Poverty Reduction in Coconut Growing Communities, Volume II: Mobilizing for Action
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The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. It is one of 15 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme and (3) the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2003, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for IPGRI’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including governments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research activities please see IPGRI’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from [email protected] or from IPGRI’s Web site (www.ipgri.cgiar.org). The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IPGRI or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Citation: Batugal, Pons and Rodolfo E Coronel, editors. 2004. Poverty Reduction in Coconut Growing Communities, Volume II: Mobilizing for Action. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute – Regional Office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania (IPGRI-APO), Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia. ISBN 92-9043-628-X IPGRI-APO PO Box 236, UPM Post Office Serdang 43400 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia Cover pictures: Ajith Samarajeewa, Kamlesh Puran, Jayashree Kanniah, Rudy Coronel, & Jeffrey T Oliver Cover design: Rodolfo E Coronel and Jeffrey T Oliver © International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 2004 ii Contents Foreword Introduction Chapter 1: Preparatory Activities Organizing the Project Management Team Identifying and Selecting the Project Sites (Communities) in Each Country Designing and Conducting the Baseline Survey Establishing and/or Strengthening Community-based Organizations Establishing a Microcredit System and a Revolving Fund Conducting Market Surveys and Developing Market Channels Developing Farmers’ and Women’s Action Plans Sourcing, Documenting and Testing Village-level Technology and Machinery Assessing Training Needs and Conducting Appropriate Training Establishing an Input Supply System Identifying and Characterizing Suitable Coconut Farmers’ Varieties and Establishing Community-managed Seedling Nurseries Establishing Institutional Linkages and Support System Chapter 2: Supporting Strategies and Technologies Establishing and Managing Community-based Organizations in Coconut Growing Communities Developing Microcredit System in Coconut Growing Communities Establishing and Managing a Microcredit System: The Grameen Bank Experience Analyzing the Profitability of Coconut-based Farming Systems Conducting Market Surveys and Developing Market Channels Machineries and Equipment for Processing Coconut By-Products Producing High-Value Coconut Fibre-Based Products Producing High-Value Coconut Wood-Based Products Producing High-Value Coconut Shell-Based Products Producing Coconut Candy and Confectionery Products Producing Coconut Sugar Evaluating the Performance of Village-level Coconut Oil Mills Intercropping in a Coconut-Based Farming System Livestock and Feed/Fodder Production in a Coconut-Based Farming System Chapter 3: Monitoring and Evaluation Project Monitoring and Reporting System Project Awards Foreword The strength of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) lies on technical expertise in plant genetic resources (PGR). Current strategic thinking of the Institute, however, dictates finding a way to clearly demonstrate the “link” between conserving plant genetic resources with food security, enhancing income, especially of small farmers and protecting the environment. Lessons from the past have taught us that poor farmers cannot conserve plant diversity unless they directly benefit from them. Hence, innovative model/s has/have to be tried to find this “missing link”. The challenge is: how to translate PGR conservation and use to poverty reduction and environmental enhancement. The International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) implements “Developing Sustainable Coconut-based Income Generating Technologies in Poor Coconut Growing Communities” dubbed as “Poverty Reduction in Coconut Growing Communities” (PRCGC). This project is a pioneering initiative of IPGRI to demonstrate the link between conserving plant genetic resources (focusing on coconut) and food security, sustainable livelihoods and incomes. In the process, COGENT documents its experiences and observations in the project for sharing to other institutions or organizations, hoping that they can pick-up lessons relevant to their line of work. Herein, COGENT tries to briefly describe the major activities and processes before embarking on coconut-based income generating activity (IGA) trials and enhancing coconut genetic diversity through on-farm conservation and utilization. This publication may not be complete, but it can serve as a guide or reference for future similar projects of IPGRI or other organizations. Interested parties are encouraged to innovate, modify, adapt and be creative in their approach(es) depending on the sociocultural and political situations where they intend to implement similar projects. The preparatory activities include organizing project management team in every country (Bangladesh, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam) to manage field project implementation; selecting the project sites to pilot test the income generating technologies and strategies that will demonstrate that “farmers need not be poor”; design and conduct of baseline data gathering to establish the status of the partner-beneficiaries and of the community, in general, so that changes or improvements can be measured towards the end of the project support; organizing farmers so that they can benefit from the strengths of one another and build their institutional capacity and confidence to play a major role in their community development and influence policy reforms; establishing microcredit system and revolving loan funds to provide opportunities to resource poor farmers and women to access capital to be used for their productive and entrepreneurial skills; market survey to identify the potential high-demand products to produce and develop market channels to attain maximum profits. From here, development of action plans by the farmers and women member of the CBO follows to focus on producing products they find profitable and of potential high market demand. Technology transfer and training to build capacity and skills, and increase opportunities of the farmers and their household to enhance food security and incomes are being promoted across communities and countries. Technologies and simple, low-cost village-level machineries identified and tested in the previous IFAD funded projects are being tested and evaluated in selected community project sites for economic viability, technical feasibility, environmental soundness and sociocultural acceptability. Establishment of community-managed nurseries in every community is included to sustain propagation and distribution of suitable coconut iv varieties and other plant cultivars for intercrops, including feeds and fodder for livestock raising. Inherent to this is the characterization, identification and paint- marking of coconut farmers’ varieties that are high-value and high-yielding where seednuts are being sourced out for propagation in the nurseries and eventual distribution to CBO members and other interested farmers. Networking and linkages is also emphasized to explore and access support from other organizations for technologies, materials, equipment, funds and others. The generic manuals on supporting strategies and technologies for project implementation are also featured in condensed form. Supporting strategies are provided on community-based organizing, microcredit establishment, conducting market survey and developing market channels, conduct of profitability analysis for identified income generating activities and oilmill evaluation. The supporting technologies are focused on processing