www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 Johnson and in hybrids F, over in F, hybridsover compare the sterility and conditions. area numerous, few potentialsand of seed set on set seed on Porter, Lahr and However, a majority of parents. extent of cial Bhatnagar not well not and yield and by Engledow and Pal byand Engledow Alam (1938) eight varieties at at eight varieties grown at grown at Punjab. A research C. 306 is the besttall variety and India (C. 306 and HETEROSIS 190U.S.A.255) and Australia and (1953) and and (1953) hybrid The purpose ofThe was presentinvestigation the to extent of study the Porter and Discovery of Eight Department elucidated workers in wheat was wheat in Punjab Agricultural (1961) and and (1961) seed set on male set seed male on components. restorer male diallel set of 28 promising var wheat. Wilson and Wilson and Mann , Sikka, magnitude of hybrid economic Atkins sterile Keylong in Atkins cytoplasmic throughout the of bestain parents V.L. (1962) were were (1962) (Briggle, important best Plant Jain and Wilson and Singh and Singh and genes in the s the genes in K. B-K. SINGH S. H. KANDOLA and (1934) for(1934) other reports showreportsother asas 30 much 60 to per first plants, (1963) and Miri (1966) (1966) Miri and (1963) 108), Ross available parent; (2) available parent; HETEROSIS INWHEAT (1965) (1965) Similar results MATERIALS AND ieties of Breeding, production of hybrid wheat. crosses, crosses, reported in 1963). (1961, 1966 1966 male-sterility in (Accepted: 3-xi-1968) sterile ones deserve Mexico Parmar, important under naturally University Farm in University Farm Dawa Ross obtained only1-8 to grain world. diverse Kalyan 227 is the vigour in ignoring reciprocals, the was made summer. The summer. The (Redley and E(Redley and Punjab Agricultural Punjab 1962), and diallel set of uitable genetic plants (1968) in in (1968) (Kalyan 227and yield and yield and (1959), 1919 by by 1919 (1962) (1962) have steps METHODS Nevertheless, attention: geographic relation to under naturally wheat by towardsof exploitation commer- reported 71 per Gandhi, Menon, been many Freeman. It was stability of cytoplasmic stability of haveon reportedthe cross-pollinated subsequently by Nek Pal and 173), were chosen 173), were crosses of of crosses restorer parents and 1966-67 in a best semi-dwarf background;(3) and the (l)The reported by characters including genetic 14-1 cent, per Kihra University, rgn,to each origin,, two S 410), Although the many genes by genes by wheat and wheatalso and to extent of (1951), U.S.A. diversity of the cross-pollinated points are still their cent, conditions but Bhargava and cent, first Ludhidna many other many . Of . Of these, randomized from from problems variety in Fukasawa F,'s problems Schmidt, seed heterosis heterosis observed seed seed average (U.S.A. male- these yield were from set. set. 53 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 plant, number of were also also were Data ononeparent,V.L. lodging and accordingly the lodgingaccordinglythe and teristics avoid any border avoid any border C 306 C characters better complete maintained at 30 cm. data 30 150 cm.inapart cm. row presented in The hybridThe difference at at difference 5 per oneair month's showed s Heterosis was necrosis. Therefore, necrosis. Therefore, no mid-parents and pared with mid-parents but onlywith but mid-parents in 4 remaining 14 only one of heterosis was 3-2 ofwas heterosis Leaf areawas vigour Leaf area = 3/4(Leaf the extentthe of 10-5 cent. to 0-5 per 54 and one cross over the the cross over one and (Table 3). The The (Table 3). an average of 36-2 per The observations were observations The were analysedby Plant height. Analysis of Leaf area. Grain Plant The meanThe Days to earing. Spike per plant. Spike per X parent. with better parents only ranging including USA 190 died after one one after died 190 USA ignificance block design discarded. The discarded. The plants of two cr was significantly studied in all the 19 the studied in all height was measured whenthe yield and 100-kernel yield and Table 3. vigour in generation F, crosses and and crosses determined as percentage Htrssi F —Heterosis in estimated by the from -1-5 to -1 to -1 -8 per -1-5 from drying. spikelets per spikelets per variance was ninJunl of Indian Journal these —The F effect. performance of overall plant cent, to 11-7 per —Heterosis, (Tables 1 and 3). —Hybrid apart. B length with analysis of differences wer height, better parents data cent., was observe ranged differences differences