Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies
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Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory
challenges Article Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory Lorenza Lucchi Basili 1,† and Pier Luigi Sacco 2,3,*,† 1 Independent Researcher, 20 Chestnut Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Comparative Literature and Language Sciences, IULM University, via Carlo Bo, 1, Milan 20143, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-496-0486 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Palmiro Poltronieri Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 26 April 2016; Published: 3 May 2016 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new approach to couple formation and dynamics that abridges findings from sexual strategies theory and attachment theory to develop a framework where the sexual and emotional aspects of mating are considered in their strategic interaction. Our approach presents several testable implications, some of which find interesting correspondences in the existing literature. Our main result is that, according to our approach, there are six typical dynamic interaction patterns that are more or less conducive to the formation of a stable couple, and that set out an interesting typology for the analysis of real (as well as fictional, as we will see in the second part of the paper) mating behaviors and dynamics. Keywords: sexual strategies; emotional attachment; mating; couple formation and dynamics; Tie-Up; Active vs. Receptive Areas; frustration and reward; Tie-Up Cycle; flow inversion 1. Introduction The process of reproductive mating is a clear example of a complex socio-biological phenomenon, of paramount evolutionary importance. -
Evolutionary Theory Throughout the Text)
Author Bios: Jon A. Sefcek, MA, Barbara H. Brumbach, MA, Geneva Vasquez, MA, are PhD students in the Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and Geoffrey F. Miller, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. Address correspondence to Jon A. Sefcek at [email protected] The Evolutionary Psychology of Human Mate Choice: How Ecology, Genes, Fertility, and Fashion Influence Mating Behavior Jon A. Sefcek, MA, Barbara H. Brumbach, MA, Geneva Vasquez, MA, and Geoffrey F. Miller, PhD The recent incorporation of sexual selection theories into the rubric of Evolutionary Psychology has produced an important framework from which to examine human mating behavior. Here we review the extant empirical and theoretical work regarding heterosexual human mating preferences and reproductive strategies. Initially, we review contemporary Evolutionary Psychology’s adaptationism, including the incorporation of modern theories of sexual selection, adaptive genetic variation, and mate choice. Next, we examine women’s and men’s mating preferences focusing on the adaptive significance of material, genetic and fertility benefits, and their relationship to environmental characteristics. Following this, we consider human mate choice in relation to non-adaptive preferences. This discussion ends with a look at context effects for individual differences in mate-preferences and reproductive strategies. KEY WORDS: Sexual selection, fitness indicators, mate choice, mating preferences, mating strategies, parental investment From colorful birds and dancing bees to Sinatra’s crooning, Betty Davis’s eyes, and Monty Python’s satires, various phenotypic traits serve as signals to others. Aposematism (warning coloration) in butterflies, for example, cautions predators that the butterfly is poisonous (Joron, 2002). -
Reproductive Aging and Mating: the Ticking of the Biological Clock in Female Cockroaches
Reproductive aging and mating: The ticking of the biological clock in female cockroaches Patricia J. Moore* and Allen J. Moore School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 5, 2001 (received for review March 30, 2001) Females are expected to have different mating preferences be- reproductive state? Few empirical studies have addressed cause of the variation in costs and benefits of mate choice both these questions. Lea et al. (15) present evidence that the between females and within individual females over a lifetime. consistency of mate preference in midwife toads, presumably Workers have begun to look for, and find, the expected variation reflecting a high motivation to mate, is greatest in ovulating among females in expressed mating preferences. However, vari- females. Kodric-Brown and Nicoletto (16) find that older ation within females caused by changes in intrinsic influences has female guppies are less choosy than when they are younger not been examined in detail. Here we show that reproductive even if still virgin. Likewise, Gray (17) demonstrated that older aging caused by delayed mating resulted in reduced choosiness by female house crickets show no significant preference for the female Nauphoeta cinerea, a cockroach that has reproductive calls of attractive males compared with young females. cycles and gives live birth. Male willingness to mate was unaf- An essential factor in considering the effect of reproductive fected by variation in female age. Females who were beyond the state on the expression of female mate choice is to show that in optimal mating age, 6 days postadult molt, required considerably fact there is variation in the costs associated with mate choice less courtship than their younger counterparts. -
Courtship & Mating Reproduction in Insects
Reproduction Courtship & Mating in Insects • How do the sexes find each other? – Light – Swarming (male only/ female only) – Leks (male aggregations) • Defend territory against males • Court arriving females – Pheromones What do they do once they find each other? Courtship • Close range intersexual behavior that induces sexual receptivity before and during mating. • Allows mate choice among and within species. 1 Types of Courtship • Visual displays Nuptial Gifts • Ritualized movements • 3 forms • Sound production – Cannibalization of males • Tactile stimulation – Glandular product • Nuptial gifts – Nuptial gift • Prey • Salt, nutrients Evolution of nuptial feeding Sexual Cannibalization • Female advantages • Rather extreme – Nutritional benefit • Male actually does not – Mate choice (mate with good provider) willingly give himself • Male advantages up… – Helping provision/produce his offspring – Where would its potential – Female returns sperm while feeding rather than reproductive benefit be? mating with someone else • Do females have • Male costs increased reproductive – Capturing food costs energy and incurs predation success? risk – Prey can be stolen and used by another male. 2 Glandular gifts Nuptial gifts • Often part of the spermatophore (sperm transfer unit) – Occupy female while sperm is being transferred – Parental investment by male • Generally a food item (usually prey) • Also regurgitations (some flies) • But beware the Cubic Zirconia, ladies Sexual selection Types of sexual selection • Intrasexual selection – Contest competition -
