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Home , Mesoamerica

Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___ Chapter 6: Early in the and Section 1: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Directions: Read the entirety of the above section, including any additional text selections such as “Eyewitness” or “Sources from the Past” and examine all maps, charts, images, and diagrams. As you read and learn, complete the questions and tasks below to both demonstrate and preserve what you have learned.

Chapter Focus After reading the Chapter Focus, one topic or theme I plan to keep an eye out for while reading is:

Eyewitness: Chan Bahlum Spills Blood to Honor the Gods Ø Define crucial:

Ø Was I the only one caught off guard by the first couple of sentences of this passage? How did reading this make you feel?

Ø What was the purpose of these rituals according to Maya tradition?

Ø Complete the chart below: How did first reach The Americas Oceania

How did farming come to The Americas Oceania

Early Societies of Mesoamerica Ø Draw a timeline of all of the important dates from the section. Remember to make the timeline itself first, evenly spaced out, and then plot the dates on that line.

Olmecs v Early in Mesoamerica Ø List the plants that early Mesoamericans cultivated, and circle the one they saw as most important. Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___

Ø Compared to Afro-, the Americas had far fewer domesticated animals. Describe the ways in which this placed the peoples of the Americas at a relative disadvantage.

v Ceremonial Centers Ø One major difference between ceremonial centers and is that ceremonial centers:

v : The “Rubber People” Ø The first Olmec ceremonial center arose about ______Ø The Olmecs had an opposite problem from most of the we have already studied. Rather than having not enough for their crops, they were concerned with having too much water. What kind of the system did they engineer to deal with this problem?

v Olmec Ø Define authoritarian: Ø Define altar:

Ø What responsibilities did common people have to their elite rulers in Olmec society? How did the environmental limitations of the make such service necessary?

Ø How were the Olmec Colossal Heads constructed?

v in and Ø The Olmecs used Jade in order to create ______and used Obsidian stone in order to create ______. This was partly because they had no access to any types of ______Ø What is really weird about how the Olmec declined? What possible theory could explain this?

Ø What developments the later Mesoamerican civilizations borrow from the Olmecs

Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya v The Maya Ø Define terrace: Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___

Ø extended into the modern countries of:

Ø How did the Maya increase the fertility of their soil in areas with the tropical soil that did not retain fertility well?

Ø Three ways that cacoa are used by the Maya:

v Cacao beans, from which is made. Ø True or False? "The was all one enormous empire, with all of the cities united together politically as a single .” Explain below.

Ø Which of the royal names did you like the best?

v Ø According to the textbook, scholars originally believed that Mayan society was very ______, but after deciphering new texts and finding new archaeological discoveries, they realize that:

Ø What lesson can we take from this that we could apply to our understanding of the Indus Valley civilization?

v Chichén Itzá Ø Define dampen:

Ø Unlike the -state of Tikal, in Chichén Itzá, what did they do with their captives of war? of Kukulcan, AKA El Castillo, at Chichén Itzá

v Maya Decline Ø What were some of the factors that led to the decline of the Mayan civilization? Make a simple bulleted list and underline those you think were the most significant.

Maya Society and Ø Using the content in this passage, create a best guess social hierarchy step diagram with all of the different social classes included in the to the right.

v The Maya Ø Why were there two different Maýa ? What was the difference between the two? Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___

Ø In addition to keeping track of , what else were the two Maya calendars used for?

v Maya Ø If writing was so widespread and so important in ancient Maya society, why are there only four that still survive today?

v Maya Creation Myths Ø Like societies in Afro-Eurasia (the ), Mayan religion reflected the importance of agriculture. Give one example that shows this to be the case.

v Sources from the Past: The Creation of Humanity According to the Ø What do you think the moral of the story was meant to be for the Maya people?

v Bloodletting Rituals Ø How and why did the Maya practice bloodletting?

v The Maya Ball Game Ø If you lived at this time, would you want to be a player in the game? Why or why not?

Heirs of the Olmecs: Ø The valley of central was once home to many ______Ø Two ways that people living in the region benefited from the lakes were:

v The City of Teotihuacan Ø Define theocracy:

Ø Create a timeline of the major developments of the city of Teotihuacan:

Ø Based on the limited available evidence, describe the type of government found in Teotihuacan.

v The Society of Teotihuacan Ø It seems that the Teotihuacanos extended their influence to surrounding not so much by military expansion as by... Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___

v Cultural Traditions Ø Sum up the passage in one sentence.

v Decline of Teotihuacan Ø Complete the chart: Reasons for Decline Supporting Evidence

Chapter 6: Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania Section 2: Early Societies of Americas Directions: Read the entirety of the above section, including any additional text selections such as “Eyewitness” or “Sources from the Past” and examine all maps, charts, images, and diagrams. As you read and learn, complete the questions and tasks below to both demonstrate and preserve what you have learned.

