Relativism and Universalism in Linguistics
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Event Representations Constrain the Structure of Language: Sign
Correction PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Correction for “Event representations constrain the structure of language: Sign language as a window into universally accessible linguistic biases,” by Brent Strickland, Carlo Geraci, Emmanuel Chemla, Philippe Schlenker, Meltem Kelepir, and Roland Pfau, which appeared in issue 19, May 12, 2015, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (112:5968–5973; first published April 27, 2015; 10.1073/ pnas.1423080112). The authors note that the following statement should be added to the Acknowledgments: “This research received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement 324115–FRONTSEM (principal investi- gator, Philippe Schlenker).” www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1600619113 E1326 | PNAS | March 1, 2016 | vol. 113 | no. 9 www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on September 26, 2021 Event representations constrain the structure of language: Sign language as a window into universally accessible linguistic biases Brent Stricklanda,b,1, Carlo Geracia, Emmanuel Chemlac, Philippe Schlenkera, Meltem Kelepird, and Roland Pfaue aInstitut Jean Nicod, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; bLaboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France; cLaboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; dDepartment of Linguistics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey; and eDepartment of Linguistics, University of Amsterdam, 1012VT Amsterdam, Netherlands Edited by Lila R. Gleitman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, and approved March 3, 2015 (received for review December 3, 2014) According to a theoretical tradition dating back to Aristotle, verbs dynamic events can be classified into two broad grammatical can be classified into two broad categories. Telic verbs (e.g., “decide,” categories: telic and atelic (16–20). -
The English Language
The English Language Version 5.0 Eala ðu lareow, tæce me sum ðing. [Aelfric, Grammar] Prof. Dr. Russell Block University of Applied Sciences - München Department 13 – General Studies Winter Semester 2008 © 2008 by Russell Block Um eine gute Note in der Klausur zu erzielen genügt es nicht, dieses Skript zu lesen. Sie müssen auch die “Show” sehen! Dieses Skript ist der Entwurf eines Buches: The English Language – A Guide for Inquisitive Students. Nur der Stoff, der in der Vorlesung behandelt wird, ist prüfungsrelevant. Unit 1: Language as a system ................................................8 1 Introduction ...................................... ...................8 2 A simple example of structure ..................... ......................8 Unit 2: The English sound system ...........................................10 3 Introduction..................................... ...................10 4 Standard dialects ................................ ....................10 5 The major differences between German and English . ......................10 5.1 The consonants ................................. ..............10 5.2 Overview of the English consonants . ..................10 5.3 Tense vs. lax .................................. ...............11 5.4 The final devoicing rule ....................... .................12 5.5 The “th”-sounds ................................ ..............12 5.6 The “sh”-sound .................................. ............. 12 5.7 The voiced sounds / Z/ and / dZ / ...................................12 5.8 The -
6 X 10.Long New.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61803-8 - German: A Linguistic Introduction Sarah M. B. Fagan Index More information Index abbreviation 102, 258–260 analytic language 111n.45, 199 ablaut 57, 75, 80, 88, 97, 107, 113n.72, 186 anaphor 142 (Der) Abrogans 188 Anglo-Americanism 275–276 A.c.I. construction 143 antonymy 150–152 acronym 102–104 apex 12 address, forms of 252–255 approximant 13, 48n.6 in FWG 270 arytenoid cartilages 4–5, 50n.36, 211n.15 history of 252–253 aspect 153–155 adjective 90, 116, 119, 259 habitual 122, 155 attributive 71, 110n.33, 124 imperfective 153–154 and case 120–122 perfective 153 comparative form 71, 150–151, 190 progressive 155, 161–163, 216 inflection of 70–75 aspiration 11, 21, 23–24, 49n.16, 184–185, predicative 71–72, 110n.33, 111n.35, 241n.1 124–125 Aspiration (rule) 23–24 strong endings 72 assimilation 21, 26, 190, 248 superlative form 71, 111n.35 in colloquial German 246 weak endings 72–73 see also Nasal Assimilation, Velar Fricative see also compound Assimilation, voicing assimilation adjective phrase 63, 124–125, 193–194 Auslautverhartung¨ , see Final Fortition extended 125, 278n.10 Auslautsgesetze (laws of finals) 212n.33 adjunct 128 Austrian Standard German (ASG) 224–228 adjunction 135–136, 141–142 grammar 226–227 adverb 92, 116, 124–126, 141–142, 146n.15, legal language 279n.21 250–251; see also compound pronunciation 225–226 adverb phrase 124–126, 176–177 vocabulary 227–228 affix 55–56, 99, 106, 212n.29 auxiliary verb 85, 113n.78, 116, 129, 197, 199, derivational 90, 108n.3 251, 270 inflectional 56, -
