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Identities in Motion the Formation of a Plural Indio Society in Early San Luis Potosí, New Spain, 1591-1630

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Identities in Motion the Formation of a Plural Indio Society in Early San Luis Potosí, New Spain, 1591-1630 Identities in Motion The Formation of a Plural Indio Society in Early San Luis Potosí, New Spain, 1591-1630 Laurent Corbeil Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montréal September 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of doctor in philosophy ©Laurent Corbeil, 2014 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Résumé ............................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Historiography, Methodology, and Concepts ................................................. 15 Perspectives on Indigenous Peoples ............................................................................. 16 Identity .......................................................................................................................... 25 Sources and Methodology............................................................................................. 29 A Short Note on Terminology ...................................................................................... 36 Chapter 2: Origins ............................................................................................................. 39 Multitudes ..................................................................................................................... 41 Background on Origins and Ethnic Relationships ........................................................ 51 Languages ..................................................................................................................... 62 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 3: Migrations ....................................................................................................... 72 Causes of Migration ...................................................................................................... 76 Epidemics .................................................................................................................. 78 Forced Population Congregations ............................................................................. 83 Land Dispossession ................................................................................................... 85 Exploitation of Labour .............................................................................................. 89 Overall Causes of Migration ..................................................................................... 94 Group Migrations .......................................................................................................... 94 Individual Migration ..................................................................................................... 99 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 111 Chapter 4: Setting up San Luis Potosí ............................................................................ 112 The Pueblos and Barrios de Indios ............................................................................. 122 The Nature and Variety of Amerindian Labour .......................................................... 137 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 158 Chapter 5: Daily Spaces of Sociability ........................................................................... 160 Living Spaces .............................................................................................................. 163 Making Spaces their Own ........................................................................................... 173 iii Familial Relationships ................................................................................................ 178 Ethnicity ...................................................................................................................... 188 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 193 Chapter 6: Marriage and the Nuclear Family ................................................................. 195 Social Norms of Marriage ........................................................................................... 198 The Formation of an Indian San Luis Potosí .............................................................. 209 Gender and Conflicts in Couples ................................................................................ 225 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 239 Chapter 7: Mobility and Violence Across the Conurbation............................................ 244 Mobility....................................................................................................................... 248 Brawls, Drinking, and Other Violent Encounters ....................................................... 266 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 281 Chapter 8: The Construction of Formal Identities .......................................................... 283 The Community’s Integrity and the Search for a Balance of Power .......................... 288 The Basis of a Complex Identity ................................................................................ 301 Identity and the Protection of Community Members ................................................. 312 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 316 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 318 Appendix 1 ...................................................................................................................... 330 Abbreviations for Sources............................................................................................... 336 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 337 Abstract This dissertation analyzes the construction of indio identities in the urban society of San Luis Potosí, over a period of forty years from the arrival of the Tlaxcalans in the valley in 1591 until 1630. The development of indigenous groups in the city unfolded in two stages corresponding to the generation of migrants who established its foundations, and to the generation of their children, who consolidated social structures into tangible institutions. Distinguishing between formal political identities and more continuous and flexible processes of identification, the dissertation displays the range of possibilities available to indigenous peoples. I argue that indigenous peoples constructed formal, corporate identities around the pueblos y barrios de indios and around labour teams, appropriating to a degree the Spanish legal concept of indios and in keeping with the particular characteristics of each community. As well, I show that indigenous peoples informally identified with various sectors of San Luis Potosí’s society, depending on their place of residence, their work, their familial relations, and their involvement in local and regional trade. Finally, I argue that socio-economic status and gender were more significant than was ethnicity in determining an individual’s place in society. The dissertation begins with an analysis of the origins of indigenous peoples in San Luis Potosí, and with the process of migration that brought them to this location in the late sixteenth century. Indigenous peoples came from more than ten cultural groups, including Tlaxcalans and other Nahuas, Tarascans, Otomis, Cazcans, Tecuexes, Cocas, and others. This variety was symptomatic of the great mobility of the indigenous population in the sixteenth century, and it suggests an exceptional ability to adapt. v Indeed, I observed widespread multilingualism and frequent exchanges between distinct indigenous peoples. The study then turns to the transformation and construction of social networks among these migrants. I show how they settled in the Indian towns – called the pueblos y barrios de indios – in ore-processing facilities, charcoal-making operations, workshops, and other work sites. I argue that all of these places were not only sites of labour and commercial interactions, but also living spaces that indigenous peoples appropriated and shaped. These spaces became the basis of social relations, familial organization, ritual kinship, and gender roles. Finally, I analyse the development of formal identities through the legal, political, and discursive stands taken by indigenous peoples and authorities. I demonstrate that, through the adoption of formal corporate identities,
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