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Sinographic Languages: the Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform

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SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 189 June, 2009 Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform by Li Chen Genevieve Y. Leung Matthew A. Marcucci Kenneth Yeh With a Foreword by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Manuscripts should be double-spaced with wide margins and submitted in duplicate. A set of "Instructions for Authors" may be obtained by contacting the editor. Ideally, the final draft should be a neat, clear camera-ready copy with high black- and-white contrast. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Please note: When the editor goes on an expedition or research trip, all operations (including filling orders) may temporarily cease for up to two or three months at a time. In such circumstances, those who wish to purchase various issues of SPP are requested to wait patiently until he returns. If issues are urgently needed while the editor is away, they may be requested through Interlibrary Loan. N.B.: Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers has been published electronically on the Web. Issues from no. 1 to no. 170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web at www.sino-platonic.org. _______________________________________________ “Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform” Sino-Platonic Papers, 189 (June, 2009) Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform Contents Foreword by Victor H. Mair 1 Text Messaging in Contemporary China by Li Chen 4 Hong Kong University Students’ Language Use in Blogs: Tensions between Creativity and Prescriptivism (“omg my grammar is rubbish”) by Genevieve Y. Leung 30 The Prospects for the Development of Written Cantonese and Its Romanization by Kenneth Yeh 63 Rendering Sinograms Obsolete: Vietnamese Script Reform and the Future of Chinese Characters by Matthew A. Marcucci 81 “Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform” Sino-Platonic Papers, 189 (June, 2009) Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform Foreword Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania The four papers in this volume offer a rare look at the dramatic transformations that are currently occurring with regard to language usage in East Asia and the northernmost part of Southeast Asia. In terms of script, we might refer to this region as "the sinographic sphere." Conscious reform of writing systems based on the Chinese characters began well over a century ago, with notable achievements including the establishment of an alphabetic script in Vietnam, the strict limitation on the number of official characters in Japan, the virtual disappearance of characters from daily life in North Korea and South Korea, and the concurrent spread of pinyin romanization and severe simplification of characters that has taken place in the People’s Republic of China. With regard to scripts, the present situation in China is fraught with great instability. On the one hand, there are demands for the recomplexification of the characters; on the other hand, there are calls for expanded use of pinyin, particularly as part of an emerging digraphia. In this age, when the leadership's attention is focused on economic and diplomatic affairs, it is unlikely, however, that the government will undertake further major interventions in restructuring the writing system. Yet this in no way means that additional changes are not forthcoming. Quite the contrary, we are now witnessing a period of radical evolution that is taking place as a result of new developments in information technology. It has been repeatedly demonstrated, for example, that there has been a rapid increase in the inability of individuals to write numerous characters because they rely on alphabetical computer inputting systems for 1 “Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform” Sino-Platonic Papers, 189 (June, 2009) much of their routine writing. Short text messaging with roman letter keystrokes is having a similarly profound impact on both how people write and the style they adopt. Even more remarkable are the effects of the Internet on the language people use when they write to each other via e-mail, in chat rooms, on bulletin boards, group lists, and above all on such mass communication networks as Twitter, Facebook, and so forth. The papers in this issue reveal how young people in particular have experienced a tremendously liberating and empowering effect from all of the unprecedented developments in information processing that have taken place in recent years. Whole new kinds of language usage are unfolding before our very eyes and ears. The massive adoption of English terms and phrases, the creative application of abbreviations, slang, symbols, and the like, have led to a constantly shifting evolution of language on the Internet. Perhaps most exciting of all are the possibilities that the Internet and electronic information processing in general afford to the writing of local and regional languages in China. Throughout Chinese history, only national and official writing styles (Classical Chinese, Literary Sinitic, the medieval koine, Modern Standard Mandarin) had a chance to gain sufficient circulation to be accepted as legitimate vehicles for writing one's thoughts and emotions. Although limited experiments had previously been made in the sinographic writing of Cantonese and in the romanization of Hokkien and other topolects, China heretofore has never witnessed the development of full-fledged, unfettered written expression in any of the non-standard Sinitic languages. The authors of the four papers in this volume explore the practical and theoretical aspects of the mind-boggling transformations that are taking place as a result of new developments in information technology. Li Chen provides up-to-the-minute investigations of text messaging in contemporary China, Genevieve Y. Leung studies the language usage of Hong Kong university students in blogs, and Kenneth Yeh examines the prospects for the development of written Cantonese (especially through romanization), while Matthew Marcucci reviews the history of Vietnamese script reform and considers its implications for the future of Chinese characters. Although the papers of these four authors are up-to-date as of the present moment, we can be sure that the tendency for language in China (both written and spoken) to evolve at a 2 “Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform” Sino-Platonic Papers, 189 (June, 2009) dizzying pace will persist. While we cannot predict what things will look like five, much less ten years from now, we can be certain that the situation will continue to display the same sort of fluidity and inventiveness that the papers in this volume document. This is inevitable when an archaic script linked to a top-heavy, centralized bureaucracy encounters a cutting-edge set of technologies with inherently democratizing properties. 3 “Sinographic Languages: The Past, Present, and Future of Script Reform” Sino-Platonic Papers, 189 (June, 2009) Text Messaging in Contemporary China Li Chen University of Pennsylvania Introduction Accompanying the rapid economic and social growth in China since the post-1978 reform, many new things have emerged and spread widely in this previously closed country that have had a profound impact on the traditional culture of China. As one of the most notable developments among all that have occurred in the last three decades, the popularization of text messaging usage has significantly
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