The Dutch Complaint Tradition: How Do the Dutch React to Different
The Dutch Complaint Tradition: How do the Dutch React to Different Manipulations of Dutch-English Text and Speech Samples. Ilse Bontius 4030575 Intercultural Communication MA Thesis Supervisor: Rias van den Doel Second Reader: Alisson Kirk 18 April 2016 1 Abstract The aim of this thesis was to research and explore the linguistic complaint tradition in the Netherlands. The complaint tradition concerning the fallen standards of English is described in Schneider’s dynamic model, which illustrates the evolution of New Englishes (Schneider, 2003). In the Netherlands, complaints about the English language as used by the Dutch often target the Dutch accent and literally translated idioms. According to Schneider’s dynamic model, the presence of a complaint tradition signals that the Dutch might be moving towards the stage of endonormative stabilisation, in which local features of English become accepted and codified. By further researching the Dutch complaint tradition, predictions can be made with regard to these salient Dutch interferences and whether these might become accepted features of Dutch English. To test this, an online survey was distributed which included five samples with varying manipulations (literally translated written idioms, literally translated spoken idioms, and regular speech samples, of which all spoken samples were spoken with either a Dutch or a near-native accent). The participants were asked to judge the samples on pleasantness and acceptability. Many participants indicated that the intention of the samples was important and the varying manipulations influenced the participants’ interpretation of the samples. The overall responses indicated that a Dutch accent was often considered acceptable in informal contexts. However, literally translated idioms were only considered acceptable in informal situations with the intention of humour and thus unlikely to be codified in an acknowledged Dutch English variety. -
The Germanic Third Weak Class
THE GERMANIC THIRD WEAK CLASS JAY H. JASANOFF Harvard University Germanic verbs of the 3rd weak class form presents characterized by an alternation between predesinential *ai (e.g. Go. 3sg. habai1» and *a (e.g. Ipl. habam). These verbs are usually compared with the 'e-verbs' of Italic and Balto Slavic, but no IE present built on the stative suffix *-e- will account phonologi cally for the form of the suffix in Germanic. Instead, it can be shown that the characteristic Germanic paradigm results from the 'activization' of an older middle paradigm in which a 3sg. in *-ai « IE *-oi; cf. Skt. duh~ 'milks') was further suffixed by the productive active ending *-Pi « IE *-ti). 1. The inflection of the third class of weak verbs (exemplified by the verb 'to have': Gothic haban, Old Norse hafa,! Old High German hab~, Old Saxon hebbian, Old English habban) presents one of the classic problems in the historical morphology of Germanic. Not only do the verbs of this class show peculiarities in all the older Germanic languages, but they differ remarkably in their conjugation from one language to another, so that it is not at all obvious how the Common Germanic paradigm should be reconstructed. Given this diversity of forms, we will do well to begin with a short review of the morphological facts themselves. The situation is simplest in Old High German. The entire conjugation of hab~n is athematic (to the extent that this term still has any meaning), and is based on the single stem hab~-: 1sg. hab~, 3sg. hab~t, 3pl. -
Among All Kinds of German Language Still Spoken, Cimbrian Is
A Shakespearean Sonnet in Cimbrian – or Perpetuating the Old Mystery by Remigius Geiser Among all kinds of German languages still spoken, Cimbrian1 is undoubtedly the oldest one. Its origin is lost in the mystery of history. Some think it derives from Bavarians and Tyroli- ans, who settled in Northern Italy during the 11th and/or 12th century. Others derive it from the last remainder of the Langobards, who spoke a language very similar to medieval Bavarian or Tyrolian. There are also scolars connecting it to the last Goths … Cimbrian is nowadays still spoken by a few hundred people – nobody has counted their exact number so far – all of them Italian citizens nowadays in three provinces of Northern Italy: Vicenza, Verona and Trentino. They all speak Italian as well, and two hundred years ago Cimbrian was already said to be dying out before the beginning of the 20th century, but has now reached the third millennium. There are still three communities speaking Cimbrian today. The one we are dealing with in particular is the so-called “Sette Comuni”, the "Siban Komàüne" on the Plateau of Asiago, the Altopiano di Asiago, which is situated between Vicenza and Trent in the province Vicenza. In contrast to all other Cimbrian communities, they were a politically autonomous Alpine rural republic, comparable to Switzerland, from about 1200 AD until the times of Napoleon. Such a status of considerable political independence enabled the Sette Comuni to develop their vari- ant of Old High German into a standard literary language that was applied to various func- tions, especially religion and literature. -
