Draft Environment Impact Assessment Report

Proposed Project Additional Capital as well as Maintenance Dredging and Disposal of dredged material Location: Existing approach Channel, Turning Circles and Berth pockets at Dry Bulk Terminal, Off Tekra, Nr. Tuna Village, Kutch District, Gujarat

Project Proponent

M/s Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. (AKBTPL)

Environmental Consultant

DETOX CORPORATION PVT LTD 3rd Floor, K. G. Chambers, Opp. Gujarat Samachar Press, Udhna Darwaja, Ring Road, Surat - 395 002.

August, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Contents

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Project background 1 1.2 Project site details / Site selection 2 1.3 Need of the project 2 1.4 Existing infrastructure at dry bulk terminal at Tuna 2 1.5 Environmental legislation applicable to proposed project 4 1.6 Demarcation of High Tide Line 4 1.7 ToR compliance status 4 1.8 Structure of EIA report 9 2. Project description 12 2.1. Capital dredging and maintenance dredging 12 2.2. Project features 12 2.3. Project site details / Site selection 14 2.4. Salient features of dredging operations 17 2.5. Environmental considerations 19 2.6. Dredging and disposal plan for proposed project 20 3. Description of environment 22 3.1. Study area and study period 22 3.2. Gulf of Kutch 22 3.3. Terrestrial environment 23 3.3.1. Micrometeorology 23 3.3.2. Ambient air quality 25 3.3.3. Noise environment 25 3.4. Marine environment (Physical) 26 3.4.1. Tides 26 3.4.2. Currents 26 3.4.3. Wave conditions 27 3.4.4. Geo-technology of the site 28 3.5. Marine environment (Ecological) 28 3.5.1. Study area and study period 29 3.5.2. Parameters studied 30 3.5.3. Results of marine ecology 31 4. Anticipated environmental impacts 36 4.1. Introduction 36 4.2. Factors influencing potential impacts of dredging and disposal 36 4.3. Types of impacts 37 4.4. Project impacts 37 4.4.1. Impact of dredging and disposal on intertidal biota 37 4.4.2. Impact on mangrove communities 38 4.4.3. Impact on coral reefs 40 4.4.4. Impact on fisheries and fishing community due to dredging and disposal 41 4.5. Process impacts 42 4.5.1. Impact on air quality during dredging 42

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

4.5.2. Impact on water quality 42 4.5.3. Impact on organic matter and nutrients at dredging and disposal sites 44 4.5.4. Impact on sediment quality at dredging and disposal sites 44 4.5.5. Impact on planktonic communities at dredging and disposal sites 47 4.5.6. Removal of meio & macro benthic animals from sub tidal region due to dredging 48 4.5.7. Smothering/blanketing of meio & macro benthic communities at disposal site 50 4.6. Hydrodynamic model study interpretation for impact assessment 51 4.6.1. The sediment transport studies 52 4.6.2. Shoreline morphological changes 52 4.6.3. Model study interpretation at disposal site 52 4.6.4. Model study interpretation at dredging zone 53 5. Ecological impact assessment and mitigation measures 54 5.1. Methodology of ecological impact assessment 54 5.2. Integration of studies into the ecological impact assessment report 57 5.3. Potential impacts on dredge sites 58 5.4. Potential impacts on dredge disposal sites 60 6. Environment management plan 64 6.1. Introduction 64 6.2. Managing and informing contractors 65 6.3. Timing of dredging and disposal operations 65 6.4. Selection of eco-friendly dredging methods 66 6.4.1. EMP to reduce sediment plume during dredging 66 6.4.2. EMP to reduce impact on marine fauna 67 6.4.3. EMP to reduce impingement and entrainment 68 6.4.4. EMP for placement of dredge spoils 68 6.4.5. EMP to reduce marine pollution from dredger 69 6.5. Oil spill management 69 6.5.1. Spill management controls 69 6.5.2. Spill response 70 6.6. Management structure 70 7. Environment monitoring plan 73 7.1. Introduction 73 7.2. Environment monitoring plan 73 8. Risk and disaster associated with dredging 76 8.1. Introduction 76 8.2. The VTS centre’s role 76 9. Project benefits 79 10. Additional studies conducted 80 10.1. Numerical modelling studies 80 10.2. Marine ecological impact assessment study 80 10.3. Bathymetry survey 81 10.4. Demarcation of HTL/LTL and CRZ area 81 11. Summary and conclusion 82 11.1. Introduction 82 11.2. Project site details 83 11.3. Project description 83

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

11.3.1. Dredging plan for proposed dredging 83 11.4. Baseline studies 83 11.4.1. Micrometeorology 83 11.4.2. Ambient air quality 84 11.4.3. Noise environment 84 11.4.4. Marine environment 84 11.5. Geo-technology of the site 85 11.6. Marine ecology 85 11.7. Dredging activity and its identified impacts 88 11.8. Types of impacts 88 11.8.1. Project impacts 88 11.8.2. Process impacts 89 11.9. Hydrodynamic model study interpretation for impact assessment 92 11.10. Environment management plan 93 11.10.1. EMP to reduce sediment plume during dredging 93 11.10.2. EMP to reduce impact on marine fauna 94 11.10.3. EMP to reduce impingement and entrainment 94 11.10.4. EMP for placement of dredge spoils 94 11.10.5. EMP to reduce marine pollution from dredger 94 11.10.6. Spill management controls 95 11.11. Environment monitoring plan 95 11.12. Risk and disaster associated with dredging 95 12. Disclosure of consultants 96

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Existing infrastructure 3 Table 1-2 Compliance to TOR points 5 Table 2-1 Project at a glance 13 Table 2-2 Dredging plan of the proposed project 20 Table 3-1 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Stations 25 Table 3-2 Summary of Ambient Air Quality monitoring 25 Table 3-3 Summary of Noise monitoring 26 Table 3-4 Tidal Levels at Kandla Port 26 Table 3-5 Wave height 27 Table 3-6 Wave height exceedance during year 27 Table 3-7 Generalized Sub-Seabed profile adopted for the project 28 Table 3-8 GPS locations of sampling for marine ecology study 29 Table 3-9 Parameters studied for Marine Ecological study 30

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Table 5-1 Criteria used to determine the consequence of an impact 55 Table 5-2 Consequence rating of an impact 55 Table 5-3 Probability classification 55 Table 5-4 Impact significance rating 56 Table 5-5 Impact status 57 Table 5-6 Confidence classification 57 Table 5-7 Significance of removal of biological communities at Dredging area 59 Table 5-8 Significance of effects of turbid plumes at dredging zone 59 Table 5-9 Significance of settlement of suspended sediments during dredging 60 Table 5-10 Significance of sediment deposition on benthic macro fauna at disposal site 62 Table 5-11 Significance of the impacts due to toxic metals in dredge spoil 63 Table 5-12 Significance of the potential effects of turbidity from dredge spoils Disposal on habitats adjacent to Site 63 Table 6-1 Comparison of DOP and EMP 70 Table 6-2 Key components of Environmental Management Plan activities 71 Table 7-1 Monitoring Frequency and duration 74 Table 7-2 Parameters for Environment Monitoroing 74 Table 7-3 Budget estimate for Environment monitoring 75 Table 8-1 Risk assessment of activities associated with dredging 77

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Existing infrastructure 3 Figure 2-1 Proposed project site location 15 Figure 2-2 Geographical location of existing project 16 Figure 2-3 Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger 18 Figure 3-1 Wind Rose for March to June 2016 24 Figure 3-2 Map showing sampling locations for marine ecology study 30 Figure 4-1 Distance to the mangrove patches from the nearest dredging zone 39 Figure 4-2 Distance to the nearest mangroves from dredge disposal site 40 Figure 4-3 Distance to Piroton island from dredge disposal site 41

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Annexures

1 CRZ report and map prepared by Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai 100

2 Terms of Reference issued by MoEF & CC 129 3 Letter submitted by AKBTPL to MoEF & CC for ToR compliance 134 4 Compliance certification from MoEF & CC 136 5 Clarification submitted by AKBTPL to MoEF & CC 158 6 Numerical modelling studies for predicting the impacts of the proposed project 194 7 Marine Ecology Impact Assessment report 337 8 Bathymetry map of the project area 433 9 Baseline environmental monitoring report 435



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Abbreviations

AIS Automated Identification Systems AKBTPL Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. APSEZL Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited BDL Below Detectable Limit BOD Biochemical Oxygen demand CD Chart Datum Cd Cadmium CFS Container Freight Stations CPCB Central Pollution Control Board Cr Chromium CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone CSD Cutter Suction Dredger DOP Dredging Operation Plan DT Displacement Tonnage DWT Dead Weight Tonnage EC Environment Clearance EIA Environment Impact assessment EMP Environment Management Plan GBH Girth at Breast Height GoK Gulf of Kachchh GPS Global Positioning System GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority GUIDE Gujarat Institute of Desert ecology Hg Mercury HHW Highest High Water HTL High Tide Line HW High water ICD Inland Container Depots IMO International Maritime Organization KW Kilowatt LMOB Lean Mixture Overboard System LTL Low Tide Line LW Low Water m Meter m/s Meter per Second MARPOL (Marine Pollution) Convention MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee mg/kg Milligram per Kilogram mg/L Milligram per Liter mg/m3 Milligram per cubic meter MHWN Mean High Water Neaps MHWS Mean High Water Springs

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

MLWN Mean Low Water Neaps MLWS Mean Low Water Springs Mm3 Million cubic meter MMTPA Million Metric Ton Per Annum MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment & Forests and Climate Change MSL Mean Sea Level N/ m3 Number per cubic meter N/10 cm2 Number per 10 square centimetre N/L Number per Liter N/m2 Number per square meter NA Not Applicable N-E North East NIO National Institute of Oceanography

NO2 Nitrite

NO3 Nitrate

NOX Nitrous Oxides NTU Nephlometric Turbidity Unit OLA Overall Length OSPAR Oslo-Paris Convention Pb Lead PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl PE Peak Ebbing PF Peak Flood PHc Petroleum Hydrocarbons PIANC Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses

PM10 Particulate Matter >10 µ in size

PM2.5 Particulate Matter <2.5 µ in size SCZMA State Coastal Zone Management Authority SEZ Special Economic Zone

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SW South- West TBT Tri Butyl Tin TDS Total Dissolved Solids ToR Terms of Reference TSHD Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger TSS Total Suspended Solids UNEP United Nations Environment Program VHF Very high Frequency VOC Volatile Organic Compounds VTS Vessel Tracking Systems g/l Microgram per Liter °C Degree Centigrade -ive Negative 

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

Chapter – 1 Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZL) is in the business of development, operations and maintenance of port infrastructure facilities, multi-product SEZ, Inland Container Depots (ICD), Container Freight Stations (CFS), multi-modal cargo storage cum logistics, container train operations and development of rail & road infrastructure as part of integrated logistics solutions. APSEZL, India’s largest private port and integrated SEZ Development Company, is operating a state-of–the-art, SEZ based port terminals at Mundra, Gujarat.

M/s Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. (AKBTPL), the subsidiary company of APSEZL has developed Dry Bulk Terminal at Tuna, Nr. Kandla, Gujarat. Concession agreement with Kandla Port Trust was signed on 27th June 2012 to develop bulk terminal at Kandla. The dry bulk terminal is located off Tekra, near Tuna, outside Kandla Creek on the West coast of India. The terminal has the capacity to handle 14 MMTPA of dry bulk cargo. It is now handling cargo like coal, fertilizer, salt, minerals and other agro-products. The dry bulk terminal is commissioned and is under operation since 2015.

• M/s. Kandla Port Trust was granted Environmental and CRZ clearance for the project namely “Construction of berthing and allied facilities off Tekra, Near Tuna, Gujarat” vide MoEF&CC letter dated 01.11.2011

• KPT and Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. entered in to concession agreement for development of the project on BOT basis on 27.06.2012.

• Environmental and CRZ clearance of the dry bulk terminal was transferred to the name of AKBTPL vide MoEF & CC letter dated 10.11.2014

The approved components of the Environment and CRZ clearance obtained by M/s. Kandla Port Trust (which was subsequently transferred to AKBTPL) include ‘T’ shape jetty, back up area, approach road to the jetty (rubble mound and piled approach), evacuation corridor from back up area (rail and road), capital as well as maintenance dredging, transmission lines for electricity supply, water pipelines, waste treatment facilities and firefighting lines.

1 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

1.2 PROJECT SITE DETAILS / SITE SELECTION Since the proposed project is to accommodate Cape-size vessels up 2,10,000 DWT, at the existing jetty and dry bulk terminal, no site alternatives were explored. The proposed additional capital dredging and maintenance dredging will be carried out in existing approach channel, two turning circles and two berth pockets (on front side of the jetty i.e berth 1 & 3). The proposed dumping ground for the additional capital dredging as well as maintenance dredging will be in open sea at Latitude 220 47’ 12.74” N and Longitude 700 02’ 56.91” E.

1.3 NEED OF THE PROJECT

The existing terminal was designed to handle ships of 1,00,000 DWT with drawing drafts of 15.0 m at its outer berth, with an approach channel of 200 m width. Now days, bulk cargo business, especially coal, is mostly handled on Cape-size vessels. Hence in order to maintain business sustainability, Tuna port will have to handle Cape-size bulk vessels of 2,10,000 DWT and above with draft requirement of >18.0 m.

In order to accommodate Cape-size bulk vessels, width of approach channel has to be increased from 200 m to 300 m, turning circles diameter need to be widened from 500 m to 700 m. To attain the required draft, additional capital dredging in the approach channel; turning circle and berth pockets is required to the tune of 7.68 million m3. Additional maintenance dredging will be 0.2 million m3 per year (in addition to approved 1.0 million m3).

This application is for obtaining Environment and CRZ clearance for proposed additional capital dredging of 7.68 million m3 and additional annual maintenance dredging of 0.2 million m3 (in addition to approved 1.0 million m3), so that total annual maintenance dredging after the proposed expansion would be 1.2 million m3 to facilitate berthing of cape size vessels at existing offshore jetty, off Tekra, near Tuna, Gujarat.

1.4 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE AT DRY BULK TERMINAL AT TUNA The handling capacity of the dry bulk terminal at Tuna is 14 MMTPA. The existing infrastructures are mentioned in Table 1-1 below and the layout is shown in the Figure 1-1.

2 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

Table 1-1 Existing infrastructure  600 m x 60 m ‘T’ shape jetty  80 ha back up area (including a go down for storage of fertilizers)  1700 m x 18 m rubble mound approach  2000 m x 18 m piled approach  5000 m long corridor (for rail and road)  Transmission lines for electricity supply, water pipelines, waste treatment facilities and firefighting lines  Material handling equipment and conveyor belts

Figure 1-1 Existing infrastructure

Rail, Road and electricity corridor

Back up area

Godown

Rubble mound approach with conveyor belts

Piled approach with conveyor belts

Jetty

Turning circles and berth pockets Approach channel

3 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION APPLICABLE TO PROPOSED PROJECT As per EIA notification (S.O. 1533) dated 14TH September 2006 and CRZ notification (S.O. 19(E)) dated 6th January, 2011, and their subsequent amendments, this project require Environment clearance and CRZ clearance form Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. This proposed dredging project, falls under 7(e), category – A of the schedule in the EIA notification, 2006. Hence M/s AKBTPL has to obtain Terms of Reference from MoEF&CC, to prepare EIA report, obtain CRZ recommendation from Gujrat Coastal Zone Management Authority (GCZMA) and recommendation from the Expert Appraisal Committee before finally obtaining Environment and CRZ clearance.

1.6 DEMARCATION OF HIGH TIDE LINE As per the guidelines of CRZ notification (2011), the High Tide Line (HTL) means, the line on land up to which the highest water line reaches during spring tide. HTL demarcation of the study area has to be done by the institutions authorized by MoEF&CC, GoI in accordance with the guidelines issued in this regard. M/s AKBTPL approached Director, Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University, Chennai, an authorized institution of MoEF&CC, GoI to demarcate the High Tide Line (HTL) and Low Tide Line (LTL) in and around the project site. The reports as well as the map in desired scales (with superimposition of the project) are attached as Annexure – 1.

1.7 TOR COMPLIANCE STATUS The scope of the study is based on the ToR prescribed by the EAC, MoEF&CC vide letter dated 04.05.2016 (copy enclosed as Annexure – 2). Further to the receipt of the ToR, AKBTPL has made a submission to MoEF&CC vide letter dated 25.05.16 (copy enclosed as Annexure – 3). This letter mentioned that all components of the existing approved project remain unchanged (including cargo handling capacity, infrastructure development and resource consumption) except the present project proposal of additional capital as well as maintenance dredging (required in order to handle capsize vessels). Hence, the applicability of all standard terms of reference as mentioned in the ToR letter would not be applicable. However, AKBTP shall be addressing 11 conditions out of 28 mentioned in the standard ToR. Compliance status of Terms of Reference is given in Table 1.2 below.

4 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

Table 1-2 Compliance to TOR points

Sr. no. ToR point Compliance I Importance and benefit of the The existing dry bulk terminal at Tuna was designed project to handle vessels of up to 1,00,000 DWT with drawing drafts of 15.0 m at its outer berth. After execution of the proposed dredging activities, Tuna port will be able to handle Cape-size bulk vessels of 2,10,000 DWT and above with draft requirement of >18.0 m. Please refer Chapter # 1 Section 1.3 on page 2 and Chapter # 9 on page 79 of EIA report for further details. II A separate chapter on status of The Tuna dry bulk terminal obtained Environmental compliance of Environmental and CRZ clearance from MoEF&CC vide letter dated conditions granted by state / 01.11.2011. Scientist ‘D’ from MoEF&CC, Regional centre to be provided. As per Office, Bhopal visited the site on 07.10.2016 for circular dated 30th may 2012 compliance verification. The site visit report in this issued by MoEF, a certified report regard including compliance certification (Please refer by RO, MoEF on status of to Annexure – 4 on page 136 for a copy) was compliance conditions on existing submitted vide their letter dated 13.12.2016. Further unit to be provided in EIA-EMP clarification from AKBTPL in this regard was report. submitted vide letter dated 11.01.2017 (Please refer to Annexure – 5 on page 158 for a copy). III Submit a copy of layout A copy of layout superimposed on HTL/LTL map superimposed on HTL/LTL map demarcated by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), demarcated by an authorised Anna University, Chennai on 1:4000 scale is attached agency on 1:4000 scale as Annexure – 1 on page 100. IV Recommendation from the This is a draft EIA report prepared for Public Hearing. SCZMA After completion of the public hearing, an application will be made to GCZMA for CRZ recommendation and a copy of the same will be attached in the final EIA report before submission to MoEF&CC. V Various port facilities with The existing port facility includes ‘T’ shape jetty, capacities for the existing as well back up area, approach road to the jetty (rubble as proposed project mound and piled approach), evacuation corridor from back up area (rail and road), capital as well as maintenance dredging, transmission lines for electricity supply, water pipelines, waste treatment facilities and firefighting lines. Please refer Chapter # 1 Section 1.2 on page 2 and Section 1.4 on page 2 of EIA report for further details. VI Layout plan of the existing port Please refer Chapter # 1 Section 1.4 figure 1.1

5 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

on page 3 of EIA report for layout plan of the existing port facilities VII Study the impact of dredging on Numerical modelling studies for predicting the the shoreline impacts on the flow regime & morphology due to the proposed project (dredging and disposal of dredged material) are carried out by M/s. Environ Software (P) Ltd., Bangalore. As per the study report, in the project site, the flow is parallel to coast during flood and ebb tide condition. Since, the sediment plume is attaining the ambient condition within 1.0 km in transverse and 3 km in longitudinal direction on either side of disposal location (DP), it will have only localized effect near the proposed activities. Since, the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology. Please refer Chapter #4 section 4.6.2 on page 52 of EIA report and for detailed modelling report, please refer Annexure – 6 on page 194. VIII The EIA should also include a A marine ecology impact assessment report is marine ecology impact prepared by M/s. Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology assessment report and (GUIDE), Bhuj. The said report covers all the micro, management plan from the macro and mega biotic components and ecology National Institute of within the area of influence. Oceanography or any other Please refer Chapter # 3 Section 3.5.3 on page institution specializing in Marine 31 of EIA report for the marine ecology impact Ecology. The said report shall assessment. A detailed Environmental Management deal with all the micro, macro and Plan is portrayed in Chapter # 6 on page 64 of EIA mega biotic components and report. Copy of the GUIDE report is attached as ecology within the area of Annexure – 7 on page 337. Influence. IX Study of water sediment, aquatic Study of water sediment, aquatic biological biological environment quality environment quality etc. in and around the dredging etc. in and around the dredging facility are covered under the marine ecology impact facility. assessment report prepared by GUIDE, Bhuj. Please refer Chapter # 3 Section 3.5.3 on page 31 of EIA report and a copy of the GUIDE report is attached as Annexure – 7 on page 337. X Detailed study to be carried out Please refer Chapter # 4 on page 36 of EIA report to identify impacts on different for identified impacts on different category of aquatic category of aquatic as well as as well as benthic flora and fauna during the benthic flora and fauna during the proposed dredging and disposal operation. Please 6 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

proposed project construction and also refer Marine Ecology study carried out by operation phase. GUIDE, Bhuj. Copy of the report is attached as Annexure – 7 on page 337. XI Details of Environmental Since the project involves dredging activities only, Monitoring plan marine water and sediment quality monitoring are proposed during the pre-dredging, dredging phase and post-dredging phase. Please refer Chapter # 7 on page 73 of EIA report for further details. XII Disaster Management Plan for the The major risk associated with dredging and dredge proposed project disposal is associated with the dredging vessel and hooper activities. Details of risks/disaster associated with dredging operation and suggested safeguard measures are given in the Chapter # 8 on page 76 of EIA report. XIII Stratus of Court case pending There are no pending court cases against the project. against the project XIV A tabular Chart with index for This table consists of the point wise compliance of point wise compliance of above ToR. ToR XV Public hearing to be conducted This is a draft EIA report prepared for Public Hearing. and issues raised and After completion of the public hearing, a final EIA commitments made by the report will be prepared for submission to MoEF&CC. project proponent on the same The final EIA /EMP report will cover the issues raised should be included in EIA/EMP and commitments made by the project proponent in report in the form of tabular a tabular form. Chart with financial budget for complying with the commitment made Standard Terms of Reference as per Annexure – 1 of the MoEF&CC letter dated 04.05.2016 (Further to the receipt of the ToR, AKBTPL has made a submission to MoEF&CC vide letter dated 25.05.16 mentioning that only following ToR points would be applicable to the proposed project) I Reasons for selecting the site with Since the proposed project is envisaged to details of alternate sites accommodate Cape-size vessels up 2,10,000 DWT at examined /rejected /selected on the existing jetty and dry bulk terminal, no site merit with comparative statement alternatives are explored. The proposed additional and reason/basis for selection. capital dredging and maintenance dredging will be The examination should justify carried out in existing approach channel, turning site suitability in terms of circles and berth pockets (on front side of the jetty environmental angle, resources i.e berth 1 & 3). Please refer Chapter # 2 Section sustainability associated with 2.2 on page 12 & 2.3 on page 14 and Table # selected site as compared to 2.1 on page 13 of EIA report for further details.

