Glossary (A - K)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Human Chimera: Legal Problems Arising from Individuals with Multiple Types of Dna
Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 5-2-2014 The umH an Chimera: Legal Problems Arising From Individuals with Multiple Types of DNA Robert Russell Granzen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship Recommended Citation Granzen, Robert Russell, "The umH an Chimera: Legal Problems Arising From Individuals with Multiple Types of DNA" (2014). Law School Student Scholarship. 485. https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/485 THE HUMAN CHIMERA: LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH MULTIPLE TYPES OF DNA Robert Granzen INTRODUCTION Science continually changes, and with it our understanding of the human body. While some scientific developments are limited in scope, others have widespread effects. Scientists have just recently begun understanding the range of effects chimerism in humans can have. Chimerism, originally associated with hermaphrodites having both male and female sexual organs, is much more common than originally thought. As chimerism becomes more common, so do individuals with separate and distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands in their bodies. Most individuals are unaware of their chimeric genetic code and most will likely never know. Because of the inherent difficulty of testing for chimerism, many problems are presented to legal system. Part I of this article will begin with the history of human chimeras. The section will then describe the ways in which chimeras are formed. The section will discuss the most common form of chimerism in humans--fetal cell microchimerism (FMC). FMC occurs when cells are transferred from baby to mother or mother to baby via the umbilical cord.1 Studies have shown that mothers may keep cells from their children for years after giving birth.2 Moreover, cells can be exchanged between twins while inside the uterus.3 Secondly, the section will describe the process of embryo fusion, which can cause tetragametic chimerism. -
Homologous Chromosome Pairing in Wheat
Journal of Cell Science 112, 1761-1769 (1999) 1761 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 JCS3883 Homologous chromosome pairing in wheat Enrique Martínez-Pérez, Peter Shaw, Steve Reader, Luis Aragón-Alcaide*, Terry Miller and Graham Moore‡ John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK *Present address: NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 24 March; published on WWW 11 May 1999 SUMMARY Bread wheat is a hexaploid (AABBDD, 2n=6x=42) (bouquet) is formed in the meiocytes only by the onset of containing three related ancestral genomes, each having 7 leptotene. The sub-telomeric regions of the homologues chromosomes, giving 42 chromosomes in diploid cells. associate as the telomere cluster forms. The homologous During meiosis true homologues are correctly associated in associations at the telomeres and centromeres are wild-type wheat, but a degree of association of related maintained through meiotic prophase, although, during chromosomes (homoeologues) occurs in a mutant (ph1b). leptotene, the two homologues and also the sister We show that the centromeres are associated in non- chromatids within each homologue are separate along the homologous pairs in all floral tissues studied, both in wild- rest of their length. As meiosis progresses, first the sister type wheat and the ph1b mutant. The non-homologous chromatids and then the homologues associate intimately. centromere associations then become homologous In wild-type wheat, first the centromere grouping, then the premeiotically in wild-type wheat in both meiocytes and the bouquet disperse by the end of zygotene. tapetal cells, but not in the mutant. -
Patentability of Human-Animal Chimeras Ryan Hagglund
Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal Volume 25 | Issue 1 Article 4 2008 Patentability of Human-Animal Chimeras Ryan Hagglund Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Ryan Hagglund, Patentability of Human-Animal Chimeras, 25 Santa Clara High Tech. L.J. 51 (2012). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj/vol25/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PATENTABILITY OF HUMAN-ANIMAL CHIMERAS Ryan Hagglundt Abstract The chimera was a mythological creature with a lion 's head, goat's body, and serpent's tail. Because of recent advances in biotechnology, such permutations on species are no longer the stuff of myth and legend The term "chimera " has come to describe a class of genetically engineered creatures composed of some cells from one species, which thus contain genetic material derived entirely from that species, and some cells from another species, containing only genetic material from that species. Scientists have created a goat- sheep chimera or "geep" which exhibits physical characteristicsof both animals. Likewise, scientists have also used the tools of modern molecular biology to create human-animal chimeras containing both human and animal cells. While none of the human-animal chimeras hitherto created have exhibited significant human characteristics,the synthesis of human-animal chimeras raises significant ethical concerns. -
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory
challenges Article Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory Lorenza Lucchi Basili 1,† and Pier Luigi Sacco 2,3,*,† 1 Independent Researcher, 20 Chestnut Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Comparative Literature and Language Sciences, IULM University, via Carlo Bo, 1, Milan 20143, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-496-0486 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Palmiro Poltronieri Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 26 April 2016; Published: 3 May 2016 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new approach to couple formation and dynamics that abridges findings from sexual strategies theory and attachment theory to develop a framework where the sexual and emotional aspects of mating are considered in their strategic interaction. Our approach presents several testable implications, some of which find interesting correspondences in the existing literature. Our main result is that, according to our approach, there are six typical dynamic interaction patterns that are more or less conducive to the formation of a stable couple, and that set out an interesting typology for the analysis of real (as well as fictional, as we will see in the second part of the paper) mating behaviors and dynamics. Keywords: sexual strategies; emotional attachment; mating; couple formation and dynamics; Tie-Up; Active vs. Receptive Areas; frustration and reward; Tie-Up Cycle; flow inversion 1. Introduction The process of reproductive mating is a clear example of a complex socio-biological phenomenon, of paramount evolutionary importance. -
