DOCSLIB.ORG

Tokugawa Response to the Shimabara Rebellion and Power Projection in Seventeenth-Century Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tokugawa Response to the Shimabara Rebellion and Power Projection in Seventeenth-Century Japan THE LOGISTICS OF POWER: TOKUGAWA RESPONSE TO THE SHIMABARA REBELLION AND POWER PROJECTION IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY JAPAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Matthew E. Keith, M.A., M.Ed. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Geoffrey Parker, Advisor Professor John F. Guilmartin ___________________________ Professor Allan R. Millett Advisor Graduate Program in History Copyright by Matthew E. Keith 2006 ABSTRACT How would America react if today’s top news story told us that over three million U.S. soldiers, sailors, and marines, sent to southern Florida to quiet a regional rebellion against Federal authority, executed nearly 650,000 of their fellow countrymen in a single day? Violence of this scale and severity seems almost beyond our comprehension. However, a scenario of exactly these hideous proportions played out in southwestern Japan almost four centuries years ago. After a generation of peace in Japan, in 1637 peasants on Kyushu Island in southern Japan, distraught over horrible treatment at the hands of cruel lords, killed the local magistrate and took control of their village. The rebellion soon spread as peasants in village after village rose up against the taxation and collection methods that left them destitute, starving, and subject to routine torture. Christianity, introduced a century earlier by Portuguese Jesuits, re-emerged as a rallying ideology for the peasants whose numbers swelled to over 30,000. Within just a few weeks the Tokugawa Shogun, the central authority in early modern Japan, assembled and deployed an army of perhaps 150,000 soldiers to Kyushu (750 miles from the capital in present-day Tokyo) to confront the rebel peasants who took refuge in an abandoned castle. After a three-month siege, the castle fell to the central government army, and a general slaughter followed as almost 30,000 Japanese peasants were beheaded, burnt, or drowned. ii This dissertation examines the mechanics of how the Tokugawa were able to project military and political authority by fielding one of the largest, and potentially forceful, armies in the early modern world to confront and massacre their own subjects. It details the military, political, and economic apparatus used by the Tokugawa to mobilize, equip, and deploy an army greater than any European state could have at that time. This study will argue that the ability to maintain tremendous logistical ability, even during prolonged periods without war, underpinned the Tokugawa ability to project power, and thereby impose their authority on Japan for over two centuries. iii For Nancy and Yasuko iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the assistance, guidance, and encouragement of many people. First, I would like to thank Professor Edward I-te Chen for instilling in me a love of Asian history and encouraging me to pursue graduate education. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professors Takeshi Morita, Mizuho Ogawa, and Hiroyuki Shioiri for their expertise and endless patience as they helped me navigate the world of early modern Japanese history and manuscript documents throughout a masters program at Saitama University, Japan. I am indebted to the Japanese Ministry of Education for providing funding for two years of study and research in Japan, and to the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation for a dissertation fellowship. I also wish to thank The Mershon Center, The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, The Department of History, The Graduate School and The Center for International Studies at The Ohio State University for providing research funding. My thanks also go to Shinko Taniguchi of Waseda University for providing a number of introductions that are so crucial to research in Japan, and to Fujimoto Masayuki for his advice. Special thanks go to Matsumoto Masao, Director of the Hara Castle Cultural Center for his time and generosity. Thanks also go to Professors John F. Guilmartin and Allan R. Millett for their guidance and for helping shape some of the chapters. v My deepest appreciate goes to my dissertation advisor, Professor Geoffrey Parker, for many years of patient guidance and thoughtful suggestions. His wide-ranging expertise and attention to detail helped me avoid many mistakes. It has been a privilege to work with such and extraordinary historian and gentleman, and I appreciate the generosity with which he has shared his time and knowledge. Finally, I would like to thank Kay Freeman, Jonathan and Chris Hughes, and Dr. Michael and Susan Stanek for their support and encouragement. Any mistakes or errors contained herein are entirely my own. vi VITA March 20, 1970 ...................................................Born – Cleveland, Ohio U.S.A. 1992....................................................................B.A. Asian Studies, Bowling Green State University. 1994....................................................................M.A. History, Bowling Green State University. 