Sexual Selection
Sexual Selection Carol E. Lee University of Wisconsin Copyright ©2020 Do not upload without permission Natural Selection Evolutionary Mechanisms Genetic Drift Migration Non-adaptive Mutations Natural Selection Adaptive OUTLINE (1) Sexual Selection (2) Constraints on Natural Selection Pleiotropy Evolutionary Tradeoffs Genetic Drift and Natural Selection ■ There are species with 3 or more sexes (some ciliates have 32)... Too complex to discuss here ■ Restrict my discussion here to 2 sexes Male Female Male Female Male Female HUH???? What about us??? (New World Monkeys) Theory of Sexual Selection ■ The sex bearing a higher cost to reproduction or has higher parental investment will generally be the chooser (has more to lose from bad choice) ■ Whereas the sex bearing the lesser cost of reproduction or parental investment generally competes more heavily for mates (Bateman 1948) Asymmetric Limits on Fitness • The sex that has higher reproductive cost will be the choosers • If you’re allocating a lot of resources toward offspring and are limited in the number of offspring you can have, you won’t mate with just anyone • The sex that is being selected (under sexual selection) will be competitive • Fight with each other, fight for resources, fight for access to or control of the other sex Theory of Sexual Selection ■ In sexual species, it is usually males who invest less in each offspring à it is typical for males to compete for access to females ■ In 90% of mammal species, females provide substantial parental care, while males provide little or -
Variance in the Male Reproductive Success of Western Gorillas: Acquiring Females Is Just the Beginning
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2010) 64:515–528 DOI 10.1007/s00265-009-0867-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Variance in the male reproductive success of western gorillas: acquiring females is just the beginning Thomas Breuer & Andrew M. Robbins & Claudia Olejniczak & Richard J. Parnell & Emma J. Stokes & Martha M. Robbins Received: 26 April 2009 /Revised: 17 September 2009 /Accepted: 18 September 2009 /Published online: 14 October 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Variance in male reproductive success is that enhance offspring survival. Thus, this study illustrates expected to be high in sexually dimorphic mammals, even how a detailed analysis of the components of male when it is modulated by the costs and benefits of group reproductive success can shed light on the interrelated living. Here, we investigate the variance in reproductive social and ecological aspects that affect it. success of male western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), a highly dimorphic primate with long-term male–female associa- Keywords Harem size . Intrasexual competition . tions, using 12.5 years of data collected at Mbeli Bai in Mating success . Offspring survival . northern Congo. Access to mates and offspring survival Variance in reproductive success were both major sources of variance in male reproductive success. Males with larger harems had lower offspring mortality with no apparent reduction in female fertility or Introduction observed tenure length, so the size of harems did not seem to be limited by female feeding competition or by the risk High variance in male reproductive success is assumed to of takeovers and infanticide by outsider males. The lower provide a potential for sexual selection that can lead to mortality in larger harems may reflect improved vigilance sexual dimorphism (Darwin 1871; Andersson 1994). -
The Evolution of Human Mating: Trade-Offs and Strategic Pluralism
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2000) 23, 573–644 Printed in the United States of America The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism Steven W. Gangestad Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 [email protected] Jeffry A. Simpson Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [email protected]. Abstract: During human evolutionary history, there were “trade-offs” between expending time and energy on child-rearing and mating, so both men and women evolved conditional mating strategies guided by cues signaling the circumstances. Many short-term matings might be successful for some men; others might try to find and keep a single mate, investing their effort in rearing her offspring. Recent evidence suggests that men with features signaling genetic benefits to offspring should be preferred by women as short-term mates, but there are trade-offs between a mate’s genetic fitness and his willingness to help in child-rearing. It is these circumstances and the cues that signal them that underlie the variation in short- and long-term mating strategies between and within the sexes. Keywords: conditional strategies; evolutionary psychology; fluctuating asymmetry; mating; reproductive strategies; sexual selection Research on interpersonal relationships, especially roman- attributes (e.g., physical attractiveness) tend to assume tic ones, has increased markedly in the last three decades greater importance in mating relationships than in other (see Berscheid & Reis 1998) across a variety of fields, in- types of relationships (Buss 1989; Gangestad & Buss 1993 cluding social psychology, anthropology, ethology, sociol- [see also Kenrick & Keefe: “Age Preferences in Mates Re- ogy, developmental psychology, and personology (Ber- flect Sex Differences in Human Reproductive Strategies” scheid 1994). -
Clearing the Highest Hurdle: Human-Based Case Studies Broaden Students’ Knowledge of Core Evolutionary Concepts
