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Entwicklung Und Struktur Des Japanischen Managementsystems A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Götz, Klaus (Ed.); Iwai, Kiyoharu (Ed.) Book Entwicklung und Struktur des japanischen Managementsystems Managementkonzepte, No. 15 Provided in Cooperation with: Rainer Hampp Verlag Suggested Citation: Götz, Klaus (Ed.); Iwai, Kiyoharu (Ed.) (2000) : Entwicklung und Struktur des japanischen Managementsystems, Managementkonzepte, No. 15, ISBN 3-87988-499-4, Rainer Hampp Verlag, München und Mering This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/117367 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Klaus Götz Kiyoharu Iwai (Hg.) Entwicklung und Struktur des japanischen Managementsystems Rainer Hampp Verlag München und Mering 2000 Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Klaus Götz DaimlerChrysler AG (Bildungspolitik Konzern) Universität Klagenfurt (Institut für Erziehungswissenschaft und Bildungsforschung) Universität Bremen (Institut für Erwachsenen-Bildungsforschung) Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufhahme Entwicklung und Struktur des japanischen Managementsystems / Klaus Götz ; Kiyoharu Iwai (Hg.) - München ; Mering : Hampp, 2000 (Managementkonzepte; Bd. 15) ISBN 3-B7988-499-4 Managementkonzepte: ISSN 1436-2988 Übersetzung aus dem Japanischen: Iris Kuhnert Liebe Leserinnen und Leser! Wir wollen Ihnen ein gutes Buch liefern. Wenn Sie aus irgendwelchen Gründen nicht zufrieden sind, wenden Sie sich bitte an uns. oo Dieses Buch ist auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier gedruckt. © 2000 Rainer Hampp Verlag München und Mering Meringerzeller Str. 16 D - 86415 Mering Internet: www.Rainer-Hampp-Verlag.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist ur­ heberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen d es Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Verlags unzuläs­ sig u nd s trafbar. Das gil t insb esondere für V ervielfältigungen, M ikroverfil­ mungen, Übersetzungen und die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. s Vorwort In den vergangenen 15 J ahren zeichnete sich die japanische Wirtschaft durch zwei gegensätzliche Merkmale aus. Während dieser Zeitspanne fand zunächst ein starker Aufschwung statt, der sich jedoch Anfang der 90er Jahre in eine lang anhaltende Rezession wandelte. Für das Management der japanischen Unter­ nehmen hatte diese Entwicklung sowohl positive als auch negative Auswir­ kungen. Die positiven Folgen haben nicht nur die Unternehmen, sondern das gesamte japanische Gesellschaftssystem beeinflusst, in dem Politik und Wirtschaft nach wie vor aufs Engste miteinander verbunden sind. Dank staatlicher Hilfen im In- und Ausland waren japanische Unternehmen insbesondere in der zweiten Hälfte der 80er Jahre sehr erfolgreich. Doch Anfang der 90er Jahre wendete sich das Blatt und die Firmen sahen sich mit zahlreichen neuen Problemen konfrontiert. Das gruppenorientierte Management, insbesondere das der Großbanken und Versicherungskonzerne, sowie die Politik r ückten wegen ihrer hohen, unüber­ legten Ausgaben ins Zentrum der Kritik. Das japanische Managementsystem steht vor einem Wendepunkt: Entweder der Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit gelingt - und damit die Umformung der gruppengelenkten und gruppenorientierten Systeme - oder aber man gefährdet den Platz, den man in der Weltwirtschaft als eine der fuhrenden Nationen innehat. Bei dem vorliegenden Buch handelt es sich um ein deutsch-japanisches Projekt, das der geschichtlichen Entwicklung des Managements in Japan gewidmet ist. In diesem Sinne klärt es nicht nur darüber auf, was Japan in den letzten Jahren gewonnen und wieder verloren hat, sondern informiert auch über die Wege, die künftig eingeschlagen werden müssen. Stuttgart, im Sommer 2000 Klaus Götz Kiyoharu Iwai Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Kenji Tominomori Das Wirtschafte- und Managementsystem Japans: Ursprung und Entwicklung Atsushi Tokuda Die Entstehung der Aktiengesellschaften in Japan Kiyoshi Yamauchi Die historische Entwicklung des Managements in einem japanischen Unternehmen Koichi Miyashita Innovationen in der Distribution und Stückkontrolle am Beispiel von Seven Eleven Japan Ken Kaneyama Analyse des Outsourcing-Managements in Japan am Beispiel der Misumi Corporation