7 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

rejected sites. The analysis should include parameters considered along with weightage criteria for short-listing selected site. VII Examine road/ rail connectivity to All components of the existing approved project the project site and impact on the remain unchanged (including cargo handling existing traffic network due to the capacity, infrastructure development and resource proposed project /activities. A consumption) except the present project proposal of detail traffic and transportation additional capital as well as maintenance dredging study should be made for existing (required in order to handle capsize vessels). Hence and projected cargo traffic. there will not be any additional road / rail traffic on the existing traffic network due to the proposed project. It may be noted that the existing terminal is well connected with the existing road/rail network for evacuation of cargo. VIII Submit the details of R & R plan Since the proposed project involves only dredging involved activities for widening and deepening of the existing berth pockets, turning circles and approach channel, no relocation is involved hence there is no requirement of R & R plan for the proposed project. IX Submit the copy of layout Please refer to Sr. no III and IV of the project superimposed on the HTL/LTL specific ToR above. map demarcated by an authorised agency on 1:4000 scale along with the recommendation of SCZMA X submit the details of shore line Please refer to Sr. no VII of the project specific ToR changes at the project site above. XI details of layout plan including The proposed additional capital dredging and details of channel dredging maintenance dredging will be carried out in existing disposal and reclamation approach channel, turning circles and berth pockets (on front side of the jetty i.e berth 1 & 3). Please refer Chapter # 2 Section 2.2 on page 12, section 2.3 on page 14, section 2.6 on page 20 of EIA report for further details. XIII Submit the details of fishing Prevailing fishery status of the Tuna waters was activity and likely impacts on evaluated based on the secondary information fishing activity due to the project gathered from Fishery department and other published literature. High tidal movements and strong littoral currents make fishing through gill netting and trawling difficult in the Nakti creek 8 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

waters in the project vicinity. Hence there are very unlikely chances of any impacts due to the proposed project activity. Please refer Chapter #3 Section 3.5.3 on page 31; Chapter #4 section 4.4.4 on page 41 of EIA report. The marine ecology impact assessment report prepared by GUIDE, Bhuj covers further details about the same. Copy of the report is attached as Annexure – 7 on page 337. XV Details of Bathymetry study Detailed bathymetry study carried out in the project area is attached as Annexure – 8 on page 433. XXIII Examine separately the details for A detailed Environmental Management Plan is construction and operation portrayed in Chapter # 6 on page 64 of EIA report. phases both for Environmental Since the project involves dredging activities only, Management plan and marine water and sediment quality monitoring are Environmental Monitoring plan proposed during the pre-dredging, dredging phase with coast and parameters. and post-dredging phase. Please refer Chapter # 7 on page 73 of EIA report for further details. XXVII A detailed draft EIA/EMP report A detailed draft EIA/EMP report is prepared in should be prepared in accordance accordance with the approved ToR and the additional with the above additional ToR and ToR (only those relevant to this dredging project). should be submitted to the This draft report is prepared for Public Hearing. After Ministry in accordance with the completion of the public hearing, a final EIA report notification will be prepared for submission to MoEF&CC. XXVIII Any further clarification on Model ToR are referred while preparing the draft EIA carrying out the above studies / EMP report. including anticipated impacts due to the project and mitigative measure, project proponent can refer to the model ToR available on Ministry website ''http://moef.nic.in/Manual/Porta ndharbour".

1.8 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT Contents of this EIA report follow the list of contents mentioned in the EIA notification, 2006. This EIA report consists of twelve chapters, including this chapter. Content of EIA report is briefly described below.

Executive summary: It portrays each chapter of the EIA report in brief. It is specifically prepared for the reader to have an overall understanding of the proposed project activity,

9 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

it’s identified environmental impacts, mitigation measures proposed as part of the environmental management plan and proposed environmental monitoring.

Chapter 1: Introduction: It includes basic information about the proposed project, applicability of the relevant notifications and compliance to the ToR issued by MoEF&CC.

Chapter 2: Project description: It depicts details of the proposed project activity including dredger types and dredging plan.

Chapter 3: Description of Environment: It contains detailed information about the environmental conditions in the vicinity of the proposed project.

Chapter 4: Anticipated Environmental Impacts: This chapter contains prediction of environmental impacts due to capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged spoil. It ascertains impact assessment on benthic organisms, sea water, mangroves shoreline and intertidal biota.

Chapter 5: Ecological risk assessment and mitigation measures: Ecological risks (with risk rating) identified due to impacts anticipated from dredging and disposal are mentioned in this chapter along with mitigation measures.

Chapter 6: Environment Management Plan: Environmental management plans for construction (execution of capital dredging activity) as well as operation (execution of the maintenance dredging) phase to avoid or mitigate dredging and dredge disposal related impacts on marine ecology are depicted in this chapter.

Chapter 7: Environment Monitoring Plan: Since the project involves dredging activities only, marine water and sediment quality monitoring are proposed during the pre-dredging, dredging phase and post-dredging phase. Details regarding the parameters to be studied on regular basis along with monitoring frequency are defined in this chapter.

Chapter 8: Risks and Disasters associated with dredging: Identification of hazards, consequences and suggested safeguard measures for the proposed dredging and dredge material disposal are tabulated in this chapter.

Chapter 9: Project benefits: Benefits due to the proposed additional dredging project proposal are mentioned in this chapter.

Chapter 10: Additional studies conducted: As part of the EIA report preparation, various other studies are conducted including Numerical modelling studies, Marine ecological

10 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

impact assessment study, Detailed bathymetry survey and Demarcation of HTL/LTL and CRZ areas. Brief introduction about these studies is mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 11: Summary and Conclusions: It portrays each chapter of the EIA report in brief. It is specifically prepared for the reader to have an overall understanding of the proposed project activity, it’s identified environmental impacts, mitigation measures proposed as part of the environmental management plan and proposed environmental monitoring.

Chapter 12: Disclosure of consultants: Details regarding credentials and approvals of the consultants engaged in preparation of the EIA report and nature of consultancy services rendered are detailed out in this chapter.



11 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

Chapter – 2 Project Description

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AKBTPL proposes to handle capsize vessels at its existing dry bulk terminal at Tuna, Kandla. To facilitate berthing of the capsize vessels; additional capital as well as maintenance dredging are required to be carried out in the existing two berth pockets (berth 1 & 3), two turning circles and approach channel. This chapter contains details about the activities that will be undertaken during the project cycle.

2.1. CAPITAL DREDGING AND MAINTENANCE DREDGING

Capital dredging is a non-repetitive activity that can be characterised by larger quantities of material to be dredged that is often consolidated, undisturbed ‘virgin’ soil which can occur as significantly thick layers of sediment. Generally the dredged material has low contaminant content, if any. Maintenance dredging is a repetitive activity mainly occurring in navigation channels and harbours, which can be characterised by variable quantities of material that are normally weak, unconsolidated soils with variable thickness of material. Maintenance dredged material is sediment that has been deposited relatively recently and may be contaminated to a certain extent.

2.2. PROJECT FEATURES

12 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material closer to the mouth of approach channel. Please refer below table for more details about the project proposal.

Table 2-1 Project at a glance Additional Capital dredging and maintenance dredging in existing approach channel, two turning circles and Dredging Site Location berth pockets (of berth 1 & 3 on front side) at dry bulk terminal, located on the Northern bank of the Gulf of Kutch, off Tekra, Near Tuna, District: Kutch, Gujarat. Total additional capital dredging 7.68 million m3 0.2 million m3 annually (in addition to approved 1.0 Total annual maintenance million m3, so that total annual maintenance dredging dredging will be 1.2 million m3)  Approach channel: (-) 15.0 m CD Proposed depth after carrying out  Turning Circle: (-) 17.0 m CD capital dredging  Berth pockets (of berths 1 & 3): (-) 19.0 m CD Vessels that can be handled after 2,10,000 DWT (2,39,400 DT) vessel dredging Fully laden draft requirement 18 meter and above Latitude 220 47' 12.741" N; Longitude 700 02' 56.910" E Dredge disposal site (UTM Coordinates 2530308.8652 N; 607689.9170 E) Area and depth of selected Approximately 1 km in diameter. The available depth at disposal site disposal site is > 14 m CD TSHD (Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger) of 5200 m3 Proposed dredger type hopper capacity will be employed Dumping is considered to be carried out during both Sequence of dredging ebb and flood phase of the tide Dredging Duration 9 months (with continuous dumping of 8 dumps/day) The total estimated Project Cost Rs. 40.70 Crores NEAREST HABITATION Nearest village Tuna village: approx. 10 Km Nearest city Gandhidham: approx. 25 km Other villages in the study area Chandrapar, Rampar, Tuna, Vira , Vandi PROTECTED AREA Nearest Mangrove patches from Approx. 2.0 km the Dredging site Nearest Mangrove patches from Approx. 13.6 km the disposal site Protected areas notified under Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, Critically Polluted Area, Notified None within 10 Km radius Eco sensitive area, Interstate boundary, Heritage site within 10 Km radius 13 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017 EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

2.3. PROJECT SITE DETAILS / SITE SELECTION

Since the proposed project is envisaged to accommodate Cape-size vessels up 2,10,000 DWT at the existing jetty and dry bulk terminal, no site alternatives were explored. The proposed additional capital dredging and maintenance dredging will be carried out in existing approach channel, turning circles and berth pockets (on front side of the jetty i.e berth 1 & 3). The proposed dumping ground for the additional capital dredging as well as maintenance dredging will be at Latitude 220 47’ 12.74” N and Longitude 700 02’ 56.91” E in an area of about 1 km radius in the open sea. Location of proposed project site (location of dredging zone and dredge spoil disposal site) and geographical location of the existing site are shown in the Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 respectively.

Salient Features of the project site: The dry bulk terminal at Tuna is located southwest of Kandla port at an aerial distance of around 20 km. Coastal belt of Tuna has an irregular and dissected configuration. From Mundra to Kandla, the coast is east-west trending and merges with Rann of Kachchh at its eastern end. The AKBTPL jetty is SW – NE oriented and extends into Gulf of Kachchh at its tail end with Nakti creek on its eastern side. Due to its location at the tail end of conical shaped Gulf of Kachchh, it is experiencing elevated tidal amplitude with 6.66 m Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) and 0.78 m Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) with MSL of 3.88 m. Commensurate with the increasing tidal amplitude, intertidal expanse at Kandla-Tuna increases from 0.5 m to 2 km in accordance with local geomorphology. This, along with occurrence of mudflats paves way for the occurrence of mangrove formations at the intertidal belts. Contrary to Southern coast of Gulf of Kachchh, coral formations and seaweed beds are absent at the Northern coast of Gulf of Kachchh, obviously due to high turbulence induced suspended sediment load in the water column, a factor again induced due to its conical gulf geomorphology and surging tides towards its tail end.

From the bore hole study conducted by Fugro Geotech Pvt. Ltd, it is evident that the dredging depth is predominately characterized by very soft to soft silty clay/ clay with occasional thin to thick layers of silty sand/ clayey silty sand. After the regularly conducted maintenance dredging to the tune of 1.2 Mm3, the expected dredge spoil from the dredging operation zone will be predominantly silty sand/ clayey silty sand.

Analysis of alternative site: Since the proposed dredging activity is to be carried out in the existing approach channel, berthing pockets and turning circles of the dry bult terminal

14 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

at Tuna, no site alternatives are explored. The proposed dredging project will enable the existing dry bulk terminal to handle the capsize vessels of 2,10,000 DWT.

Figure 2-1 Proposed project site location

Existing back up area

Existing Jetty

Turning circles and berth pockets

Proposed approach channel

Proposed dumping ground

15 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for ADANI KANDLA BULK additional capital and maintenance dredging and . TERMINAL PVT. LTD. disposal of dredged material

Figure 2-2 Geographical location of existing project

Existing Jetty Existing back up area

16 DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

2.4. SALIENT FEATURES OF DREDGING OPERATIONS

Capital dredging is a non-repetitive activity that can be characterised by larger quantities of material to be dredged that is often consolidated, undisturbed ‘virgin’ soil which can occur as significantly thick layers of sediment. Generally the dredged material of Capital dredging has low contaminant content, if any. But, the proposed dredging zone of capital dredging is already subjected to capital dredging earlier and regular maintenance dredging to maintain the approach channel and turning circles.

Maintenance dredging is a repetitive activity mainly occurring in navigation channels and harbours, which can be characterised by variable quantities of material that are normally weak, unconsolidated soils with variable thickness of material. Maintenance dredged material is sediment that has been deposited relatively recently and may be contaminated to a certain extent.

 Phases of dredging:

There are four phases of dredging: Excavation, Lifting, Transportation and Placement. Excavation is the physical removal of the material from its in situ location on the bottom of a water body. Lifting is the vertical transportation of the excavated material from the bed. Transportation is the process of transferring the excavated material to the location of placement. Placement is the mode of disposal of material dredged at a designated site for placement.

 Dredger selection:

Since dredging and dredged material placement are site specific activities, choosing the ideal dredger is also site-specific. Dredger selection depends on a number of variables including: availability and cost; physical characteristics of the sediment; amount to be dredged; dredging site and depth; distance of the placement site from dredging location; depth at the placement site; physical environment at dredging and placement sites; and method of placement. The main types of dredgers used throughout the world are Cutter Suction Dredgers (CSD), Trailing Suction Hopper Dredgers (TSHD) and mechanical dredgers. TSHD will be used for the proposed capital dredging project.

 Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD):

Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD), shown in Figure 2.3, is used for dredging of sand, silts and soft clays. It consists of a self-propelled ship with a hopper. The hopper is a cargo hold which allows transport of the dredged materials over longer distances. This vessel is

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 17 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material generally equipped with one or two suction pipes Figure 2-3 Trailing Suction connected to drag head(s). The drag heads are Hopper Dredger lowered to the seabed and slurry of sediment and water is pumped through these into the hopper. Dredged material settles in the hopper and the water drains off through a controllable hopper overflow system. Settlement of material in the hopper is dependent primarily upon grain size of the dredge spoil. The dredger usually deposits the contents of the hopper on a placement ground through doors or valves at the bottom of the hopper. Split hulled vessels are common for smaller dredgers of this type. Modern TSHDs discharge overflow at keel level rather than above water level in order to reduce turbidity and dispersal of fine Source : PIANC Report 100 sediments. In general it can be stated that any measure to increase the density of the incoming mixture will reduce the need to overflow and consequently be beneficial to any strategy to reduce turbidity plumes arising from overflowing.

 Transportation methods:

Transportation methods are generally related to the adopted dredging method. Often dredged material is loaded into a hopper (part of the dredger itself or on a separate vessel) and transported to a disposal site where the contents of the hopper are emptied directly in the open ocean (i.e. sea dumping) or via a pipeline that allows the dredge material to be pumped to location where it is used for engineering purposes (e.g. land reclamation). Spillage during transport will be zero or negligible when bottom doors and seals are well maintained. (PIANC, 2010).  Placement methods and options:

In general, material dredged to construct and maintain waterways will be placed in open water at a designated site for placement. Dredged material that is transported in hoppers is most often discharged using bottom doors or a split-hull construction. At the placement site, control measures can be implemented to reduce spillage of material outside the dump site which include controlled barge release.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 18 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Given the scale of dredging requirement, environmental protection is an essential component of this dredging project, at both, the dredging as well as disposal site. The overall management goal of dredging project will be to achieve a sustainable solution, subject to sound environmental, social and financial impact evaluations, weighing and balancing all the associated risks. The potential implications of the project for the environment may range from minor disturbance of benthic invertebrates to disruption of their habitats and direct mortality. The scale of these impacts depends on several factors, including the magnitude, duration, frequency and methodology of the dredging activity and the sensitivity of the affected environment (PIANC, 2008, OSPAR, 2004, 2007, and Rees et al. 2002). The need is to reduce the environmental impacts of dredging, impacts during transport, and impacts during placement by scientifically proven ecological impact assessment process. The underlying goal is the protection of sensitive environmental resources, maintenance of healthy ecosystems, and ensuring sustainable development and exploitation of resources. Modern dredgers are or can be equipped with systems that may reduce the environmental effects of the dredging process. Many environmental impacts can be reduced by good monitoring and control on board of the dredger by increasing the accuracy of the dredging which can result in a decrease in the total volume of material dredged and by increasing the slurry density and minimizing spillage. Some TSHD’s can be equipped with a device called ‘Green Valve’ in the overflow that reduces turbidity. The system is based on avoiding air entrainment in the overflow mixture resulting in an overflow mixture that once released below the keel of the vessel, relatively rapidly descends to the seabed, rather than being dispersed by air bubbles to the higher part of the water column. Other methods to reduce turbidity include the release of excess water close to the drag head or reusing it as jet water in the drag heads. Gasses may accumulate in the centrifugal dredge pumps which lead to reduced pumping efficiency. This phenomenon is common when dredging fine sediments. Modern TSHDs are equipped with degassing installations that make the suction process in fine sediments more efficient. Another type of modification is a turtle deflector which can be fitted to drag heads to reduce the risk of collisions with and entrainment of turtles and other marine organisms like Dolphins that are in the trailing path. Turtle deflectors operate similarly to a snow plough and physically deflect large marine organisms from the advancing drag head.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 19 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

A butterfly valve in the TSHD valve overflow system reduces the formation of air bubbles inside the overflow mixture leaving the hopper. Air bubbles contain a thin layer of fine solids which when leaving the hopper through the overflow, result in a foam-like layer on the water surface and keep sediments discharged via the overflow suspended for an extended period of time before settling down. When an environmental valve is used, the density of the overflow is increased and the suspended sediments settle towards the seabed immediately, staying closer to the dredging area, reducing the spatial extent of the suspended sediment plume (PIANC 108, 2010).

There are a number of other dredge operational procedures that can be used to minimise the risk of fauna entrainment. These include a requirement that suction pressure does not occur whilst the drag head is not in contact with the sea bed and that drag head jets are de- activated whenever the drag head is not in contact with the sea bed.