English As a Lingua Franca: Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese, Dutch and American Speakers of English
English as a lingua franca: Mutual intelligibility of Chinese, Dutch and American speakers of English Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Plot of vowels in formant space produced by American speakers of English (see Chapter five) ISBN: 978-90-78328-20-9 NUR 632 Copyright © 2007: Wang Hongyan. All rights reserved. English as a lingua franca: Mutual intelligibility of Chinese, Dutch and American speakers of English PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 10 januari 2007 klokke 13.45 uur door WANG HONGYAN geboren te Tongliao, China in 1967 Promotiecommissie promotor: prof. dr. V.J.J.P. van Heuven referent: prof. dr. ir. L.C.W. Pols (Universiteit van Amsterdam) overige leden: prof. dr. A.P.A. Broeders prof. dr. C.J. Ewen prof. dr. Liu Yi (Shenzhen University, P. R. China) dr. J.M. van de Weijer The first year (2002/03) of the research reported in this dissertation was financially supported by a grant from the China Scholarship Council (12-months stay at the LUCL phonetics laboratory). During the second year (2003/04) the author was financially supported by a Delta scholarship from the Leiden University Fund (LUF). During the final two years of the research the author received a scholarship from the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL). -
Detecting Genetic Isolation in Human Populations: a Study of European Language Minorities
Detecting Genetic Isolation in Human Populations: A Study of European Language Minorities Marco Capocasa2,3, Cinzia Battaggia1, Paolo Anagnostou1,3, Francesco Montinaro4, Ilaria Boschi4, Gianmarco Ferri5, Milena Alu` 5, Valentina Coia6¤, Federica Crivellaro7, Giovanni Destro Bisol1,2* 1 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Universita` ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Rome, Italy, 2 Dipartimento Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘‘Charles Darwin’’, Universita` La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, 3 Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Rome, Italy, 4 Facolta di Medicina, Istituto di Medicina Legale, Universita` Cattolica, Rome, Italy, 5 Dipartimento ad Attivita` Integrata di Laboratori, Anatomia Patologica, Medicina Legale, Struttura Complessa di Medicina Legale, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy, 6 Dipartimento di Filosofia, Storia e Beni culturali, Universita degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy, 7 Division of Biological Anthropology, Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Cambridge, United Kingdom Abstract The identification of isolation signatures is fundamental to better understand the genetic structure of human populations and to test the relations between cultural factors and genetic variation. However, with current approaches, it is not possible to distinguish between the consequences of long-term isolation and the effects of reduced sample size, selection and differential gene flow. To overcome these limitations, we have integrated the analysis of classical genetic diversity measures with a Bayesian method to estimate gene flow and have carried out simulations based on the coalescent. Combining these approaches, we first tested whether the relatively short history of cultural and geographical isolation of four ‘‘linguistic islands’’ of the Eastern Alps (Lessinia, Sauris, Sappada and Timau) had left detectable signatures in their genetic structure. We then compared our findings to previous studies of European population isolates. -
Errors in Indian English: Interlanguage and Focus Constructions
International Journal of English Learning and Teaching Skills; Vol. 1, No. 2; ISSN : 2639-7412 (Print) ISSN : 2638-5546 (Online) ERRORS IN INDIAN ENGLISH: INTERLANGUAGE AND FOCUS CONSTRUCTIONS Anindita Sahoo, Pratiti Palit Indian Institute of Technology Madras Abstract : Language is dynamic; it is unique, creative, complex and modifiable. It grows through permutation and combination of political, social, economic, and environmental factors. Hence, we see a lot of differences in the form of dialects and idiolects. At the same time, if we cast a glance over the international scenario we can find variations from standard British English and American English. It’ll be a herculean task to identify and suggest one standard variety among all the varieties of English being used in the world today; as such there can be nothing that we call ‘Standard English’. Hence by keeping in view the scientific study of Indian English Language, we want to focus our study on errors in a variety of Indian English spoken by the native speakers of Bangla. The contention is that infrequent occurrence of certain linguistic constructions (in this case relative clauses) in one’s native language (NL) leads to errors in the target language (TL). Key Words: Indian English, Interlanguage, Focus constructions, errors, language learning, acquisition Introduction: The object of teaching is to produce learning. This learning leads interest to acquire the skill and knowledge about various aspects of language. Language teaching is basically helping the learner to get a reasonably good command over the four important skills. i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing. English Language Teaching (henceforth ELT) is a vast and dynamic field of study. -
