Example Sentences
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Orthography of Early Chinese Writing: Evidence from Newly Excavated Manuscripts
IMRE GALAMBOS ORTHOGRAPHY OF EARLY CHINESE WRITING: EVIDENCE FROM NEWLY EXCAVATED MANUSCRIPTS BUDAPEST MONOGRAPHS IN EAST ASIAN STUDIES SERIES EDITOR: IMRE HAMAR IMRE GALAMBOS ORTHOGRAPHY OF EARLY CHINESE WRITING: EVIDENCE FROM NEWLY EXCAVATED MANUSCRIPTS DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES, EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY BUDAPEST 2006 The present volume was published with the support of the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation. © Imre Galambos, 2006 ISBN 963 463 811 2 ISSN 1787-7482 Responsible for the edition: Imre Hamar Megjelent a Balassi Kiadó gondozásában (???) A nyomdai munkálatokat (???)a Dabas-Jegyzet Kft. végezte Felelős vezető Marosi Györgyné ügyvezető igazgató CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. vii Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER ONE FORMER UNDERSTANDINGS ..................................................................................... 11 1.1 Traditional views ........................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Ganlu Zishu ........................................................................................ 13 1.1.2 Hanjian .............................................................................................. 15 1.2 Modern views ................................................................................................ 20 1.2.1 Noel Barnard ..................................................................................... -
Localizing Into Chinese: the Two Most Common Questions White Paper Answered
Localizing into Chinese: the two most common questions White Paper answered Different writing systems, a variety of languages and dialects, political and cultural sensitivities and, of course, the ever-evolving nature of language itself. ALPHA CRC LTD It’s no wonder that localizing in Chinese can seem complicated to the uninitiated. St Andrew’s House For a start, there is no single “Chinese” language to localize into. St Andrew’s Road Cambridge CB4 1DL United Kingdom Most Westerners referring to the Chinese language probably mean Mandarin; but @alpha_crc you should definitely not assume this as the de facto language for all audiences both within and outside mainland China. alphacrc.com To clear up any confusion, we talked to our regional language experts to find out the most definitive and useful answers to two of the most commonly asked questions when localizing into Chinese. 1. What’s the difference between Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese? 2. Does localizing into “Chinese” mean localizing into Mandarin, Cantonese or both? Actually, these are really pertinent questions because they get to the heart of some of the linguistic, political and cultural complexities that need to be taken into account when localizing for this region. Because of the important nature of these issues, we’ve gone a little more in depth than some of the articles on related themes elsewhere on the internet. We think you’ll find the answers a useful starting point for any considerations about localizing for the Chinese-language market. And, taking in linguistic nuances and cultural history, we hope you’ll find them an interesting read too. -
Download Article
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 289 5th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2018) Chinese Literary Logic: Imaginary Thinking in Cognitive Structure* Lei Jia Xiaomang Zhang Department of Basic Subjects School of Philosophy Xinjiang Police College Nankai University Urumqi, China Tianjin, China Abstract—Chinese characters are ideographic writing, and of ancient Chinese in the process of character-making. there is a close relationship between their physical structures and meanings. The logic-cognitive process of this connection is Based on Hegel, "according to the order of time, the determined by the normative role of traditional Chinese imagery consciousness of human beings always forms the thinking. In the logic-cognitive process of visual analogy, it representation of the object before forming the concept, and regulates the historical