1997....................................................................M.Ed. History, Saitama University, Japan. 1997 – 2006 ........................................................Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Area of Emphasis: European, Military, and Asian History vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract....................................................................................................................... ii Dedication................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments....................................................................................................... v Vita............................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xi List of Figures............................................................................................................. xii Conventions ................................................................................................................ xiii Prologue...................................................................................................................... xiv Chapters: 1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 The Legend of Shimabara................................................................................ 1 Surrounded by Pen and Ink.............................................................................. 2 A Lasting Impression....................................................................................... 9 Strategy, Tactics, and Logistics........................................................................ 17 Why Study Logistics?...................................................................................... 20 Logistics, Power Projection, and Shimabara .................................................... 23 2. One Single Death............................................................................................. 30 Causes of Rebellion......................................................................................... 32 Elements of Rebellion...................................................................................... 37 The Local Setting ............................................................................................ 42 The National Setting........................................................................................ 48 Initial Response ............................................................................................... 51 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 56 3. Communication and Transportation ................................................................. 58 viii Time and Distance........................................................................................... 60 Development of the Infrastructure.................................................................... 62 Peacetime Use and Maintenance...................................................................... 69 Wartime Operation .......................................................................................... 71 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 78 4. Mobilization and Deployment.......................................................................... 83 Background ..................................................................................................... 86 Military Service............................................................................................... 87 Rice Allowances.............................................................................................. 95 The Composite Army at Hara .......................................................................... 101 Subsidizing War .............................................................................................. 115 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 123 5. “Feeding Mars” ..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Senate to Summon Ny
    *.-■- fc, ,' li.. »' * .V- r ', I ■;■ ■ ■■ '/ ; ■ AVEBAOB DAILY 0IB01JLAT10N for tho MooU* of <loBmr7 , I fS t Partiy .cbiidy 5 3 6 8 fair; ifM much dbange in teimpefa^ Memb^ of Die Audit Borean ture. ___ . " "'of cironlotloBOt . : ; . V (BTGHtEfiN PAGES) PRICE rHRRR (Clauilled Adrertialiig oo Pofo 16.) SOUTH MANCHESTER, CONN., FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1932. VOL. LI., NO. 126. J - a i . SENATE TO SUMMON Cantonese Troops Await Invaders’ Charge N. Y. ‘BEAR RAIDERS’ Senator Walcott After Visit RUSSIA DEMANDS In Stashing Connter Attadk With President Says They JAP EXPLANATION Foreigners Ask Japs Chinese Drive Ont Enemy Discussed Short Selling; To Remove Warships At M iaochangden— Ni[h Grain Traders Fde Protest Believes Troops Are To Be ponese Threaten To Either T okyo, Peb. 26.— (A P )— The<^ They alfo requested that any fur­ Sent To Soviet Border; American, British, PYench and Ital­ ther Japanese troops arriving at Washington, Feb. 26 — (AP) — ian ambassadors to Japan visits Shanghai ' be disembEurked outside "B om b Them Ont Or President Hoover was informed to­ Back '"White Russians.” the Foreign office toddy and com­ the Secernent day the Senate Banking Committee municated to Foreign Iitinlster YOs- T h e JapEmese were Eisked to move Starve Them Ont” — A4- intends to “call in several New hlzawa ^eir desire of tbdir govern­ the warships lying in the Wbangpo York “bear raiders” for its hear­ ments that Ja{)lTO .do its utmost to off the Intemationsd Settlement to Moscow, Feb. 26.—(AP)—The keep military operation^ at positions where they would not at­ ings beginning tomorrow on short mit Defense Has'Not Been Soviet government, it was learned Sbangliai outride, th.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Chapter 1 the Legal System and the Economic, Political and Social