Pidginization Theory and Second Language Learning/Acquisition 73
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Journal of King Saud University – Languages and Translation (2012) 24,71–74 King Saud University Journal of King Saud University – Languages and Translation www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com FULL LENGTH ARTICLE Pidginization theory and second language learning/ acquisition Jasser A. Al-Jasser College of Languages & Transation, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Received 17 May 2011; accepted 15 February 2012 Available online 27 May 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract The study discusses and evaluates the pidginization theory and shows, through various Pidginization theory; standard and extensive references, how it relates to Second/Foreign language learning. In the intro- Language acquisition; ductory statements, the definition and sources of pidgin(ization) are illustrated. This is followed by Language learning background studies with special reference to the authors who have explored this sociolinguistic phe- nomena. In the discussion section, the linguistic characteristics of the pidginization theory are minutely examined in the context of Second and/or Foreign language learning. In this section, association between some variables such as linguistic universal and simplification, which dominate the structure of pidgin languages and their pedagogic significance, are examined. Finally, in the concluding remarks it is reasonably inferred that there is an analogy between pid- ginization theory and the early stages of Foreign/Second language acquisition, and Creolization (i.e. end result of pidginization) and the later stages of Foreign/Second language acquisition. ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. -
And *- in Germanic
Archaisms and innovations four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Publication date: 2014 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Hansen, B. S. S. (2014). Archaisms and innovations: four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 27. sep.. 2021 FACULTY OF HUMANITIE S UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN Ph .D. thesis Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen Archaisms and innovations four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology i Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... V 1. Grammatical terms ....................................................................................................................................................... v 2. Linguanyms .................................................................................................................................................................. vi 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Archaisms and innovations ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Aim and purpose of the present thesis .................................................................................................................... -
Reflections on Diversity Linguistics: Language Inventories and Atlases
Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 15 Reflections on Language Documentation 20 Years after Himmelmann 1998 ed. by Bradley McDonnell, Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker & Gary Holton, pp. 122–131 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ 12 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24814 Reflections on diversity linguistics: Language inventories and atlases Sebastian Drude University of Iceland Goethe-Universität Frankfurt This contribution gives a short overview of “language inventorying”: research aiming at creating comprehensive catalogues and atlases of all the languages in the world, which has seen a boost with the renewed interest in linguistic diversity triggered by the awareness of language endangerment in the 1990s. By focusing on the development of the ISO standard 639 and SIL’s Ethnologue, the main advances and issues in this area are discussed. The overview concludes by presenting the major alternative resources, in particular Glottolog. The label “diversity linguistics” has been introduced by Martin Haspelmath and others at the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig.1 To my knowledge, it was first used in the context of the final conference of that institute’s department of linguistics (MPI-EVA 2015). Now there exist a number of activities under this label, including a book series “Studies in Diversity Linguistics” (Haspelmath 2014ff). In a broad sense, the term designates those branches of linguistics that show interest in the diversity of languages, their structure and relationship: descriptive linguistics (especially of previously understudied languages, often in a fieldwork setting), language typology, and comparative linguistics. Language Documentation is included in or at least a close neighbor to this group.