process of the development of Chinese only through the representation can the mind of human beings 1 characters and guides the Chinese people's aesthetic concepts realize and grasp the thinking of things" , which is in line with and methods in the process of literacy recognition by adopting a the concept of Cangjie, an official historian of Yellow thinking method that combines subjective will and external Emperor that “realizing the difference of birds texture and that objects. To taste the normative function of this mode of thinking, of beasts after he seeing the footprints of these two kind of it’s better to appreciate its underlying principles of logical creatures and so he began to create characters. In response, methodology, aesthetic concepts, technical methods, cultural there were definite undertakings and various kinds of traditions and humanistic spirit. -
Homophones and Tonal Patterns in English-Chinese Transliteration
Homophones and Tonal Patterns in English-Chinese Transliteration Oi Yee Kwong Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong [email protected] to overcome the problem and model the charac- Abstract ter choice directly. Meanwhile, Chinese is a typical tonal language and the tone information The abundance of homophones in Chinese can help distinguish certain homophones. Pho- significantly increases the number of similarly neme mapping studies seldom make use of tone acceptable candidates in English-to-Chinese information. Transliteration is also an open transliteration (E2C ). The dialectal factor also problem, as new names come up everyday and leads to different transliteration practice. We there is no absolute or one-to-one transliterated compare E2C between Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, and report work in progress for version for any name. Although direct ortho- dealing with homophones and tonal patterns graphic mapping has implicitly or partially mod- despite potential skewed distributions of indi- elled the tone information via individual charac- vidual Chinese characters in the training data. ters, the model nevertheless heavily depends on the availability of training data and could be 1 Introduction skewed by the distribution of a certain homo- phone and thus precludes an acceptable translit- This paper addresses the problem of automatic eration alternative. We therefore propose to English-Chinese forward transliteration (referred model the sound and tone together in E2C . In to as E2C hereafter). this way we attempt to deal with homophones There are only a few hundred Chinese charac- more reasonably especially when the training ters commonly used in names, but their combina- data is limited. -
A Note on Orthography and Transcription
A Note on Orthography and Transcription there are two major problems with transcribing Cantonese speech on paper. The first is the lack of a fully standardized Cantonese script. In this book, I have done my best to produce the transcripts in ways that I think reflect common existing practices.I n 1999, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government published a Chinese character set known as the Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS). The latest version of the HKSCS (2001) contains 4,818 Chi- nese characters that are specific to the Hong Kong environment (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, Information Technol- ogy Services Department 2004). This character set can be seen as a first step toward a standardized Cantonese script. As a rule, all the characters used in my transcriptions are taken from the HKSCS. The second is the problem of romanization. Several romanization schemes for Cantonese are in circulation. The Yale and Meyer-Wempe systems appear to be the most commonly adopted in the English-language literature. In this book, I follow the new Cantonese Romanization Scheme, or Jyutping system, promoted by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. Jyutping is intuitive to Cantonese speakers. It is also convenient, because it is based solely on alphanumeric characters (unlike the Yale system, for example, which uses diacritics). But Jyutping is a relatively new system; readers who are familiar with the Yale system may find the new system difficult to follow in the beginning. The key features of the Jyutping sys- tem are the following. 1 . Consonants. In Cantonese, consonants (shown in Table 1), are di- vided into initial consonants, or onsets (those that occupy the initial position of a syllable), and final consonants, or codas (those that oc- cupy the final position of a syllable). -