Kiyoharu Iwai Die Entwicklung des japanischen Umweltmanagements und die Ausbildung qualifizierten Personals im Vergleich zu deutschen Unternehmen Toshio Kikuchi Unternehmensverwaltung in japanischen Aktiengesellschaften - Richtlinien und zukünftige Aufgaben - Autorenverzeichnis 9 Kenji Tominomori Das Wirtschafts- und Managementsystem Japans: Ursprung und Entwicklung 1 Einführung Obwohl selbstverständlich jeder Wirtschaftsraum über strukturelle Charakteris­ tika verfügt, die ih n von anderen unterscheiden, wird die japanische Wirtschaft in dieser Hinsicht meist als besonders auffällig e mpfunden. Es entspricht zwar mehr oder weniger der Wahrheit, dass sich Japan deutlich von anderen Wirt­ schaftsräumen unterscheidet - vor allem im Vergleich zu westlichen Volkswirt­ schaften -, doch sollten wir mit Vorsicht an diese Tatsache herangehen und es mit der Einzigartigkeit der Japaner nicht übertreiben. Ich selbst habe u nter diesem Gesichtspunkt verschiedene Artikel verfasst, die das so genannte Japanische System" zur Diskussion stellen. In einem erst kürz­ lich erschienenen Artikel habe ich mich eingehend mit der Definition dieses Systems beschäftigt und befunden, dass es von sieben Faktoren beherrscht wird. Ich habe die sich ergänzenden Gemeinsamkeiten dieser Faktoren analysiert und auf eventuelle zukünftige Veränderungen hingewiesen. An dieser Stelle möchte ich nicht alle sieben Faktoren des japanischen Systems aufgreifen, sondern mich auf zwei von ihnen beschränken, die ich für die wich­ tigsten dieses Systems halte. Beachtung finden sollen das „Finanzwesen" und das „System des Arbeitsmarkts" unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Entstehung und ihrer Vergangenheit, wobei auch einige Prognosen in Hinsicht auf eventuelle Veränderungen in der Zukunft gestellt werden sollen. 10 2 Das Finanzwesen im japanischen Stil 2.1 Das System der Hausbank Repräsentativster Aspekt des japanischen Finanzwesens ist die so genannte Hausbank. Dabei handelt es sich kurz gesagt um ein organisiertes System, in dem Firmen, die keine Geldinstitute sind, mit einer individuellen Bank - ihrer Hausbank - eine dauerhafte Geschäftsverbindung eingehen. Fast jede Firma im heutigen Japan mit einem Jahresumsatz von mehr als einer Milliarde Yen unter­ hält bekanntermaßen eine Verbindung zu solch einer individuellen Hausbank. Die Tatsache, dass durchschnittlich 70 Prozent aller Geldmittel, die nicht aus Firmenkapital stammen, von Banken zur Verfügung gestellt werden, ist zwei­ fellos ein Faktor, der dieses System maßgeblich unterstützt. Aus Sicht der Ban­ ken sicherten solche Schritte die Geschäftsverbindungen wie folgt. Der erste und wichtigste Faktor sind die Kredite, die angegliederten Firmen zugesprochen werden. Wie wir später noch sehen, sind die Kredite einer Hausbank nicht außergewöhnlich hoch, sofern sie nur einen Teil eines langfris­ tigen Konsortialkredits ausmachen, bei dem die Hausbank lediglich Konsortial- führer ist. Bei Krediten mit kurzfristiger Laufzeit jedoch wird der Anteil der Hausbank zumeist derart vergrößert, dass sie eine tägliche Kontrolle über die ihr angliederten Unternehmen ausüben kann. Zweitens garantieren und zeichnen Hausbanken die Anleihen der ihnen ange­ gliederten Unternehmen. Ein drittes Standbein ist das Eröffnen von Girokonten für Unternehmen, mit denen die Hausbanken in Geschäftsverbindung stehen. Dadurch sind s ie in der Lage, sowohl die Handhabung der Kreditoren- und Debitorenkonten als auch den Geldfluss der Firma im Allgemeinen zu kontrol­ lieren. Diese beiden Funktionen einer Hausbank werden eisern intakt gehalten, selbst unter dem Aspekt, dass bei der Sicherung der Finanzen japanischer Fir­ men die Finanzierung über Aktien einen Großteil dieser Kreditfinanzierung ausmacht. Die letzten dieser pragmatischen Maßnahmen sind der Besitz von Aktien der angegliederten Unternehmen sowie die Einflussnahme auf die Firmenpolitik durch angestellte Vertreter ( wie maßgeblich dieser Einfluss ist, hängt von der Höhe des Aktienanteils ab). Obwohl die gesetzliche Grenze für Anteilseigner auf fünf Prozent oder niedriger festgelegt ist, kann die Hausbank ihren Einfluss auf die Firma sehr leicht erhö­ hen, indem sie die ihr angegliederten Unternehmen aus dem gleichen Keiretsu (Unternehmensgruppe/Konzern) veranlasst, Anteile zu kaufen und dann
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