level for all the the all level for r hybrids 17in out19 of 108, could four four X superior. Negative ae n 19 taken on spike, 100 could be could be collected in F, data done on the leaf vigour was length. Th leaf t order rows all five 's was observed in 13 observed in was 's crosses crosses repeats. Each net crosses are are crosses from -1 -1 -6 from to which varied Genetics cent. On cent. On formula month's weight were mid-parent, better collected on 7 variance method and thevarianceand method RESULTS width at the broadest area, crosses crosses were e significant in all all in e significant over not be not collected as it was cent, waspresent. (Table 3). In general, In (Table 3). when kernel weight and and kernel weight days to days to F,'s and 7 parents for & Plant proposed by nraeo F increase of characters are significant. data for d in 18d in noted in5 osses, osses, emergence e spacing Plants attained mid-parents bette and presented in T showed showed the contrary, -20* compared with the parents better around the plot from 4-4 to to 4-4 from recorded in the hybrid viz., C 306 1 earing, crosses crosses hybrids over pei cent, only10but pei each of the Breeding crosses crosses plot had plot had hybrid generations of between row tobetween row row was presumably due tohybrid parent and F crosses crosses Over dominance was to Montgomary these crosses crosses r over vigour was shown for each cross. each shown for the involving this number of s grain point). when F,'s were when F,'s be n . The ables 1 2. and were taller vigour and vigourof and 69-8 per X [Vol. 29, No. 1 five cases. The cases. The values of maximum over Kla 27 and 227 Kalyan seven seven were when mid-parent and yield per yield per laboratory negative hybrid mid-parent bul r parents are seven seven plants destroyed by these mid-parents t for seven planted to characters. present in (1921) as: (1921) cent, pikes per pikes compared variety critical than the charac- crosses. spaced height. plant. crosses range com- these after with www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 March 1969] H bo a OS) °S Id, |fc hi- Heterosis CM CO CM .9 X —• en CN o^coocoS^j; co
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The allover The increase 100-Kernelin weight in per cent. a rsn n 9ad 18 19 and wasin present crosses average of 42 F/s over F/s to 33-3 per and better hybrids and was significant in 12 in was significant (Table 3). spike decrease to 47-7per comparison was the better between the A critical Further, the 33-0 and31-3 per and Mexican vs. Mexican same between yield yield and analysis of the hybrid kernel weight. It is It kernel weight. 39-8 and38-3 per to earing. increase in tions of lines), (Mexican 58 . 100-kernel weight. Grain yield. Spikelet number per spike. number by19 per geographic Heterosis (or Table 3 UA 190(American255 USA and USA only. over the crosses average of 64-9per from the better parents and better parentsin about half the over parent. The lines) analysis of parents of all 19the cent, withan grain cent, with an Table 2 average etrprns In better parents. lines of different • shows 5 e cent, per 5 mid-parents andbette clear —Hybrid involving G 306 was table than the made components, over these yield and ninJunl of Indian Journal origin, mid-parent or better cent, hybrid hybrid cent, that crosses shows that shows that also that indicates —The Table 3 between cent. range of viz., average of cent.4-1per respectively. The respectively. The parent mid-parents. Th these obvious that maximum crosses, vigour in F,'s average of 8 respectively. F other characters gaveincrease anor vigour in F parents was of vigour) has been respectively. only. Spike —Hybrid weight of t cent, and viz., origin gave a hybrids were Australian vs. Australia, (Table 3). reveals that the mean hybrids and differences were differences were crosses was crosses was former case the from -0-7 to -8-6 with an an with to -8-6 from -0-7 there is a Genetics over the heterosis was DISCUSSION respectively. spike 43-9 per r parents was heterosis was t • that the there hybrids of E173 and Ridley vigour was present19 in 0 e cn, n in and cent, per 0 from number, 100-kernel of F, Fourteen of the over number was & ln Breeding Plant & Table 2 e hybrid cases and cases and the orderof close better 11-5per0-9 and higher mid-parents15 and like average lines) and lines) and seems to be seems to be no significant in18 ou cent, over 29-1 to defined as mid-parents and differences decreaseto the from 1-1 to 69-0 per crosses plant significant in