2.6. DREDGING AND DISPOSAL PLAN FOR PROPOSED PROJECT

Capital dredging and maintenance dredging is envisaged in the existing approach channel, two turning circles and berth pockets (of berth 1 & 3) by using TSHD with 5200 m3 hopper capacity. To accommodate capsize vessels of 2,10,000 DWT, the expected quantity of capital dredging is 7.68 million m3 and the annual additional maintenance dredging is estimated to be 0.2 million m3 (in addition to approved 1 million m3, so total annual maintenance dredging would be 1.2 million m3). The calculation of dredging quantity to achieve required bed profiles at different sections is based on the detailed bathymetric survey chart (please refer Annexure – 8). The table 2.2 below summarizes the dredging plan of the proposed project. Table 2-2 Dredging plan of the proposed project Existing Draft Proposed Draft Sr. Dredging Dredging area (below CD) and (below CD) and No volume (m3) width / radius (m) width / radius (m) 1 Approach channel (-) 12.3 m & 200 m (-) 15 m & 300 m 51,05,645 2 Turning circles (-) 16.3 m & 500 m (-) 17 m & 700 m 24,92,287 3 Berth Pockets (-) 16.3 m (-) 19 m 89,489 Total 76,87,421

Width of the existing channel is 200 m, corresponding to the maximum beam of 40 m of design vessel of 1,00,000 DWT. In other words, channel width is about 5 times the maximum width of design vessel. Now it is proposed to provide 300 meter channel width in straight alignment and 400 meter at the turning point. The beam of 2,39,400 DT (2,10,000 DWT) vessel being 50 meter, proposed channel width of 300 meter which is 6 times of the

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 20 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material beam is considered safe for one way navigation. The diameter of the existing turning circle is 500 meter. Now it has been proposed to increase the diameter to 700 meter which is 2 times of LOA of 2,39,400 DT vessel and considered safe. Fully laden draft requirement of 2,39,400 DT vessel is 18 meter. Vessel requires about 20.7 meter depth of water for safe navigation through channel. Therefore a minimum tide level of (+) 6.0 meter and above is required to sail over the portion of the channel having dredged depth up to (-) 15.0 m CD.

The dredged material will be disposed at designated location in the open sea during both ebb and flood phase of the tide. As the dumps are expected to occur during the Ebb and Flood Phase, taking an average of 60 numbers of floods and Ebbs each to occur in a month, the estimated quantity of 7.68 million m3 is expected to be disposed in 9 months’ time. As per estimation, the 5200 m3 capacity TSHD will be handling 4000 m3 of solids in the dredge spoil in one trip which will be mainly silt-sand / clayey silty sand. As per the available seabed profile from the bore hole study of the area, the depth up to 22 meter below CD falls under Unit-I (Silty clay/clay with occasional thick layer of silty- sand /clayey- silty sand). After the already conducted capital dredging and regular maintenance dredging operation to the tune of 1.0 million m3 annually, the expected bottom substrata at the approach channel, turning circle and front side of the berths will be predominantly silty-sand / clayey silty sand. The site selected for disposal of dredged material is located in open sea at Latitude 220 47' 12.741" N; Longitude 700 02' 56.910" E, spread in more than 1 km in diameter. The TSHD dredger is capable of dredging up to 30 meter depth. Thus even at High tide of (+) 6.40 meter CD, this dredger will be able to dredge up to (-) 20 m CD. The engaged dredger will be stationed in close proximity of the terminal and can be mobilized within 4 hours. The working time of the dredger is 24 hours a day and 25 days in a month. The routine maintenance of the dredger will be carried out during non-operating days. The dredger, while trailing, will dredge and pump the material through suction pipe into its Hooper. After filling the hopper the dredger will sail to the designated dumping area for dumping the dredged out spoil under water by bottom opening mechanism of the Hooper.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 21 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 3 Description of Environment

3. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1. STUDY AREA AND STUDY PERIOD

This chapter describes environmental setting of the project area and its surroundings. AKBTPL is located on the Northern bank of the Gulf of Kutch, off Tekra, Near Tuna, surrounded by vast patches of tidal flats. The proposed additional capital dredging and maintenance dredging will be conducted in existing approach channel, two turning circles and berth pockets (of berth 1 & 3). The site selected for disposal of dredged material is in the open sea at Latitude 220 47' 12.741" N; Longitude 700 02' 56.910" E. As mentioned in the EIA guidelines, the baseline data collection was carried out within 10 km radius from the dredging location. The environmental data portrayed in this chapter covers both Terrestrial and Marine environment. The terrestrial study was conducted during summer (March – June), 2016 and marine study was conducted during November, 2016.

3.2. GULF OF KUTCH

Gulf of Kutch is about 170 km long and 75 km wide at mouth and covers an area of nearly 7300 km2. The Gulf has been hydrographically surveyed several times due to navigational interest in the channel and the presence of a hazardous southern shoreline due to mud banks and sand bars. The depth varies from 20 m at the head of the Gulf to 60 m in the central areas of the outer Gulf. Within the Gulf, though water depth of 25 m exists in the broad central portion up to longitude 70o 00’ E, the actual fairway in the outer Gulf is obstructed by the presence of several shoals. The high tidal influx covers the low lying area 2 of 1500 km comprising a network of creeks and alluvial marshy tidal flats in the interior regions. The Little Gulf of Kutch interconnects many other big and small creeks. All along the coast, very few rivers drain into the Gulf and they carry only a small quantity of fresh water, only during monsoon. The Gulf is characterized by numerous hydrographical irregularities like pinnacles, as much as 10 m high. The topography of the outer Gulf is more rugged as compared to the inner Gulf. The Southern shore of Gulf has numerous islands and inlets covered with mangroves. The northern shore, where the project site is located is predominantly sandy or muddy confronted by numerous shoals.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 22 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

3.3. TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

3.3.1. Micrometeorology

Micrometeorological information is important for assessing the dispersion of pollutants. Micrometeorological data of the region is collected from the monitoring being carried out at the port area for a period of March to June, 2016.

 Climate and weather

The main characteristic of this region is hot summer and severe winter with a small spell of rainy season. The rainy season generally commence at the middle of July and last till September. The period from October to November constitutes the post monsoon season and winter prolong from December to February which last till March before the summer season begins.

 Rain fall

Rainfall during monsoon season (2016) was recorded as 275 mm in this region as on Sept 23th 2016. Average rainfall in this region recorded (1986 – 2015) is 405 mm. Rain mainly occurs during July and September months. Rainfall data was taken from Gujarat state Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) web site (www.gsdma.org/rf_data).

 Temperature

Temperature recorded during the sampling months was varying from 26.0 0C to 40.00C.

 Relative Humidity

Relative humidity at this region was varying from 18.5 - 64% during the sampling period

 Clouds

Cloud cover in this region except monsoon season varies from clear to 40 %

 Wind speed and wind direction

The predominant wind directions in the project site were observed from South South East (SSE) to North North West (NNE) and South to North. The average wind speed observed during the study period was 6.39 m/s. The minimum and maximum wind speed observed during the study period was 1.1 m/s to 11.7 m/s. Please refer below Figure 3.1 for a windrose diagram.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 23 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Figure 3-1 Wind Rose for March to June 2016

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 24 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

3.3.2. Ambient Air Quality

The baseline ambient air quality monitoring is an ongoing activity as the dry bulk terminal is in operation phase. The regular ambient air quality monitoring (twice in a week) is being carried out as per the NAAQ standards, 2009 by NABL and MoEF&CC accredited agency namely M/s. Pollucon Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Sampling is done from 4 locations. Details of the same are mentioned in Table 3.1 below. Summary of baseline AAQ monitoring is mentioned in Table 3.2 below.

Table 3-1 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Stations Station Sr. No. Sampling Station Latitude Longitude Code 1 Zero Point AQ1 N 22˚58.184' E 70˚05.651' North East Corner Of 2 AQ2 N 22˚55' 48.37' E 70˚06 28.10' Back Up Area Starting of Pile 3 AQ3 N 22˚54' 27.47' E 70˚06 15.63' Approach South West Corner of 4 AQ4 N 22˚55' 22.98' E 70˚06 7.37' back up area

Table 3-2 Summary of Ambient Air Quality monitoring

Parameter Unit Max Min Perm. Limit$ 3 PM10 µg/m 96.48 50.41 100 3 PM2.5 µg/m 54.71 18.48 60 3 SO2 µg/m 25.56 5.34 80 3 NO2 µg/m 42.68 15.55 80 $ as per NAAQ standards, 2009

It may be concluded that concentration of all the parameters of ambient air quality at above locations during sampling period March – June, 2016 was observed within limits stipulated by CPCB. Please refer to Annexure – 9 for detailed analysis reports for duration from March to June, 2016.

3.3.3. Noise Environment

Noise in general is a sound composed of many frequency components having various loudness distributed over audible frequency range. The most common and universally accepted scale is the “A” weighted scale which is measured as dB (A). The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear. Noise monitoring is an ongoing activity as the dry bulk terminal is in operation phase. The regular noise monitoring (once in a month) is being carried out as per the Noise Pollution

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 25 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

(Regulation And Control) Rules, 2000 by NABL and MoEF&CC accredited agency namely M/s. Pollucon Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Sampling was done from 4 locations. Details of the same are mentioned in Table 3.1 above. Summary of baseline noise monitoring is mentioned in Table 3.3 below.

Table 3-3 Summary of Noise monitoring

Noise Unit Max Min Perm. Limit$ Day Time dB(A) 74.50 38.60 75 Night Time dB(A) 69.10 39.50 70 $ Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

It may be concluded that noise level at all four locations during sampling period March – June, 2016 was observed within limits stipulated by CPCB. Please refer to Annexure – 9 for detailed analysis reports for duration from March to June, 2016.

3.4. MARINE ENVIRONMENT (PHYSICAL)

3.4.1. Tides

The nature of tides prevailing at Tuna Tekra is mainly semi-diurnal exhibiting two high and two low waters in a tidal day. Table 3-4 Tidal Levels at Kandla Port Tide Type Abbreviation Level Highest High Water (Recorded) HHW (+)6.40 m CD Mean High Water Springs MHWS (+) 5.80 m CD Mean High Water Neaps MHWN (+) 4.60 m CD Mean Sea Level (Established) MSL (+) 3.40 m CD Mean Low Water Neaps MLWN (+) 2.10 m CD Mean Low Water Springs MLWS (+) 1.00 m CD Chart Datum CD 0.0 m CD Mean Strom Surge 2.0 m Source: IIT, Chennai

Note: The above levels are with respect to chart datum. The chart datum at proposed project location is 3.40 m below mean sea level.

3.4.2. Currents

The average current speed in the Kandla region is varying between 0 to 0.7 m/s and at the proposed project location mean speed of current is 0.2 m/s. The direction of the current is mostly parallel to the coast line. However, during the ebb, the direction of the current is perpendicular to the coast due to the surge from the coast in to the gulf along the inter-tidal region.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 26 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

The maximum current speed expected is 2.034 m/sec during neap tide and 2.3 m/sec during spring tide in peak flood (PF condition). During this period the currents are expected to be stronger than EBB, LW and HW tide condition. The flow direction will be predominantly in Eastern direction. The water levels are predicted to in the range of 1.77 m to 3.105 m during neap tide and vary between 1.238 m and 2.816 m during spring tide in the domain. The spatial variation of tide at different locations in the Gulf during peak Ebb of neap and spring condition flow direction changes towards western direction.

3.4.3. Wave conditions

The wave characteristics such as significant wave height mean wave period and wave direction has been extracted. The result shows that SW monsoon period, from May to August is severe and the maximum wave height is about 2.27 m during month of August. The monthly mean of maximum and average values of significant wave height, mean wave period and mean wave direction are as shown in table 3.5 below.

Table 3-5 Wave height Significant Wave Mean Wave Period Mean Wave Direction Month height in m Maximum Average Maximum Average Maximum Average January 0.93 0.46 3.45 2.84 46 116 February 0.44 0.11 5.09 2.86 9 226 March 0.62 0.32 3.71 2.73 14 251 April 0.69 0.31 4.29 2.85 9 260 May 1.31 0.69 4.47 3.49 16 239 June 1.87 0.93 5.25 3.94 356 234 July 1.92 1.27 5.31 4.44 61 232 August 2.27 0.95 5.86 3.99 272 235 September 1.08 0.47 4.77 3.17 18 247 October 0.57 0.27 4.21 2.65 301 232 November 0.87 0.38 3.78 2.66 43 97 December 0.85 0.39 4.10 2.74 22 114

Table 3-6 Wave height exceedance during year Significant Wave Height No. of days exceedance Hs < 0.5 m 226 0.5 m < Hs < 1.0 m 86 1.0 m < Hs < 1.5 m 40.25 Hs > 1.5 m 13.25

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 27 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

3.4.4. Geo-Technology of the site

The data with respect to Geo technology of the site has been adopted from the borehole survey conducted by Fugro Geotech Pvt. Ltd. The site geotechnical investigation has been taken from five marine boreholes (MBH 01 to MBH 05) aligned along the jetty. The generalized sub-seabed profile has been prepared showing the variation in soil and rock till borehole termination depths below seabed level. Based on the review of the marine boreholes the entire site can be characterized in to three units. Unit I comprises predominately very soft to soft silty- clay/ clay with occasional thin to thick layers of silty sand / clayey silty sand. Unit II comprises weak to moderately weak highly weathered to completely weathered amygdaloidal basalt / basalt. All the marine boreholes were terminated in Unit III, which comprises moderately strong to strong moderately weathered to slightly weathered Amygdaloidal basalt / basalt. The maximum termination depth of the marine borehole was 50.50 m below existing seabed level.

Table 3-7 Generalized Sub-Seabed profile adopted for the project

Depth from Depth to Average thickness Unit Geotechnical Description (below CD) (below CD) of the strata, (m) Predominately very soft to soft silty CLAY / CLAY with occasional thin to Unit-I -9.00 -22.00 13.00 thick layers of silty SAND / clayey silty, SAND weak to moderately weak highly Unit-II weathered to completely weathered -22.00 -44.00 22.00 Amygdaloidal BASALT / BASALT moderately strong to strong moderately weathered to slightly Unit-III -44.00 -59.00 15.00 weathered Amygdaloidal BASALT / BASALT

It can be ascertained that the characteristic of the dredged materials from the dredging zone predominantly belongs to Unit-I, characterized by very soft to soft silty Clay / Clay with occasional thin to thick layers of silty –sand / clayey- silty –sand.

3.5. MARINE ENVIRONMENT (ECOLOGICAL)

Study of baseline marine ecology and assessment of impacts due to the proposed project was carried out by Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE). GUIDE is an autonomous research institute specializing in Marine Ecology. It was started by the Forests and Environment Department, Govt. of Gujarat and is now recognized as ‘Scientific and Industrial Research Organization’ by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. This section describes extract of the report prepared by GUIDE. The full impact assessment

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 28 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

(identification of all the impacts on marine ecology at dredging zone as well as disposal ground) report including detailed baseline monitoring data is attached as Annexure – 7.

3.5.1. Study Area and study period

Baseline study was conducted during post-monsoon months of October and November 2016 in three phases each lasting about 3-5 days. While the reconnaissance survey and sampling site selection was carried out during the first phase, baseline data through field sampling for all major parameters of water, sediment, benthic communities and plankton were generated during the second visit. Data on mangrove vegetation was gathered during the third field visit. For marine ecology survey the study are comprised of 10 km radius from the existing jetty and 15 sub tidal samples from dredging sites and 5 sub tidal samples from disposal sites were taken within the study area. The sampling locations are shown in table 3.8 and figure 3.2 below.

Table 3-8 GPS locations of sampling for marine ecology study S. No Latitude Longitude S. No Latitude Longitude Dredging Site Disposal Site Grid-1 22° 52' 1" 70° 5' 34" Grid-16 22° 47' 23" 70° 3' 11" Grid-2 22° 51' 32" 70° 5' 20" Grid-17 22° 47' 28" 70° 2' 58" Grid-3 22° 51' 4" 70° 5' 5" Grid-18 22° 47' 5" 70° 2' 41" Grid-4 22° 50' 33" 70° 4' 50" Grid-19 22° 46' 59" 70° 3' 5" Grid-5 22° 50' 1" 70° 4' 31" Grid-20 22° 47' 14" 70° 3' 15" Grid-6 22° 49' 47" 70° 4' 11" Grid-7 22° 49' 25" 70° 3' 47" Grid-8 22° 49' 5" 70° 3' 20" Grid-9 22° 48' 51" 70° 2' 51" Grid-10 22° 48' 36" 70° 2' 25" Grid-11 22° 48' 22" 70° 1' 54" Grid-12 22° 48' 7" 70° 1' 26" Grid-13 22° 47' 51" 70° 0' 55" Grid-14 22° 47' 37" 70° 0' 26" Grid-15 22° 47' 26" 69° 59' 57"

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 29 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Figure 3-2 Map showing sampling locations for marine ecology study

3.5.2. Parameters Studied

In this survey conducted by GUIDE, sampling locations from all the habitats to be studied like intertidal, sub tidal and mangrove habitats were identified and fixed with GPS reference. Parameters gathered for water, sediment and biological entities at each sampling points are given in table 3.9 below. All secondary information was gathered from Anjar Panchayat, websites of India Meteorology Office and from Kandla Port Trust meteorology department and from different literature sources.

Table 3-9 Parameters studied for Marine Ecological study Physico-chemical Parameters analysed pH Temperature Petroleum Hydrocarbons Oil and Grease Phenols Water Quality Dissolved Oxygen Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Salinity

Nutrients (NO3, NO2, NH4, Total Nitrogen, Inorganic Phosphate, Total Phosphorus)

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 30 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Total Suspended Solids Turbidity Phenolic Compounds Oil and Grease Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb) Texture Total organic carbons, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Phenol Sediment Quality Calcium and carbonate Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr) Petroleum Hydrocarbons-PHc Biological Parameters Analysed sub-tidal Benthic Macro & Meiobenthic communities- Species, abundance, organisms diversity and density Intertidal Benthic Macro faunal communities- Species, abundance, diversity, organisms population structure, density and biomass Phytoplankton –Species, Abundance and Diversity and its indices, Productivity (Chlorophyll a, b) Plankton Zooplankton –Species, biomass, abundance and diversity and its indices Mangrove -Density, diversity and abundance and general Mangrove structure Fisheries Fish landing, species and dredging and disposal impact

3.5.3. Results of marine ecology

Marine environmental condition based on biological, chemical and physical aspects of water, sediment, benthic fauna and plankton were analysed from the dredging site and the disposal site by GUIDE, Bhuj, Gujarat and results of the same are described below.

 Water Quality at Dredging and Disposal Sites

Analysis of physical and chemical parameters at dredging site and disposal site surface waters indicated that the water quality is pristine and important parameters like nutrients (phosphate and nitrate), heavy metals (Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Chromium) are either comparable with the other port waters or are within the limits which do not pose major threat to the water quality or biota. Salinity regime in Kandla-Tuna waters is always more than normal due to its location at the tail end of the gulf. Factors like salinity, suspended solids and turbidity were also comparable with the values reported from other coastal waters. Recorded values of dissolved oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were well within the safer limits and did not indicate any stressed condition of the water column. Nutrients like nitrate and phosphate recorded in the present study, appears to originate from port handling of related materials like fertilizers. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHc) were

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 31 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material normal and did not indicate any gross contamination when viewed in comparison with the concentration in unpolluted waters. In general surface waters at the study stations appear to be healthy. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Sediment Quality at Dredging and Disposal Sites

The metal concentration in sediment is dependent on the nature, adsorption and retention capacity of the substratum. Sediment metal enrichment is related to the removal of metal from the solution by the organic matter, which eventually becomes incorporated into sediment. The analysed parameters like Total phosphorous, Total Organic carbon, Phenolic compound, Petroleum hydrocarbon, and heavy metals are within the normal limit of a port environment. Among heavy metals, total Chromium and Cadmium are below detectable limit. All the parameters are within the limits which do not pose any threat to the sediment quality or benthic biota. The heavy metals in the soil brought in by land run off during monsoon might require certain processing period for sedimentation. Alkalinity of sediment plays a major role in determining heavy metal retention in the marine sediment. Sediments adjacent to mangrove environments are always alkaline due influx of organic matter from the mangrove environment. Generally during monsoon months, pH levels of sediments are low. Mangrove environment surrounding AKBTPL seems to play a role in mobilizing sediment metals as these environments are primarily constituted by muddy-clayey substrates with high metal retention capacity. Presence of mangroves possibly acts as a sink for these heavy metals countering contamination of creek waters and open seas since sediment bound metals are immobilized by physical and biogeochemical processes. The levels encountered in the present study however seem to have originated from terrestrial and anthropogenic sources over the years. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Phytoplankton Communities at Dredging and Disposal Sites

At dredging site, Phytoplankton density values across grids ranged between 15,100 Units/l to 35,500 Units/l with grid-wise average density value of 24,900 Units/l whereas the same at disposal site it ranged from 16,900 Units/l to 30,100 Units/l grid-wise average density

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 32 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material value of 21,913 Units/l. Generally density among grids did not show significant difference in the population structure showing that phytoplankton samples in all the stations were drawn from the same populations.

