― 新加坡共和国 (Chinese), and Cingkappãr Kudiyarasu (Tamil) சி க யரச. Short Form: Singapore. Click to Enlarge Image Term for Citizen(s): Singaporean(s). Capital: Singapore. Major Cities: Singapore is a city-state. The city of Singapore is located on the south-central coast of the island of Singapore, but urbanization has taken over most of the territory of the island. Date of Independence: August 31, 1963, from Britain; August 9, 1965, from the Federation of Malaysia. National Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1); Lunar New Year (movable date in January or February); Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date in February); Good Friday (movable date in March or April); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (June 2); National Day or Independence Day (August 9); Deepavali (movable date in November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date according to the Islamic lunar calendar); and Christmas (December 25). Flag: Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; a vertical white crescent (closed portion toward the hoist side), partially enclosing five white-point stars arranged in a circle, positioned near the hoist side of the red band. The red band symbolizes universal brotherhood and the equality of men; the white band, purity and virtue. The crescent moon represents Click to Enlarge Image a young nation on the rise, while the five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality. -
Resolution on Impeachment of Bush and Cheney Whereas George W
Resolution on Impeachment of Bush and Cheney Whereas George W. Bush and Richard B. Cheney: 1. deliberately misled the nation and doctored intelligence, as described in the Downing Street minutes, http://www.downingstreetmemo.com/memos.html about the threat from Iraq in order to justify a war of aggression and an occupation of Iraq, as further described in House resolution H. Res. 333 http://kucinich.house.gov/UploadedFiles/int3.pdf and as listed in House Resolution H. Res. 635 http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=hr109-635 2. committed crimes against peace by initiating war against Iraq in violation of the UN Charter http://www.worldpress.org/specials/iraq/; 3. committed crimes against humanity in their conduct of the occupation of Iraq in which they killed hundreds of thousands of Iraqi civilians and created millions of refugees http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1892888,00.html and http://edition.cnn.com/2 006/WORLD/meast/10/13/iraq.main/index.html; 4. killed over 3700 American soldiers and severely wounded nearly 30,000 more in the pursuit of an illegal, immoral, and unjust occupation of Iraq. While Bush and Cheney have stated no truthful noble cause for the war, one of the central purposes appears to be to take control of Iraq's immense oil reserves to financially benefit private corporate interests. See Bush's benchmark listing fact sheet released the same day Bush announced the "surge" that expressly called on the Iraq parliament to "enact hydrocarbons law to promote investment . " http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070110- 3.html and http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/56672/; 5. -
COIN in Afghanistan - Winning the Battles, Losing the War?
COIN in Afghanistan - Winning the Battles, Losing the War? MAGNUS NORELL FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, is a mainly assignment-funded agency under the Ministry of Defence. The core activities are research, method and technology development, as well as studies conducted in the interests of Swedish defence and the safety and security of society. The organisation employs approximately 1000 personnel of whom about 800 are scientists. This makes FOI Sweden’s largest research institute. FOI gives its customers access to leading-edge expertise in a large number of fields such as security policy studies, defence and security related analyses, the assessment of various types of threat, systems for control and management of crises, protection against and management of hazardous substances, IT security and the potential offered by new sensors. FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency Phone: +46 8 555 030 00 www.foi.se FOI Memo 3123 Memo Defence Analysis Defence Analysis Fax: +46 8 555 031 00 ISSN 1650-1942 March 2010 SE-164 90 Stockholm Magnus Norell COIN in Afghanistan - Winning the Battles, Losing the War? “If you don’t know where you’re going. Any road will take you there” (From a song by George Harrison) FOI Memo 3123 Title COIN in Afghanistan – Winning the Battles, Losing the War? Rapportnr/Report no FOI Memo 3123 Rapporttyp/Report Type FOI Memo Månad/Month Mars/March Utgivningsår/Year 2010 Antal sidor/Pages 41 p ISSN ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Försvarsdepartementet Projektnr/Project no A12004 Godkänd av/Approved by Eva Mittermaier FOI, Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Avdelningen för Försvarsanalys Department of Defence Analysis 164 90 Stockholm SE-164 90 Stockholm FOI Memo 3123 Programme managers remarks The Asia Security Studies programme at the Swedish Defence Research Agency’s Department of Defence Analysis conducts research and policy relevant analysis on defence and security related issues. -