association hybrid Table 3 Tbe3. Fromthe (Table 3). number of increase parent. The from 2-9 to from 2-9 present forgrain shows vigour was present hybrid ranged height, leaf day:areaand 72-9 percent, more14 in between American vs. this 39-5, 30-8, 43-9, Kalyan 227 and S 410 vigour rmiig 16 remaining F,'s were reveals that mean the. [Vol. 29, No. 1 than generations wasin latter vigour in between parent. association overallin increase from 1-9 to spikelets and spikelets and over cent, 14 crosses. increase in Fa varied significant in11 110-7 per crosses varieties of the t of 19t of crosses. tune of better 33-0 per present case that crosses when hybrids mid-parents respectively (Australian yield. An increase ir F, genera- F, cent, and differences American from 0-9 with an from 2 increase between inthe betweer parents perusal -10-2, crosses cent, stud} 44-4. 15-0 cent, over 100- • 0 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 showed yield number of Briggle weight but weight but days to days to Similar components, viz., suggested yield. is present in is present per plant, number ofpernumber plant, in shown situation and termedand it sion of of sion the individual This would an end productof the yield obvious that obvious that that does does of hybrid e et Fedin per cent. been supported reported that in F, hybrids in F, these these higher the as as well components component cent), March general there was an Lupton previous work. (0-9 per 100-kernel even simple exist in in exist (42-5 per Heterosis over components. The present and the earlierthe and present The numberof characters have nodirect It willIt be of considerable interest to know the Little or no characters have Whitehouse, that earing. heterosis in heterosis in findings (1963) in in (1963) grain 1969J al . A Table 2. exist in in exist (1961) (1961) that cent.). The range vigour it would beto worthwhilewould vigour it negative spikelets per weight. seems to be of of be to seems heterosis over indicatethe that including increase in intervarietal all the three study yield in there cannot be any vrbte aet. Therefore, overparents. better yield increase yield "combinational cent.) which wascent.) which have reported Maximum dominance inrespect of wheat or detail. earliercorrelation by spike spike (1966) (1966) heterosis over spikelets per spikelets made by respect of yield. Thompson and Riberio hybrid components. better very clear Thus, the been multiplicative pklt e pk n 100-kernel spike and spikelets per been increase in plant F,'s the spike, number, number of grain mid-parents was presen while reviewing the while reviewing work the data on little use. crosses of of crosses yield components and in the in the yieldand components not, a tabular reported by many parent was heterosis, vigour was of hybrid reported by varied from 13 to height, leafdaysand toarea earing Singh and Singh and heterosis foryield bearing on yield in F, yield F, in picture has spike spike heterosis". In heterosis". In order to Heterosis in wheat Heterosis in present 100-kernel 100-kernel studies on the studies on information on followed in in followed better parents for grain diallel Williams and Williams and gene s wheat. In wheat. In interaction over all the the over all Hagberg (4-1 per findings are in in findings are vigour forgrain present in grain present for Dawa yield, yield studies also. earlier presentation of all the ystem forystem crosses in in crosses grain emerged from find out s find out hybrids are the result of weight, pklt e pk n 100-kernel and spike spikelets per order by subject (1958) and Grafius (1959) (1959) Grafius and (1958) research (1968) did not show not any did (1968) should be should components may leadto number of s while 75 per cent, in cent, 75 per view of the view of the between the between the (1952) (1952) t forgrain workers but the the workers but cent.) and. yield in crosses, was was crosses, Gilbert characters other plant plant yield uitable combination characters other wheat and causes of donethe in clearly finding out the causes forthe finding out close close spike spike workers, as observed similar seea whether Although this yield was 29-1 to 72-9 to yield was29-1 per following following yield and yield and height and height and wheat. This idea has height, (1960) have have (1960) through weight. yield, pikes per per pikes conformity with the conformity with study variation in sfi show show number yield 100-kernel observed in observed in heterosis in and the yield is the and first characters are spike spike