Tesis Doctoral Año 2018/2019

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Tesis Doctoral Año 2018/2019 TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2018/2019 TÍTULO DE LA TESIS Il sistema militare dell'Unione europea NOMBRE Y APELLIDOS DEL AUTOR Roberto Martino PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN European Union studies NOMBRE Y APELLIDOS DEL DIRECTOR Prof. Dr. Joaquin Sarrion Esteve 1 Ai miei genitori 2 Resumen. Esta tesis doctoral quiere describir el aparato militar de la Unión Europea, a partir de su génesis histórica, analizando su estado actual y su potencial futuro. Está dividido en cuatro partes. La primera parte está dedicada al análisis de tratados con el objetivo de cooperar en el campo militar firmado por los estados de la Unión Europea, inicialmente dirigidos a detener un posible rearme alemán independiente y potencialmente agresivo, utilizado posteriormente para enfrentar la amenaza militar soviética y finalmente establecer una Unión Europea con su propia política de defensa, más o menos independiente de la de los Estados miembros, dentro de una política exterior común. La segunda parte describe las instituciones de la UE en el campo de la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa, su organización, sus tareas y sus relaciones con los Estados miembros. La tercera parte analiza en detalle la composición de las fuerzas armadas de los veintiocho países de la UE. Se describe su organización y sus capacidades militares, tanto desde un punto de vista cualitativo como cuantitativo. También incluye a las fuerzas armadas de Gran Bretaña, que al final del trabajo en cuestión todavía es miembro, aunque cerca de su salida. La cuarta parte está dedicada a las misiones puramente militares llevadas a cabo por la UE hasta ahora, con tareas de prevención de conflictos, entrenamiento militar, lucha contra el terrorismo, seguridad y lucha contra la trata de personas. La última parte contiene fotografías de figuras políticas que son signatarios de los tratados en cuestión, armas, vehículos, logos de cuerpos militares y misiones militares. Decidí desarrollar este tema por varias razones. Soy un oficial militar de licencia y siempre he tenido un gran interés en la investigación académica en el campo político-militar, ya he completado una tesis sobre los aspectos militares de la guerra en Vietnam y una tesis de maestría sobre el proceso de selección de personal con el caso práctico en la selección de soldados voluntarios de las fuerzas armadas italianas. En segundo lugar, noté una gran falta de textos político-militares en el sector, especialmente en italiano, y consideré necesario desarrollar una obra de este tipo. La tesis en cuestión se realiza con fines de divulgación científica general pero también, y sobre todo, para el uso de profesionales (militares y académicos de ciencias militares), que tendrán así una visión completa de los aspectos históricos, jurídicos, organizativos, militares y procedimientos operativos relacionados con el sistema militar de la Unión Europea. El trabajo describe la transición de una política de defensa europea mal organizada, subordinada a la OTAN y con tareas predominantemente defensivas contra una amenaza externa (primero alemana y luego soviética) a una Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa, que podría conducir a una defensa común, si así lo decide el Consejo, que se ha desarrollado con proyectos de formación, organización y producción de armas comunes y con misiones externas en territorios extraeuropeos, con tareas civiles pero también puramente militares. La tesis en cuestión concluye con algunas consideraciones sobre el desarrollo futuro de la defensa europea, a la luz de las crecientes amenazas internacionales (terrorismo atómico, islámico), euroescepticismo y futuros proyectos de cooperación en el ejército. El material necesario para la compilación del trabajo se obtuvo principalmente de los 3 sitios web oficiales de las instituciones de la Unión Europea y de las fuerzas armadas de los veintiocho países de la misma, leyendo libros en la universidad de Hagen en Alemania y usando artículos y textos en ssrnn y google scholar. Se planea una futura traducción de todo el trabajo en inglés, para difundir los temas tratados a nivel internacional. 4 Abbreviazioni usate 3D= tridimensionale AASM= Armement Air-Sol Modulaire ACISMOM= Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del Sovrano militare Ordine di Malta ACTL= Auto Carro Tattico Logistico AMISOM= African Union Mission in Somalia AMRAAM= Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile An= Antonov Arthur= Artillery Hunting Radar ASW= antisubmarine warfare bar= unità di misura della pressione, corrispondente approssimativamente alla pressione atmosferica terrestre al livello del mare C3I= Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence C4I= Comando, Controllo, Comunicazione, Compuer e Intelligence CBNR= Chemical, Bilogical, Nuclear and Radiological cc= centimetri cubici CECA= Comunità europea del carbone e dell'acciaio CED= Comunità europea di difesa CIS= communication and information service Col.