Cantonese As a World Language from Pearl River and Beyond
Volume 10 Issue 2 (2021) Cantonese as a World Language From Pearl River and Beyond Jiaqing Zeng1 and Asif Agha2 1St. Paul’s School, Concord, NH, USA 2University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA DOI: https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i2.1435 ABSTRACT In this paper, I will be comparing different registers of Cantonese from all around the world, mainly focusing on the Pearl River Delta region after the 1800s. Yet my larger purpose is to draw attention to how these different registers relate to the cultural values and social lives of the people living in those places. Max Weinreich, a pioneer sociolinguist and Yiddish scholar once said, “a language is a dialect with an army and a navy (Fishman).” Cantonese is no exception, and the state of this language has been dependent upon four factors: the geographic distribution of the Cantonese- speaking population, the economic development of Cantonese-speaking regions, official status, and international sig- nificance. Introduction Cantonese is one of the Chinese dialects and the mother tongue for the Guangfu people of Han Chinese, who were originally from China’s Lingnan region. The language has a complete set of nine tones, retaining many features of Middle Ancient Chinese since the area seldom suffered from wars and was unaffected by the nomadic minorities in northern China. It has a complete series of characters that can be expressed independently from other Chinese lan- guages, and it is the only Chinese language that has been studied in foreign universities in addition to Mandarin. It originated from Canton (Guangzhou) because of the important role that Canton had played in China’s important pol- itics, economy, and culture since ancient times, and it still has official status in Hong Kong and Macau today. -
1 Introduction to Jyutping 粵拼(A Cantonese
Introduction to Jyutping 粵拼 (A Cantonese Romanization) There are 6 tones in Jyutping. Initials n b bai1 瘸 (adj.) limp n p pai1 批 (v.) to approve n m mai1 咪 (n.) microphone n f fai1 輝 (n.) brilliance n d dai1 低 (adj.) low n t tai1 梯 (n.) ladder n n nai4 泥 (n.) soil n l lai4 嚟 (v.) to come n g gai1 雞 (n.) chicken n k kai1 溪 (n.) brook n ng ngai1 哀 (v.) to beg n h hai6 係 (v.) be 1 n gw gwai3 貴 (adj.) expensive n kw kwai1 虧 (n.) deficit n w wai3 喂 (v.) to feed n z zai1 劑 (n.) dose n c cai1 妻 (n.) wife n s sai1 西 (n.) west n j jai1 曳 (adj.) silly Finals Vowel: aa n aa zaa1 揸 (v.) to hold n aai zaai1 齋 (n.) vegan n aau zaau1 嘲 to make fun of n aam zaam6 站 (n.) station n aan zaan3 讚 (v.) to praise n aang zaang1 爭 (v.) to fight for n aap zaap6 集 (v.) to gather n aat zaat3 扎 (n.) bundle n aak zaak3 窄 (adj.) narrow Vowel: a n ai zai1 擠 (v.) to squeeze (an object) n au zau1 周 (adv.) around n am zam1 斟 (v.) to pour n an zan1 真 (adj.) real n ang zang1 憎 (v.) to hate n ap zap1 汁 (n.) juice n at zat2 侄 (n.) nephew/niece n ak zak1 側 (n.) lateral 2 Vowel: e n e se2 寫 (v.) to write n ei sei3 四 (num.) four n eu* deu6 掉 (v.) to dump n em* lem2 舔 (v.) to lick n eng beng6 病 (adj.) sick n ep* gep2 夾 (n.) clip n ek sek6 石 (n.) stone/rock Vowel: i n i si1 詩 (n.) poem n iu siu1 消 (v.) to disappear n im sim2 閃 (adj.) sparkling n in sin1 先 (adv.) first n ing sing1 升 (v.) to elevate n ip sip3 攝 (v.) to shoot (a scene) n it sit3 洩 (v.) to divulge n ik sik1 識 (v.) to know Vowel: o n o ho2 可 (aux.) can n oi hoi1 開 (v.) to open n ou hou2 好 (adj.) good n on hon6 汗 (n.) -
Developing Computational Tools for Cantonese Linguistics Jackson L