found leaf area and leaf area present study that that Soviet Soviet components. reviewed by order: suggests that suggests heterosis for heterosis for three Thus, itis increase in than generation. than (19-0 per leaf plant and heterosis heterosis reported number, heterosis s where • extent expres- similar that in effects weight Union grain grain yield spike area. have yield yield 59 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 would cost of of cost genes genes is on to findbest to on are alreadytounderway incorporate the seed set set seed the spike spike general, varieties on commercial varieties on and 100-kernel 100-kernel and to earing. On On to earing. of spike per per of spike better these it certainly indicates studied to investigate present study was made magnitude of which (42-5 per variety of the one ofpre-requisits is the tion involved crosses crosses that pectively. Of the crosses crosses origin remaining two the maximum ecogeographic origins, 14ecogeographic origins, parents. The Olsen maximum crosses of of crosses 36 • 6 36 • 60 Indian Journal of crosses. This study wasThis a crosses crosses This study number SevenVheat to 52 to In ordertoIn make use of into parent was excel the best best the excel hybrid produced gave between (1919) in in (1919) involving negative complete our next next complete our cent.) •6 several parents of heterosis can be be heterosis can under hybrid between plant,of number per cent, and Kalyan by Kalyan and percent, seed seed eeoi a o necessarily not heterosis may Kalyan (19-0 per (19-0 per area. The area. The F, hybrids in the shown by the the by shown Crosses Crosses combination with an average, closely closely weight which varied crosses crosses 50-6 per hybrid showed showed present for grain maize proved related parentsof the production. natural promising varieties of varieties that varieties that vigour to the remaining 16 ait ya prcal agn to marginappreciablevariety an by that theof extent parents of between varieties of 227, the best 227, the different related part of the (0-9 per vigour was observed for also also scale at the the at scale under cent.),of number that the considerable crosses had had crosses that F, cent, more cross cross maximum effort effort acheived. The acheived. The study gave from from crosses crosses parents. F, F, hybrids for spikelet per spike spikelet per wider spacing than wider spacing than pollination. origins that differed in in differed Kalyan 227 and other yield and yield yield and hybrids cent.). Further, the F, diverse origins Genetics programme for tune of manifestation of in heterosisF, would be increase techniquesto to develop SUMMARY heterosis. crosses crosses higher 19-1 to variety, and an variety, and greater 31 • 3 involving more grain Punjab Agricultural amount of heterosis was observed forheterosis was observed cytoplasmic male-sterility than same origin. It is, It same origin. Punjab. Once the should significantly 13 30 and31-3, 33-0 involving varieties frominvolving varieties & Plant heterosis than heterosis than the origin and origin and 72-9 per cent, and was and cent, f 72-9 per be the the be than 33 per Mexican, American and Australian Mexican,and American to spikelets per spike spike per spikelets yield heterosis is Simultaneously, research is going present study crosses crosses 50 • 6 commercial wheat plant parents of have have components and 100-kernel and than Kalyan heterosis may be expected in expected be heterosis may same production of wheat hybrid per cent. The The cent. per are normally Breeding conducted by height, exotic between their 19 F, hybrids were greater cent, (Rosenquist, promising lines which promising lines compensate the compensate the obtained similar -10-2 per University. hybrids gave excelled C. excelled C. 306 by stock, leaf only, viz., therefore, [Vol. 29, No. 1 out-yield the heterosis transfer of 227. Since the average (4-1 per cent.) (4-1 per closely closely area anddays heterosis followed, the followed, and restorer and hybrids origin. The weight. In U.S.A. grain between the ollowed by ollowed production, best Hayes and 1931) but 1931) cent, which is number different 31 evident for the Efforts combina- related extra these yield best over 255, than -3 res- www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 FukasaWa, H. (19 FukasaWa, H. Hagberg, (19 A. Kalyan USA 255. Gandhi, S. M., Uma Menon, T., T., Menon, Gandhi, S. Uma M., to 50-6 per rfu,J E. Grafius, J. •Montgomery, E. G. Briggle, L. W. Briggle, L. *Fedin, M. A. nldw .A n a,B .