The Retinoblastoma Tumor-Suppressor Gene, the Exception That Proves the Rule
Oncogene (2006) 25, 5233–5243 & 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/06 $30.00 www.nature.com/onc REVIEW The retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, the exception that proves the rule DW Goodrich Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA The retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (Rb1)is transmission of one mutationally inactivated Rb1 allele centrally important in cancer research. Mutational and loss of the remaining wild-type allele in somatic inactivation of Rb1 causes the pediatric cancer retino- retinal cells. Hence hereditary retinoblastoma typically blastoma, while deregulation ofthe pathway in which it has an earlier onset and a greater number of tumor foci functions is common in most types of human cancer. The than sporadic retinoblastoma where both Rb1 alleles Rb1-encoded protein (pRb) is well known as a general cell must be inactivated in somatic retinal cells. To this day, cycle regulator, and this activity is critical for pRb- Rb1 remains an exception among cancer-associated mediated tumor suppression. The main focus of this genes in that its mutation is apparently both necessary review, however, is on more recent evidence demonstrating and sufficient, or at least rate limiting, for the genesis of the existence ofadditional, cell type-specific pRb func- a human cancer. The simple genetics of retinoblastoma tions in cellular differentiation and survival. These has spawned the hope that a complete molecular additional functions are relevant to carcinogenesis sug- understanding of the Rb1-encoded protein (pRb) would gesting that the net effect of Rb1 loss on the behavior of lead to deeper insight into the processes of neoplastic resulting tumors is highly dependent on biological context. -
Challenges in Clinicogenetic Correlations: One Gene – Many Phenotypes Francesca Magrinelli, MD,1,2,* Bettina Balint, MD,1,3 and Kailash P
REVIEW CLINICAL PRACTICE Challenges in Clinicogenetic Correlations: One Gene – Many Phenotypes Francesca Magrinelli, MD,1,2,* Bettina Balint, MD,1,3 and Kailash P. Bhatia, MD, FRCP1,* ABSTRACT: Background:Background Progress in genetics – particularly the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) – has enabled an unparalleled gene discovery and revealed unmatched complexity of genotype– phenotype correlations in movement disorders. Among other things, it has emerged that mutations in one and the same gene can cause multiple, often markedly different phenotypes. Consequently, movement disorder specialists have increasingly experienced challenges in clinicogenetic correlations. Objectives:Objectives To deconstruct biological phenomena and mechanistic bases of phenotypic heterogeneity in monogenic movement disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. To discuss the evolving role of movement disorder specialists in reshaping disease phenotypes in the NGS era. Methods:Methods This scoping review details phenomena contributing to phenotypic heterogeneity and their underlying mechanisms. Results:Results Three phenomena contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity, namely incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity and pleiotropy. Their underlying mechanisms, which are often shared across phenomena and non- mutually exclusive, are not fully elucidated. They involve genetic factors (ie, different mutation types, dynamic mutations, somatic mosaicism, intragenic intra- and inter-allelic interactions, modifiers and epistatic genes, mitochondrial heteroplasmy), -
The Kennel Club Breed Health Improvement Strategy: a Step-By-Step Guide Improvement Strategy Improvement
BREED HEALTH THE KENNEL CLUB BREED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY WWW.THEKENNELCLUB.ORG.UK/DOGHEALTH BREED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE 2 Welcome WELCOME TO YOUR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY TOOLKIT This collection of toolkits is a resource intended to help Breed Health Coordinators maintain, develop and promote the health of their breed.. The Kennel Club recognise that Breed Health Coordinators are enthusiastic and motivated about canine health, but may not have the specialist knowledge or tools required to carry out some tasks. We hope these toolkits will be a good resource for current Breed Health Coordinators, and help individuals, who are new to the role, make a positive start. By using these toolkits, Breed Health Coordinators can expect to: • Accelerate the pace of improvement and depth of understanding of the health of their breed • Develop a step-by-step approach for creating a health plan • Implement a health survey to collect health information and to monitor progress The initial tool kit is divided into two sections, a Health Strategy Guide and a Breed Health Survey Toolkit. The Health Strategy Guide is a practical approach to developing, assessing, and monitoring a health plan specific to your breed. Every breed can benefit from a Health Improvement Strategy as a way to prevent health issues from developing, tackle a problem if it does arise, and assess the good practices already being undertaken. The Breed Health Survey Toolkit is a step by step guide to developing the right surveys for your breed. By carrying out good health surveys, you will be able to provide the evidence of how healthy your breed is and which areas, if any, require improvement. -
Meiosis II) That Produces Four Haploid Cells