Shannon diversity indices (H’) values for phytoplankton in the 15 grids of the dredging site ranged from 2.13 to 2.75 whereas the same at 5 grids of disposal site it ranged from 2.38 to 2.795. Recorded diversity values indicate even distribution of phytoplankton genera in the study stations. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Zooplankton at Dredging and Disposal Sites

Zooplankton biomass in the 15 grids of the dredging site ranged between 5.3 to 9.4 ml/100 m3 with an average value of 7.66 ml/100 m3 whereas the same at disposal site ranged between 6.8 to 11.1 ml/100 m3 with an average value of 8.96 ml/100 m3.

Density of zooplankton in the 15 dredging site grids ranged from 216/m3 to 781/m3 with an average value of 408/m3 whereas the same at 5 grids of disposal site ranged between 249/m3 to 394/m3 with an average value of 306/m3.

Shannon diversity indices (H’) values for zooplankton at the dredging site ranged from 1.87 to 3.14 whereas the same at disposal site ranged between 2.55 to 2.95. Recorded diversity values indicate skewed distribution of zooplankton in the study station. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Sub-tidal Macro-benthos at Dredging and Disposal Sites

During the present investigation, four major groups of benthic organisms namely polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and “others” were recorded at both the sites. Altogether 29 and 28 genera of macrofauna were recorded in the 15 grids at the dredging site and 5 grids of disposal sites respectively. Grid-wise population density of sub tidal Macro benthic communities at dredging site varied from 19 to 34 no/m2 whereas the same at disposal site varied from 21 to 33 no/m2. In the subtidal grids, Shannon’s diversity values ranged from 2.15 to 2.58 at dredging site whereas the same at disposal site varied from 1.99 to 2.35. Evenness values at dredging site were moderate and ranged from 0.8 to 0.94 whereas the same at disposal site varied from 0.87 to 0.95 showing that the subtidal habitat is mostly evenly distributed with the available species. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 33 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Subtidal Meio-benthos at Dredging and Disposal Sites

In the present study, as many as 46 species belonging to four groups of meiobenthic organisms namely foraminiferans, nematodes, ostracodes and harpacticoids were recorded at both the sites. Grid-wise population density of sub tidal meiofauna varied from 173 to 300 no/10cm-2 at dredging site whereas the same at disposal site varied from 144 to 259 no/10cm-2. The Shannon diversity values did not vary much among both sites. It ranged from 3.12 to 3.59 at dredging site whereas the same at disposal site ranged from 3.22 to 3.63. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Intertidal Benthic Fauna

Intertidal habitats at four sites named T1 to T4 on west and east of AKBTPL jetty within a radius of 5 km were studied. In the four sampling locations in the vicinity of the project site, four major groups of intertidal macro-fauna represented by 16 genera have been recorded. The faunal groups are represented by 4 species of gastropods, 5 species each of bivalves and crustaceans and 2 species of polychaetes. An overall average density of 493.7/m2 was recorded in the four intertidal study stations. Shannon’s diversity values ranged from 1.96 to 2.24. Evenness values were moderate and ranged from 0.51 to 0.69 showing that the intertidal habitat is dominated by few species. Macrofaunal species richness of 16 genera recorded in the present study in the vicinity of project site area is lower than the richness recorded in other coastal stretches of Kachchh. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Mangrove Communities

Mangrove stands at six locations extending in north direction of AKBTPL jetty have been studied to understand the vegetation structure. Totally, 18 quadrates (10×10 m) in 6 transects (M1-M6) covering about 600 trees have been studied. Mangrove vegetation in and around the AKBTPL project domain constitutes about 1266 ha with dense and sparse patches accounting for 530.55 and 736.25 ha, respectively (GUIDE, 2011). Tuna mangroves are constituted by a single species of A. marina. Pooled data of mangrove tree density showed occurrence of highest density of 11,250/ha and lowest mature tree density of 5,500/ha. Tree height showed significant variation and ranged from 1 m to 6.1 m among all stations with an average height of 3.71 m. Overall mean Girth at Breast Height (GBH) of 16 cm with a range of 7 to 28 cm was recorded. Mean maximum and minimum canopy ranged between 1 and 30 m. Overall average canopy index was 6 meters. Density of plants in the regeneration class (seedlings less than 30 cm) ranged between a minimum of 17,900/ha to

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 34 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material a maximum of 1,30,000/ha. Density of recruitment class plants in all the transects ranged between 5680/ha to 12,200/ha. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Coral Ecosystem and Seaweeds

Coral ecosystem is absent in the northern shore of Gulf of Kachchh. The study site is located at the tail end of the Gulf with high turbidity and suspended sediment load in the water column rendering it highly unsuitable for coral formation.

Seaweeds are usually found in coastal stretches characterized by low turbidity and suspended sediment load in the water column with high nutrient content contrary to conditions prevailing in the study site. Hence, seaweed formations are totally absent in study area except stranded tufts that originate from the southern coast of the Gulf. For detailed analysis report and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

 Fishery Resource

Prevailing fishery status of the Tuna waters was evaluated based on the secondary information gathered from Fishery department and other published literature. High tidal movements and strong littoral currents make fishing through gill netting and trawling difficult in the Nakti creek waters in the project vicinity. As a result, no major commercial scale operations could be observed in the project vicinity except for minor shore based hand netting and gill netting fishing operations. Composition of fishes in Tuna indicate incidence of 19 groups with the predominance of groups like Bombay duck, coila, scieniedes, shrimps, clupeids, cat fish and ribbon fish. The data regarding the fish catch at Kandla fish landing centre during the past five years from 2011-12 to 2015-16 had been collected from Fisheries Department, Bhuj which varied between 363.5 tonnes to 4654.5 tones. The catch is mostly dominated by small sciaenids, Clupeids, Bombay duck, cat fish, ribbon fish, crabs, Coilia, shark, jew fish, Mullets, shrimps and silver bar. Both in Kandla and Tuna regions, there are about 6 prominent fishing villages with a sizable fishing community totalling 1450 with around 58 occasional fishermen. For detailed information and interpretations, please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 35 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts

4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts

4.1. INTRODUCTION

One third of the world’s population lives in coastal areas and rapid development of these areas has meant increased construction of coastal infrastructure (e.g. ports, navigation channels, coastal defence), which has inevitably led to conflicting priorities between environment conservation and economic growth.

Similar to the proposed project, most dredging activities are carried out to provide navigable water depths for shipping at ports and harbours. The potential environmental impacts of capital and maintenance dredging are generally two-fold, firstly as a result of the dredging process itself and secondly as a result of the disposal of the dredged material. Once material is excavated from the seabed by a dredge, it can be handled in a number of different ways. In open sea dredging, often dredged material is loaded into a hopper (part of the dredge itself or on a separate vessel) and transported to a disposal site where the contents of the hopper are emptied directly in the open ocean (i.e. sea dumping) (PIANC 2010)

During the dredging process; effects may arise due to the excavation of sediments at the bed, overflow from the dredger whilst loading and loss of material from the dredger during transport. Dredging activities may potentially affect not only the site itself, but also surrounding areas, through a large number of impact vectors (e.g. turbid plumes, sedimentation, release of contaminants, bathymetric changes) (PIANC, 2010). Effects may be immediate or develop over a longer timeframe and may be temporary or permanent in nature. However, experience shows that by adopting sound planning for dredging, impact assessment, monitoring and management practices, large benefits can be achieved in terms of avoiding or minimising adverse effects on the environment from dredging.

4.2. FACTORS INFLUENCING POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF DREDGING AND DISPOSAL

By and large, all dredging activities may have similar impacts on the surroundings. However, differences, if any, would be governed by some local factors (such as seasonal variability and meteorological conditions, dredging volume and location, dredging method

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 36 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material etc.) which influence the impacts of dredging and disposal at any specific location. Generally, the potential impacts of dredging and disposal can be summarised as follows

 Removal of sub tidal benthic species and communities.  Short-term increases in the level of suspended sediment can give rise to changes in water quality which can affect marine flora and fauna, both favourably and unfavourably, such as increased turbidity and the possible release of organic matter, nutrients and/or contaminants depending upon the nature of the material in the dredging area.  Settlement of these suspended sediments can result in the smothering or blanketing of sub tidal communities and/or adjacent intertidal communities,  The impact of dredged material disposal largely depends on the nature of the material (inorganic, organically enriched, and contaminated) and the characteristics of the disposal area (accumulative or dispersive areas)

4.3. TYPES OF IMPACTS

All environmental impacts associated with a dredging activity are divided into two categories, based on the primary responsibility for mitigation: Project impacts and Process impacts.

 Project impacts are associated with the decision to dredge at a specific location and the choice of the layout of the dredging area to fulfil its functional requirements. Key project impacts include impact on any eco sensitive receptors located nearby such as intertidal biota, mangrove communities, coral reefs as well as fisheries potential of the area. The mitigation of these project impacts is firmly rooted in planning and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Process impacts are associated with the physical contribution of the dredging activity; and key process impacts include direct loss of benthic system within the development footprint, and smothering impact on the disposal site, impacts on water, sediment and air quality. The mitigation of process impacts is associated with effective management of dredging process.

4.4. PROJECT IMPACTS

4.4.1. Impact of Dredging and Disposal on Intertidal Biota

Sediment process modelling study carried out indicated that sediment particle trajectory flow is parallel to coast during flood and ebb tide condition. Since, the sediment plume is attaining the ambient condition within 1.0 km in transverse and 3 km in longitudinal

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 37 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material direction either side of disposal location, there will be only localized effect near the proposed activities. Since, the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology.

Hence no changes have been visualized in the intertidal morphology in the port vicinity. Changes, if any, will be local and negligible. The nearest intertidal expanse from the dredging and disposal activity is about 2 km, while the farthest extent is about 10 km. It is unlikely that dredging and disposal activities at this distance will cause major impact in the intertidal fauna or geomorphology or sediment deposition pattern as per the sediment particle trajectory visualized in the modeling study. Even though if any marginal elevated sedimentation process occurred in the intertidal belt, which may lead to minor impact in the form of increased sediment trapping in the gills of bivalves and gastropods and slightly inhibited feeding behavior of detritus feeders. However, these impacts are possible in extreme cases when tidal currents bring sediments towards intertidal realm up to 10 km.

Direction and extent of tidal currents will play a major role in determining the extent of sedimentation in the intertidal habitat.

In general, intertidal habitat alteration will be negligible due to the proposed dredging and disposal, given the vast intertidal expenses in and around the project site. Intertidal habitat fragmentation or reclamation is not visualized due to offshore nature of the dredging and disposal activity. For further details about the impact assessment please refer Annexure – 6: Numerical Modelling studies for predicting the impacts of the proposed project.

4.4.2. Impact on Mangrove Communities

Mangroves are the largest ecological entity in Tuna creek systems extending over an area of 1266 ha. The mangroves communities are occupied in the shallow mud flats near the jetty approach area and the fringes of Nakti and Kori creeks. All these mangrove formations are more than 13.6 km at the farthest extent disposal zone and about 2 km from the nearest dredging site. No increased sedimentation is visualized in the mangrove habitats, as the predicted particle trajectory due to disposal will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of disposal location. Hence, it is unlikely that the envisaged dredging and disposal will have any impact on mangroves of Nakti creek as well as mangroves in the intertidal zone near approach bund in terms of enhanced sedimentation and altered circulation pattern in the creek system. Degradation in the form of change in substrate nature, closure of mangrove

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 38 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material pneumatophores and alteration in water circulation pattern in the mangrove area is unlikely to happen during proposed dredging and disposal activity.

Similarly, impact on mangroves arising out of elevated levels of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and heavy metals which are locked in the sediment and released due to vessel movement and dredging is expected to be low. However, the already existing impacts due to vessel traffic and continued human activity in and around the terminal are expected to continue. It is most unlikely that vessel traffic will increase sedimentation rates in the intertidal belts of mangrove lined creeks. Mangrove ecosystem generally requires sedimentation rate of around 1mm/year in order to ward off sea level rise. Generally, mangrove ecosystem recovers over minor disturbances due to its in-built resilience and recovers its original equilibrium and no drastic alteration in the mangrove vegetation cover is likely to be resulted.

The zone where Avicennia sp. grows is generally covered during high tide and partly exposed at low tide. Because of the water that reaches this zone is shallow, deposition of the finer suspended matter is greater. This zone therefore is almost always dominated by fine mud, which makes tight and relatively low porous sediments, therefore, mangroves are poorly aerated. To compensate this effect, Avicennia sp. produces vertical aeration roots. These rots are “pneumatophores”, which protrude up from the surface roots through the sediments.

Figure 4-1 Distance to the mangrove patches from the nearest dredging zone

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 39 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Figure 4-2 Distance to the nearest mangroves from dredge disposal site

The zone where theses mangrove patches are located are not going to be affected due to the plumes generated during the dredging and disposal, as these mangrove patches are located approximately 2 km from the nearest dredging zone and more than 13.6 km from the disposal site. For further details about the impact assessment please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

4.4.3. Impact on Coral reefs

As per the report prepared by GUIDE, no coral reefs are reported in the vicinity of the dredging area and disposal area. The region is located at the tail end of the Gulf of Kachchh with two major creeks system Nakti and Kharo creek, with high turbidity and suspended sediment load in the water column rendering it highly unsuitable for coral formation. Piroton Island, where the coral reefs are reported is situated along the opposite bank of Gulf of Kachchh, more than 21 km from the dredge disposal site. Please refer below figure for the distance of the same.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 40 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Figure 4-3 Distance to Piroton island from dredge disposal site

4.4.4. Impact on Fisheries and fishing community due to Dredging and Disposal

No large scale fishing operations prevail in Tuna creek regions except for minor shore based hand-net and gill-net operations which is sold at nearby Kandla landing centre. Small plank built traditional vessels such as sail boats and vessels locally called ‘Machuva’ is predominantly used. In the dredging as well as disposal site, whatever the small amount of fishes is present will be impacted due to continued dredging operations for 9 months. However, once dredging ceases, normal fishery population will be quickly recovered.

In the disposal site, though background suspended load estimated in the present study is low, it is likely to increase to a level 3900 mg/l to 4400 mg/l as envisaged in the modelling study which will totally exclude fishery resources in a zone of 3.5 sq.km. All adult fin fishes will avoid the zone of high suspended load and will swim away to areas of ambient load. Common fin fishes in this water such as Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus), coila (Coila dussumieri) clupeids (Sardinella longiceps), cat fish (Tachysurus spp.), ribbon fish (Trichiurus spp.) and scieniedes (Johnius dussumieri) are mostly pelagic in nature and they will swim away to zones of less turbidity; however, their Juveniles and younger ones unable to avoid the high suspended load zone in a total area of 3.5 sq.km will be impacted by way of clocked gills and low dissolved oxygen levels.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 41 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

However, this will not have a significant impact on the overall commercial fishery resources since the estimated CPEU is low in Tuna creek waters and commercial fishing operations are minimal as fishermen of this region generally go 15-30 km offshore to fish avoiding this water. For further details about the impact assessment please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

4.5. PROCESS IMPACTS

4.5.1. Impact on air quality during dredging

The most significant sources of air pollutants from dredging operations include combustion emissions from dredger, ships’ propulsion and auxiliary engines and boilers, mainly consisting of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide [CO2] and carbon monoxide [CO], fine particulate matter [PM] and volatile organic compounds [VOC])

A model TSDH with Dead weight tonnage of 7364 T with maximum payload of 10,793 T will generally use two diesel engines of 2456 KW for propulsion, two diesel engines of 1257 KW for operation of Jet pp/de- Hoppering pp & Bow thruster and two 874 KW diesel engines for operation of dredge motors. Total pay load of Diesel engine is about 8104 KW.

In addition to this there will be three generators of 300 KW for power supply to all electrical equipment, two generators of 1200 KW for Power Supply for Jet pp/De-Hoppring pp & Bow Thruster, two 830 KW generators for power supply to dredge motors and one 90 KW diesel driven generator for emergency purpose.

Estimated fuel consumption is about 7.0 KL per day. Total fuel capacity on board tanks will be 650 m3. Storage of fuel may lead to emission of Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC). VOC emission from storage tank occurs as a result of both standing and working loss. Standing loss is a result of expulsion of the vapour from the tank through vapour expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure.

4.5.2. Impact on Water Quality

 Impact on Water Quality in Dredging Site

Marginal disturbance at the dredging site is expected to lead to increased TSS with reduction in light penetration and the concomitant impact on productivity of the water column though in a small area. Since bottom sediment in the dredging site is mostly silty sand, its organic content is likely to be less in the area of dredging. Since tidal current is high at the project site, removal of oxygen due to this organic load is expected to be

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 42 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material minimum. Corresponding impact on the biota will be confined only to the dredging site. Shift in water quality within the dredging site, though marginal is likely to deplete dissolved oxygen and expose biota to undesirable levels of pollutants that might be trapped in the sediment in this dynamic environment though it is confined mostly to the dredging site. Other crucial water quality parameters like pH, salinity and BOD are also likely to be affected during dredging. The project site experiences strong tidal currents with a current speed exceeding 0.2 m/sec, most of the time, allowing good mixing in the water column. Hence, release of contaminants such as sediment locked heavy metals and their impact on water column is expected to reach background levels within 100 m beyond the boundary of the dredging site.

 Impact on Water Quality in Disposal Site

Impact of dredging on the water column of the disposal site will follow similar effects due to the cascading and falling effect of sediment load. Quantum of each dump is estimated to be 5200 m3 out of which 4000 m3 will be solids. With 8 dumps per day, the quantum of sediment load deposited will be around 32,000 m3 which will create suspended load to the tune of 3,900 mg/l to 4,400 mg/l in the water column as predicted in the model study against the maximum background TSS level of 240 mg/l estimated in the baseline study at the disposal site. However, this zone of high suspended matter will extend only up to 3 km in the north east and South West direction as estimated in the modelling study. It is expected that the suspended load level will quickly reach the background concentration of 240 mg/l beyond the boundary of the disposal site at an estimated distance of 3 km. Since, the cascading sediment is mostly silt and clay in nature they will descend slowly through the water column before settling on the bottom, based on the prevailing tidal current’s speed and direction. Increase in BOD is expected due to increased suspended load and turbidity. Release of nutrients and organic matter from cascading sediment will further exacerbate this process. However, their impact is expected to be lesser than the dredging site since sediments are only cascading and there is no churning effect of bottom layer. Impact, in general at the disposal site and beyond it in the surrounding water column will largely be decided by the extent and degree of prevailing water current which is estimated to be in the order of 0.2 m/sec.

For further details about the impact assessment, please refer Annexure – 6: Numerical Modelling studies for predicting the impacts of the proposed project and Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 43 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

4.5.3. Impact on Organic matter and nutrients at dredging and disposal sites

The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the localized removal of oxygen from the surrounding water. Depending on the location and timing of the dredging this may lead to the suffocation of marine animals within the localized area. However, it is important to stress that the removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases where dredging and disposal is taking place in open coastal waters, localized removal of oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life (Bray, Bates & Land 1997).

The re-suspension of sediments during dredging and disposal may also result in an increase in the levels of organic matter and nutrients available to marine organisms. This can result in two main effects. In certain cases, nutrient enrichment leading to the formation of algal blooms can occur. These blooms can reduce the surrounding water quality by causing the removal of oxygen during the blooms break down. In other cases, increased organic material, nutrients and algal growth may provide more food for zooplankton and higher organisms, with possible knock-on effects on the productivity of the marine ecosystem.

From the data adopted from the marine ecological report prepared by GUIDE, it is evident that, not much organic load is expected from the dredging and dredge out disposal. Total organic carbon in the sediment ranged from 0.53% to 1.05% with an average value of 0.83%. Total phosphorus (TP) also showed wide fluctuation and ranged from 0.9 -2.9 mg/kg with an average value of 1.73 mg/kg. For further details about the impact assessment please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

4.5.4. Impact on sediment quality at dredging and disposal sites

 Contaminated sediments at dredging and disposal sites

A variety of harmful substances, including heavy metals, oil, TBT, PCBs and pesticides can be effectively ‘locked into’ the seabed sediments in ports and harbors. These contaminants can often be of historic origin and from distant sources. The dredging and disposal processes can release these contaminants into the water column, making them available to be taken up by animals and plants, with the potential to cause contamination and/or poisoning. The likelihood of this occurring depends upon the type and level of sediment contamination; however, some remobilization of very low levels of pollutants would be expected during any dredging campaigns.

Since the present dredging programme is planning to utilize the Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) which involves sucking the sediments through a pressure gradient in the

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 44 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material suction heads, which may result in churn up the bottom and release much of the sediment locked contaminants into the water column. But this contamination on water column depends on to what extent the sediment is contaminated. From the study conducted by GUIDE, it is evident that the sediment at the dredging zone is not contaminated. The result show that, levels of heavy metals such as lead and mercury are well within the acceptable level for a port environment. While, Cadmium and Total Chromium in the sediment at dredging zone were reported to be below detectable limit. Hence the impact due to the contamination from the churning up of the sediment will be minimum.