    Chapter 1 The Legal System and the Economic, Political and Social Development in Japan I Introduction In this course we will follow briefly the history of legal development in Japan and ask how legal reforms have influenced, and have been influenced by, economic development, which has also influenced, and has been influenced by, political and social development in Japan. It is a part of the complexity of mutual relations between legal, economic, political, and social development in a society, from which we will clarify the roles of legal reform for the development of the country. The way to development is not simple and single, but there are various routes to approach development. The well-known route which had occurred in the U.K. was that the Parliament finally succeeded in limiting the political power of the King by the Glorious Revolution in 1688, having the Bill of Rights to be guaranteed, and establishing the rule of law, which led to the industrial revolution since the 17th century. It was a typical pattern of mutual relation between political development (the popular revolution), legal development (the rule of law), and economic development (the industrial revolution). Then how was it in Japan? Acemoglu and Robinson analyzed the Japanese pattern as follows: By 1890 Japan was the first Asian country to adopt a written constitution, and it created a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament, the Diet, and an independent judiciary. These changes were decisive factors in enabling Japan to be the primary beneficiary from the Industrial Revolution in Asia.1 According to Acemoglu and Robinson, the Japanese way seems to be similar to that of the U.K., for the political development (the Diet in constitutional monarchy), which was sustained by the legal development (the written constitution), led to the industrial revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 Japan Tour Packages
    J A P A N 18 Packages / Page 1 of 2 6D 5N Wonderful Central Hokkaido Tour 6D 5N Beautiful East Hokkaido Tour • D1: Arrival in Chitose – Furano • D1: Arrival in Chitose – Tokachigawa (D) • D2: Furano – Biei – Asahikawa (B, L, D) Tokachigawa Onsen Furano Ice Cream Factory, Farm Tomita, Shikisai-no-oka, Shirogane Blue Pond • D2: Tokachigawa – Ikeda – Akan Mashu National Park (B, L, D) • D3: Asahikawa – Otaru (B) Ikeda Wine Castle, Lake Mashu, Lake Kussharo, Onsen in Lake Akan Otokoyama Sake Brewing Museum, Asahiyama Zoo, Asahikawa Ramen Village • D3: Akan Mashu National Park – Abashiri – Shiretoko (B, L, D) • D4: Otaru – Niseko – Lake Toya – Noboribetsu (B, L, D) Abashiri Prison Museum, Mount Tento – view Okhotsk Sea, Okhotsk Otaru Canal, Sakaimachi Street, Otaru Music Box Museum, Kitachi Glass Shop, Ryu-hyo Museum, Shiretoko Goko Lakes (UNESCO) LeTao Confectionery, Niseko Milk Kobo, Niseko Cheese Factory, Lake Toya, • D4: Shiretoko – Kitami – Sounkyo (B, L, D) Noboribetsu Onsen Kitakitsune Farm, Ginga-no-taki and Ryusei-no-taki, Kurodake Ropeway • D5: Noboribetsu – Chitose (B, L) – view Daisetsuzan Mountain Range and Sounkyo Gorge Noboribetsu Jigokudani , Enmado Temple, Noboribetsu Date Jidai Village • D5: Sounkyo – Sapporo (B, L, D) • D6: Departure from Chitose (B) Shiroi Koibito Park (White Lover Chocolate), Odori Park, Sapporo TV Tower, Sapporo Clock Tower, Tanukikoji Shopping Street 6D 5N Delightful South Hokkaido Tour • D6: Sapporo – Departure from Chitose (B) • D1: Arrival in Chitose – Tomakomai • D2: Tomakomai – Noboribetsu (B, D) 6D 5N Extraordinary Shikoku Island Tour Sea Station Plat Seaport Market, Northern Horse Park, Lake • D1: Arrival in Osaka – Naruto – Takamatsu Utonai, Noboribetsu Onsen Naruto Whirlpools, Japanese Sweet-making Experience, Takamatsu Shopping St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crucifiable Jesus
    The Crucifiable Jesus Steven Brian Pounds Peterhouse Faculty of Divinity University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2019 This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my thesis has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee Steven Brian Pounds “The Crucifiable Jesus” Abstract: In recent decades, scholars have both used Jesus’ crucifixion as a criterion of historicity and employed the rhetoric of a “crucifiable Jesus”– suggesting that some historical reconstructions of Jesus more plausibly explain his crucifixion than others. This dissertation tests the grounds of these proposals, whilst offering its own reconstruction of a crucifiable Jesus. It first investigates primary source depictions of Roman crucifixion and focuses upon the offences for which crucifixions were carried out. As a first level conclusion, it determines that, in a formal sense, a bare appeal to crucifiability or to a criterion of crucifixion does not yield what it purports to deliver because a wide range of offences were punishable by crucifixion.