Zoology – Cell Division and Inheritance I. A Code for All Life A. Before Genetics - __________________________________________ 1. If a very tall man married a short woman, you would expect their children to be intermediate, with average height. 2. The history of blending inheritance, as an idea, remains in some animal scientific names. For example… a. Giraffe = Giraffa camelopardalis (described as having characteristics like both a camel and a leopard) b. Mountain Zebra = Equus Hippotigris zebra (having characteristics of a hippo and a tiger) B. History of Central Tenets of Genetics 1. Genetics accounts for resemblance and fidelity of reproduction. But, it also accounts for variation. 2. Genetics is a major unifying concept of biology. 3. _______________________________________________ described particulate inheritance. 4. ____________________&_____________________described nature of the coded instructions (the structure of DNA). C. Some vocabulary 1. _______________________ – a unit of heredity. A discreet part of the DNA of a chromosome that encodes for one trait, or protein, or enzyme, etc. 2. _______________________ – (deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for what the cell will do, how it will do it, and when it will do it. 3. _______________________ – a linear sequence of genes, composed of DNA and protein. a. Think of the chromosome as a bus that the genes are riding in. Where the bus goes, the genes must go. 4. _______________________- The location of any one gene on a chromosome. 5. _______________________ - Alternative forms of a gene; one or both may have an effect and either may be passed on to progeny. 6. _______________________pairs of chromosomes – Chromosomes that have the same banding pattern, same centromere position, and that encode for the same traits. -
Dog Breeds of the World
Dog Breeds of the World Get your own copy of this book Visit: www.plexidors.com Call: 800-283-8045 Written by: Maria Sadowski PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors 4523 30th St West #E502 Bradenton, FL 34207 http://www.plexidors.com Dog Breeds of the World is written by Maria Sadowski Copyright @2015 by PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors Published in the United States of America August 2015 All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including photocopying, recording, or by any information retrieval and storage system without permission from PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors. Stock images from canstockphoto.com, istockphoto.com, and dreamstime.com Dog Breeds of the World It isn’t possible to put an exact number on the Does breed matter? dog breeds of the world, because many varieties can be recognized by one breed registration The breed matters to a certain extent. Many group but not by another. The World Canine people believe that dog breeds mostly have an Organization is the largest internationally impact on the outside of the dog, but through the accepted registry of dog breeds, and they have ages breeds have been created based on wanted more than 340 breeds. behaviors such as hunting and herding. Dog breeds aren’t scientifical classifications; they’re It is important to pick a dog that fits the family’s groupings based on similar characteristics of lifestyle. If you want a dog with a special look but appearance and behavior. Some breeds have the breed characterics seem difficult to handle you existed for thousands of years, and others are fairly might want to look for a mixed breed dog. -
Mitosis Vs. Meiosis
Mitosis vs. Meiosis In order for organisms to continue growing and/or replace cells that are dead or beyond repair, cells must replicate, or make identical copies of themselves. In order to do this and maintain the proper number of chromosomes, the cells of eukaryotes must undergo mitosis to divide up their DNA. The dividing of the DNA ensures that both the “old” cell (parent cell) and the “new” cells (daughter cells) have the same genetic makeup and both will be diploid, or containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. For reproduction of an organism to occur, the original parent cell will undergo Meiosis to create 4 new daughter cells with a slightly different genetic makeup in order to ensure genetic diversity when fertilization occurs. The four daughter cells will be haploid, or containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The difference between the two processes is that mitosis occurs in non-reproductive cells, or somatic cells, and meiosis occurs in the cells that participate in sexual reproduction, or germ cells. The Somatic Cell Cycle (Mitosis) The somatic cell cycle consists of 3 phases: interphase, m phase, and cytokinesis. 1. Interphase: Interphase is considered the non-dividing phase of the cell cycle. It is not a part of the actual process of mitosis, but it readies the cell for mitosis. It is made up of 3 sub-phases: • G1 Phase: In G1, the cell is growing. In most organisms, the majority of the cell’s life span is spent in G1. • S Phase: In each human somatic cell, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes; one chromosome comes from the mother and one comes from the father. -
Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution Refers to Varieties Within a Given Type
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.3: Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type. Change happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not "vertical." Such changes might be accomplished by "natural selection," in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of dog. Lesson Objectives ● Distinguish what is microevolution and how it affects changes in populations. ● Define gene pool, and explain how to calculate allele frequencies. ● State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● Identify the five forces of evolution. Vocabulary ● adaptive radiation ● gene pool ● migration ● allele frequency ● genetic drift ● mutation ● artificial selection ● Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● natural selection ● directional selection ● macroevolution ● population genetics ● disruptive selection ● microevolution ● stabilizing selection ● gene flow Introduction Darwin knew that heritable variations are needed for evolution to occur. However, he knew nothing about Mendel’s laws of genetics. Mendel’s laws were rediscovered in the early 1900s. Only then could scientists fully understand the process of evolution. Microevolution is how individual traits within a population change over time. In order for a population to change, some things must be assumed to be true. In other words, there must be some sort of process happening that causes microevolution. The five ways alleles within a population change over time are natural selection, migration (gene flow), mating, mutations, or genetic drift.