 Dredge-generated sediments and their effects

The proposed dredging and spoil disposal shall introduce sediment to the water column to varying degrees from three principal sources:

1. From the mechanical interaction of the dredging equipment (drag head) with the seabed substrates 2. From overflow associated with loading in Hooper 3. From the disposal of dredge spoil

The mechanical interaction of dredging equipment with the seabed causes sediment particles, in a range of particle sizes, to be introduced to the surrounding water column at the dredge site. Limited under-keel clearance and turbulence from propellers can also disturb and lift sediments into the water column. Overflow of the dredged material during hopper loading is also the principal source of increased suspended solids during dredging with TSHD.

Sediment re-suspended in the water column in high concentrations can directly lead to physical abrasion of, for example, filter-feeding organs or gill membranes of fish. Indirectly, if present for sufficient duration, high turbidity (i.e. reduced light penetration), can result in decreased growth potential of phytoplankton. Subsequent sedimentation in and around the dredging site can smother benthic flora and fauna or compromise habitat quality.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 45 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) will be used in proposed project. In the proposed capital and maintenance dredging, plumes from the over flow will be very limited as the expected dredge spoil will be predominantly slity-sand/ sand. While modern TSHDs discharge overflow at keel level, rather than above water level, to reduce turbidity and dispersal of fine sediments.

During dredging, generally sediments settle within the vicinity of the dredged area, where they are likely to have little effect on the communities, particularly in areas where dredging is a well-established activity. However, in some cases sediments are disturbed more widely within the coastal area and may settle over adjacent sub-tidal or intertidal habitats possibly some distance from the dredged area.

 Settlement of suspended sediments

During capital dredging and maintenance dredging, when dredge spoils are disposed of at sea, they will have a blanketing and smothering effect on benthic organisms in the immediate disposal site.

Disposal sites located in deep and high energy areas can accept large amounts of fine dredged material, which is dispersed by tides and waves, ensuring that material does not build up at the site with no effects on adjacent communities. However, if the disposal site is overloaded with large quantities of dredging spoil over a short period, shallowing of the disposal site can occur and smothering can adversely affect areas of adjacent sub -tidal habitat.

With the exception of the initial smothering of benthic communities at the disposal site which is inevitable, the potential for other effects to possibly occur as a result from disposal operations will be site specific, depending on the characteristics of the dredged material and the hydrodynamic conditions at the disposal site.

The modelling study carried out by Environ Software (P) Ltd., Bangaluru at the disposal site estimated that, the suspended load will be in the order of 3,900 mg/l to 4,400 mg/l. Suspended solid values observed in the study area during the baseline study ranged from a minimum of 145 mg/l and maximum of 276 mg/l with an overall mean of 200.1 mg/l. It was observed that, the total sediment concentration dispersion or plume is limited to 3 km either side in North East & South West direction of dump location and it will come down to attain the ambient values (145-276 mg/l) within 3.5 days after stopping the disposal of dredged material. The sediment concentration will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 46 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of DP. Hence, there will not be any significant impact on marine environment due to disposal of dredged material at the selected location.

However, these far-field effects of turbidity and smothering are generally only of high concern in areas of low background levels of suspended solids. But in this proposed dredging area in Gulf of Kachchh, suspended solid is relatively high. Adverse effects may occur if these dredged materials settle out over communities adapted to and dependent upon clear conditions, that is not prevailing at Gulf of Kachchh near disposal zone.

It was also observed that the bed level change is limited to around 1.5 km either side of North East & South West direction of dumping location. The model study predicted that the bed level variation over the period of 9 months dumping is in the order of 0.21 m. The bed levels has not increased more than 0.21 m at any point of time after 9 months of dumping and it would be much less by spreading the dumping disposal point judiciously within the dump location so that there will be no chance of the dump material forming a hump in the region.

The sensitivity of marine animals and plants to siltation varies greatly and discussed briefly below. In areas with relatively high natural loads of suspended sediments, the small increases in siltation away from the immediate dredging area and disposal area are generally considered unlikely to have adverse effects on benthic populations. Assessment of the effects of siltation from capital dredging can be concluded that some smothering of benthic animals was inevitable. However, it can be suggested that, when the area is subjected to regular navigational pressure, regular maintenance dredging of navigation channels and berths are undergoing, it is unlikely that effects from the proposed dredging programme will have anything more than temporary and fairly localized impacts.

4.5.5. Impact on Planktonic Communities at Dredging and Disposal Sites

Impact on planktonic biota due to dredging will be moderate as churning up and increase in suspended load will be confined only in the area of dredging and disposal. However, moderate increase in nutrient load and heavy metal concentration is expected. The resultant

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 47 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material nutrient load and their uptake will possibly change planktonic community structure, composition and primary productivity levels while uptake of heavy metals will get incorporated in their food chain.

At the disposal site, suspended sediment load in the water column is predicted to increase from 3,900 mg/l to 4,400 mg/l affecting the planktonic communities significantly. Light reduction is probably the most important of all sediment-related effects of dredging on plankton especially phytoplankton, resulting in a decline in photosynthetic productivity. However, this zone of high suspended load will be confined to a small area.

Model study predicted that the total sediment concentration dispersion or plume is limited to 3 km either side in North East & South West direction of dump location. The sediment concentration will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of disposal location. Sedimentation in the water column will have direct impact on the zooplanktons communities. Since some degree of sedimentation can occur under natural conditions in the Gulf of Kachchh, most zooplankton communities can withstand a certain amount of sedimentation.

Sedimentation in the water column will have direct impact on the zooplanktons communities Since some degree of sedimentation can occurs under natural conditions in the Gulf of Kachchh, most zooplankton communities , can withstand a certain amount of sedimentation.

However, moderate increase in nutrient load and heavy metal concentration is expected and their possible uptake by phyto and zooplankton is expected. However, this zone of high suspended load will be confined to a small area.

In general, impact of dredging and disposal on planktonic biota will be highly localized and is not expected to cause major environmental changes in the project site or in its vicinity. Given the usual scale of dredging and the rapid dilution and mixing in the water column, impacts on phytoplankton would usually be expected to be smaller than the effects of natural phenomena, such as storms, which impact far larger areas.

4.5.6. Removal of Meio & Macro benthic animals from sub tidal region due to Dredging

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 48 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material excavation site. As per the marine ecology impact assessment study conducted by GUIDE, average population density of macro benthos and meio-benthos at dredging site was 26 N/m2 and 239/10 cm2 respectively which will be directly dislocated and affected. Marginally churned up sediment is likely to be carried by tidal currents and may settle over adjacent areas in the sub tidal habitat producing negligible smothering effect on benthic forms. However, in areas beyond 200 meters from the dredging site, smothering effect will be totally absent as siltation and cascading particulate matters are likely to be absent. In the areas beyond immediate dredging sites, the benthic forms will not be affected.

Estimated average number biomass of macro-benthos at the dredging site is 3.58 g/m2 with a range of 2.8 to 4.8 g/m2. It is likely that this whole biomass will be affected at the dredging site though similar effects are not visualized beyond dredging site. The total area to be dredged will be 46,50,000 m2 (300 m X 15,500 m) in approach channel, 3,84,650 m2 (350 m radius) in turning circle as well as limited area at berthing pockets. Hence total area to be dredged will be approximately 50,34,650 m2 and macro-benthic communities to the extent of 13,09,00,900 numbers and meio -benthic communities to the extent of 12,033 numbers will be directly dislocated and affected. Portion of this benthic community is expected to survive after the disposal and will establish at the disposal site within very short period, as the dredging site and disposal sites are located and the sediment characteristics are very much identical.

The capital and maintenance dredging will be carried out in the existing navigational channel, turning circles and the berth pockets. It is unlikely that sensitive marine benthic communities would develop in close proximity to the disturbed habitat of a regularly maintained navigation channel. This area will be generally dominated by opportunistic species as evident from the baseline marine ecology study report prepared by GUIDE.

Moreover, where the channel or berth has been subjected to continual maintenance dredging over many years, it is unlikely that well-developed benthic communities will occur in or around that area. It is therefore unlikely that, their loss as a result of proposed capital and regular maintenance dredging will significantly affect the marine ecology.

The recovery of disturbed habitats following dredging ultimately depends upon the nature of the new sediment at the dredge site, sources and types of re-colonising animals and the extent of the disturbance (ICES 1992). In soft sediment environments like the present dredging zone, recovery of animal communities generally occurs relatively quickly. Maintenance dredging has only a short term effect on the animal communities of the silt and clay sediments. Although almost complete removal of organisms occurs during dredging,

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 49 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material recovery is expected to begin within 1 month and within 2 months. For further details about the impact assessment please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

4.5.7. Smothering/blanketing of Meio & Macro benthic communities at disposal site

During capital dredging and maintenance dredging, when dredge spoils are disposed of at sea, they will have a blanketing and smothering effect on benthic organisms in the immediate disposal site.

Sediments dispersed during disposal may resettle over the seabed and the animals and plants that live on and within it. This blanketing or smothering of benthic animals and plants may cause stress, reduced rates of growth or reproduction and in the worse cases the effects may be fatal (Bray, Bates & Land 1997).

As reported in marine ecology study conducted by GUIDE, the macro and meio benthic fauna at disposal zone is characterised by 28 and 46 genera respectively in the 5 grids. Grid-wise population density of sub tidal macro and meio fauna at disposal site varied from 21 to 33 no/m2 and 173 to 300 no/10cm-2.

At the disposal site, cascading and falling of sediment to the tune of 4,000 m3 per dump is estimated out of 5,200 m3 Hooper load. In a day, a total of 32,000 m3 of solid sediment will be dumped. Portion of the benthic communities mentioned above is likely to be affected by the disposal of sediments by smothering and blanketing effect as the modelling study visualize a seabed level increase of 21 cm over a period of 9 months. Chances for recolonization of this benthic forms and their rehabilitation is likely, once capital dredging is completed after a period of 9 months. Meio benthic communities are also likely to suffer since they are mostly interstitial and are acclimatized to live among sand particles. It is

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 50 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material expected that impact on the benthos will be more pronounced at the disposal site than dredging site due to cascading effect of fine particulate matters to the tune of 4000 m3 per dump. Generally smothering leads to reduced growth rate, reproductive disability and even mortality. Their eggs and larval forms will be smothered resulting in altered population structure.

Estimated biomass of benthic macro-fauna at the disposal site ranges from 2.5 to 3.4 g/m2 with an average value of 3.1 g/m2 which is marginally less than that of dredging site. Extent of impact on this benthic biomass will be considerable with the whole biomass getting affected since seabed level will be raised to the tune of 21 cm due to continuous dumping for a period of 9 months. Since dumping is a continuous process, burial of biomass will continue for this period of 9 months. It was also observed that the bed level change is limited to around 1.5 km either side of North East & South West direction of dumping location. It will be less pronounced in the zone beyond disposal site and the biomass will resume its background level from the boundary of the disposal site.

Opportunistic Polychaetes which are highly adapted to sediment disturbance even in natural environments and some crustaceans have high ability to adapt to disturbed conditions and they may with stand disturbance both in the dredging and disposal site. For example, some polychaetes like Nephtys sp., Nereis sp., Perinereis sp., Eunicesp. and Diapatrasp. recorded in the present study can withstand covering sediment layers up to one meter as proved in the laboratory studies (Essink, 1996). Since polychaetes and mollusks are the dominant groups in the studied dredging and disposal sites, it is likely that these groups can tolerate dredging and disposal to certain extent. For further details about the impact assessment please refer Annexure – 7: Marine ecology impact assessment report.

4.6. HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL STUDY INTERPRETATION FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT

General statements about the impact of capital dredging and maintenance dredging on the hydrodynamics and geomorphology of a site cannot be made as the effects are site specific, very difficult to isolate from other 'forcing effects' such as sea level rise or reclamation, and are often little understood. Although all dredging activities can cause some change to the hydrodynamic flow, the magnitude and type of effect will be related to the overall size of the excavation compared to overall size of the system. The overall effect of maintenance dredging on the hydrodynamics and geomorphology of a site has all the complexity of a capital dredging but the impacts are much smaller. In many cases the magnitude of dredging related alterations may fall well within the range of naturally occurring phenomena and probably impose little or no additional stress to marine features (IADC/CEDA 1998).

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 51 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

4.6.1. The sediment transport studies

From simulation of sediment transport in the study area, which was carried out using the Hydrodyn- SEDSOFT model for various tide conditions, it can be concluded that change or variation in the erosion rate is limited to the vicinity of the dredged area locations only and that there is no change observed in the rest of the domain. Moreover, from the comparison of the rates of sediment deposition before and after development at different location points in the development area, it can be observed that the deposition rate increase is limited to areas in and around the dredged channel location mostly limited to the tail end part of the channel and thus very much localized and there is no change observed away from this development location in the rest of the domain. It can be ascertained that the impact predicted on flow/sediment dynamics after proposed development is not very significant and also it is limited to localized areas only.

4.6.2. Shoreline Morphological changes

The results of sediment plume dispersion as well as bed morphology have been discussed in detail in the modelling study report. At the project site, the flow is parallel to coast during flood and ebb tide condition. Since, the sediment plume is attaining the ambient condition within 1.0 km in transverse and 3 km in longitudinal direction either side of disposal location, it will have only localized effect near the proposed activities. Since, the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology.

4.6.3. Model study interpretation at disposal site

Hydrodyn-SEDSOFT is used to predict transport of suspended particles of different size/ material and bed load transport within the water bodies with a free surface. This software can calculate the deposit on the bottom and the entrainment of suspension by the process of erosion. The software is integrated with Hydrodyn-FLOSOFT to take into account the advection of currents. The estimated quantity of capital dredged material is proposed to be disposed in open water at the identified disposal location having around 1 km radius in a predetermined sequential manner through direct disposal method (hopper dredger). It

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 52 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material should also to be noted that the dumping is considered to be carried out during both ebb and flood phase of the tide.

The sediment concentration profile due to the disposal at the selected location after every month from the start of the dumping to the end of dumping period was calculated and depicted in the model report.

It was also observed that the total sediment concentration dispersion or plume is limited to 3 km either side in North East & South West direction of dump location. The sediment concentration will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of disposal location. Hence, there will not be any significant impact on marine environment due to disposal of dredged material at the selected location.

It was also observed during the modelling study that the disposed material will not be deposited back to the dredged channel since the longitudinal currents are stronger in this area (1.6 m/s).

The sediment plume concentration levels come down to attain the ambient values (145-276 mg/l) within 3.5 days after stopping the disposal of dredged material. It was also observed that the bed level change is limited to around 1.5 km either side of North East & South West direction of dumping location. The model study predicted that the bed level variation over the period of 9 months dumping is in the order of 0.21 m. The bed level has not increased more than 0.21 m at any point of time after 9 months of dumping and it would be much less by spreading the dumping disposal point judiciously within the dump location so that there will be no chance of the dump material forming a hump in the region.

4.6.4. Model study interpretation at dredging zone

During the dredging operation, the sediment dispersion will be localized since the clay content is expected to be very less because of regular maintenance of approach channel, turning circles and berthing phase. The dredging site will not be affected by dredge disposal, since the sediment plume is attaining the ambient condition within 1.0 km in transverse and 3 km in longitudinal direction either side of disposal location.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 53 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 5 Ecological Impact assessment & Mitigation measures

5. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5.1. METHODOLOGY OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

An assessment of potential impacts in the marine environment was undertaken based on:

 The quantities and characterization of the sediments to be dredged  The characterization of the proposed dredge disposal sites  Consideration of potential environmental effects of dredging and dredge disposal activities  The sensitive ecosystems and existing beneficial uses of regions likely to suffer due to impacts

The approach used in the assessment of marine impacts has been to select the apparent worst case scenarios and to evaluate the associated impacts. The approach is thus essentially conservative. The assessment of marine impacts is based on the fact that volume of spoil dredged during the capital dredging and maintenance dredging from the berthing face, turning circles and approach channel will be to the tune of 7.68 million m3 and 1.2 million m3 respectively and the characteristic of the dredged out spoil is mainly silty- sand /sand. No heavy metal input is anticipated from the dredge disposal study as evident from the sediment characterisation study conducted by GUIDE

This ecological risk assessment due to impacts anticipated from dredging and disposal was based on the professional judgment, fieldwork and desk-top analysis of available secondary data and previous studies. The significance of potential impacts that may result from the proposed dredging project were determined in order to assess the impact of the dredging activity and disposal activity on Biodiversity Gulf of Kachchh near the dredging zone and disposal zone.

The significance of an impact is defined as a combination of the consequence of the impact occurring and in what probability that the impact will occur. The criteria used to determine the consequence of an impact are presented in Table 5-1 below.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 54 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Table 5-1 Criteria used to determine the consequence of an impact Rating Definition of Rating Score A. Extent – the area in which the impact will be experienced None 0 Site specific Confined to project site 1 Local study area or part thereof 2 Regional The regional 3 B. Intensity – the magnitude or size of the impact None 0 Wider (off site) natural functions and processes are negligibly Low 1 altered Wider (off site) natural functions and processes continue in a Medium 2 modified way Wider (off site) natural functions and processes are severely High 3 altered C. Duration – the time frame for which the impact will be experienced None 0 Short term Lesser than 1 month 1 Medium term Up to twelve months 2 Long term More than one year 3

The combined score of these three criteria corresponds to a Consequence Rating, as set out in Table 5-2:

Table 5-2 Consequence rating of an impact Combined Score 0-2 3-4 5 6 7 8-9 (A+B+C) Consequence Rating Not significant Very low Low Medium High Very high

Once the consequence was derived, the probability of the impact occurring was considered using the probability classifications presented in Table 5-3 below.

Table 5-3 Probability classification Probability of impact – the likelihood of the impact occurring Improbable < 40% chance of occurring Possible 40% - 70% chance of occurring > 70% - 90% chance of Probable occurring Definite > 90% chance of occurring

The overall significance of impacts was determined by considering consequence and probability using the rating system prescribed in Table 5-4.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 55 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Table 5-4 Impact significance rating Consequence with Probability Significance Rating Very low + Improbable Insignificant Very low + Possible Very Low + Probable Very Low + Definite Very Low Low + Improbable Low + Possible Low + Probable Low + Definite Low Medium + Improbable Medium + Possible Medium + Probable Medium + Definite Medium High + Improbable High + Possible High + Probable High + Definite High Very High + Improbable Very High + Possible Very High + Probable Very High Very High + Definite

The impact significance rating should be considered in decision-making process based on the implications of ratings described below:

 Insignificant: the potential impact is negligible and will not have an influence on the decision regarding the proposed activity/development.  Very Low: the potential impact should not have any meaningful influence on the decision regarding the proposed activity/development.  Low: the potential impact may not have any meaningful influence on the decision regarding the proposed activity/development.  Medium: the potential impact should influence the decision regarding the proposed activity/development.  High: the potential impact will affect the decision regarding the proposed activity/development.  Very High: The proposed activity should only be approved under special circumstances.

Finally the impacts were also considered in terms of their status (positive or negative impact) and the confidence in the ascribed impact significance rating. The prescribed

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 56 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material system for considering impacts status and confidence (in assessment) is laid out in Table 5- 5 below

Table 5-5 Impact status Status of impact Indication whether the impact is + ve (positive – a ‘benefit’) adverse (negative) or beneficial – ve (negative – a ‘cost’) (positive). Neutral

The degree of confidence in these predictions is based on available information, judgment and/or specialist knowledge of the ecologist based on the professional judgment, fieldwork and desk-top analysis of available secondary data and previous studies.

Table 5-6 confidence classification

Confidence of assessment Low The degree of confidence Medium High

Rate of impacts both without and with implementation of the mitigation measures recommended are discussed in this chapter. Mitigation measures can be either:

 Essential: must be implemented and are non-negotiable; or  Optional: should be considered, and sound reasons provided by Transnet if not implemented.

As the implementation of “optional” mitigation measures cannot be assumed, the rating of impacts with mitigation assumes only the implementation of essential mitigation measures.

5.2. INTEGRATION OF STUDIES INTO THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

The completed specialist studies and their findings have been integrated into this report. The key findings of each specialist were evaluated in relation to each other to provide an overall and integrated assessment of the project impacts. In this report, the suite of potential impacts is considered in a holistic manner and in certain instances, they are based on independent professional judgment and this integrated approach may have altered impact significance ratings.

Where ever required mitigation measures are suggested to mitigate the identified impact; a practical monitoring programme that will, firstly, allow real time control of project activities to reduce environmental risks and, secondly, facilitate a qualitative determination of actual

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 57 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material versus predicted project impacts were recommended in Chapter – 7: Environment Monitoring Plan.

This section of the EIA report is been based on the Marine ecology impact assessment undertaken by Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), Bhuj, Gujarat, Numerical modelling studies for predicting the impacts of the proposed project undertaken by Environ Software Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Bore hole investigation undertaken by Fugro Geotech Pvt. Ltd., Quantitative study of dredge disposal volume undertaken by JACOBS Consulting Engineering (I) Pvt. Ltd.

