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Introduction to Mandarin Chinese Splash 2010 H3830: Introduction to Mandarin Chinese Splash 2010 Educational Studies Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instructors Bruce Chang ([email protected]) Stephen M. Hou ([email protected]) Kelsy Lai ([email protected]) Contents This packet contain the following sections: • Basic expressions in Mandarin Chinese • Numbers • Dates • Questions words and demonstratives • Pronouns • Basic words • Verbs • Nouns • People • Places • Dialogues • Comparing Chinese dialects • Chinese idioms Notes • All characters are written in traditional form, which is commonly used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Mainland China and Singapore use simplified characters. • In the vocabulary lists, characters are in Kaiti font (楷體), but in the text (such as this sentence), they are in Mingti font (明體). • Unless otherwise stated, all Romanization is in Hanyu Pinyin (漢語拼音). • Where Mainland China and Taiwan differ in pronunciation or vocabulary, both are provided. The characters 「普」and「國」indicate the Mainland version and the Taiwan version, respectively. These are single-character abbreviations for the official name for Standard Mandarin in the respective regions: 「普通話」means “common language” and 「國語」means “national language”. 1 Basic Expressions in Mandarin Chinese 你好。 Nǐ hǎo. Hello. (Lit: You good.) 你好嗎？ Nǐ hǎo mā? How are you? (Lit: Are you good/well?) 再見。 Zài-jiàn. See you later. (Lit: Again meet.) 明天見。 Míng-tiān jiàn. See you tomorrow. (Lit: Tomorrow meet.) 拜拜！ Bāi-bāi! Bye bye! 你叫什麼名字？ Nǐ jiào shé-me What’s your name? (Lit: You’re called míng-zì? what name?) 我叫 ___。 Wǒ jiào ___. My name is ___. (Lit: I’m called ___.) ___呢？ ___ nē? How/what about ___? 很高興認識你。 Hěn gāo-xìng Pleased to meet you. (Lit: Very happy to rèn-shì nǐ. know you.) 請 …… Qǐng… Please… 請問 …… Qǐng wèn… May I ask… 謝謝(你)。 Xiè-xiě (nǐ). Thank you. 不用謝。 Bú yòng xiè. You’re welcome. (Lit: No need to thank.) 不客氣。 Bú kè-qì. You’re welcome. (Lit: Don’t be polite.) 對不起。 Duì-bù-qǐ. I’m sorry. 不好意思。 Bù-hǎo yì-si. Excuse me. (Lit: Not good meaning.) 沒關係。 Méi guān-xī. It’s okay. (Lit: Doesn’t matter.) 我聽不懂。 Wǒ tīng bù dǒng. I don’t understand. (Lit: I hear not understand.) ___ 中文怎麼講？ ___ Zhōng-wén How do you say ___ in Chinese? (Lit: zěn-me jiǎng? ___ Chinese how say?) 你會講英文嗎？ Nǐ huì jiǎng Can you speak English? yīng-wén mā? 廁所在哪裡? Cè-suǒ zài nǎ-lǐ? Where is the bathroom? 哇! Wà! Wow! 天啊! Tiān ā! Oh my God! (Lit: Heaven ah!) 哎呀! Āi-yā! Geez! 酷! Kù! Cool! 超酷! Chāo kù! Super cool! 真的嗎? Zhēn-de mā? Really? 真的。 Zhēn-de. Really. 2 Numbers 九 jiǔ 9 零 or 〇 líng 0 十 shí 10 一 yī 1 百 bǎi 100 二 èr 2 千 qiān 1,000 三 sān 3 萬 wàn 10,000 四 sì 4 億 yì 108 五 wǔ 5 第 dì (ordinal prefix) 六 liù 6 正 zhèng positive 七 qī 7 負 fù negative 八 bā 8 點 diǎn point The symbol「〇」for zero is not a real Chinese character, but it is frequently used in modern written Chinese, especially in dates and page numbers. Sometimes, “1” is read as “yāo” in a series of digits, such as phone and ID numbers, because “1” rhymes with “7” in Mandarin. (Similarly, in the ICAO or NATO alphabet, where “ABC” is “alpha bravo Charlie”, “9” is read as “niner” to avoid confusing it with “five” when spoken quickly or over a noisy channel.) In Taiwan, the