    [Show full text]
  • Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, the "Alternative" Western, and the American Romance Tradition
    Journal X Volume 7 Number 1 Autumn 2002 Article 5 2020 Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, the "Alternative" Western, and the American Romance Tradition Steven Frye California State University, Bakersfield Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/jx Part of the American Film Studies Commons Recommended Citation Frye, Steven (2020) "Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, the "Alternative" Western, and the American Romance Tradition," Journal X: Vol. 7 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/jx/vol7/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal X by an authorized editor of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frye: Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, the "Alternative" Western, and the A Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, the "Alternative" Western, and the American Romance Tradition Steven Frye Steven Frye is Asso­ Much criticism of Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven ciate Professor of focuses on the way the film dismantles or decon­ English at structs traditional western myths. Maurice California State Yacowar argues that Unforgiven is a myth "disre- University, Bakers­ membered and rebuilt, to express a contempo­ field, and author of Historiography rary understanding of what the west and the and Narrative Western now mean" (247). Len Engel explores Design in the the film's mythopoetic nature, stating that direc­ American tor Eastwood and scriptwriter David Webb Peo­ Romance: A Study ples "undermine traditional myths" in a tale of Four Authors that evokes Calvinist undertones of predestina­ (2001). tion (261). Leighton Grist suggests that the film "problematizes the familiar ideological assump­ tions of the genre" (294).
    [Show full text]
  • EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 Samurai and the World of Goods
    EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 Samurai and the World of Goods: vast majority, who were based in urban centers, could ill afford to be indifferent to money and the Diaries of the Toyama Family commerce. Largely divorced from the land and of Hachinohe incumbent upon the lord for their livelihood, usually disbursed in the form of stipends, samu- © Constantine N. Vaporis, University of rai were, willy-nilly, drawn into the commercial Maryland, Baltimore County economy. While the playful (gesaku) literature of the late Tokugawa period tended to portray them as unrefined “country samurai” (inaka samurai, Introduction i.e. samurai from the provincial castle towns) a Samurai are often depicted in popular repre- reading of personal diaries kept by samurai re- sentations as indifferent to—if not disdainful veals that, far from exhibiting a lack of concern of—monetary affairs, leading a life devoted to for monetary affairs, they were keenly price con- the study of the twin ways of scholastic, meaning scious, having no real alternative but to learn the largely Confucian, learning and martial arts. Fu- art of thrift. This was true of Edo-based samurai kuzawa Yukichi, reminiscing about his younger as well, despite the fact that unlike their cohorts days, would have us believe that they “were in the domain they were largely spared the ashamed of being seen handling money.” He forced paybacks, infamously dubbed “loans to maintained that “it was customary for samurai to the lord” (onkariage), that most domain govern- wrap their faces with hand-towels and go out ments resorted to by the beginning of the eight- after dark whenever they had an errand to do” in eenth century.3 order to avoid being seen engaging in commerce.