5.3. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON DREDGE SITES

Following potential ecological impacts of dredging operations on dredging area environment are assessed and rated as per the rating methodology mentioned above:

 Removal/destruction of biological communities in the dredge target areas;  Effects of turbid plumes generated by dredging on organisms inhabiting the near shore area and mangrove patches  Settlement of material suspended during dredging and alteration of sediment characteristics and effects on sediment biota and their ecological processes  Introduction of alien species by dredgers and associated ecological effects are not considered as it is proposed use own dredger stationed mainly at Mundra coast.

Impact 1: Removal of biological communities at dredging areas

During the proposed capital dredging, approximately 7.68 million m3 of material, which majorly consist of silty sand/sand will be dredged from approach channel, turning circles and berthing pockets. This material will have some marine biota associated with them which will be removed with the dredge spoil along the path of the dredger.

The majority of the benthic organisms are likely to die or be removed from the dredge area, although the overall numbers of organisms affected is expected to be low. Estimated average number biomass of macro-benthos at the dredging site is 3.58 g/m2 with a range of 2.8 to 4.8 g/m2

Due to the fact that local extent of the impact is only limited to the dredging area (approach channel near berthing phase and turning circle) and the fact that it will occur in what can essentially be considered an area under operation since the commencement of this terminal, the significance of this impact is considered to be very low and no mitigation measures are considered necessary or feasible. An assessment of this impact “with mitigation” has thus not been provided below.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 58 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Table 5-7 Significance of removal of biological communities at Dredging area

Impacts Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without Site Medium Medium Low Definite Low -ive High mitigation specific term With NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA mitigation

The significance of the potential removal of biological communities in the dredge areas is therefore rated as Low.

Impact 2: Effects of turbid (sediment) plumes generated by dredging on organisms inhabiting in the zone of influence

Dredging activities characteristically generate turbid plumes of suspended sediment. High suspended solid concentrations can exert negative effects on organisms through light attenuation (phytoplankton and algae), interference with filter feeding (zooplankton, mussels, oysters, and barnacles), damage to gills and respiratory processes (fish) and reduction of visibility reducing foraging success.

Significance of generation of suspended sediment plumes in the dredge area over the dredge period (9 months) and potential sub lethal or lethal impacts on biological organisms and/or communities inhabiting the sediments and structures near the jetty area is rated as ‘medium’. Water quality modelling predicts that the thresholds will not be exceeded at any point outside the immediate dredge area, maximum within 1 km radius, and that the potential effects should be limited to the duration of the dredging activity.

Mitigation measures

TSHDs produce low turbidity when dredging sand and silty- sand with overflow. As a precautionary measure, under Keel over flow can be adopted with TSHD at the dredging site. The overflow process of TSHD is of environmental concern where fine sediments are dredged as they create visible turbid plumes hence modern TSHDs discharge overflow at keel level, rather than above water level, to reduce turbidity and dispersal of fine sediments.

Table 5-8 Significance of effects of turbid plumes at dredging zone

Impacts Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without Medium Local Medium Medium Definite Medium -ive High mitigation term With Site Medium Low Very Low Possible Insignificant -ive High mitigation specific term

The significance of the generation of suspended sediment plumes in the dredge area and potential sub lethal or lethal impacts on biological organisms and/or communities inhabiting

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 59 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

sediments and structures is therefore rated as ‘medium’. With the mitigation measures, significance can reduce to ‘insignificant’.

Impact 3: Settlement of material suspended during dredging and alteration of sediment characteristics and effects on sediment biota and their ecological processes

The dredging sites, approach channel, turning circles berthing phase is by nature is a choppy water area and it is unlikely that the majority of the fines in dredge hopper over wash and those suspended by dredge head turbulence will resettle in the jetty premises. This will disperse with in the immediate vicinity of 1 km radius. This may reduce the inundation of sediment biota adjacent to the dredge areas, possibly altering community structure and/or disrupting ecological processes (e.g. by smothering benthos in the sediments). As stated previously the sediment community near the berthing area is relatively impoverished and may be kept that way by physical disturbance (e.g. sediment resuspension) by an on-going shipping at M/s AKBTPL terminal due to the low draft availability. Benthic macro fauna have been shown to survive short term inundation and examples of bivalve molluscs and gastropods have been found to migrate vertically up to 16 cm when inundated; with some amphipods, crabs and polycheates migrating vertically up to 30 cm. Therefore given the generally slow sedimentation rates of fine particles and the ability of benthic macro fauna to survive relatively rapid sedimentation events, significant disruption of the benthos in the dredging area is not expected.

Due to the low significance of this impact, mitigation measures are not considered necessary. An assessment of this impact “with mitigation” has thus not been provided below.

Table 5-9 Significance of settlement of suspended sediments during dredging

Impacts Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without Medium Local Low Low Probable Low -ive High mitigation term With NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA mitigation

The significance of the potential settlement of suspended sediment and the effects on sediment biota and ecological processes is therefore rated as ‘low’.

5.4. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON DREDGE DISPOSAL SITES

Following potential ecological impacts of dredged material disposal at disposal zone are assessed and rated as per the rating methodology mentioned above:

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 60 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Deposition of discharged sediment and effects on benthic macro fauna  Alteration of benthic biological communities through toxins associated with dredge spoil  Effects of turbidity generated by dredge spoil disposal on habitats in and adjacent to the dredge spoil disposal sites  Introduction of alien species by dredgers and associated ecological effects are not considered as it is proposed use own dredger stationed mainly at Mundra coast.

Impact 1: Deposition of discharged sediment and effects on benthic macro fauna

The discharge of 7.68 Mm3 of dredge spoil, within a time span of approx. nine months in open water at the identified disposal location ”DP” spread in around 1 km radius in a predetermined sequential manner through direct disposal method (hopper dredger) is anticipated. Disposal at this site, which is located away from any navigational channel and eco sensitive area in the deep sea, may only inundate the resident benthos thereby possibly disrupting community structure and ecological processes at the disposal site. As the identified dump site is spread in approximately 1 km radius in size, the predicted average inundation is only expected to a depth of 0.21 m (21 cm). Most of the major faunal classes in the benthos have been shown to be able to withstand such burial depths and once the dumped sediment has stabilised, it is likely that fauna will both migrate into the spoil dump area and recruit to it with a relatively short recovery period.

However, due to the spoil dumping practices followed by dredging during the maintenance dredging, it is considered to be highly unlikely that an even distribution of dumped dredge spoil will be achieved. It is possible that there could be unevenness leading to mound heights that exceed 0.21 m. It is anticipated that localised mounds with peaks of up to 0.1 to 0.2 m could occur due to the nature of the proposed dredge spoil dumping and the difficulty in obtaining an even distribution of sediments over the dump-site. This could cause higher mortality levels in the benthos, in localized areas. Recovery periods should however be equally short.

Dumping site is characterised by more or less uniform and a high similarity in benthos community structure across the site as well as with the dredging locations. These impacts would occur on a local scale, bed level change is limited to around 1.5 km either side of North East & South West direction of dumping location. Although some organisms may burrow to the surface after being covered by sediment, burial depths may prevent this on the disposal site itself. Biomass at the disposal site would thus be reduced and the

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 61 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

community structure altered. Deposition depths outside the dump site are insignificant and there should be limited effects on the benthos inhabiting these areas.

In addition, the impacts are expected to be short-lived, with rapid recolonization as most of the sediment being dumped is similar to that already existing in the area.

Mitigation measures

It is recommended that during sediment discharge, sediment is deposited in thin layers, in different areas spread around the identified disposal site, one after another in sequential manner, which would decrease the mortality of benthos and could make this impact insignificant. As this is not an essential mitigation measure and the implementation cannot be guaranteed. At the placement site, the area affected by smothering can be reduced by controlled placement within the designated area.

Table 5-10 Significance of sediment deposition on benthic macro fauna at disposal site

Impacts Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without Medium Local Medium Medium Probable Medium -ive High mitigation term With Site Medium Low Very Low Possible Insignificant -ive High mitigation specific term

The significance of the potential settlement of suspended sediment due to the spoil dumping on the resident benthos is considered as ‘medium’. With implementation of mitigation measures, the significance can be reduced as ‘insignificant’.

Impact 2: Alteration of benthic biological communities through toxic metals associated with dredge spoil

The dredge spoil is characterised by very low trace metal concentrations (chapter# 3) therefore, the sediment has no potential to alter benthos community structure on the site used for spoil disposal and immediately adjacent areas, as a result of the contamination of the sediments.

Moreover, the toxicity potential of the dumped sediments depends on the bioavailability of trace metals which are expected to be limited due to probable adsorption to iron (ferric) and manganese (manganous) hydroxides present in the sediments. Trace metals should thus remain in the particulate phase. If the sediment is sufficiently toxic to cause adverse effects, the toxicity is likely to be relatively rapidly dissipated by wave generated resuspension and advection of silt and clay sized particles away from the dump site area (having a dilution effect and thus reducing the possibility of toxic effects). Redeposition of these sediments

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 62 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

away from the dump site should be sufficiently small to mitigate any latent toxicity. Therefore no toxic effects on biota in and adjacent to the dump site are anticipated. Hence no assessment of this impact with mitigation has thus been provided.

Table 5-11 Significance of the impacts due to toxic metals in dredge spoil

Impacts Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without Medium Local Low Low Improbable Very low -ive Medium mitigation term With NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA mitigation

The significance of the potential alteration of benthic biological communities through toxic metals associated with dredge spoil se is therefore rated as ‘very low’.

Impact 3: Effects of turbidity generated by the dredge spoil dumping on habitats adjacent to the dredge spoil dump area

Simulation modelling of suspended sediment distributions the sediment concentration will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of disposal location.The effects of turbidity on habitats are expected to be short-lived, with recovery commencing on completion of the dredging programme. More over the available depth at dredge disposal site is more than -14 m CD. Due to this reasons the impact is considered to be insignificant and no mitigation measures are required when discharged in control sequential manner.

Table 5-12 Significance of the potential effects of turbidity from dredge spoils Disposal on habitats adjacent to Site

Impacts Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without Medium Local Medium Medium Possible Low -ive High mitigation term With NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA mitigation

The significance of the potential effects of turbidity from the disposal of dredge spoil on habitats surrounding the dredge disposal Site is therefore rated as ‘low’.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 63 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 6 Environment Management Plan

6. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1. INTRODUCTION

This section describes how unwanted environmental impacts on Gulf of Kachchh, from the proposed dredging can be prevented; controlled or mitigated. Here dredging is defined as the removal, transport and relocation of material from the seabed for the provision of safe navigation area and berthing facilities via improvement of access channels. Although historically the primary objective was to optimise dredging operations and economic benefits with little regard to the environment, today in most cases, dredging projects are evaluated and managed to minimise adverse environmental effects, whilst still maximising economic and environmental benefits.

There are existing procedures and regulations in place which are generally considered to effectively avoid and minimize the potential for capital and maintenance dredging and disposal operations to cause environmental harm. In addition, in recent years dredging has become a more scientific process with greater emphasis being placed on continuous survey of the channels to minimize dredged volumes. Improved dredging technology and position fixing equipment allows more precision which has resulted in real reductions in the amounts of materials dredged and deposited (Murray 1994a).

The approach adopted to assess the impact and suggest mitigation measures was to collect available scientific and grey literature including case studies on dredging to determine the range of effects of dredging activities on marine ecosystems. Knowledge gaps are identified in the process and the environmental issues and practical constraints associated with implementation of dredging activities are recognised. Further, feasible methodologies for assessment of impacts of dredging are described along with their practical application. Finally, the techniques used to prevent, minimise, mitigate and/or compensate impacts, associated with dredging activities, are assessed with respect to their practicality and effectiveness. Emphasis is also given to the environmental monitoring and management plan implementation during and after dredging.

In most cases, careful dredging practice is sufficient to avoid the potential effects discussed in impact assessment section of the report. Here adverse effects causing Ecological Risk are

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 64 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material identified and precautionary approach is considered to avoid or minimize impacts, many of which are already in operation as part of standard careful dredging practice:

 Managing and informing contractors  Timing of dredging and disposal operations  Selection of eco-friendly dredging methods  Oil spill management  Monitoring and record keeping

6.2. MANAGING AND INFORMING CONTRACTORS

It is important that dredging contractors are fully briefed by port and harbour management prior to the commencement of dredging and disposal works. Contracting procedures shall include the requirement for method statements and risk assessments for operations to be provided by the contractors. Dredger operators should follow proper safety procedures to avoid accidents and spills, and M/s AKBTPL will need to ensure that other vessel users are provided with adequate information and instruction to avoid conflict with the dredgers. In order to reduce the potential for contractor error resulting in adverse environmental impacts, M/s AKBTPL shall endeavour to regularly monitor the operations of the contractor during dredging and disposal activities. Therefore it has been suggested that the relevant labour force should be educated on marine environmental matters to minimize the detrimental effects on marine species as a result of the dredging process.

6.3. TIMING OF DREDGING AND DISPOSAL OPERATIONS

When problems resulting from increases in suspended sediments have been identified in a marine environment, the timing of dredging and disposal operations may be planned, where practical, in order to avoid and reduce any adverse impacts on sensitive marine features located in the impact zone of dredging. In order to reduce the movement of suspended sediment from the dredging area to dredge disposal area, dredging activity shall be undertaken at the most favourable points in the tidal cycle. To limit the dispersal of suspended sediments, dredging activities shall be undertaken during high or low water. For example, in order to reduce impacts to Mangrove communities upstream (located at Nakti creek and near the rubble mound to approach the existing jetty) due to the dredging activities, dredging operations near the berthing phase and turning circle can be limited to ebb tide. Conversely, where appropriate, by dredging on flood tides timing can be used to ensure that suspended sediment is retained within the system, instead of being washed out to sea. The disposal of dredged material may be timed to either maximise or minimise the

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 65 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material removal of sediments from the disposal site depending on the nature of the site and the sensitivity of the surrounding habitats.

6.4. SELECTION OF ECO-FRIENDLY DREDGING METHODS

Dredging practice and equipment has evolved considerably in recent years to increase dredging efficiency and to minimize the potential adverse effects on the environment. To some extent the environmental effects due to the re-suspension and settlement of sediments during the excavation process can be minimized by selecting the most appropriate method of dredging.

The characteristics of the dredging sites have a significant bearing on the type of dredger which can be used and on the extent that precautions to minimize sediment re-suspension are needed. Subject to appropriate modification, most types of dredger can be operated in a manner that does not cause excessive loss of sediment to the surrounding environment.

6.4.1. EMP to reduce sediment plume during dredging

In this proposed project, the estimated quantity of capital dredged material will be to the tune of 7.68 million m3 and is proposed to be disposed in open sea at the identified disposal site in a predetermined sequential manner. One TSHD (Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger) of 5200 M3 hopper capacity shall be employed in the proposed dredging plan.

Main concern for using this dredger is creation of turbid plumes from the overflow, from turbulence caused by the ship’s propellers, from intake bypass and from material placement. Anticipated dredge spoil from the proposed project location will be predominantly silty- sand / sand since capital dredging for the existing approach channel, turning circles and berth pockets is already carried out. Hence the impact due to turbid plume is envisaged to be very less. As a safer option, it is recommended to use overflow at keel level in this dredging operation. Under Keel overflow, system ensures that excess water entering the hopper during dredging is being discarded without discarding the dredged material. Certain TSHD have telescopic overflow systems constructed vertically inside the hopper itself, discharging the overflow mixture through the under keel of the vessel (PIANC, 2008).

Some TSHDs can be equipped with a device called ‘Green Valve’ in the overflow that reduces turbidity. The system is based on avoiding air entrainment in the overflow mixture resulting in an overflow mixture that once released below the keel of the vessel relatively rapidly descends to the seabed, rather than being dispersed by air bubbles to the higher part of the water column (PIANC, 2008).

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 66 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

A bypass system, which is also named ‘lean mixture overboard system’ (LMOB) can be utilized in the present dredging operation, which is designed to prevent water being discharged into the hopper at the commencement and conclusion of dredging.

Overflowing only starts once the sediment mixture reaches the top of the overflow weir in the hopper and typically continues until the hopper is loaded to its dredging mark.

The following mitigation measures shall be implemented to reduce the impacts on water quality related to the creation of a turbidity plume from dredging and offshore spoil disposal activities:

 Mechanical devices, such as turbidity-reducing valves can be used in the overflow on the TSHD;  TSHDs can be equipped with systems for determining solids to water ratio or density of dredged material;  Hopper doors shall be kept in good condition to minimize loss of sediment during transport;  The TSHD can be equipped with below keel discharge of tail waters via an anti- turbidity control (“green”) valve;  Water quality monitoring can be conducted using telemetered loggers measuring turbidity, and compared against turbidity trigger levels for the Zones of Concern.  Track plots have to be provided by the dredging company to demonstrate that no dredging occurs outside the designated areas;  Accurate positioning systems shall be used on dredges to ensure direct impacts are restricted to the approved dredging areas;  Accurate positioning of vessels to ensure disposal of spoil is within the footprint of the proposed new disposal ground;  Safest and shortest sailing routes to and from the proposed new spoil ground will be selected to minimize the impact of propeller wash;  Current and forecasted meteorological and oceanographic information, water quality and shall be considered in the daily work plan; and,  The transportation of dredge material shall be carried out such that the dredge material is kept wet at all times

6.4.2. EMP to reduce impact on marine fauna

Vessels and vessel movements associated with dredging could potentially impact marine fauna either by vessel strike, chances of entrainment in dredge head (of marine fauna like fishes and turtle) and marine pollution.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 67 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

It is recommended that, TSHD engaged for the proposed dredging shall be equipped, at a minimum, drag heads appropriately fitted with marine wildlife protector or fauna exclusion devices (e.g. turtle deflector, deflector plates, tickler chains etc.) prior to and during operation.

Before beginning dredging and dumping activities, dredger must check from a high observation platform on the vessel for marine mammals and/or marine turtles using binoculars within the Dredging and Dredge disposal zone. Dredging/dumping activities shall not commence in the monitoring zone until last marine mammal and/or marine turtle is observed to leave the zone.

6.4.3. EMP to reduce Impingement and Entrainment

A type of modification as stated above, turtle deflector can be utilized in the dredging operation, which can be fitted at drag heads to reduce the risk of collisions and entrainment of turtles and other marine organisms that may be in the trailing path. Turtle deflectors operate similarly to a snow plough and physically deflect large marine organisms from the advancing drag head.

6.4.4. EMP for placement of dredge spoils

Placement methods are generally related to the type of transportation which in turn is often determined by the type of dredger. In general, material dredged to construct and maintain waterways will be placed in open sea at a designated site for placement called as disposal site. The main environmental impact related to placement of dredged material in the aquatic environment is the smothering of any existing benthos. Placement of dredge material in open water will normally result in a temporary increase in turbidity in the direct vicinity of the placement site. Dredged material that is transported in hoppers is most often discharged using bottom doors or a split-hull construction.

At the placement site during the proposed dredging, the following measures can be implemented to increase the control of placement and reduce spillage of material outside the site. These include the systematically planned sequential manner of disposal within 10 km radius of disposal location. In the present dredging operation, the expected dredge spoil

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 68 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material will be predominantly silty-sand /sand in texture, which will relatively sink faster than disperse.

6.4.5. EMP to reduce marine pollution from dredger

Numerous waste materials will be generated which may include oil, garbage, maintenance parts, sewage and other liquid wastes from the dredging vessel. These have the potential to affect the environment including posing a health risk to animals (e.g. ingestion and entanglement), marine habitats and to water quality, if not handled sustainably.

Waste reception services can be provided by the project proponent from the existing facilities at terminal for reception of vessel wastes, excluding quarantine waste. Waste generated on board can be appropriately segregated into appropriate bins with lids. Waste can be transferred to a vessel or directly to wharf facilities for holding or disposal at existing facility of AKBTPL. Waste that cannot be disposed of at the local facility can be placed in appropriate containers or tanks and transported to appropriate recycling, reuse or waste facilities as per the AKBTPL management practices.

Vessels shall be contractually required to keep waste on-board the vessel until it can be disposed of in accordance with methods approved. Sewage shall be delivered or transferred to a barge or tug for delivery to terminal where waste shall be transferred to existing sewage treatment facility.

M/s Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. (AKBTPL), is equipped with one 25 KLD sewage treatment plant for treating sewage generated from the existing terminal. The existing Sewage Treatment Plant is based on Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor. The Sewage water treatment is in the form of Screening, Biological treatment (Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor), Filtration and Chemical dosing by Hypochlorite chemical. The treated sewage is being utilized for horticulture purpose.