pronunciation “yāo” is only used by soldiers, police, and emergency services. Forming numbers higher than ten in Chinese is quite straightforward. “11” is just “ten one”, or 「十一」. “Twelve” is just “ten two”, or「十二」. And so on up to 19. “20” and “30” are “two ten” and “three ten”, respectively, or「二十」and「三十」. A larger number like “3,748” is “three thousand seven hundred four ten eight”:「三千七百四十 八」. This is easier than in most European languages: English, Spanish, and French have unique words for most of the “teen” numbers and multiples of ten up to 90. French is especially complex: “70” is “60 plus 10” (“soixante-dix”) and “80” is “four twenties” (“quatre-vingts”). One area that gets tricky for speakers of European languages is very large numbers (100,000 and over). In European languages, digits are grouped by threes: after “one”, “ten”, “hundred”, we have “one thousand”, “ten thousand”, hundred thousand”. Then “one million”, “ten million”, “hundred million”. And so on. However, in Chinese and other East Asian languages, digits are traditionally grouped by fours! Thus, there is a separate character for ten thousand: 「萬」. Then, “hundred thousand” is “ten ten- thousands” (「十萬」), “million” is “hundred ten-thousands” (「百萬」), “ten million” is “thousand ten-thousands” (「千萬」). A number like “156,834,792” should first be thought of as “1,5683,4792”, then translated into a Chinese-Arabic mix as “1 億 5683 萬 4792”, or 「一億五千六百八十三萬四千七百九十二」. Ordinal numbers are easy in Chinese: “Fifth” is「第五」. 3 Dates 號 hào day (informal) 公元 gōng-yuán Common Era 天 tiān day (informal) 民國 mín-guó republic 星期 xīng-qí (國), week (formal) (普) 年 nián year xīng-qī 禮拜 lǐ-bài week 月 yuè month (informal) 日 rì day (formal) 生日 shēng-rì birthday Chinese is consistently a big-endian language, which means that information is always given from the largest unit to the most detailed unit. For instances, mailing addresses are written in the following order: country, state/province, county, city/town, street, number, floor, apartment number. Similarly, calendar dates are written as year-month-day. Unlike in European languages, the months do not have names in Chinese. They are simply numbered one through twelve (in either Arabic or Chinese) with the character for month,「月」, following the number. For example, “March” is「三月」or 「3 月」. The date is「MM 月 DD 日」, but in colloquial speech, 「號」tends to replace「日」. The days of the week also lack names; they are numbered one through six (in only Chinese characters), where Monday is “weekday one”, with the characters for week, either「星期」(formal) or「禮拜」(informal), preceding the number, and Sunday being a special day called「星期日」(formal) or「禮拜天」(informal). For example, “Tuesday” is「星期二」(formal) or「禮拜二」(informal). Traditionally, Chinese used only a lunar calendar. This is still used for many holidays (especially Chinese New Year), birthdays, wedding dates, and other ceremonies. On 1 January 1912, China adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. However, China retained the tradition of the era system, where years are numbered according the reign of emperors, with the first year of the Republic of China being 1912; this system is still in use in Taiwan, where the ROC government retains control. Upon its foundation in 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted Western numbered years. To avoid confusion, the Gregorian year is always written out in full in Taiwan (whereas in the United States, only the last two digits are commonly written) and 「公元」or「民國」precede the year. For example, “Sunday, 21 November 2010” is written as: 公元 2010 年 11 月 21 日 (星期日), or 民國 99 年 11 月 21 日 (星期日) 4 Question Words and Demonstratives 哪 nǎ which 誰 sheí who 什麼 shé-me (國), shén-me (普) what 什麼時候 shé-me shí-hou (國), when (Lit: what time) shén-me shí-hou (普) 幾點 jǐ-diǎn what time (Lit: how many dots) 哪裡(國), 哪兒(普) nǎ-lǐ (國), nǎ-er (普) where (Lit: which place) 為什麼 wèi-shé-me (國), why (Lit: because of what) wèi-shén-me (普) 怎麼 zěn-me how 這 zhè this 那 nà that 這裡(國), 這兒(普) zhè-lǐ (國), zhè-er (普) here (Lit: this place) 那裡(國), 那兒(普) nà-lǐ (國), nà-er (普) there (Lit: that place) Pronouns 我 wǒ I/me 你 (m), 妳 (f) nǐ (both) you 您 nín you (polite) 他 (m), 她 (f) tā (both) he/him, she/her 牠 (animals), tā (all) it 祂 (deities), 它 (inanimates) 們 mén (國), men (普) (pluralizes a singular pronoun) 的 de (possessive particle) 咱們 zán-mén (國), we, including the listener (generally zán-men (普) used only in the Beijing area) 自己 zì-jǐ -self 5 Basic Words 不 bù not (for all verbs except for “to have”) 沒 méi not (for the verb “to have”) 嗎 mā (國), ma (普) (question particle) 吧 ba (particle indicating agreement or a gentle request) Verbs 是 shì to be (only as equative verb) 在 zài to be (at a physical location) 有 yǒu to have 要 yào to want or to ask for 會 huì to know how to 知道 zhī-dào to know (a piece of information) 認識 rèn-shì (國), rèn-shi (普) to know (a person) 可以 kě-yǐ to be permitted, may 喜歡 xǐ-huān to like 去 qù to go 看 kàn to see, to watch, to look at, to read 聽 tīng to hear, to listen 學 xué to learn 打 dǎ to hit, to play (sports involving hitting) Nouns 電影 diàn-yǐng movie (Lit: electric shadows) 電視 diàn-shì television 球賽 qiú-sài sports games 籃球 lán-qiú basketball 網球 wǎng-qiú tennis (Lit: net ball) 書 shū book 外語 wài-yǔ foreign languages 數學 shù-xué mathematics (Lit: number study) 音樂 yīn-yuè music 新聞 xīn-wén news 6 People 媽媽 mā-mā mother 爸爸 bà-ba father 姐姐 jiě-jie elder sister 妹妹 mèi-mei younger sister 哥哥 gē-gē elder brother 弟弟 dì-di younger brother 朋友 péng-yǒu friend 男(女)朋友 nán (nǚ) péng-yǒu boy(girl)friend 老師 lǎo-shī teacher 學生 xué-shēng student Places 中國 Zhōng-guó China (Lit: central nation) 中國大陸 Zhōng-guó dà-lù Mainland China (Lit: Chinese mainland) 北京 Běi-jīng Beijing (Lit: northern capital) 上海 Shàng-hǎi Shanghai (Lit: above the sea) 臺灣 or 台灣 Tái-wān Taiwan (Lit: terraced bay) 臺北 or 台北 Tái-běi Taipei (Lit: Taiwan’s north) 香港 Xiāng-gǎng Hong Kong (Lit: fragrant harbor) 美國 Měi-guó United States (Lit: beautiful nation) 麻州 or 麻省 Má-zhōu or Má-shěng Massachusetts (Lit: cannabis state) 波士頓 Bō-shì-dùn Boston 紐約 Niǔ-yuē New York (both the city and the state) 洛杉磯 Luò-shān-jī Los Angeles 舊金山 Jiù-jīn-shān San Francisco (Lit: old gold mountain) 芝加哥 Zhī-jiā-gē Chicago 華盛頓 Huá-shèng-dùn Washington, DC 英國 Yīng-guó England (Lit: heroic nation) 倫敦 Lún-dūn London 加拿大 Jiā-ná-dà Canada 多倫多 Duō-lún-duō Toronto 日本 Rì-běn Japan (Lit: land of the rising sun) 東京 Dōng-jīng Tokyo (Lit: eastern capital) 韓國 or 朝鮮 Hán-guó or Cháo-xiǎn Korea 7 Dialogue #1: Greetings Ann, an American, and Bob, a Chinese, meet for the first time.
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