(94. Investigationon yield in Engledow, M. A.Pal, and B. (1934).P. rea,G .(99. Heredity ofFreeman, G. F.(1919). quantitative cha Porter, K. B. and manifestation of greater iaa . 15) S (1951).Kihara, H. tion also s •Hayes, H. K. and•Hayes,K. H. Whitehouse, R. N. H., Whitehouse,H., N. R. Miri,K. R. Lupton, F. C. C. F. Lupton, Wilson, J. A. and and A. Wilson, J. Rosenquist, C. E. (1931). The The Rosenquist, C. E. (1931). Porter, K. B., K.Lahr, A. and Pal, Williams,and W. March Singh, B. K. and B. and K. L. Sikka,M., S. Jain, W., Schmidt, J. B. P. and Nek Alam. (1938). The The (1938). B. Alam. Nek P. and •Original not The increase in increase The heterosis than the the heterosis than 227. The 227. The best 1969] eec tJiu held August ference at Jaipur from vigour in arance.of male-sterile arance.of wheat. varieties. Agricultural Progress, (Rep. agric. Sci.) predictions. set oncytoplasmic a and •.and (1962). hybrid 16: Crop Sci,. pollen restoring pollinated 5: and . and (1962). (1959). onandparental mean 7:147-69. Tiiu ugr) J Amer. Soc. J. Agron., (Triticum vulgare). 14: (Triticum (Triticum aestivum (1966). 191-3. Triticum uggests uggests 161-3. (1963). cent, moregrain (1961). 177-93. (1966). (Main (1966). (Main 52). Heterosis in 133-45. Johnson, V. A. and 53). Studies on restoration and Gilbert, N. J. agric. Sci., Rose, W. M. M. Rose, W. Tashi Dawa. tis .M (1963). M. Atkins, I. seen. vigour in timopheavi Tech. Bull. Minn, agric. Exp. Sta., aestivum Olsen, P. (1 J. hybrid (1921). wheat. 2: 415-7. Hybrid ubstitution of nucleus and its that the Heterosis in barley. cereals. 2. The The cereals. 2. use of a diallel Euphytica, Heterosis in hmsn . B. an Thompson, J. Studies in theStudies in No. 4: 21-7 (Russian). No. 21-7 4: Indian J. Genet., grain character in hybrid wheat having sp.- wheat-problems an L) having L.) wheat. Correlation studies vigour in vigour in cytoplasm. combination (1960). Heterosis and the trends in Parmar, K. S. (19 9: 1961. durum F immediate Atkins, I. M. M. Atkins, I. crosses crosses (1968). Manifestation of vulgare crosses crosses 24: 39CMW9. 24: Bhargava, P. D.and Bhatn male 19-23. 10: 209-24. 10: Mann, S. S. t wheat—a earlyvlues. generation combinations in Proc. Indian 919). First yield in F yield in Cross-breeding in wheat, yield breeding of in substitution and and substitution in Cross Male L.). Heterosis in wheat Heterosis in sterile Aegilops caudata REFERENCES Wheat Inf. Senv. 17 to 21, I.C.A.R. investigation of effect of effect of Agron., J., between between the between the the yield the d Riberio, D. V. effect of foreign of effect foreign J. Res. Pb. agric. Univ., than the Hybrid wheat—problems, breeding in review. sterility 21: winter involved (1965). Cross-pollination of (1962). of Corn. d prospects. generation Acad. 59). Ev 1-10. certain external self-pollinated t substitution of hybrids 23: effects on on effects Crop Sci., 3: racters in w 51: 51: 551-4. Galeopsis-I and II. Galeopsis-I and closely closely interaction of wheat com components. The components. The present Sci., 43-63. 123: highest yielding L and L. wheat- Hybrid Wheat. Rep. Neb. agric. Exp. Sta., aluation of potenti hybrid wheat). cross Indian J. Genet., N. 4 p 29-30. 14, pp. No. crosses. parents of Kalyan 227 and an 7: 109-24. 7: Fifth All India wheal crosses between crosses between inheritance of heterosis in pollen upon the the pollen upon 5-22. (Mimeographed). agar, M. P.(1961). (1958). Studies on the b genome manifestation. Triticum aestivum. Triticum related Aegilops ovata Aegilops ovata Triticum aestivum. analysis in seems to be due to the the to due be to seems heat. cereals. 3. posite subjected to cross-pollination. to posite subjected Cytologia, 471. : 407-12. nucleus of factors Triticum aestivum cereals. V Genetics, 541-9. Suppl.: potentials and Nebr. Exp. Sta. Qtrly., Heriditas, Lund Vesten. Set skohozjajstv. Mauk parents. intervarietal diverse upon the alities of yield pr yield in 1: 150-70. 19: standard male sterile male variety of the Aegilotricum. T^okyo, cytoplasm: L cytoplasm. L. Kernel Further studies in 4 1-93. 4r III. I Frequency I. of the " Research L. II Hybrid origin ediction. 24: 108-59. 24: wheat Studies on Cytologia, Tokyo, 1: 167-75. 18: manifestation of Hybrid tomato. progress. exotic stock, crosses of L nces and' nucleus L. Minnesota Corn weight of reeding of Crop Sci., 1:221-5. winter wheat. • Wre' con- Worker's investiga- I Appe- I. crosses Euphytica, manifest Crop Sci., Heredity, vigour in 9:9. area, Texas hybrid high self- wheat wheat cross- based 61 seed 1: •