6.5. OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT

6.5.1. Spill Management Controls

Operational spill management will be followed as prescribed by Kandla Port Trust (KPT). The general controls measures to prevent oil and other spills into the marine environment during Dredging and disposal are summarized here:

 Daily inspection logged for excessive oil and grease from drag heads  Complying with vessel traffic management  Bunkering in accordance with the Bunkering Management Plan

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 69 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Regular and documented maintenance of all vessels and equipment  Vetting of vessels for condition, maintenance and survey history prior to contracting  Relevant employees and contractors involved in the storage, handling, transfer and disposal of fuel and other materials will be trained to ensure they are aware of their responsibilities and the Project systems, processes and procedures  Secondary containment will be used to reduce the risk of spills occurring from accidental spillage  Rupture or leaks at transfer points will be avoided  An oil spill response plan will be prepared for the dredging vessel  Properly trained and certified crew  Regular drills and exercises for crews

6.5.2. Spill Response

Even though the occurrence of spills is unlikely, operational controls shall be designed to prevent marine pollution as oil spill have the potential to significantly impact on local flora and fauna. A Spill Management and Response Plan shall be developed specifically for dredging operations by the dredging contractor.

6.6. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

This dredging Project will be managed by the existing Environment Management team of M/s Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. (AKBTPL), with tasks including managing subcontractors delegated among the team.

A dredging contractor will be appointed for dredging of the port facilities. The Contractor will have operational responsibility for managing smaller sub-contractors, including vessel operators. Management for the project is clearly defined, with identified lines of authority and reporting.

Table 6-1 Comparison of DOP and EMP Environmental Management Component Dredging Operation Plan (DOP) Plan (EMP) Operating practice required for the Management of environmental dredging contractor to meet the impacts associated with the project Aim environmental protection criteria /objectives and required operational response mechanisms Activity or Operation of dredging project Monitoring and identification of issue response requirements Management Response to spill budget and adoption Response to trigger values (plumes,

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 70 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

strategies of overflow control techniques etc. turbidity etc.) Compliance with DOP Compliance to baseline marine Performance parameters like turbidity, water indicators quality, sedimentation etc. Dredging contractor Site environmental management Responsibility team Regular compliance reporting to port Compliance to marine baseline Monitoring and authorities (daily/weekly) parameters and submissions to the reporting regulatory authorities Update DOP and implement corrective Corrective measures shall be taken Corrective measures by site environment team to ensure actions compliance to baseline marine required, if any parameters

Source: Adopted from PIANC, 2010

Table 6-2 Key components of Environmental Management Plan activities When What Why How Who Reassess Change in impacts based equipment/process/timing on contractor’s Port of project compared to specific work authority that assumed in EIA may methods lead to changes in impact (forecast) After Prepare Site appointment Update draft operating environment of the EMP and DOP criteria (e.g. team DOP & EMP must be contractor spill budget) to updated to ensure the include in the level of impact is as per Contractor DOP to meet the prediction done in the (for environmental EIA report updating objectives for the DOP) the specific project Within 1-3 months before start of work (if To ensure baseline EMP baseline Port dredging captures any recent Sampling and surveys (for authority activity changes since the EIA or analysis by essential and site commences extend the EIA baseline if NABL accredited marine water environment after long insufficient for agency parameters) team duration of management purposes the EIA report preparation)

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 71 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Preparation and Port Prior to To ensure that there is no By following approval of authority start of environmental local final EMP and Contractor dredging degradation due to the administrative other key Regulators/ work proposed project activity process documents government Undertake Port dredging work in authority compliance with and EMP and DOP contractor Monitoring and Implement Site Implementation Management of dredging response as During environment of EMP and activity to meet required due to dredging team DOP environmental quality non-compliance objectives Update EMP & Site DOP as required environment based upon team and monitoring contractor information Monitoring of recovery Sampling and from any stress/impact Site After end of Post-project analysis by and to detect any long- environment work monitoring NABL accredited term impact in order to team agency confirm EIA predictions

Source: Adopted from PIANC, 2010



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 72 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 7 Environment Monitoring Plan

7. Environment Monitoring Plan

7.1. INTRODUCTION

Monitoring is required to confirm that a project is meeting the agreed level of impact and that the predictions of impacts during the EIA have been accurate. To develop an effective environmental monitoring and management programme, it is necessary to identify the environmental receptors in the potential impact area (e.g. Mangroves), and the impacting processes that may affect each receptor. The monitoring programme must be designed to ensure that the monitoring will be able to isolate and distinguish impacts of the project from other external (natural or human) impacts.

7.2. ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN

The proposed Environment monitoring program will be developed to monitor the impacts of dredging on water quality and on other ecological receptors. The monitoring program includes baseline and dredging program (includes pre-dredging, during dredging and post dredge monitoring). The objective of the environment monitoring program will be to provide continuous water quality data to assist in the management of initial capital dredging and spoil disposal activities and further during annual maintenance dredging.

Water quality data at the area of concern (the dredging zone and disposal zone) and reference sites shall be collected to: monitor the spatial extent of turbidity in relation to predicted plumes; provide “early warning indicator” of potential impacts due to turbid plumes. The proposed environment monitoring plan will confirm, the ecological receptors have not been impacted by increased turbidity or sediment deposition from dredging and spoil disposal activities.

Duration / frequency of monitoring:

Monitoring has to be conducted in all three phase of dredging project (Pre dredging Phase, Dredging Phase and post dredging Phase)

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 73 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Table 7-1 Monitoring Frequency and duration

Phase Zone Time period Frequency Pre dredging Dredging area/ 4-6 days prior to the Once Phase disposal area dredging Entire duration of the Dredging area/ Dredging Phase dredging phase Twice in a month disposal area (approx. nine months) Post dredging Dredging area/ Twice in a year for one Phase Twice in a year disposal area year

Table 7-2 Parameters for Environment Monitoroing

Water quality parameters  Temperature  pH  Salinity  Dissolved Oxygen  Biological Oxygen Demand  Chemical Oxygen Demand  Turbidity  Ammonia-N  Nitrite-N  Nitrate-N  Total nitrogen  Inorganic phosphate  Total phosphorus  Total suspended solids  Phenolic Compounds  Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons  Oil and grease  Cadmium  Lead  Mercury  Total Chromium Sediment quality parameters  Sediment structure  Specific gravity  Total organic carbon  Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons  Cadmium  Lead  Mercury

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 74 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Total Chromium Biological parameters  Phytoplankton, its biomass and diversity  Chlorophyll – a & b  Zooplankton, its biomass and diversity  Macro benthos, its population and diversity

Table 7-3 Budget estimate for Environment monitoring

Expected monitoring Phase Frequency cost (INR) Pre dredging phase Once 4,00,000=00 Once in a month for Dredging phase 18,00,000=00 Nine months Post dredging phase Twice in a year 8,00,000=00 Total Environment Monitoring cost 30,00,000=00



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 75 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 8 Risk and disaster associated with dredging

8. RISK AND DISASTER ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING

8.1. INTRODUCTION

Project-related vessel movements during the dredging phase have the potential to impact due to collision with marine fauna and with other moving vessel, including other ships approaching the terminal, tug boats or fishing boats. To minimize this impact, dredging vessels will be contractually required to comply with all relevant legislation and operate safely and use authorized shipping routes for all travel; installation of navigation aids in Boyd Area, all vessels will have adequate lighting for safe navigation; Vessel Tracking Systems, including Automated Identification Systems (AIS) will be used in accordance with legislation and M/s AKBTPL Port requirements.

8.2. THE VTS CENTRE’S ROLE

The navigation assistance service for vessels in order to increase the overall effectiveness and provide safety to ports against potential hazards that may be caused by congestion and increase of dangerous vessel movements.

 The primary affairs of VTS centre:  The VTS center provides timely information regarding surrounding circumstances or the traffic status of vessels in the VTS area, to aid the mariners in making better decisions for navigation.  Grasping of vessels’ incoming and outgoing movement as well as navigating vessels.  Providing information for the safety of the ship movement if necessary, giving advice or counsel for situations of an off-course, crossing, wrong anchoring of the vessels, navigation in a dangerous area etc.  Providing the information related to marine weather or port management.  Providing information on pilot service, berth allocation and anchorage.  Providing or exchanging (through radio communication) information between port users and related organizations.  Maintaining ‘Traffic Order’ within the harbour limit and prevention of accidents caused by dragging of anchors  In case of an accident or an emergency, providing swift response and communication.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 76 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Table 8-1 Risk assessment of activities associated with dredging Suggested safeguard measures (to be Activity Hazard Consequence adopted during dredging) Working on or near Falling in water Causing hypothermia /  Barriers shall be inspected/erected prior water on board the drowning to work vessel without  Utilization of experienced crew. sufficient barriers and  Strict practice of no lone working in the edge protection deck and other area.  Emergency rescue plan in place.  Utilization of regular serviced life jackets while on deck. Working on deck at Falling in water/ on the Causing hypothermia /  Avoid working on deck at night night with insufficient deck drowning / minor or  Adequate lighting shall be provided lighting serious head injury /  Ensure that all deck lights are working fracture / bruising with spare bulbs available.  Good housekeeping (clean decks).  Competent crew.  Monitoring of water levels.  Availability of first aider on board.  Good radio communications. Working on board the Over exposure to noise Tinnitus / Ringing in ear /  Ear defenders shall be provided. vessel near Loss of hearing  Display signs near the high noise engine/pump room environment. Working on board the Falling in water/ on the Damage to crew and  Standing instruction shall be provided not vessel during swell deck equipment to dredge when swell is above 1.5 m for TSHD and/or when captain /skipper of the vessel is not comfortable to dredge Refueling Oil / fuel spillage Environmental damage /  Ensure fuel caps are replaced after every skin & eye contamination refueling. / Explosion, fire, burns  Ensure delivery from only professional company.  Refueling shall be done only from

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 77 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material designated fueling place  Spill kits and drip trays shall be available near the fueling point.  Pollution prevention plan on board shall be strictly followed.  Booms and Fire extinguishers shall be available near the fueling point.  Eye wash station and No smoking signs shall be available near fueling point. Shipping & Movement Collision / interference Damage to crew and  Shall stay in contact with Port Control via of Dredger and Hooper with dredging equipment and port VHF radio. Especially during dredging near operations facilities berths and approach channel, extra care shall be taken.  Dredging shall be directed by port control to provide a daily update about expected ship movements that day Grounding / sinking Marine pollution Threat to marine flora  Shall reduce the probabilities of accidental dredging vessel / and fauna and/or operational spills through Hooper or collision enforcement of stringent oil spill with other vessels management systems.  In the event of an emergency including fire, grounding, sinking, or oil spill shall follow emergency response plan available on board.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 78 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 9 Project Benefits

9. PROJECT BENEFITS

This application is for obtaining Environment and CRZ clearance for proposed additional capital dredging of 7.68 million m3 and additional annual maintenance dredging of 0.2 million m3 is to handle Cape-size bulk vessels of 2,10,000 DWT. The existing terminal was designed to handle ships of only up to 1,00,000 DWT with drawing drafts of 15.0 m at its outer berth.

 Now a days, bulk cargo business especially coal, is mostly handled on Cape-size vessels. So, to make it viable in the present business scenario, Tuna port will have modified to handle Cape-size bulk vessels of 2,10,000 DWT and above with draft requirement of >18.0 m.  With the provision at terminal to handle Cape-size bulk vessels of 2,10,000 DWT and above, number of vessels required annually to handle approved cargo capacity of 14 MMTPA can be reduced drastically.  My handling more cargo per ship, the efficiency of cargo handling and cargo supply as per demand can be improved.  If the approved 14 MMTPA cargo can be achieved by the lesser number of vessels, the vessel traffic at the terminal and the associated pollution load can be reduced.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 79 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 10 Additional studies conducted

10. ADDITIONAL STUDIES CONDUCTED

10.1. NUMERICAL MODELLING STUDIES

Numerical modelling studies for predicting the impacts on the flow regime & morphology due to the proposed project (dredging and disposal of dredged material) are carried out by M/s. Environ Software (P) Ltd., Bangalore. Studies have been carried out for evaluating the impact on flow regime and sedimentation processes due to the proposed project activity. Main components of the study include hydrodynamic model studies, modelling of flow regime for the proposed dredging activities, modelling of sediment transport and modelling for disposal of dredged material.

The study depicts the baseline conditions of the GoK in general and that of dredging site and disposal site in specific. The conditions of the study domain were studied for both, before and after, the implementation of the proposed project activity. Model results show that the predicted change in the flow regime due to the proposed development at the jetty and channel is only local, the velocities around the jetty point location have slightly increased compared to the surrounding currents but the flow regime in the rest of the domain has not changed. Model results show that no significant change in sediment parameters due to the proposed developments. The entire modelling study report is attached as an annexure to this EIA report. Please refer Annexure – 6.

10.2. MARINE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY

A marine ecology impact assessment report is prepared by M/s. Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), Bhuj. GUIDE is an autonomous research institute specializing in Marine Ecology. It was started by Forests and Environment Department, Govt. of Gujarat and is now recognized as ‘Scientific and Industrial Research Organization’ by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. GUIDE carried out site visit surveys (baseline study) during November, 2016 covering sampling and assessment of water quality, sediment quality, all the micro, macro and mega biotic components and ecology, mangroves and fisheries within the area of influence (in and around the dredging zone and disposal site). Impact of the proposed project activity on these environmental attributes are also

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 80 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material identified and detailed out in the report. A copy of the said study report is attached as an annexure to this EIA report. Please refer Annexure – 7.

10.3. BATHYMETRY SURVEY

The proposed project activity covers capital dredging and maintenance dredging. As a part of capital dredging, 7.68 million m3 has to be dredged out from approach channel 300m x 15500 m (-)15 m CD, two Turning circles on both sides of Jetty (-)17 m CD and two berth pockets at front side of berth 1 & 3, (-)19 m CD. Disposal of dredged material will be at selected site in the open sea located closer to the mouth of approach channel, approximately 13 km from the existing berthing phase of the jetty at Latitude 220 47’ 12.74” N and Longitude 700 02’ 56.91” E. In order to understand the bathymetry of the proposed project area and to estimate the dredging quantity, the detailed bathymetry survey was carried out by in house survey team of APSEZ. The map is attached as Annexure – 8 of the EIA report.

10.4. DEMARCATION OF HTL/LTL AND CRZ AREA

Field survey work using Global Positioning System (GPS) was conducted by the Faculty of Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai. High Resolution Satellite Imagery of the study area is used for surveying the study area and the project site. Based on the site survey and the satellite image, a map is generated showing HTL (with 100 m buffer), mangroves (with a 50 m buffer), creeks and mudflats in 1:60,000 and 1:4000 scale within 7 km from the project area. A land use / land cover map of the same area is also prepared in 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 scale. Project site boundary was superimposed on said maps. A detailed report and all the maps are attached as an annexure to this EIA report. Please refer Annexure – 1.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 81 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 11 Summary & Conclusion

11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

11.1. INTRODUCTION

M/s Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. (AKBTPL), the subsidiary company of APSEZL has developed dry bulk terminal at Tuna, as per the Concession agreement with Kandla Port Trust signed on 27th June 2012. The dry bulk terminal is located, off Tekra, near Tuna, outside Kandla Creek on the west coast of India. The terminal has the approved capacity to handle 14 MMTPA of dry bulk cargo like coal, fertilizer, salt, minerals and other agro-products. The dry bulk terminal is commissioned and under operation since 2015. This application is for obtaining Environment and CRZ clearance for proposed additional capital dredging of 7.68 million m3 and annual maintenance dredging of 0.2 million m3 (in addition to approved 1.0 million m3, so that total annual maintenance dredging after the proposed expansion would be 1.2 million m3) to facilitate berthing of cape size vessels at existing offshore jetty off Tekra, near Tuna, Gujarat

The existing terminal was designed to handle ships of 1,00,000 DWT drawing drafts of 15.0 m at its outer berth with an approach channel width of 200 m and depth of 12.3 m. Now a days, bulk cargo business especially coal is mostly handled on Cape-size vessels. So, to make it viable in the present business scenario, Tuna port will have to equipped to handle Cape-size bulk vessels of 2,10,000 DWT and above with draft requirement of >18.0 m.

The width of the existing channel is 200 m, now it is proposed to provide 300 meter channel width in straight alignment and 400 meter at the turning point. The diameter of the existing turning circle is 500 meter. Now it has been proposed to increase the diameter to 700 meter. Fully laden draft requirement of 2,39,400 DT vessel is 18 meter. As per EIA notification (S.O. 1533) dated 14TH September 2006 and CRZ notification (S.O. 19 (E)) dated 6th January, 2011, and their subsequent amendments, this project require Environment clearance and CRZ clearance form Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. This proposed dredging project, falls under 7(e), category – A of the schedule in the EIA notification, 2006. Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University, Chennai, an authorized institution of MoEF&CC, GoI was appointed to demarcate the High Tide Line (HTL) and Low Tide Line (LTL) in and around the project site.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 82 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

The scope of this EIA study is based on the ToR prescribed by the EAC, MoEF&CC vide letter dated 04.05.2016.

11.2. PROJECT SITE DETAILS

Capital dredging and maintenance dredging will be undertaken in existing approach channel, two turning circles and two berth pockets (in front side – berth 1 & 3) to accommodate Cape-size vessels up 2,10,000 DWT from the designed capacity of 1,00,000 DWT vessels.

11.3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

As a part of capital dredging, 7.68 million m3 has to be dredged out from the existing approach channel, two turning circles on both sides of the jetty and two berth pockets at front side of the jetty. Disposal of dredged out material will be done in deep at disposal site selected through mathematical modelling. The disposal location is located closer to the approach channel, approximately 12 km from the existing berthing phase of the jetty at Latitude 220 47’ 12.74” N and Longitude 700 02’ 56.91” E.

11.3.1. Dredging plan for proposed dredging

Capital dredging and maintenance dredging is envisaged by using one TSHD with 5200 m3 Hopper capacity. The dredged material will be disposed at selected location for 9 months continuously with 8 dumps per day. Dumping is considered to be carried out during both ebb and flood tides. As per estimation, the 5200 m3 capacity TSHD will handle 4000 m3 of solids in the dredge spoil at one trip. However as the dumps are expected to occur during the ebb and flood tides, taking an average of 60 numbers of flood and ebb each to occur in a month, the estimated quantity of 7.68 Mm3 is expected to be disposed in nine months’ time. The annual maintenance dredging is expected to be to the tune of 0.2 million m3 (in addition to approved 1.0 million m3, so that total annual maintenance dredging after the proposed expansion would be 1.2 million m3). The site selected for disposal of dredged material is at Latitude 220 47' 12.741" N; Longitude 700 02' 56.910" E. Located at a distance of approximately 12 Km from the jetty, spread over more than 1 km in radius.

11.4. BASELINE STUDIES

11.4.1. Micrometeorology

Micro-Meteorology of the region is based on the monitoring data collected from the port area for a period of March to June, 2016. The main characteristic of this region is hot summer and severe winter with a small spell of rainy season. The rainy season generally commence at the middle of July and last till September. The period from October to

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 83 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

November constitutes the post monsoon season and winter prolong from December to February which last till March before the summer season begins.

The rain fall during monsoon season (2016) was recorded as 275 mm in this region as on Sept 23th, 2016. Average rain fall in this region recorded (1986-2015) is 405 mm. The temperature recorded during the sampling months was varying from 26.0 0C to 40.00C. The relative humidity at this region was varying from 18.5-64%.

The predominant wind directions in the project site were observed from South- West (SW) to North East (N-E) and south – North. The average wind speed observed during the study period was 6.39 m/s. The minimum and maximum wind speed observed during the study period was 1.1 m/s to 11.7 m/s.

11.4.2. Ambient air quality

The baseline ambient air quality monitoring is an ongoing activity as the dry bulk terminal is in operation phase. The regular ambient air quality monitoring (twice in a week) is being carried out as per the NAAQ standards, 2009 by NABL and MoEF&CC accredited agency namely M/s. Pollucon Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Sampling is done from 4 locations (North East corner of the backup area, Starting of Pile approach, South West corner of back up area and near zero point). The parameters monitored are PM10 , PM2.5 , SO2 and NOx. The data presented in this report is for the duration of four months of summer season (March to June 2016).

PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in the ambient air at these locations, during study period was 3 observed to be within the stipulated limit of 100 µg/m and 60 respectively whereas SO2 and 3 NOX concentrations were also well within the prescribed limit of 80 µg/m .

11.4.3. Noise environment

Noise Sampling was done at 4 locations mentioned above during March – June, 2016 and was observed within limits stipulated under the Noise Pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000.

11.4.4. Marine environment

 Tides

The nature of tides prevailing at Tuna Tekra is mainly semi-diurnal exhibiting two high and two low waters in a tidal day. The maximum high water recorder is (+) 6.40 m CD, mean low water spring is (+) 1.00 m CD

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 84 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Currents

 Wave Conditions

During SW monsoon period, from May to August wave condition is severe and the maximum wave height is about 2.27 m during month of August. The monthly mean of maximum significant wave height was varying from 0.44 m – 2.27 m and mean wave period was varying from 3.71 – 5.86.

