Islamische Seelsorge in Den EU- Und NATO-Streitkräften Im Vergleich

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Islamische Seelsorge in Den EU- Und NATO-Streitkräften Im Vergleich Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Islamische Seelsorge in den EU- und NATO-Streitkräften im Vergleich Über den Umgang mit dem Islam in westlichen Streitkräften unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der französischen Erfahrung 2005-2019 © 2020 Deutscher Bundestag WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 2 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 Islamische Seelsorge in den EU- und NATO-Streitkräften im Vergleich Über den Umgang mit dem Islam in westlichen Streitkräften unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der französischen Erfahrung 2005-2019 Aktenzeichen: WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 Abschluss der Arbeit: 23. April 2020 Fachbereich: WD 2: Auswärtiges, Völkerrecht, wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, Verteidigung, Menschenrechte und Humanitäre Hilfe Die Wissenschaftlichen Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages unterstützen die Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages bei ihrer mandatsbezogenen Tätigkeit. Ihre Arbeiten geben nicht die Auffassung des Deutschen Bundestages, eines sei- ner Organe oder der Bundestagsverwaltung wieder. Vielmehr liegen sie in der fachlichen Verantwortung der Verfasse- rinnen und Verfasser sowie der Fachbereichsleitung. Arbeiten der Wissenschaftlichen Dienste geben nur den zum Zeit- punkt der Erstellung des Textes aktuellen Stand wieder und stellen eine individuelle Auftragsarbeit für einen Abge- ordneten des Bundestages dar. Die Arbeiten können der Geheimschutzordnung des Bundestages unterliegende, ge- schützte oder andere nicht zur Veröffentlichung geeignete Informationen enthalten. Eine beabsichtigte Weitergabe oder Veröffentlichung ist vorab dem jeweiligen Fachbereich anzuzeigen und nur mit Angabe der Quelle zulässig. Der Fach- bereich berät über die dabei zu berücksichtigenden Fragen. Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 3 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse: 1. Drei Hauptgründe sprechen für die Implementierung einer islamischen Seelsorge in der Bundeswehr: Erstens hat der Staat die Würde des Menschen zu achten und seine grundrechtlich geschützte Weltanschauung zu respektieren. Zweitens spricht vieles dafür, dass eine welt- anschauungsgerechte Seelsorge dem Einsatzwert der Streitkräfte zuträglich ist. Drittens dürfte eine islamische Seelsorge erheblich zum Schutz vor islamistischer Radikalisierung beitragen. 2. Es herrscht EU-weite Einigkeit darüber, dass die Vorgaben der Religion den Gesetzen des welt- lichen Rechtsstaats unterliegen und dass die religiösen Anliegen der Soldaten gegenüber Sicher- heit und Auftrag nachrangig sind. In Deutschland herrscht politische Einigkeit darüber, dass die theologische Ausbildung aller Seelsorger im Einklang mit dem Grundgesetz stehen muss. 3. Aus hiesiger Sicht ist es fraglich, ob die fehlende Seelsorge für Muslime den Grundrechten des Art. 4 Abs. 1 GG – (Freiheit des Glaubens) – in Verbindung mit Art. 3 Abs. 3 GG – (Benach- teiligungs- und Bevorzugungsverbot aufgrund der Religion) – entspricht. Dies gilt insbesondere seit Wiedereinführung eines Militärrabbinats. 4. Es konnte kein Anhaltspunkt dafür gefunden werden, dass es Pflicht und Aufgabe des Staates ist, Seelsorge für Angehörige mehrerer Auslegungen und Strömungen innerhalb einer Glaubens- gemeinschaft zu gewährleisten. Vielmehr muss der Staat eine zielführende Grundversorgung entsprechend dem Bedarf einer gesamten Glaubensgemeinschaft sicherstellen. 5. Es ist unstrittig, dass die Rücksichtnahme auf religiös bedingte Essgewohnheiten, Fastenzeiten oder andere rituelle Regeln sich positiv auf das Wohlbefinden der Soldaten und auf die Auftragserfüllung auswirkt. In einigen Staaten ist die Beachtung religiöser Kleidervorschriften erlaubt. Laut Richtlinie zur Anzugsordnung der Bundeswehr ist das Tragen eines Kopftuches zur Uniform unzulässig. Zur Frage von Vereinbarkeit von religiösen Kleidervorschriften mit den Besonderheiten des militärischen Dienstbetriebes gibt es bisher keine deutsche Rechtsprechung. Weiterführende Literatur: 1. Guide on Religion and Belief in the Armed Forces, 1 Ministry of Defence (UK), 2011, 46 Seiten. 2. Muslim in the Military, Broadening Diversity in the British Armed Forces, 2 Dr. Asma Mustafa, Oxford Center for Islamic Studies, 2018, 40 Seiten. 3. 