The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003
THE REGIME CHANGE CONSENSUS: IRAQ IN AMERICAN POLITICS, 1990-2003 Joseph Stieb A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Wayne Lee Michael Morgan Benjamin Waterhouse Daniel Bolger Hal Brands ©2019 Joseph David Stieb ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joseph David Stieb: The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Under the direction of Wayne Lee) This study examines the containment policy that the United States and its allies imposed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War and argues for a new understanding of why the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. At the core of this story is a political puzzle: Why did a largely successful policy that mostly stripped Iraq of its unconventional weapons lose support in American politics to the point that the policy itself became less effective? I argue that, within intellectual and policymaking circles, a claim steadily emerged that the only solution to the Iraqi threat was regime change and democratization. While this “regime change consensus” was not part of the original containment policy, a cohort of intellectuals and policymakers assembled political support for the idea that Saddam’s personality and the totalitarian nature of the Baathist regime made Iraq uniquely immune to “management” strategies like containment. The entrenchment of this consensus before 9/11 helps explain why so many politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals rejected containment after 9/11 and embraced regime change and invasion. -
Jewels of Eastern Europe Prague & Budapest
SENIOR SOFTBALL TOUR 2022 Jewels of Eastern Europe Prague & Budapest May 5 - 17, 2022 Join us on an adventure of a lifetime to two of the most beautiful and magical cities in Europe: Prague and Budapest. Cruise on the River Danube in Budapest, feast on a Gypsy dinner, play ball in the famous wine village of Szentendre and get a personal tour from our host ballplayers of their picturesque town, and in Prague you’ll have a chance to explore this magical city of bridges, cathedrals, gold-tipped towers and church domes, has been mirrored in the surface of the swan-filled Vltava River for more than ten centuries. DAY 1 Prague Thursday Arrive into Prague’s International Airport after an overnight flight from May 5 America. Clear Immigration and Customs and meet your Tour representative in the arrival’s hall. After getting settled in our hotel, meet fellow players and their families and friends at the Welcome Dinner in the Hotel. Team managers will get together with players to over strategy for the International Games! n Hotel Occidental Prague 5 Czech Republic (6 Nights) DAY 2 Prague Friday After breakfast in the Hotel, you’ll have the morning free to explore and get a May 6 flavor of the beautiful city of Prague. This afternoon, players will have a chance to practice and get to know each other on the field. This evening, the group will enjoy a dinner at the Hotel and share their adventures of the day. DAY 3 Prague Full-Day: Jewel of Eastern Europe Classic Saturday After breakfast in the Hotel, the group will board the motorcoach for a short May 7 trip to the Jewel of Eastern Europe Classic tournament against Prague teams. -
How Hitler and Stalin Made Modern Poland
The Wall Street Journal August 1, 2019 How Hitler and Stalin Made Modern Poland The neglected history of the Warsaw uprising helps explain the country’s nationalist politics today. by Sean McMeekin Members of the Polish resistance fight the Nazis in Warsaw, 1944. Photo: Photo 12/Universal Images Group via Getty Images Warsaw Thursday marks the 75th anniversary of the heroic yet doomed Warsaw Uprising against German occupation forces in Poland. Every Aug. 1 at 5 p.m., Poles mark the bitter occasion with a moment of silence for the fallen. Alarm sirens wail in a would-be call to arms that captures the defiant spirit of this proud, pugnacious nation. Warsaw’s stupendous Uprising Museum, one of the city’s few tourist attractions, illustrates the painful side of this defiance. For the battle of 1944 left behind almost nothing of old Warsaw for visitors to admire. The martyrs of the Polish Home Army lost not only their lives but also the city they loved. The fate of Warsaw—reduced to rubble by the vengeful cruelty of one dictator, Hitler, in unspoken connivance with his enemy doppelgänger, Stalin—epitomizes the catastrophe of World War II better than any other single event. Why, then, is this shattering episode in European history almost forgotten in the West? Perhaps because the battle for Warsaw does not have a happy ending. Germany’s eventual defeat did not mark the liberation of Poles but the beginning of another brutal occupation by the Communists. This unsettles the narrative of World War II as a “good war” and looms large over Polish and European politics to this day. -
International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War
