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Home , Inca Empire, Mesoamerica, Teotihuacan

Welcome back, WHAP! Here’s what you need to know. ● Your Ch. 12 Skills Activity is due TODAY. Have this on your desk. ● Your Period 3 Review is due THURSDAY. This will count as two daily grades. Give specific examples. Pick this up on the side table if you didn’t get it on Friday 11/17. ● The Period 3 Exam is on THURSDAY. This will consist of 30 stimulus-based multiple choice questions and one SAQ. Content will be from Chapters 7-12. ● You will have a Period 3 LEQ on FRIDAY. You will be expected to complete some brief planning prior to your LEQ in class. ● The Period 3 Maps are due NEXT MONDAY (December 4th). Note: This is a change from the original date. Instructions are on the website. Pick this up on the side table if you didn’t get it on Friday 11/17.

*We will be reading through Ch. 13 next week. This will be the last chapter we will finish before break (we’ll start with Ch. 14 when we return) Today’s Agenda: ● ● ● American native ● Compare Aztec and Inca Australia

● Native groups (Aborigines) continued hunting and gathering lifestyle ● Native groups traded amongst each other ● Firestick farming- set fires to make hunting easier, encourage the growth of certain plants ● Dreamtime- of storytelling Austronesian Migrations

Polynesian Migrations ● Last major wave of colonization of new areas ● Used outrigger canoes ● Used understanding of the stars and currents to navigate (wayfinding) ● Established ● Brought crops and domesticated animals (including pigs, chickens, taro, and sweet potato) Outrigger canoe for oceanic voyaging Polynesian migrations sometimes resulted in deforestation and the extinction of large flightless birds, such as the moa of (Aotearoa)

Western North American native societies

● Unlike and S. America- no empires ● Societies formed in response to their environments: ○ Pacific NW: Rich in resources (, forests)= settled villages. Social classes formed. Sometimes hunted whales in canoes. Used totems to identify ○ Southwest: Influence from Mesoamerica- used instead of baskets; used irrigation to plant corn, squash, and . Anasazi had cliff dwellings- lived in pueblos (villages of -style housing). Had partially underground ceremonial chambers called kivas. ○ Plains: Nomadic; hunted bison. Tribes included Kiowa, Comanche, Apache. Totems were used to identify tribes or groups. An Anasazi pueblo- Mesa Verde, Colorado An Anasazi kiva- underground ceremonial chamber

Eastern North American native societies

● Unlike Mesoamerica and S. America- no empires ● Societies formed in response to their environments: ○ Eastern Woodlands ( of the Mississippi ): Mound building cultures- the latest of which was the . Mounds were used for burials or other religious purposes. Created villages based on farming and . was the most important and center of trade. enabled long-distance trade. ○ Northeast: Woodland tribes clashed over . Sometimes formed alliances, such as the Iroquois Confederation, to protect native . Iroquois were matrilineal, and women controlled the food supply.

Cahokia: Then and now

With your group, share what you found for the Aztec and Inca. How were they similar? How were they different?

AZTEC INCA AZTEC AND INCA: SIMILARITIES ● Both were powerful empires ● Both were inspired by that came before them ● Both were polytheistic (gods mainly based on nature) ● Both had priests perform rituals ● Both made offerings (including ) to their gods ● Both had monumental architecture, public works, and infrastructure ● Both had absolute rulers (centralized government) and a way to consolidate the ● Both had a system that was largely based on ● Both engaged in trade ● Both modified their environments ● Both were based on (including ) ● Both had a magnificent capital city that housed the central government ● Both let local rulers maintain control of their local areas as long as they were loyal to the ● Both had armies that helped expand territory ● Both took over other societies (conquered people) ● Both demanded from conquered peoples ● Both had similar social structures (rulers/priests, then merchants/skilled workers, then peasants) ● Both were invaded and conquered by the Spanish in the when they were weakened ● Mesoamerica- Valley of ● Preceded by Olmec, Zapotec, , and ● Toltecs were very warlike, worshipped a war god who demanded blood and human . Later a ruler (Topiltzin) tried to convince people to stop - worship the feathered god instead. Worshippers of the war god rebelled- forced Topiltzin and his followers to the Yucatan Peninsula, where they influenced the late Mayan culture. Quetzalcoatl

Fun Fact

According to Aztec legend, the god of war and of the , Huitzilopochtli, said to establish a city where an is found perched on a cactus holding a in its mouth.

The Aztecs established their capital at . This is today. AZTECS ● Started by the people, who entered the from the north around 1200 ● Allied with two other states- Texcoco and Tlacopan to form the Triple Alliance- established control over the Valley of Mexico ● Much more aggressive in than the Inca- why? ● Performed human sacrifices at a much higher rate than Maya or Inca ● The Aztec had looser control of the empire- allowed a private merchant class (pochteca) ● Very harsh treatment of conquered peoples ● Official was - had a system of writing () ● Interaction w/ the environment: Tenochtitlan built on an island in - built causeways (raised roads) over and marshland; also had (floating gardens) used as farm plots

Aztec chinampas Tenochtitlan (showing causeways and canoe transport) The Aztec performed human sacrifices on a massive scale.

Why? INCA ● America- ● Capital was Cuzco ● Preceded by Chavin, Moche, Nazca, Huari, Tiahuanaco, and Chimu ● Ruler was seen as being descended from the sun god ● 1438- began extending the empire throughout the Andes ● Used force only when necessary- allowed an “honorable surrender” before attacking; even if force was used, were careful to earn loyalty ● Much less human sacrifice than the Aztecs, though rituals still important ● Empire was highly centralized and consolidated- divided into 80 provinces reporting back to Cuzco ● Road network established with guest houses and (runners who would deliver messages) ● Modified the environment by creating terraces in the hillsides and also waru waru agriculture

Cuzco- the capital of the - the “” of the Incas Inca roads Terracing

Waru waru agriculture INCA

● The state had tight control over the economy- controlled the production and distribution of goods ● Incan organized into a form of community cooperation called ( group)- did tasks too big for a family such as building irrigation canals and digging terraces- families organized into groups of 100, 1000, and 10,000- each had a chief that reported back to Cuzco ● Mit’a system- forced labor- every able-bodied citizen had to contribute a certain of days of labor for the state. Did not have , unlike the Aztec. In return, the state provided for the people in old age and provided food during shortages ● Unlike the Aztec, no system of writing- used the (series of knotted cords primarily used for accounting). ● was Quechua- established schools to teach Incan ways quipu INCA

● Full- religious assistants called mamakuna (“Virgins of the Sun”)- women; yamacuna- young men- worked for the state and participated in religious activities. ● Practiced mummification to preserve the body in the - were seen as sacred and were put on public display.

Incan Closing Activity

How were the Aztecs and Inca similar to the Maya?

How were they different from the Maya?