2006-2016, 10 ans d’aumônerie militaire du culte musulman, Elyamine Settoul, revue hommes & migration, 2017, S. 109-1173 1 Im Internet abrufbar unter https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach- ment_data/file/28127/guide_religion_belief.pdf 2 Im Internet abrufbar unter https://www.asmamustafa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Report-on-Muslims-in- the-Military-Broadening-Diversity-in-the-British-Armed-Forces.pdf 3 Im Internet abrufbar unter https://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/3804 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 4 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 5 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorbemerkungen 7 1.1. Semantische Vorbemerkung 7 1.2. Rückblick 2000-2019 7 1.3. Politische Positionen 10 2. Abgrenzung des Recherchegegenstandes 12 2.1. Abgrenzung des Referenzpanels 12 2.2. Thematische Abgrenzung des Recherchegegenstands 13 3. Zur aktuellen Situation der Seelsorge in Deutschland 13 3.1. Militärische Seelsorge in Deutschland 1956-2019 13 3.2. (Wieder-) Einführung eines Militärrabbinats 2019 15 3.3. Islam in Deutschland 16 3.4. Religiöse Vielfalt in der Bundeswehr 18 3.4.1. Christentum in der Bundeswehr 18 3.4.2. Judentum in der Bundeswehr 19 3.4.3. Islam in der Bundeswehr 20 3.4.4. Weitere Glaubensrichtungen in der Bundeswehr 21 3.4.5. Soziopolitische Hintergründe für eine islamische Seelsorge 21 4. Situation in den EU- und NATO-Ländern 23 4.1. Beziehungsformen zwischen Staat und Religion 23 4.2. Demographisch nicht oder wenig tangierte Länder 25 4.2.1. Estland 25 4.2.2. Finnland 26 4.2.3. Kroatien 27 4.2.4. Polen 28 4.2.5. Portugal 29 4.2.6. Ungarn 29 4.2.7. Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika 30 4.3. Demographisch tangierte Länder ohne islamische Seelsorge 34 4.3.1. Bulgarien 34 4.3.2. Dänemark 34 4.3.3. Griechenland 35 4.3.4. Schweden 36 4.3.5. Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft 37 4.3.6. Slowenien 39 4.3.7. Spanien 40 4.4. Demographisch tangierte Länder mit islamischer Seelsorge 41 4.4.1. Belgien 41 4.4.2. Frankreich 43 4.4.2.1. Gesetzlicher Rahmen 43 4.4.2.2. Gründung der islamischen Seelsorge 44 4.4.2.3. Politische und militärische Sicherheitsaspekte 45 4.4.2.4. Rekrutierung 46 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 6 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 4.4.2.5. Gründung einer Ausbildungsstätte 47 4.4.2.6. Zahlen und Fakten 49 4.4.2.7. Alltag 51 4.4.3. Kanada 52 4.4.4. Niederlande 55 4.4.5. Norwegen 57 4.4.6. Österreich 59 4.4.7. Vereinigtes Königreich 61 4.4.7.1. Hintergründe 61 4.4.7.2. Praktische Umsetzung des politischen Vorhabens 64 5. Fazit 66 5.1. Zusammenfassung 66 5.1.1. Unterschiedliche Modelle 66 5.1.2. Situation in Deutschland 67 5.2. Ausblick 68 5.2.1. Praktische Maßnahmen 68 5.2.2. Theologische und sicherheitspolitische Maßnahmen 70 5.2.3. Schlussbetrachtung 72 6. Literaturverzeichnis (Auswahl) 73 6.1. Bundestagsdrucksachen 73 6.2. Studien 73 6.3. Weitere Dokumente 73 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 7 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 1. Vorbemerkungen 1.1. Semantische Vorbemerkung In dieser Abhandlung wird durchgehend von „islamischer Seelsorge“ und nicht von „muslimi- scher Seelsorge“ gesprochen. Dem liegt zugrunde, dass sich der Begriff „islamisch“ auf die Religion bezieht, während der Begriff „muslimisch“ sich auf die Religionsanhänger bezieht. Der manchmal in den Medien verwendete Begriff „muslimische Seelsorge“ ist nach hiesiger Meinung deshalb nicht korrekt (analog dazu wird beispielsweise von „Katholischer Seelsorge“ und nicht von „Katholikenseelsorge“ gesprochen). Außer in Zitaten wurde der Begriff „Militärimam“ aus Neutralitätsgründen nicht angewandt. Der Begriff „Imam“ hat eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Bedeutungen theologischer und politischen Art (Anführer, Vorbeter, Vorsteher), wovon sich eine implizierte Befähigung zur religiös-politischen Deutung und Führung ableiten lassen könnte, was dem Ziel der Seelsorge wiederum widerspräche. Außerdem erweckt der Begriff „Militärimam“ den Eindruck im öffentlichen Diskurs, dass es sich bei der fraglichen Person zwangsweise um einen Mann handeln müsse. Hervorhebungen in Zitaten sind die des Verfassers dieser Ausarbeitung. 1.2. Rückblick 2000-2019 Das Thema ist nicht neu: Das Zentrum Innere Führung (ZInFü) in Koblenz publizierte schon im Jahr 2000 ein Arbeitspapier mit dem Titel „Muslime in der Bundeswehr“. Die Publikation einer weiteren Untersuchung „Deutsche Staatsbürger muslimischen Glaubens in der Bundeswehr“ folgte 2007 (die Publikation wurde 2011 aktualisiert).4 Diese Arbeiten wurden in der Praxis umgesetzt: Seit 2007 können muslimische Bundeswehr- Soldaten5 ihre Religionszugehörigkeit auf die obligatorische Erkennungsmarke freiwillig mit 4 Militärseelsorge für Muslime in der Bundeswehr, Thomas R. Elßner, Christlich-Islamischer Dialog CIBEDO e. V, 4/2018, S. 173 abgerufen am 3. März 2020 unter https://www.katholische-militaerseelsorge.de/filead- min/kunde/aktuelles/2018/12_2018/Elssner_MuslimischeMilitaerseelsorge_CIBEDO-Beitraege_4-2018_170- 175.pdf 5 Der Einfachheit halber wird in diesem Dokument durchgehend von „Soldaten“ gesprochen, wenn keine geschlechterspezifische Unterscheidung von Nöten ist. Damit sind sowohl Soldatinnen als auch Soldaten gleichermaßen gemeint. Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 8 WD 2 - 3000 - 146/19 dem Kürzel „ISL“ (Islamische Religionsgemeinschaft) einprägen lassen.6 Bis dahin waren nur die Kürzel „E“ (Evangelisch),
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