    [Show full text]
  • The Death Penalty in Japan: the Law of Silence Going Against the International Trend
    The Death Penalty in Japan: The Law of Silence Going against the International Trend International fact-finding mission Article 1 : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 : Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. n°505a October 2008 Tokyo Detention Centre FIDH - The Death Penalty in Japan: The Law of Silence / 2 Contents Introduction 4 I. The Japanese Context 6 Context and history of the application of the death penalty in Japan Actors Authorities Officials at Ministry of Justice Detention Centre Personnel Political Parties Civil society Lawyers victims’ families and detainees’ families NGOs and the movements in favour of abolition Religious representatives The influence of media II. Current debates 18 Secrecy Separation of powers Life imprisonment without parole and a toughening of penalties Fallacious arguments Justification by public opinion The confusion between the rights of victims and the death penalty The cultural argument III. Legal Framework 25 Domestic law and norms International law United Nations Japan ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture in 1999 The Council of Europe The European Union The International criminal court (ICC) IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogunâ•Žs
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Economics Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 7. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Abstract In this study I shall discuss the marriage politics of Japan's early ruling families (mainly from the 6th to the 12th centuries) and the adaptation of these practices to new circumstances by the leaders of the following centuries. Marriage politics culminated with the founder of the Edo bakufu, the first shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616). To show how practices continued to change, I shall discuss the weddings given by the fifth shogun sunaT yoshi (1646-1709) and the eighth shogun Yoshimune (1684-1751). The marriages of Tsunayoshi's natural and adopted daughters reveal his motivations for the adoptions and for his choice of the daughters’ husbands. The marriages of Yoshimune's adopted daughters show how his atypical philosophy of rulership resulted in a break with the earlier Tokugawa marriage politics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hosokawa Family Eisei Bunko Collection
    NEWS RELEASE November, 2009 The Lineage of Culture – The Hosokawa Family Eisei Bunko Collection The Tokyo National Museum is pleased to present the special exhibition “The Lineage of Culture—The Hosokawa Family Eisei Bunko Collection” from Tuesday, April 20, to Sunday, June 6, 2010. The Eisei Bunko Foundation was established in 1950 by 16th-generation family head Hosokawa Moritatsu with the objective of preserving for future generations the legacy of the cultural treasures of the Hosokawa family, lords of the former Kumamoto domain. It takes its name from the “Ei” of Eigen’an—the subtemple of Kenninji in Kyoto, which served as the family temple for eight generations from the time of the original patriarch Hosokawa Yoriari, of the governing family of Izumi province in the medieval period— and the “Sei” of Seiryūji Castle, which was home to Hosokawa Fujitaka (better known as Yūsai), the founder of the modern Hosokawa line. Totaling over 80,000 objects, it is one of the leading collections of cultural properties in Japan and includes archival documents, Yūsai’s treatises on waka poetry, tea utensils connected to the great tea master Sen no Rikyū from the personal collection of 2nd-generation head Tadaoki (Sansai), various objects associated with Hosokawa Gracia, and paintings by Miyamoto Musashi. The current exhibition will present the history of the Hosokawa family and highlight its role in the transmission of traditional Japanese culture—in particular the secrets to understanding the Kokinshū poetry collection, and the cultural arts of Noh theater and the Way of Tea—by means of numerous treasured art objects and historical documents that have been safeguarded through the family’s tumultuous history.