Lafta et al. Conflict and Health (2018) 12:31 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-018-0167-8 RESEARCH Open Access Living in Mosul during the time of ISIS and the military liberation: results from a 40-cluster household survey R. Lafta1, V. Cetorelli2 and G. Burnham3* Abstract Background: In June 2014, an estimated 1500 fighters of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) seized control of Mosul, Iraq’s second city. Although many residents fled, others stayed behind, enduring the restrictive civil and social policies of ISIS. In December 2016, the military activity, known as the liberation campaign, began in east Mosul, concluding in west Mosul in June 2017. Methods: To assess life in Mosul under ISIS, and the consequences of the military campaign to retake Mosul we conducted a 40 cluster-30 household survey in Mosul, starting in March 2017. All households included were present in Mosul throughout the entire time of ISIS control and military action. Results: In June 2014, 915 of 1139 school-age children (80.3%) had been in school, but only 28 (2.2%) attended at least some school after ISIS seized control. This represented a decision of families. Injuries to women resulting from intimate partner violence were reported in 415 (34.5%) households. In the surveyed households, 819 marriages had occurred; 688 (84.0%) among women. Of these women, 89 (12.9%) were aged 15 years and less, and 253 (49.7%) were aged under 18 at the time of marriage. With Mosul economically damaged by ISIS control and physically during the Iraqi military action, there was little employment at the time of the survey, and few persons were bringing cash into households. The liberation of Mosul in 2017 caused extensive damage to dwellings. Overall only a quarter of dwellings had not sustained some damage. In west Mosul, only 21.7% of houses had little or no damage from the conflict, with 98 (21.7%) households reporting their house had been destroyed, forcing its occupants to move. No houses had regular electricity and there was limited piped water. Inadequate fuel for cooking was reported by 996 (82.9%) households. Conclusion: The physical, and social damage occurring during ISIS occupation of Mosul and during the subsequent military action (liberation) was substantial and its impact is unlikely to be erased soon. Keywords: Mosul, Iraq, War, ISIS, Early marriage Background its citizens [4, 5]. The Hesba morality police were cre- An estimated 1500 fighters of the Islamic State of Iraq ated to ruthlessly enforce ISIS edicts. and Syria (ISIS) seized Mosul in June 2014. While many Many public employees, including teachers and health people fled from Mosul, others entered from towns to workers, continued working under ISIS, while other per- the north of the city [1, 2]. The population remaining in sons were hired to replace persons who fled. Pay for these Mosul under ISIS control was thought to be about 1.5 positions steadily deteriorated, yet people were expected million [3]. A caliphate was established with a repressive to show up for work [6]. The Iraq Central government bureaucracy to manage city affairs and control the life of continued paying salaries of some civil servants into early 2015, though ISIS reportedly garnished 20–30% of these payments [7]. Payment of government pensions continued * Correspondence: [email protected] 3Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School throughout the time. ISIS looted the Mosul banks, of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA crushed enterprises and forcefully collected money from Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Lafta et al. Conflict and Health (2018) 12:31 Page 2 of 8 business owners and farmers to finance military cam- paigns. Many businesses collapsed and unemployment was widespread. Factories were dismantled and machinery sold in neighboring countries [2]. ISIS derived additional income sources from the sale of antiquities, increases in taxation and various financial penalties. Educational curricula, from primary school to univer- sity, were rewritten to support ISIS’ radical views [8, 9]. Young women were at risk of forced marriages to ISIS fighters. At the university of Mosul, subjects such as law, arts and philosophy were dropped. Women could not study engineering and the sciences. Students in some technical courses and at university began to drift away, as they saw no future. The military campaign to drive ISIS from Mosul, known as the liberaton, began on October 17, 2016. The attack on towns to the east of Mosul hearlded the beginning of the largest urban conflict since WWII [10]. Iraqi forces Fig. 1 Location of clusters sampled in Mosul entered east Mosul on November 1, and declared it liberated on January 24, 2017. The second part of the campaign began with the attack on west Mosul on has been interviewed. For the survey, a household was de- February 19, 2017. Military progress was slow, particulary fined as a group of people eating out of a common kitchen in the old city, with widescale damage from artillary, and in a dwelling with a separate entrance from the street, IRAMs (Improvised Rocket Assisted Munitions) and air- a definition which has proved satisfactory in previous Iraq strikes which obliterated whole neighborhoods. Fighting household surveys [11]. The number of destroyed or in west Mosul was concluded on June 29, 2017. unoccupied households in each health cluster was re- To assess living circumstances during the ISIS occupa- corded. The survey questionnaire was based on those used tion of Mosul and the impact of the military liberation in previous Iraq household surveys but adapted for Mosul of Mosul on households, this study was undertaken circumstances. Adaptation was carried out with the assist- when hostilities ceased. ance of Mosul health workers and faculty at Al Mustansir- iya University. The questionnaire contained questions on Methods living conditions, health needs, injuries and deaths. The This survey was conducted as soon as security would final format was agreed among all the authors. The sample allow after the major military activity against ISIS had size of 1200 households was chosen as a size manageable ceased in Mosul. Data were collected through a two-stage by the number of qualified interviewers available, and util- 40 cluster survey, with 30 households per cluster. Clusters izing experience from previous Iraq surveys, would pro- were located randomly in selected administrative units, vide sufficient details about household indicators. Results designated here as “neighborhoods” (Fig. 1). Based on the concerning health seeking behavior, injuries and deaths pre-ISIS population distribution of Mosul, 15 neighbor- are being reported elsewhere. hoods on the west side of the Tigris were chosen and 25 on the east side. There were no data available on popula- tion distribution in Mosul during ISIS occupation. Each neighborhood contained about 200–400 dwellings. A sat- ellite image of survey site 15 is shown in Fig. 2.Forase- lected neighborhood, a 10 m grid was overlaid on a satellite image. A random location was selected. This was marked on the map which was transmitted to the study team along with the coordinates for this location. The sur- vey team identified this location on the ground and se- lected the nearest dwelling as the start house. From the start house the teams moved to the nearest dwelling to the right until data from 30 households had been col- lected. When an intersection was reached, the teams al- Fig. 2 Satellite image of neighborhood 15, Hay Al Najar. Map data @2018 Google Imagery ways crossed to the right to continue until 30 household Lafta et al. Conflict and Health (2018) 12:31 Page 3 of 8 Interviews were carried out by two teams, each with Table 1 Demographic characteristics of surveyed households two interviewers who were Mosul physicians with doc- East Mosul West Mosul All Mosul torates in community medicine. Three of the four inter- No. % No. % No. % viewers were female. Training was carried out for two Young children (0–4 years) 632 13.0 353 13.1 985 13.0 days in Baghdad, and the questionnaire field tested in a Older children (5–14 years) 1071 22.0 579 21.5 1650 21.8 non-survey area of Mosul. Only households which had – been continuously present in Mosul since June 2014 Male adults (15 49 years) 1172 24.1 650 24.1 1822 24.1 were included. Verbal consent for the household to par- Female adults (15–49 years) 1126 23.1 517 19.2 1643 21.7 ticipate was obtained from the head of household. The Older adults (50+ years) 866 17.8 593 22.0 1459 19.3 informant was the senior female in the household, as the Total 4867 100.0 2692 100.0 7559 100.0 person most knowledgeable about household issues. No attempt was made to identify former ISIS supporters. Household interviews required about one hour and were no formal education. There were 2089 (33.6%) who conducted in privacy. Plans were made for interviewer were of school age (6 and older), and ordinarily would protection including safe houses of their relatives and have been expected to have been in school.