PyCantonese: Developing computational tools for Cantonese linguistics Jackson L. Lee, Litong Chen, & Tsz-Him Tsui University of Chicago & The Ohio State University Introduction: In this talk, we introducce PyCantonese, an open-source Python library for computational research in Cantonese linguistics. There are two primary motivations for this project. First, while an increasing number of Cantonese corpora are available (e.g., the Hong Kong Cantonese Corpus (Luke & Wong 2015), HKCAC (Leung & Law 2001, Fung & Law 2013), the Cantonese Radio Corpus (Francis & Matthews 2005)), these resources are in incompatible formats and there are no general toolkits for handling Cantonese corpus data. Second, computational linguistics is a largely undeveloped sub-field for Cantonese. In response to these gaps, PyCantonese is designed to provide general tools for the manipulation, annotation, and analysis of Cantonese corpus data. We demonstrate the implemented tools including the handling of Jyutping romanization and corpus search functions, and show how PyCantonese can facilitate Cantonese linguistic research. Handling Jyutping: A common scenario in Cantonese corpus work is that a corpus is available and transcribed in Jyutping, but no tools are readily available to parse Jyutping in order to identify onsets, nuclei, codas, and tones. We demonstrate the relevant functionalities of PyCantonese, and how they facilitate research areas such as phonotactics and phonological development using child-directed speech data. Search functions: Another frequent task is to search for particular items in corpus data. Depending on the exact nature of the dataset being used, PyCantonese provides search functions for some given Jyutping elements, part-of-speech tags, and Chinese characters. We show how simple searches are performed using PyCantonese, and how to combine these functions and programming techniques to achieve what would be of great interest to linguists (e.g., find verbal and prepositional phrases). -
David Li-Wei Chen Handbook of Taiwanese Romanization
DAVID LI-WEI CHEN HANDBOOK OF TAIWANESE ROMANIZATION DAVID LI-WEI CHEN CONTENTS PREFACE v HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 1 TAIWANESE PHONICS AND PEHOEJI 5 白話字（POJ) ROMANIZATION TAIWANESE TONES AND TONE SANDHI 23 SOME RULES FOR TAIWANESE ROMANIZATION 43 VERNACULAR 白 AND LITERARY 文 FORMS 53 FOR SAME CHINESE CHARACTERS CHIANG-CH旧漳州 AND CHOAN-CH旧泉州 63 DIALECTS WORDS DERIVED FROM TAIWANESE 65 AND HOKKIEN WORDS BORROWED FROM OTHER 69 LANGUAGES TAILO 台羅 ROMANIZATION 73 BODMAN ROMANIZATION 75 DAIGHI TONGIONG PINGIM 85 台語通用拼音ROMANIZATION TONGIONG TAIWANESE DICTIONARY 91 通用台語字典ROMANIZATION COMPARATIVE TABLES OF TAIWANESE 97 ROMANIZATION AND TAIWANESE PHONETIC SYMBOLS (TPS) CONTENTS • P(^i-5e-jT 白話字（POJ) 99 • Tai-uan Lo-ma-jT Phing-im Hong-an 115 台灣羅馬字拼音方案（Tailo) • Bodman Romanization 131 • Daighi Tongiong PTngim 147 台語通用拼音（DT) • Tongiong Taiwanese Dictionary 163 通用台語字典 TAIWANESE COMPUTING IN POJ AND TAILO 179 • Chinese Character Input and Keyboards 183 • TaigIME臺語輸入法設定 185 • FHL Taigi-Hakka IME 189 信聖愛台語客語輸入法3.1.0版 • 羅漢跤Lohankha台語輸入法 193 • Exercise A. Practice Typing a Self 195 Introduction in 白話字 P^h-Oe-jT Romanization. • Exercise B. Practice Typing a Self 203 Introduction in 台羅 Tai-l6 Romanization. MENGDIAN 萌典 ONLINE DICTIONARY AND 211 THESAURUS BIBLIOGRAPHY PREFACE There are those who believe that Taiwanese and related Hokkien dialects are just spoken and not written, and can only be passed down orally from one generation to the next. Historically, this was the case with most Non-Mandarin Chinese languages. Grammatical literacy in Chinese characters was primarily through Classical Chinese until the early 1900's. Romanization in Hokkien began in the early 1600's with the work of Spanish and later English missionaries with Hokkien-speaking Chinese communities in the Philippines and Malaysia. -
41912405 Masters Thesis CHEUNG Siu
University of Queensland School of Languages & Comparative Cultural Studies Master of Arts in Chinese Translation and Interpreting CHIN7180 - Thesis Translation of Short Texts: A case study of street names in Hong Kong Student: Shirmaine Cheung Supervisor: Professor Nanette Gottlieb June 2010 ©2010 The Author Not to be reproduced in any way except for the purposes of research or study as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 Abstract The topic of this research paper is “Translation of Short Texts: A case study of street names in Hong Kong”. It has been observed that existing translation studies literature appears to cater mainly for long texts. This suggests that there may be a literature gap with regard to short text translation. Investigating how short texts