= Colonnello COMEUROMARFOR= Comando della forza marittima europea CRI= Croce Rossa Italiana CSCE= Conferenza sulla sicurezza e la cooperazione in Europa CV= cavalli vapore 5 ECCM= electronic counter countermeasures EGF= Eurogendfor EI= Esercito Italiano EI-SMOM= Esercito Italiano- Sovrano militare Ordine di Malta EM= elettromagnetico EU NAVFOR Somalia= European Union's Naval Forces Somalia EUFOR Althea= European Union Force Althea EUFOR= European Union Force EUNAVFOR MED Sophia= European Union Naval Force Mediterranean Sophia EURATOM= Comunità europea dell'energia atomica Eurocorps= Corpi europei Eurogendfor= forza di gendarmeria europea Euromarfor= Forza marittima europea EUSEC= European Union Mission to Provide Advice and Assistance for Security Sector Reform EUTM Mali= European Union Training Mission Mali EUTM RCA= European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic EUTM Somalia= European Union Training Mission Somalia FREMM= Fregate Europee Multi Missione FRONTEX= Agenzia europea della guardia di frontiera e costiera GPS= Global Positioning System HF= High Frequency HOT= High Subsonic Optical Remote-Guided, Tube Launched HP= horsepower IR= infrarossi 6 IRCCM= infrared counter countermeasures ISTAR= Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance IT= Information technology K9= cinofilo km= chilometri kN= nodo, unità di misura per la velocità equivalente ad un miglio nautico l'ora (1852 metri all'ora) kW= kilowatt LCMR= Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar LCVP= Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel MAMBA= Mobile Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Radar MCCE/ATARES/SEOS= MiG= Mikoyan-Gurevich MILAN= Missile d'Infaterie Léger ANtichar MLRS= Multiple Launch Rocket System mm= millimetri MP= military police MRTT= Multi Role Tanker Transport MTLB= veicolo corazzato multiruolo NATO= North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC= Nucleare, Biologica e Chimica NBCR= Nucleare, Biologica, Chimica e Radiologica No= Numero ONG= Organizzazione non governativa ONU= Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite 7 OSCE= Organizzazione per la Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa PESC= Politica Estera e di Sicurezza Comune PESD= Politica Estera di Sicurezza e Difesa PESCO= Permanent Structured Cooperation POD= contenitore aerodinamico smontabile, usato per stivare materiali esternamente PSDC= Politica di Sicurezza e di Difesa Comune PSDC= Politica di Sicurezza e di Difesa Comune RCA= Repubblica Centrafricana SACEUR= Supreme Allied Commander Europe SAM= Surface-to-Air-Missile SAS= Special Air Service SHAPE= Supreme Headquartes Allied Powers Europe SME= Stato Maggiore Esercito SSRN= Social Science Research Network START= Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty STVOL= Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing TOW= Tube-launched Optically-tracked Wire-guided Turboprop= turboelica UE= Unione europea UEO= Unione europea occidentale UHF= Ultra high frequency URSS= Unione delle Repubblice Socialiste Sovietiche V= valvole VAB= veicolo di prima linea blindato VBCI= veicolo blindato da combattimento di fanteria 8 VBCI= veicolo blindato da combattimento di fanteria VBL= veicolo blindato leggero VBL= veicolo blindato leggero VCC= veicolo corazzato da combattimento VHF= Very High Frequency VIP= Very Important Person VLRA= veicolo leggero da riconoscimento e d'appoggio VTLM= veicolo Tattico Leggero multiruolo WEUCOM= Rete di comunicazione dell'Unione europea occidentale WMD= Weapons Mass Destruction 9 Indice/Struttura Resumen ............................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviazioni .................................................................................................... 5 I Motivazione ........................................ 18 CAPITOLO 1 1 The European treaties on defence and security matters .................... 22 1.1 The Dunkirk treaty .................... 23 1.2 The Bruxelles treaty .................... 24 1.3 The European defence Commnity treaty ..................... 26 1.4 The Maastricht treaty .................... 27 1.5 The Petersberg tasks ..................... 29 1.6 The Amsterdam treaty ..................... 30 1.7 The St. Malo Declaration ..................... 32 1.8 The Cologne council ....................................................................... 33 1.9 The Helsinki European Council ...................... 33 1.10 The Nice treaty ..................... 35 1.11 The European security strategy ..................... 37 1.12 The civilian Headline Goal 2008 ..................... 38 1.13 The Lisbon treaty ..................... 39 1.14 Pesco ...................... 41 10 CAPITOLO 2 2 Gli enti europei in materia di sicurezza e difesa ............ 46 2.1 Il Comitato
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