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Gesture As a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse a Study of Learners of French and Swedish Gullberg, Marianne

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Gesture As a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse a Study of Learners of French and Swedish Gullberg, Marianne Gesture as a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse A Study of Learners of French and Swedish Gullberg, Marianne 1998 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gullberg, M. (1998). Gesture as a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse: A Study of Learners of French and Swedish. Lund University Press. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 TRAVAUX DE L’INSTITUT DE LINGUISTIQUE DE LUND 35 Gesture as a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse A Study of Learners of French and Swedish Marianne Gullberg Lund University Press Box 141 S-221 00 Lund Sweden © 1998 Marianne Gullberg; corrected electronic version 2001 Art nr 20511 ISSN 0347-2558 ISBN 91-7966-508-X Lund University Press Printed in Sweden Team Offset & Media i Malmö AB Malmö 1998 CONTENTS PART ONE–PRELIMINARIES 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 9 2 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES ............................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 12 2.2 Communicative competence and proficiency ......................................... 12 2.3 Communication Strategies ....................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Communication ................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Defining and identifying strategies ..................................................... 16 2.3.3 Strategies and other solutions to problems.......................................... 18 2.3.4 Different types of strategies ................................................................ 19 2.4 Frameworks–definitions and taxonomies ............................................... 20 2.4.1 The earlier frameworks ....................................................................... 22 Váradi............................................................................................. 22 Tarone–an interactional approach ................................................ 23 Faerch & Kasper–psycholinguistic perspectives........................... 23 2.4.2 Later frameworks–critiques and revisions .......................................... 24 The Nijmegen group–referential communication and lexical compensatory strategies............................................................. 24 Bialystok......................................................................................... 25 Poulisse–bilingual speech production ........................................... 27 Dörnyei & Scott–a return to interaction........................................ 28 2.5 Empirical findings..................................................................................... 28 2.5.1 Proficiency effects............................................................................... 28 2.5.2 Task effects ......................................................................................... 30 2.6 Communication strategies in the classroom ........................................... 31 2.7 Gesture as a Communication Strategy ................................................... 32 2.7.1 The traditional accounts ...................................................................... 32 2.7.2 The process-oriented frameworks ....................................................... 33 2.8 Summary.................................................................................................... 35 3 GESTURES–AN INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 36 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 36 3.2 What is a gesture? ..................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Gesture on its way to language ........................................................... 41 3.2.2 Gestures–a revised definition.............................................................. 43 3.3 The physical properties of gestures ......................................................... 45 3.4 Categorisation of gestures ........................................................................ 47 3.5 Gestures and culture ................................................................................. 51 3.5.1 Perceived norms and differences......................................................... 51 3.5.2 Real norms and differences ................................................................. 53 3.6 Gestures and the individual ..................................................................... 54 3.7 Gestures in interaction ............................................................................. 57 3.8 Summary.................................................................................................... 58 4 COMPENSATORY GESTURES–GIVING LANGUAGE A HAND ................ 59 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 59 4.2 Gesture and language ............................................................................... 60 4.2.1 Content and timing.............................................................................. 60 4.2.2 The nature of the relationship ..............................................................61 McNeill–sensory-motor schemata ..................................................62 Modular gesture ............................................................................. 63 4.2.3 Gesture and language–a summary....................................................... 64 4.3 Compensatory–and strategic–gestures.................................................... 64 4.3.1 Facilitative gestures–for the speaker ................................................... 65 4.3.2 Facilitative gestures–for the listener.................................................... 67 Are gestures attended to by listeners?............................................ 67 How are gestures attended to by listeners?.................................... 67 The interpretation of gestures and understanding ......................... 69 Are gestures intended for the listener? ..........................................69 4.3.3 Compensatory gestures–an intermediate summary ............................. 70 4.4 Compensatory gestures in aphasia ..........................................................70 4.5 Gestures and specific language impairment (SLI)..................................73 4.6 Gestures in first language acquisition ..................................................... 73 4.6.1 Particular difficulties ........................................................................... 76 4.7 Gestures in second language acquisition ................................................. 76 4.8 Summary .................................................................................................... 79 PART TWO–THE EMPIRICAL STUDIES 5 THE PRODUCTION STUDY ........................................................................... 80 5.1 Data collection ........................................................................................... 80 5.1.1 The task................................................................................................ 80 The point of punchlines ..................................................................82 5.1.2 Procedure ............................................................................................. 83 5.1.3 Narrators ..............................................................................................84 5.1.3.1 Matching of narrator groups–preliminaries ............................... 86 5.1.3.2 Results on the Native Speaker Evaluation Test (NSET) for overall L2 performance..............................................................87 5.1.3.3 Speech rate ................................................................................. 88 5.1.3.4 Type/token matching ................................................................. 89 5.1.3.5 Matching summary .................................................................... 90 5.1.4 The listener subjects ............................................................................ 90 The Swedish1 group ....................................................................... 90 The French1 group ......................................................................... 90 5.2
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