Mercer Law Review Volume 43 Number 2 Lead Articles I - The Legal Article 1 Implications of a Nation at War 3-1992 International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War Francis A. Boyle Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/jour_mlr Part of the International Law Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Boyle, Francis A. (1992) "International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran- Iraq War," Mercer Law Review: Vol. 43 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/jour_mlr/vol43/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Mercer Law School Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mercer Law Review by an authorized editor of Mercer Law School Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEAD ARTICLES International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War by Francis A. Boyle* Prescript This Article was written in 1986 and submitted to the University of New Orleans Symposium on Neutrality. The Article reflects the author's analysis regarding the United States military intervensionism into the Middle East with a special focus on the Persian Gulf region. The author analyzes the United States' policies to divide-and-conquer the Arab oil * Professor of International Law, University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign, Illi- nois. University of Chicago (A.B., 1971); Harvard Law School (J.D., magna cum laude, 1976); Harvard University (A.M., 1978 and Ph.D. -
International Law and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq Revisited
International Law and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq Revisited Donald K. Anton Associate Professor of Law The Australian National University College of Law Paper delivered April 30, 2013 Australian National University Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy The Invasion of Iraq: Canadian and Australian Perspectives Seminar1 INTRODUCTION Good morning. Thank you to the organizers for inviting me to participate today in this retrospective on the 2003 invasion of Iraq. My role this morning, as I understand it, is to parse the international legal arguments surrounding the invasion and to reconsider them in the fullness of time that has elapsed. It is a role I agreed to take on with hesitation because it is difficult to add much that is new. I suppose I can take comfort in saying what I’ve already said, and saying it again today, because of how I view my obligations as an international lawyer. I believe we lawyers have a duty to stand up and insist that our leaders adhere to the rule of law in international relations and to help ensure that they are held accountable for the failure to do so. As I am sure you are all aware, much remains to be done in terms of accountability, especially in the United States, and it is disappointing that the Obama Administration has so far refused to prosecute what seem to be clear violations of the Torture Convention, including all the way up the chain of command if necessary. Today, however, my talk is confined to the legal arguments about the use of force in Iraq and an analysis of their persuasiveness. -
Arthur Phillips, Prague (Scribe, 2010, C2002) the First Thing to Say About Prague Is That It Begins in Budapest. in the Opening
Arthur Phillips, Prague (Scribe, 2010, c2002) The first thing to say about Prague is that it begins in Budapest. In the opening pages of the novel, five young American expatriates sit at a table in the Café Gerbeaud, playing a truth-telling game called Sincerity. Their rehearsed lies reveal more about them than their truthful statements. One character despises his brother; another is shallow and greedy; a third has fallen in love with one of the other players in the game. Arthur Phillips’ debut novel, published in 2002, is warm, witty and engaging. It is not the work of genius that some reviewers claimed it to be – it certainly did not bring ‘such giants as Proust and Joyce’ to my mind – but it is an insightful and entertaining novel. The reader follows the fortunes of the five players of Sincerity as they negotiate the social landscape of Budapest in the early 1990s, ‘immediately following the … hissing, flapping deflation of Communism’ (4). Charles Gabor, Mark Payton, Emily Oliver and Scott and John Price all work, study, fall in love and spend endless hours partying in the clubs and bars of Budapest. Their experience of the expatriate community is the theme and setting of the novel. It is the Americans whom we come to know rather than ‘their history-battered Hungarian acquaintances’ (8), because only one of the five protagonists speaks Hungarian. The others are ‘essentially illiterate’ (51) in the language of the country that they are living in, making no attempt to master anything beyond a few phrases. This ignorance is perfectly exemplified in the scene where Scott, an enthusiastic jogger, runs along the narrow, crowded footpaths of the city, innocently receiving the curses and complaints that accompany his progress with his sole Hungarian phrase, ‘kezet csokolom’ (‘I kiss your hand.’) The young Americans rely on the English vocabulary of their Budapest acquaintances, and Phillips overcomes the problem of their shallow knowledge of Hungarian society in the second section of Prague. -
The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