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    THE ANATOMY OF ROMAN EPIC: A STUDY OF POETIC VIOLENCE By JAMES MOSS LOHMAR A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 James Moss Lohmar 2 Meis parentibus sororibusque bellis 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must first thank my mother, for forcing me to take Latin, and my father, for always talking shop. My sisters, Sarah and Elizabeth, have supported me throughout my studies, and their enthusiasm for my progress is always welcome. I have profound respect for Dr. Robert Burgess and Professors Mario Erasmo and James Anderson, without whose enthusiasm and instruction my decision to pursue a Ph.D. would have never come about. My gratitude goes to Professor Victoria Pagán and the students of her Lucan seminar during Fall 2009, whence the nascent stages of this project were born. My thanks go to Seth Boutin, Megan Daly and George Hendren, in particular, for their erudition and collegial support in this process. Lindsay Rogers offered me much support in the way of professional and academic advice throughout my graduate studies. I have appreciated the criticisms of Professor Gene Witmer in UF Philosophy, who has offered help in making this project appeal to a non-specialist audience. His suggestions of horror bibliography and modern film comparanda have been indispensible. Professor Kostas Kapparis has been a steady mentor in my teaching and writing since I began Ph.D. work, and his objectivity has kept my argument grounded in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernizing the Greek Tragedy: Clint Eastwood’S Impact on the Western
    Modernizing the Greek Tragedy: Clint Eastwood’s Impact on the Western Jacob A. Williams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies University of Washington 2012 Committee: Claudia Gorbman E. Joseph Sharkey Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Table of Contents Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 Section I The Anti-Hero: Newborn or Reborn Hero? 4 Section II A Greek Tradition: Violence as Catharsis 11 Section III The Theseus Theory 21 Section IV A Modern Greek Tale: The Outlaw Josey Wales 31 Section V The Euripides Effect: Bringing the Audience on Stage 40 Section VI The Importance of the Western Myth 47 Section VII Conclusion: The Immortality of the Western 49 Bibliography 53 Sources Cited 62 i Dedication To my wife and children, whom I cherish every day: To Brandy, for always being the one person I can always count on, and for supporting me through this entire process. You are my love and my life. I couldn’t have done any of this without you. To Andrew, for always being so responsible, being an awesome big brother to your siblings, and always helping me whenever I need you. You are a good son, and I am proud of the man you are becoming. To Tristan, for always being my best friend, and my son. You never cease to amaze and inspire me. Your creativity exceeds my own. To Gracie, for being my happy “Pretty Princess.” Thank you for allowing me to see the world through the eyes of a nature-loving little girl.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48194-6 — Japan's Castles Oleg Benesch , Ran Zwigenberg Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48194-6 — Japan's Castles Oleg Benesch , Ran Zwigenberg Index More Information Index 10th Division, 101, 117, 123, 174 Aichi Prefecture, 77, 83, 86, 90, 124, 149, 10th Infantry Brigade, 72 171, 179, 304, 327 10th Infantry Regiment, 101, 108, 323 Aizu, Battle of, 28 11th Infantry Regiment, 173 Aizu-Wakamatsu, 37, 38, 53, 74, 92, 108, 12th Division, 104 161, 163, 167, 268, 270, 276, 277, 12th Infantry Regiment, 71 278, 279, 281, 282, 296, 299, 300, 14th Infantry Regiment, 104, 108, 223 307, 313, 317, 327 15th Division, 125 Aizu-Wakamatsu Castle, 9, 28, 38, 62, 75, 17th Infantry Regiment, 109 77, 81, 277, 282, 286, 290, 311 18th Infantry Regiment, 124, 324 Akamatsu Miyokichi, 64 19th Infantry Regiment, 35 Akasaka Detached Palace, 33, 194, 1st Cavalry Division (US Army), 189, 190 195, 204 1st Infantry Regiment, 110 Akashi Castle, 52, 69, 78 22nd Infantry Regiment, 72, 123 Akechi Mitsuhide, 93 23rd Infantry Regiment, 124 Alnwick Castle, 52 29th Infantry Regiment, 161 Alsace, 58, 309 2nd Division, 35, 117, 324 Amakasu Masahiko, 110 2nd General Army, 2 Amakusa Shirō , 163 33rd Division, 199 Amanuma Shun’ichi, 151 39th Infantry Regiment, 101 American Civil War, 26, 105 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 125 anarchists, 110 3rd Division, 102, 108, 125 Ansei Purge, 56 3rd Infantry Battalion, 101 anti-military feeling, 121, 126, 133 47th Infantry Regiment, 104 Aoba Castle (Sendai), 35, 117, 124, 224 4th Division, 77, 108, 111, 112, 114, 121, Aomori, 30, 34 129, 131, 133–136, 166, 180, 324, Aoyama family, 159 325, 326 Arakawa
    [Show full text]