are translated would reveal whether mainstream translation theories and strategies are also applicable to such texts. Therefore, the objectives of the paper are two-fold. Firstly, it seeks to confirm whether there is in fact a gap in the existing literature on short texts by reviewing corpuses of leading works in translation studies. Secondly, it investigates how short texts have been translated by examining the translation theories and strategies used. This is done by way of a case study on street names in Hong Kong. The case study also seeks to remedy the possible paucity of translation literature on short texts by building an objective and representative database to function as an effective platform for examining how street names have been translated. Data, including street names in English and Chinese, are collected by way of systematic sampling from the entire data population. -
A Long-Standing and Well-Established History Th E Origin and Development of China’S Ancient Publishing Industry
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18675-9 — Chinese Publishing Hu Yang , Yang Xiao Excerpt More Information A Long-Standing and Well-Established History Th e Origin and Development of China’s Ancient Publishing Industry © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18675-9 — Chinese Publishing Hu Yang , Yang Xiao Excerpt More Information CHINESE PUBLISHING The Xia Dynasty, established in 2070 B.C., was the fi rst dynasty in China and marked the beginning of a new era in Chinese civilization. There is evidence to show that Chinese writing had developed and was on its way to being systemized at this time. Chinese ancestors also developed a degree of aesthetic and cultural accomplishment. The appearance of primary writing tools and books paved the way for early publishing activities. Th e Origin of Chinese Characters The Chinese character is an important marker of humanity’s shift from pre-literate to literate times. Written language is the basis of human civilization because it can be passed down through time and space. Chinese characters played a decisive role in the development of Chinese culture and the publishing industry. The development of Chinese characters was a long process that can be divided into two periods before their final appearance. One is the time when the spoken language existed without a written language. The other is that of a written language without complete articles. On the basis of language and objectives, the real emergence of Chinese characters underwent three stages during which events were recorded by knotted cords, carvings and graphs. -
Ritualizing Confucius/Kongzi the Family and State Cults of the Sage of Culture in Imperial China
ONE Ritualizing Confucius/Kongzi The Family and State Cults of the Sage of Culture in Imperial China Thomas A. Wilson THE CANONICAL AND THE NONCANONICAL SAGE It is said that he transcribed the sagely traditions of the ancients in sacred books that would be transmitted for ten thousand generations. The imperial courts of the last thousand years worshipped him as the "supreme sage" of state orthodoxy in temples devoted to him. To Confucian scholars of the same era, he played a pivotal role in the transmission of the Dao ~Me; in~ deed, without him it would have been lost forever.1 To common folk, he was Research in China was supported by the American Philosophical Society and the Couper faculty research fund of Hamilton College. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Zhu Weizheng **fE~ (Fudan University), Kong Xianglin :f~~ and Luo Chenglie .~~f.U of Qufu, Kong Xiangkai :fLJHW and Kong Liuxian :f~IJ)t; of Quzhou, He Jun fill ~ (Hangzhou University), Huang Chin-shing (Academia Sinica, Taiwan), and Jun Jing {CCNY) during his research travels in China and Taiwan, and Sue Naquin, Michael Nylan, Benjamin Elman, and participants in a colloquium at the Institute for Advanced Study in November 1999 for their comments on earlier drafts of this piece. The writing was fi:mded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. 1. Consider, e.g., Zhu Xi's statement: "IfKongzi had never been born after Yao and Shun, where could anyone go to understand [the Dao}t He then goes on to say the same thing about Mengzi and the Cheng brothers (Zhuzi yulei 93-'·350).