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“We Speak for Ourselves”: the First National Congress of Indigenous Peoples and the Politics of Indigenismo in Mexico, 1968-1982

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“We Speak for Ourselves”: the First National Congress of Indigenous Peoples and the Politics of Indigenismo in Mexico, 1968-1982 "We Speak For Ourselves": The First National Congress of Indigenous Peoples and the Politics of Indigenismo in Mexico, 1968-1982 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Munoz, Maria L. O. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 05:48:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194145 “WE SPEAK FOR OURSELVES”: THE FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE POLITICS OF INDIGENISMO IN MEXICO, 1968-1982 by María L. Olin Muñoz ___________________________ Copyright © María L.O. Muñoz 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by María L.O. Muñoz entitled "We Speak for Ourselves": The First National Congress of Indigenous Peoples and the Politics of Indigenismo in Mexico, 1968-1982. and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy __________________________________________________________ Date: 06/02/09 William Beezley __________________________________________________________ Date: 06/02/09 Kevin Gosner __________________________________________________________ Date: 06/02/09 Bert Barickman __________________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________________ Date: Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 06/02/09 Dissertation Director: William Beezley 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: María L.O. Muñoz 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the process of completing this project I have incurred a great number of debts. First, I would like to thank the Fulbright-Hays Fellowship Commission for awarding me the 2006-2007 Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship which allowed me to conduct the bulk of my research throughout Mexico. The task of recognizing the number of people that embraced the possibilities of this project and provided support and encouragement is at times insurmountable. I begin with Dr. Guillermo Palacios at El Colegio de México in Mexico City, who has been a champion of the project since its early gestation and whom I cannot thank enough for guiding me in the right direction during my research. Dr. Engracia Loyo also opened her door to me and provided ideas and enthusiastic support for the project. At the National Archives (AGN), Roberto Beranstein was incredibly generous with his time and knowledge of the archival system. The staff at the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples were of great help in locating documents. I also wish to thank the staff at Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social in Mexico City (CIESAS-DF) whom were incredibly supportive during the time I examined the previously unseen private papers of anthropologist Guillermo Bonfil Batalla. My most warm thoughts are for Carmen Nava y Nava who shared her endless knowledge with me. The staff at CIESAS-Golfo in Xalapa, Veracruz were extremely helpful as well. In Morelia and the Meseta P’hurhépecha in Michoacán I was greeted by a cadre of generous scholars. Dr. Carlos Paredes at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo not only enthusiastically supported my work but also connected me to the group of P’hurhépechologos in the region, the scholarly group Kw’aniskuyarhani (enlightened investigator). El gran Maestro, Dr. Salomón Nahmad Sittón saved my project in offering his home, kindness, generosity, knowledge, time and personal archive. I also wish to thank Dr. Daniela Traffano Alfieri who has always been supportive. At the University of Arizona I owe a great deal of gratitude to Graduate College Associate Dean María Teresa Velez who has provided moral and financial support at critical stages during my graduate career, making her my doctoral madrina . Ana Alonso, Ryan Kashanipour, Stephen Neufeld, David Ortiz, Thomas Sheridan, Aurea Toxqui, and Scott Whiteford have at different stages read chapters and provided great insight. Bert Barickman and Kevin Gosner have been fantastic sources of great ideas, vision, strength and support, thank you. The meticulous reading of chapters and constant challenges and insight provided by my adviser, William Beezley, are incredibly appreciated. I would also like to thank an additional group of people who have, at different stages, read chapters and provided a different lens through which to look at my project: Alexander Aviña, William French, James Garza, Alan Knight, and Thomas Eastwood Smith IV. Finally I would like to thank my family and friends: Michelle Berry, Anne Stolcis, Ciriaco and Teresa Pinedo, Melissa Negrete and Daniel Loera, Albert and Sonia Gúzman, María Elena Cardeña, and María Ek have been my constant cheerleaders. My siblings Veronica, Sandra, Javier, and Carlos and my nephew Demían have been understanding and incredibly supportive through this endeavor. My greatest debt, however, one which I will never be able to repay, is owed to my parents: mil gracias ! 5 I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my parents: Francisco Javier Muñoz and Teodora Muñoz Saldaña A mis padres les doy las gracías por su apoyo y palabras de aliento que muchas veces me regalarón. Agradezco los sacrificios y el sudor que se ha derramado para que esté proyecto se haya dado. Mas que todo gracías por su cariño . 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………...7 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..……...8 INTRODUCTION: “BE THE FORGERS OF YOUR OWN DESTINY” …………….…9 CHAPTER 1: ENTRE PUEBLO Y GOBIERNO: LUIS ECHEVERRIA AND HIS POPULIST STYLE............................................ ..............................................................27 CHAPTER 2: PARTICIPATORY INDIGENISMO IN THE AGE OF ECHEVERRIA…………………………………………………………………………..69 CHAPTER 3: THE ROAD TO PATZCUARO: INDIGENOUS REGIONAL CONGRESSES AND THE STRUGGLE FOR THE COUNTRYSIDE……………….110 CHAPTER 4: “WE SPEAK FOR OURSELVES”: THE FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES …………………………………………..160 CHAPTER 5: “MEXICANOS DE SEGUNDA” NO MORE: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, 1971-1984...……...210 CONCLUSION: “SON USTEDES EL PUEBLO”: LEGACIES OF THE FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES…………………………….256 APPENDIX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………….……………...267 APPENDIX B: INDIGENOUS COORDINATING CENTERS (CCI) 1951-1977…....270 APPENDIX C: SUPREME COUNCIL PRESIDENTS 1975.................................…....273 APPENDIX D: MAP OF REGIONAL INDIGENOUS CONGRESSES…………...…277 APPENDIX E: MAP OF EVENTS, FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES..........................................……………………………….…278 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………....279 7 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1…….………….………………………………………………….................102 TABLE 3.1…………………...…………………………………………………………121 TABLE 5.1……………………………………………………………………………...213 8 ABSTRACT In the midst of a violent decade where the Mexican government used force to suppress insurgent and student unrest, the Indian population avoided such a response by operating within official government parameters. The 1975 First National Congress of Indigenous Peoples of Mexico, though convened by the federal government, gave Indians an opportunity to claim a role in the complex political process of formulating a new version of national Indian policy while demanding self-determination. Through the congress, indigenous groups attempted to take the lead in shaping national programs to their needs and interests rather than merely responding to government initiatives. The congress marked a fundamental change in post-revolutionary politics, the most important restructuring and recasting of the relationship between local and regional indigenous associations and the federal government since the 1930s. Its history provides an important context for understanding more recent political disputes about indigenous autonomy and citizenship, especially in the aftermath of the Zapatista (EZLN) revolt in 1994. The 1975 Congress marked a watershed as it allowed for the advent of independent Indian organizations and proved to be momentous in the negotiation of political autonomy between indigenous groups and government officials. 9 INTRODUCTION “BE THE FORGERS OF YOUR OWN
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