The Journal of Effective Teaching an online journal devoted to teaching excellence Clearing the highest hurdle: Human-based case studies broaden students’ knowledge of core evolutionary concepts Alexander J. Werth1 Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943 Abstract An anonymous survey instrument was used for a ten year study to gauge college student attitudes toward evolution. Results indicate that students are most likely to accept evolu- tion as a historical process for change in physical features of non-human organisms. They are less likely to accept evolution as an ongoing process that shapes all traits (including biochemical, physiological, and behavioral) in humans. Students who fail to accept the factual nature of human evolution do not gain an accurate view of evolution, let alone modern biology. Fortunately, because of students’ natural curiosity about their bodies and related topics (e.g., medicine, vestigial features, human prehistory), a pedagogical focus on human evolution provides a fun and effective way to teach core evolutionary concepts, as quantified by the survey. Results of the study are presented along with useful case studies involving human evolution. Keywords: Survey, pedagogy, biology, evolution, Darwin. All science educators face pedagogical difficulties, but when considering the social rami- fications of scientific ideas, few face as great a challenge as biology teachers. Studies consistently show more than half of Americans reject any concept of biological evolution (Harris Poll, 2005, Miller et al., 2006). Students embody just such a cross-section of soci- ety. Much ink has been spilled explaining how best to teach evolution, particularly to unwilling students (Cavallo and McCall, 2008, Nelson, 2008). -
Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection
Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY REPRODUCTION & SEXUAL SELECTION • Asexual • Sexual – Attraction, Courtship, and Mating – Fertilization – Production of Young The Evolutionary Enigma of Benefits of Asex Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction produces fewer reproductive offspring than asexual reproduction, a so-called reproductive handicap 1. Eliminate problem to locate, court, & retain suitable mate. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Generation 1 2. Doubles population growth rate. Female Female 3. Avoid “cost of meiosis”: Generation 2 – genetic representation in later generations isn't reduced by half each time Male 4. Preserve gene pool adapted to local Generation 3 conditions. Generation 4 Figure 23.16 The Energetic Costs of Sexual Reproduction Benefits of Sex • Allocation of Resources 1. Reinforcement of social structure 2. Variability in face of changing environment. – why buy four lottery tickets w/ the same number on them? Relative benefits: Support from organisms both asexual in constant & sexual in changing environments – aphids have wingless female clones & winged male & female dispersers – ciliates conjugate if environment is deteriorating Heyer 1 Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection Simultaneous Hermaphrodites TWO SEXES • Advantageous if limited mobility and sperm dispersal and/or low population density • Guarantee that any member of your species encountered is the • Conjugation “right” sex • Self fertilization still provides some genetic variation – Ciliate protozoans with + & - mating -
Mating Preferences Might Evolve by Natural Selection. If Mating Mate
A GENERAL MODEL OF SEXUAL AND NATURAL SELECTION P. O'DONALD Department of Zoology, University College of North Wales, bangor Received28.xii.66 1.INTRODUCTION FISHERin The Genetical Theory of JVatural Selection (1930) described how mating preferences might evolve by natural selection. If mating behaviour varies among different genotypes, some individuals may have an hereditary disposition to mate with others having particular characteristics. Usually of course it is the females who choose the males and their choice is determined by the likelihood that the males' display will release their mating responses. If some females prefer to mate with those males that have characteristics advantageous in natural selection, then the genotypes that determine such matings will also be selected: the offspring will carry both the advantageous geno- types and the genotypes of the mating preference. Once the mating preference is established, it will itself add to the selective advantage of the preferred genotypes: a "runaway process" as Fisher called it develops. In a paper in Heredity (1963) I described a mathematical model of this type of selection. In the simplest case two loci must be involved: one locus determines the preferred character and the other the mating preference. If there are only two alleles segregating at each locus, ten different genotypes can occur if the loci are linked and nine if they are not. If they are sex-linked, there are i possible genotypes. I derived finite difference equations giving the frequencies of the genotypes in terms of parameters describing the degree of dominance of the preferred genotypes and the recombination fractions of the loci. -
Predicting Aggression Using Domains of Self-Esteem: Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females As a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2005 Predicting Aggression using Domains of Self-Esteem: Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females as a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem Carolyn Randolph Hodges College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Personality and Social Contexts Commons Recommended Citation Hodges, Carolyn Randolph, "Predicting Aggression using Domains of Self-Esteem: Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females as a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem" (2005). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626503. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-n8rk-cv72 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREDICTING AGGRESSION USING DOMAINS OF SELF-ESTEEM Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females As a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Psychology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Carolyn Randolph Hodges 2005 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 'Rand! lodges Approved by the Committee, July 2005 Lee A Kirkpatrick, PhD ’ennifei'A Stevens, PhD Todd M.