Early Societies of Ø How was the development of agriculture by the early South Americans similar to the development of agriculture by the Natufians in the ?

Early Andean Society and the Chavín Cult Ø Even though they existed contemporaneously, early Mesoamerican and Andean societies had almost no communication or connection to each other because:

Ø On the map to the right, shade in the locations of early Mesoamerican and South American civilizations. Use Map 6.1 and 6.2 as a reference. v Early Agriculture in South America Ø List the main food crops, and circle the one that was most important.

Ø What were the three purposes served by llamas and alpacas?

Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___

v The Chavín Cult Ø What religious similarities do you notice between the Chavín Cult and the religious traditions of Mesoamericans? How can you explain these similiarities?

Ø New technology developments during this period (______to ______) include:

v Early Cities Ø Early Andean cities, which emerged around ______BCE, showed important urban features such as:

Early : Mochica v Political and Economic Integration of the Andean Valleys Ø What actions did conquerors take to create and maintain unified states in the ?

Ø Regional Contributions to the economy of the state: Central Valleys Coasts

v The Mochica State Ø The Mochica State dominated Northern from ______to NOTE: Given some of the graphic themes ______discussed in the Ø Since they had no system of ______, much previous section, I was surprised that the of what we know about the Mochica comes from what we can textbook made no mention of the fact that it learn from their ______, which show depictions was very common for of: the jars and ceramics to depict graphic sexual images. In fact, when I did a Google image search for “Mochica,” I Ø What factors led to the “disappearance” had a hard time finding a of the Mochica society around 1000 CE? good picture of the to use that was “PG-13” because such

themes were so prominent in the pottery. Scholars debate the function and purpose of such ceramics, ranging from ritual, educational, or simply humor. Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___ Chapter 6: Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania Section 3: Early Societies of Oceania Directions: Read the entirety of the above section, including any additional text selections such as “Eyewitness” or “Sources from the Past” and examine all maps, charts, images, and diagrams. As you read and learn, complete the questions and tasks below to both demonstrate and preserve what you have learned.

Early Societies of Oceania Ø Summarize the two waves of migration to Oceania: 50,000 Years Ago 5,000 Years Ago

Early Societies in and New Ø Complete the flow chart below:

Originally, the Around 10,000 Aboriginal people of Australia years ago Australians Peoples and New Guinea

v Early Hunting and Gathering Societies in Australia Ø “Since early Australians were hunter-gatherers and not farmers, they probably just didn’t really understand plants very well.” Refute this statement with evidence from the text. Try to use the claim- evidence-justification model for presenting your argument if possible.

v Austronesian Peoples Ø Modern Austronesian include:

Ø What technologies and techniques were employed by the Austronesian seafarers to enable reliable maritime travel?

v Early Agriculture in New Guinea Ø How did agriculture reach the indigenous people of New Guinea, and how did it further influence their society?

Name ______Date ______Class ______Period ___

Ø Even though Australians had some exposure to agriculture from their interactions with Papua New Guineans, they never adopted it for themselves. Considering what you know about the geography of Australia and what you have learned about the lives of foragers and farmers, why do you think the Australians never adopted agriculture?

The Peopling of the Pacific Islands Ø Pre-Austronesian Papua New Guineans and Australians could not reach the distant islands of the Pacific because:

v Austronesian Migrations to Ø Austronesian peoples were able to reach and settle distant Pacific islands because:

Ø Create a timeline showing when Austronesian peoples reached and settled different Pacific islands:

v Austronesian Migrations to and Ø How do you think historians know for certain that Austronesian peoples reached Madagascar?

v The Lapita Peoples Ø Define self-sufficient:

Ø What negative impact did the Lapita people have on some of the islands they inhabited?

Ø If Lapita settlements were self-sufficient in terms of food supply, then why did they engage in long- distance trade?

v Chiefly Political Organization Ø One unique aspect of life on these distant islands was that often, conflicts were settled not by violence, but instead by:

Ø Describe the noteworthy characteristics of Polynesian government and society