6 Rebellion and Catastrophe The Thirty Years’ War was the last great religious war in Europe, and the first Europe-wide conflict of balance-of-power politics. Beginning with the Bohemian rebellion in 1618, the war grew into a confrontation between the German Protestant princes and the Holy Roman Emperor, and finally became a contest between France and the Habsburgs’ two dynastic monarchies, involving practically all other powers. The war may be divided into four phases: the Bohemian-Palatinate War (1618– 23), the Danish War (1625–29), the Swedish War (1630–35), and the Franco-Swedish War (1635–48). When the war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the treaties set the groundwork for the system of international relations still in effect today. The outcome of the war integrated the Bohemian crownlands more fully with the other Habsburg possessions in a family empire that aspired to maintain its position as one of the powers in the international state system. This aspiration involved recurrent conflicts, on one side with the Turks, and on the other with Louis XIV’s France. .......................... 10888$ $CH6 08-05-04 15:18:33 PS PAGE 68 Rebellion and Catastrophe 69 VAE VICTIS!: THE BOHEMIAN CROWNLANDS IN THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR After the Battle of the White Mountain and Frederick’s flight from Prague (his brief reign earned him the epithet ‘‘The Winter King’’), the last garrisons loyal to the Estates in southern and western Bohemia surrendered in May 1622. Even before these victories Ferdinand II began to settle accounts with his Bohemian opponents. -
Available Only Within the Gorilla Journal PDF File
Gorilla Journal of Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe No. 19, December 1999 Slaughter of Goril- Conservation Cross River Goril- Western Lowland las in Kahuzi-Bi- Efforts in Kahuzi- las – a Neglected Gorillas in Odzala ega National Park Biega Subspecies and Nouabalé- Ndoki BERGGORILLA & REGENWALD DIREKTHILFE Authors of this Issue Florence Magliocca is presently CONTENTS fi nishing her dissertation. She works Democratic Republic of Congo 3 Kanyunyi A. Basabose is working with Annie Gautier-Hion at the Univer- Poaching in Kahuzi-Biega 3 for the CRSN at Lwiro. Since 1994, sity of Rennes. In particular, she has Slaughter of Gorillas 4 he has been researching the ecology studied gorillas, elephants, buffaloes, Conservation of Resources 6 of gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi- sitatungas, giant forest hogs and red Present Research in Kahuzi-Biega 7 Biega. In 1996, he took part in the river hogs in the Maya Nord clearing. Involvement of Local People 7 gorilla census in the original part of the Richard Parnell began his research The New Gorilla Reserve at Mbuhi 8 Kahuzi-Biega National Park. at Mbeli Bai, Nouabalé-Ndoki Nation- Uganda 10 Jane T.R. Dewar has a degree in al Park, in 1996. Between 1989 and Gorilla Tourism in Uganda 10 linguistics. Gorilla Haven was estab- 1995, he studied gorillas in the Lopé Fires in Bwindi 10 lished in 1997 "To make every captive Reserve, Gabon. A Different Conservation Concept 10 gorilla’s life as enriched and natural Mbake Sivha worked in the IZCN/ Our Assistant in Uganda 11 as possible, and to promote education GTZ conservation project at Kahuzi- Rwanda 12 about gorilla conservation in zoos and Biega National Park. -
Chapter 20 Section 3
CHAPTER 20 SECTION 3 Oil and strategic trading lands have continued to be sources of conflict in the Middle East o United States and Soviets fought for control during the Cold War o Western countries continue to want control today Israel’s creation by the United Nations in 1948 was not recognized by Arabs in Palestine, leading to many conflicts still continuing today o Three wars 1956, 1967, and 1973 . Leads to Israel gaining more land; While between wars, Israelis faced terrorist attacks; United States continually attempts to make peace, unsuccessfully . 1967 war Israeli military takes control of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, and Golan Heights from Syria . 1973/Yom Kippur War Arabs surpassingly attacked on Yom Kippur, but still could not take back occupied lands; Israelis begin housing Jewish people in occupied lands o Palestine Liberation Organization leads Arab fight against Israel . Led by Yasir Arafat; Extreme dislike of Israelis, and wanted to destroy Israel; Attacked Israel numerous times; Airplane hi-jacking and Olympic killings . In 1987, Arabs in Israel-occupied lands attempt to revolt; Using suicide bombers and terroristic attacks, with many Israelis and Arabs dying o United States and United Nations have attempted to bring peace to the region . Golda Meir was in peace talks in 1973 when Arabs attacked; Peace Accord signed in 1979, giving Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt; Jordan makes peace with Israel in 1994; Syria and Israel continue to fight over Golan Heights . Oslo Accords, signed in 1993 by Yasir Arafat and Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin gave Palestinians in Gaza and West Bank limited self-rule, and recognition by Israel, and Palestinian Liberation Organization stops terrorist Attacks on Israel o Even with pledge by Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian violence on Israelis continued .