11.5. GEO-TECHNOLOGY OF THE SITE

The data with respect to Geo technology of the site has been adopted from the borehole survey conducted by Fugro Geotech Pvt. Ltd. The site geotechnical investigation has been taken from five marine boreholes aligned along the jetty. It can be ascertained from the analysis that the characteristic of the dredged out materials from the dredging zone predominantly belongs to Unit-I, characterized by very soft to soft silty Clay / Clay with occasional thin to thick layers of silty –sand / clayey- silty –sand.

11.6. MARINE ECOLOGY

The result interptred in this section is based on the sampling and analysis conducted in the proposed dredging channel and disposal site by Gujarat institute of desert ecology (GUIDE), Bhuj, Gujarat. The attributes of marine environmental condition are based on the biological, chemical and physical aspects of water, sediment, benthic fauna and plankton, which were collected from both the dredging site and the disposal site.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 85 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material studied (such as intertidal, sub tidal and mangrove habitats) were identified and fixed with GPS reference.

 Water quality at dredging and disposal site

Analysis of physical and chemical parameters at dredging and disposal site surface waters indicated that the water quality is pristine and important parameters like nutrients (phosphate and nitrate), heavy metals (Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Chromium) are either comparable with the other port waters or are within the limits which do not pose major threat to the water quality or biota. Salinity regime in Kandla-Tuna waters is always more than normal due to its location at the tail end of the gulf. Factors like salinity, suspended solids and turbidity were also comparable with the values reported from other coastal waters. Recorded values of dissolved oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were well within the safer limits and did not indicate any stressed condition of the water column. Nutrients like nitrate and phosphate recorded in the present study, appears to originate from port handling of related materials like fertilizers. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) was normal and did not indicate any gross contamination when viewed in comparison with the concentrations in unpolluted waters. In general surface waters at the study stations appear to be healthy.

 Sediment quality

The analysed parameters like Total phosphorous, Total Organic carbon, Phenolic compound, Petroleum hydrocarbon, and heavy metals are within the normal limit of a port environment. Among heavy metals, total Chromium and Cadmium are below detectable limit. Most of the parameters are within the limits which do not pose major threat to the sediment quality or benthic biota.

 Plankton communities at dredging site & disposal site

Phytoplankton composition and distribution was almost similar in the 15 grids in dredging zone and 5 grids in disposal site with minor variation. The community is constituted by three major groups namely Pennate and Centric diatoms and dinanoflagellates. In all the grids at dredging and disposal sites a total of 26 genera have been recorded and the generic number varied from 14 to 18 with an average value of 16. At dredging site, Phytoplankton density values across grids ranged between 15,100 Units/l to 35,500 Units/l with grid-wise average density value of 24,900 Units/l whereas the same at disposal site it ranged from 16,900 Units/l to 30,100 Units/l grid-wise average density value of 21,913 Units/l.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 86 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Sub-tidal benthic communities at dredging site and disposal site

 Intertidal Benthic Fauna

In the four sampling locations in the vicinity of the project site, four major groups of intertidal macro-fauna represented by 16 genera have been recorded. An overall average density of 493.7/m2 was recorded in the four intertidal study stations.

 Mangroves Communities

Mangrove vegetation in and around the AKBTPL project domain constitutes about 1266 ha with dense and sparse patches accounting for 530.55 and 736.25 ha, respectively (GUIDE, 2011). Tuna mangroves are constituted by a single species of A. marina. Tuna mangroves are fringing type distributed in the intertidal belts of creek systems. Pooled data of mangrove tree density in the six transects showed occurrence of highest density of 11,250/ha and minimum density of 5,500/ha.

 Coral Ecosystem and Seaweeds

Coral ecosystem is absent in the northern shore of Gulf of Kachchh. The study site located at the tail end of the Gulf with high turbidity and suspended sediment load in the water

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 87 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material column rendering it highly unsuitable for coral formation. Seaweed formations are totally absent in study area except stranded tufts that originate from the southern coast of the Gulf.

 Fishery Resource

The data regarding the fish catch at Kandla fish landing centre during the past five years from 2011-12 to 2015-16 had been collected from Fisheries Department Bhuj. The fish catch during this five year period varied between 363.5 tonnes to 4654.5 tones and highest catch of was recorded during 2011-12.

11.7. DREDGING ACTIVITY AND ITS IDENTIFIED IMPACTS

The potential environmental effects of capital and maintenance dredging are generally two- fold, firstly as a result of the dredging process itself and secondly as a result of the disposal of the dredged material. Once material is excavated from the seabed by a dredge, it can be handled in a number of different ways. In open sea dredging, often dredged material is loaded into a hopper (part of the dredge itself or on a separate vessel) and transported to a disposal site where the contents of the hopper are emptied directly in the open ocean.

11.8. TYPES OF IMPACTS

For emphasis, impact is divided into two impact categories, based on the primary responsibility for mitigation: Project impacts and Process impacts.

11.8.1. Project impacts

 Impact of dredging and disposal on intertidal biota

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 88 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material activities. Since, the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology. Hence no changes have been visualized in the intertidal morphology in the port vicinity.

 Impact on mangrove communities

Mangroves are the largest ecological entity in Tuna creek systems extending over an area of 1266 ha. However, mangrove formations are more than 13.6 km at the farthest extent disposal zone. No increased sedimentation is visualized in the mangrove habitats, as the predicted particle trajectory due to disposal will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of disposal location. Hence, it is unlikely that the envisaged dredging and disposal will have any impact on mangroves.

 Impact on Coral reefs

As per the report prepared by GUIDE, no coral reefs are reported in the vicinity of the dredging area and disposal area. Piroton Island, where the coral reefs are reported is situated along the opposite bank of Gulf of Kachchh, more than 21 km from the dredge disposal site.

 Impact on Fisheries and fishing community due to Dredging and Disposal

No large scale fishing operations prevail in Tuna creek regions except for minor shore based hand-net and gill-net operations. In the dredging as well as disposal site, whatever the small amount of fishes is present will be impacted due to continued dredging operations for 9 months. However, once dredging ceases, normal fishery population will be quickly recovered.

11.8.2. Process impacts

 Impact on air quality during dredging

The most significant sources of air pollutants from dredging operations include combustion emissions from dredger ships’ propulsion and auxiliary engines and boilers, mainly consisting of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide [CO2] and carbon monoxide [CO]), fine particulate matter [PM], and volatile organic compounds [VOC]).

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 89 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Impact on Water Quality at Dredging Site

Marginal disturbance at the dredging site is expected to lead to increased TSS with reduction in light penetration and the concomitant impact on productivity of the water column though in a small area. Since tidal current is high at the project site, release of contaminants such as sediment locked heavy metals and their impact on water column is expected to reach background levels within 100 m beyond the boundary of the dredging site.

 Impact on Water Quality at Disposal Site

 Impact on organic matter and nutrients at dredging and disposal

The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the localized removal of oxygen from the surrounding water. The re-suspension of sediments during dredging and disposal may also result in an increase in the levels of organic matter and nutrients available to marine organisms. From the data adopted from the marine ecological report prepared by GUIDE, it is evident that, not much organic load is expected from the dredging and dredge out disposal. Total organic carbon in the sediment ranged from 0.53% to 1.05% with an average value of 0.83%. Total phosphorus (TP) also showed wide fluctuation and ranged from 0.9 -2.9 mg/kg with an average value of 1.73 mg/kg.

 Impacts due to contaminated sediments at dredging and disposal sites

From the study conducted through GUIDE, it is evident that the sediment at the dredging zone is not highly contaminated. The result shows that, levels of heavy metals such as, lead and mercury at the dredging site within the acceptable level for a port environment. While, Cadmium and Total Chromium in the sediment at dredging zone were reported to be below

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 90 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material detectable limit. Hence the impact due to the contamination from the churning up of the sediment will be minimum.

 Impacts due to dredge-generated sediments at dredging and disposal sites

Sediment released into the aquatic environment that may occur at many stages of dredging from excavation to placement. Suspended sediment concentrations are often erroneously described as turbidity, the latter being a measure of the light transmission properties of the water. The modelling study carried out by Environ Software (P) Ltd., Bangaluru at the disposal site estimate the suspended load will be in the order of 3900 mg/l to 4400 mg/l against the average turbidity and TSS levels of 145 mg/l and maximum of 276 mg/l with an overall mean of 200.1 mg/l. It can be seen from the model study report that the dispersion of the dumped material is observed to be spread on upstream as well as downstream of the location of disposal. It was observed that, the total sediment concentration dispersion or plume is limited to 3 km either side in North East & South West direction of dump location. The sediment concentration will be spreading more in longitudinal axis than transverse direction. The maximum distance that can spread the sediment concentration is about 3 km in longitudinal direction and 1 km in transverse direction on either side of disposal location. Hence, there will not be any significant impact on marine environment due to disposal of dredged material at the selected location. The model study predicted the sediment plume concentration levels come down to attain the ambient values (120 – 130 mg/l) within 3.5 days after stopping the disposal of dredged material.

 Impact on Planktonic Communities at Dredging and Disposal sites

 Removal of Meio & Macro benthic animals from sub tidal region due to Dredging

During all dredging operations, the removal of material from the seabed also removes the animals living on and in the sediments (benthic animals). With the exception of some deep burrowing animals or mobile surface animals that may survive a dredging event through avoidance, dredging may initially result in the complete removal of animals from the excavation site. As per the marine ecology impact assessment study conducted by GUIDE, average population density of macro benthos and meio-benthos at dredging site was 26 N/m2 and 239/10 cm2 respectively which will be directly dislocated and affected.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 91 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Smothering/blanketing of Meio & Macro benthic communities at disposal site

During capital dredging and maintenance dredging, when dredge spoils are disposed of at sea, they will have a blanketing and smothering effect on benthic organisms in the immediate disposal site. At the disposal site, cascading and falling of sediment to the tune of 4,000 m3 per dump is estimated out of 5,200 m3 Hooper load. In a day, a total of 32,000 m3 of solid sediment will be dumped. Portion of the benthic communities at disposal site is likely to be affected by the disposal of sediments by smothering and blanketing effect as the modelling study visualize a seabed level increase of 21 cm over a period of 9 months. Chances for re-colonization of this benthic forms and their rehabilitation is likely, once capital dredging is completed after a period of 9 months.

11.9. HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL STUDY INTERPRETATION FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 The sediment transport studies

From the comparison of the rates of sediment deposition before and after development at different location points in the development area, it can be observed that the deposition rate increase is limited to areas in and around the dredged channel location mostly limited to the tail end part of the channel and thus very much localized and there is no change observed away from this development location in the rest of the domain. It can be ascertained that the impact predicted on flow/sediment dynamics after proposed development is not very significant and also it is limited to localized areas only.

 Shoreline Morphological changes

At the project site, the flow is parallel to coast during flood and ebb tide condition. Since, the sediment plume is attaining the ambient condition within 1.0 km in transverse and 3 km in longitudinal direction either side of disposal location, it will have only localized effect near the proposed activities. Since, the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology.

 Model study interpretation at disposal site

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 92 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material material at the selected location. The sediment plume concentration levels come down to attain the ambient values (145 – 276 mg/l) within 3.5 days after stopping the disposal of dredged material. It was also observed that the bed level change is limited to around 1.5 km either side of North East & South West direction of dumping location. The model study predicted that the bed level variation over the period of 9 months dumping is in the order of 0.21 m.

 Model study interpretation at dredging zone

11.10. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

11.10.1. EMP To reduce sediment plume during dredging

TSHD is proposed to be used for the proposed capital dredging activity. Main concern for using this dredger is creation of turbid plumes from the overflow, from turbulence caused by the ship’s propellers, from intake bypass and from material placement. Anticipated dredge spoil from the proposed project location will be predominantly silty- sand / sand since capital dredging for the existing approach channel, turning circles and berth pockets is already carried out. Hence the impact due to turbid plume is envisaged to be very less. As a safer option, it is recommended to use overflow at keel level in this dredging operation. Under Keel overflow, system ensures that excess water entering the hopper during dredging is being discarded without discarding the dredged material. Certain TSHD have telescopic overflow systems constructed vertically inside the hopper itself, discharging the overflow mixture through the under keel of the vessel.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 93 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

11.10.2. EMP to reduce impact on marine fauna

It is recommended that TSHD engaged for the proposed dredging shall be equipped, at a minimum, drag heads appropriately fitted with marine wildlife protector or fauna exclusion devices (e.g. turtle deflector, deflector plates, tickler chains etc.) prior to and during operation. Before beginning dredging and dumping activities, dredger must check, using binoculars, from a high observation platform on the vessel, for marine mammals and/or marine turtles within the Dredging and Dredge disposal zone. Dredging/dumping activities shall not commence in the monitoring zone until last marine mammal and/or marine turtle is observed to leave the zone.

11.10.3. EMP to reduce impingement and entrainment

A type of modification, as stated above, turtle deflector can be fitted to drag heads to reduce the risk of collisions with and entrainment of turtles and other marine organisms that are in the trailing path.

11.10.4. EMP for placement of dredge spoils

11.10.5. EMP to reduce Marine Pollution from Dredger

Numerous waste materials will be generated on site and which may include oil, sewage, garbage, maintenance parts, sewage and other liquid wastes from the dredging vessel.

These have the potential to impact the environment including posing a health risk to animals (eg ingestion and entanglement), marine habitats (smothering) and to water quality, if not handled sustainably.

M/s Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. (AKBTPL), is equipped with one 25 KLD sewage treatment plant for treating sewage generated from the existing terminal.

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 94 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

11.10.6. Spill Management Controls

Operational spill management will be followed as prescribed by Kandla Port Trust (KPT). Even though the occurrence of spills is unlikely, operational controls shall be designed to prevent marine pollution as oil spill have the potential to significantly impact on local flora and fauna. A Spill Management and Response Plan shall be developed specifically for dredging operations by the dredging contractor.

11.11. ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN

A water quality monitoring program will be developed to monitor the impacts of dredging on local water quality. The monitoring program includes baseline and dredging program (includes pre-dredging, during dredging and post dredge monitoring).

The objective of the water quality monitoring program will be to provide continuous water quality data to assist in the management of initial capital dredging and spoil disposal activities and further during annual maintenance dredging.

Water quality data at concern and reference sites will be collected to: monitor the spatial extent of turbidity in relation to predicted plumes; provide “early warning indicator” of potential impacts due to turbid plumes.

11.12. RISK AND DISASTER ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING

To minimize this impact, dredging vessels will be contractually required to comply with all relevant legislation and operate safely and use authorized shipping routes for all travel; installation of navigation aids in Boyd Area, all vessels will have adequate lighting for safe navigation; vessel Tracking Systems, including Automated Identification Systems (AIS) will be used in accordance with legislation and Port requirements.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 95 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Chapter – 12 Disclosure of Consultants

12. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

12.1. DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD.

The preparation of EIA was done by M/s Detox Corporation Pvt. Ltd. having NABET accreditation for conducting EIA studies for project activities listed under Schedule 7(E) of EIA notification and Sr. 33 of NABET scheme accreditation of EIA consultants (Jetty and Dredging, Category – A).

The EIA Team engaged in the preparation of this EIA report consist of professionals with multidisciplinary skill and relevant experience required for undertaking this project.

 Key facts about Detox Corporation Pvt. Ltd.

 Established in the year – 1995  1995: Laid Foundation Stone of firm activities covered fabrication & equipment supply  1997: Developed turnkey execution.  1997: Developed core competence for conducting Environment Audits.  1998: Developed a full-fledged laboratory  1998: Construction of ETP’s & STP’s  2000: Developed core competence for preparation of EIA Study Reports  2002: Expansion and Modernization of Lab & Office.  2004: Certified for ISO 9001: 2000 (QMS)  2004: Established first branch office at Gandhidham, Kutch  2005: Tie up with Ozmotech, Australia for converting waste plastic to diesel  2006: Foundation laid for setting up a total hazardous waste management site at Kutch, Gujarat  2008: Started development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Management facility in Kutch region in name of SEPPL  2013: Started Development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Incineration facility in Dahej region in name of SEPPL

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 96 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

 Accreditations

 ISO 9001-2008 certification  NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories)  NABET (National Accreditation Board for Education & Training) registration from Quality Council of India as EIA Consultant  Registrations

 Class AA Contractor registration from Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC)  Recognized Environmental Auditors from GPCB  MoEF Registration for recognized Environmental Lab.

12.2. GUJARAT INSTITUTE OF DESERT ECOLOGY, BHUJ, GUJARAT

A marine ecology impact assessment report is prepared by M/s. Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), Bhuj. GUIDE is an autonomous research institute specializing in Marine Ecology. It was started by Forests and Environment Department, Govt. of Gujarat and is now recognized as ‘Scientific and Industrial Research Organization’ by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. The credentials GUIDE including NABET certificate and letter of recognition from the Ministry of Science and Technology, GoI, are attached as annexure to this EIA report. Please refer Annexure – 7 for a copy of the same.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 97 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material Reference of Literature

1. ABP Research (1999): Good practice guidelines for ports and harbours operating within or near UK European marine sites. English Nature, UK Marine SACs Project. 120 pages 2. Bolam SG and Rees HL (2003): Minimizing Impacts of Maintenance Dredged Material Disposal in the Coastal Environment: A Habitat Approach. Environmental Management 32, No. 2, pp. 171–188. 3. Bray RN, Bates AD and Land JM (1996): Dredging: A Handbook for Engineers. Oxford, 448 pages 4. Bray RN (Ed) (2008): Environmental Aspects of Dredging. Published by Taylor & Francis. In cooperation with IADC and CEDA. 386 pages 5. Bridges, TS (2007): Transforming Practice to Apply Risk-Informed Dec ision Making; Vicksburg, Mississippi 6. CEFAS (2003): Aquatic environment monitoring Report Number 55. Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science. Final Report of the Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal Monitoring Task Team. Marine Environmental Monitoring Group. 53 pages 7. Commission of the European Communities (2000): Communication from the commission on the precautionary principle. COM (2000) 1, Brussels, Belgium, 29 pages 8. EPA (2001): Guidelines for dredging. Best practice environmental management. Environment Protection Authority, Victoria, Australia. Publication 691. 116pages 9. Erftemeijer PLA and Lewis III RRL (2006): Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, pp. 1553- 1512 10. Herbich JB (2000): Handbook of Dredging Engineering, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, 992 pages 11. International Maritime Organization (IMO) (2000): Specific guidelines for assessment of dredged material 12. John SA, Challinor SL, Simpson M, Burt TN and Spearman J (2000). Scoping the assessment of sediment plumes from dredging. CIRIA Report C547, London,190 pages 13. New Delta Project (2007): Final report of Theme 6 ‘Sustainable Dredging Strategies’. Framework for a sustainable dredging strategy. 2007, 48 pages www.newDelta.org

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 98 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for TERMINAL PVT. LTD. additional capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

14. OSPAR (2004): Environmental impacts on marine species and habitats of dredging for navigational purposes. Background Document, Biodiversity Series 15. OSPAR (2007): Draft literature review on the impacts of dredged sediment disposal 16. at sea. Document Nr. EIHA 07/2/2-E 17. PIANC (1998) Working Group PTC I-17: Handling and treatment of contaminated dredged material from ports and inland waterways “CDM” 18. PIANC Report 100 19. PIANC (1998): Working Group PEC 1: Management of aquatic disposal of dredged material 20. PIANC (2002): Working Group Envicom 5: Environmental guidelines for aquatic, nearshore and upland confined disposal facilities for contaminated dredged material 21. PIANC (2005): Working Group Envicom 2: Bird habitat management in ports and waterways 22. PIANC (2006): Working Group Envicom 8 Generic biological assessment guidance for dredged material 23. PIANC (2006): Working Group Envicom 10: Environmental risk assessment of dredging and disposal operations 24. PIANC (2008): Working Group Envicom 14: Dredged material as a resource: options and constraints 25. PIANC Working Group Envicom 16: Dredging and port construction around Coral Reefs t.b.p. 26. Rees HL, Murray LA, Waldock R, Bolam SG, Limpenny DS and Mason CE (2002): Dredged material from port developments: A case study of options for effective environmental management. 27. National Research Council (2001): A process for setting, managing, and monitoring environmental windows for dredging projects. Marine Board, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 262. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 28. Whitehead PA (2004): Predicting environmental impact (of Maintenance Dredging). Proceedings of the International Conference on Maintenance Dredging, organised by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Bristol, UK, 6-7 May 2004, pp115 – 127.



DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. 99 AUGUST, 2017

ADANI KANDLA BULK EIA report for EC and CRZ clearance for additional TERMINAL PVT. LTD. capital and maintenance dredging and disposal of dredged material

Annexure – 1 CRZ report and map prepared by Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai

DETOX CORPORATION PVT. LTD. APRIL, 2017 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116