Mating Preferences Might Evolve by Natural Selection. If Mating Mate
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Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory
challenges Article Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory Lorenza Lucchi Basili 1,† and Pier Luigi Sacco 2,3,*,† 1 Independent Researcher, 20 Chestnut Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Comparative Literature and Language Sciences, IULM University, via Carlo Bo, 1, Milan 20143, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-496-0486 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Palmiro Poltronieri Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 26 April 2016; Published: 3 May 2016 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new approach to couple formation and dynamics that abridges findings from sexual strategies theory and attachment theory to develop a framework where the sexual and emotional aspects of mating are considered in their strategic interaction. Our approach presents several testable implications, some of which find interesting correspondences in the existing literature. Our main result is that, according to our approach, there are six typical dynamic interaction patterns that are more or less conducive to the formation of a stable couple, and that set out an interesting typology for the analysis of real (as well as fictional, as we will see in the second part of the paper) mating behaviors and dynamics. Keywords: sexual strategies; emotional attachment; mating; couple formation and dynamics; Tie-Up; Active vs. Receptive Areas; frustration and reward; Tie-Up Cycle; flow inversion 1. Introduction The process of reproductive mating is a clear example of a complex socio-biological phenomenon, of paramount evolutionary importance. -
Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies
Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies As descendants of a long line of successful maters, modern humans have inherited the mating strategies that led to their forebear’s success. These include long-term mating, short-term mating, and mixed mating strategies. This article presents empirical evi- dence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about the complexities of these mating strategies, which differ substantially for men and women. array of adaptations specifically dedicated to the David M. Buss, Professor, task of mating. Department of Psychology, Nowhere do people have an equal desire to mate University of Texas, Austin with all people. Everywhere, some people are pre- ferred as mates, others shunned. Desires are central to all facets of mating. They determine who we are attracted to, and who is attracted to us. They influ- ence which attraction tactics will be successful (those that fulfill desires) and which attraction tac- tics will fail (those that violate desires). Successful mate retention tactics involve continuing to provide resources that fulfill the desires of a mate. Failure to Perhaps no adaptive domain is more central to re- fulfill these desires causes breakup and divorce. At production than mating. Those in our evolutionary every step of the mating process, from mate selec- past who failed to mate failed to become ancestors. tion to mate expulsion, desires determine the Modern humans are all descendants of a long and ground rules. unbroken line of ancestors who succeeded in the complex and sometimes circuitous tasks involved in Sexual Selection and Parental Investment mating. As their descendants, modern humans have Although Charles Darwin (1859) recognized that inherited the adaptations that led to the success of survival was central to the evolutionary process, their ancestors. -
Reproductive Aging and Mating: the Ticking of the Biological Clock in Female Cockroaches
Reproductive aging and mating: The ticking of the biological clock in female cockroaches Patricia J. Moore* and Allen J. Moore School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 5, 2001 (received for review March 30, 2001) Females are expected to have different mating preferences be- reproductive state? Few empirical studies have addressed cause of the variation in costs and benefits of mate choice both these questions. Lea et al. (15) present evidence that the between females and within individual females over a lifetime. consistency of mate preference in midwife toads, presumably Workers have begun to look for, and find, the expected variation reflecting a high motivation to mate, is greatest in ovulating among females in expressed mating preferences. However, vari- females. Kodric-Brown and Nicoletto (16) find that older ation within females caused by changes in intrinsic influences has female guppies are less choosy than when they are younger not been examined in detail. Here we show that reproductive even if still virgin. Likewise, Gray (17) demonstrated that older aging caused by delayed mating resulted in reduced choosiness by female house crickets show no significant preference for the female Nauphoeta cinerea, a cockroach that has reproductive calls of attractive males compared with young females. cycles and gives live birth. Male willingness to mate was unaf- An essential factor in considering the effect of reproductive fected by variation in female age. Females who were beyond the state on the expression of female mate choice is to show that in optimal mating age, 6 days postadult molt, required considerably fact there is variation in the costs associated with mate choice less courtship than their younger counterparts. -
Courtship & Mating Reproduction in Insects
Reproduction Courtship & Mating in Insects • How do the sexes find each other? – Light – Swarming (male only/ female only) – Leks (male aggregations) • Defend territory against males • Court arriving females – Pheromones What do they do once they find each other? Courtship • Close range intersexual behavior that induces sexual receptivity before and during mating. • Allows mate choice among and within species. 1 Types of Courtship • Visual displays Nuptial Gifts • Ritualized movements • 3 forms • Sound production – Cannibalization of males • Tactile stimulation – Glandular product • Nuptial gifts – Nuptial gift • Prey • Salt, nutrients Evolution of nuptial feeding Sexual Cannibalization • Female advantages • Rather extreme – Nutritional benefit • Male actually does not – Mate choice (mate with good provider) willingly give himself • Male advantages up… – Helping provision/produce his offspring – Where would its potential – Female returns sperm while feeding rather than reproductive benefit be? mating with someone else • Do females have • Male costs increased reproductive – Capturing food costs energy and incurs predation success? risk – Prey can be stolen and used by another male. 2 Glandular gifts Nuptial gifts • Often part of the spermatophore (sperm transfer unit) – Occupy female while sperm is being transferred – Parental investment by male • Generally a food item (usually prey) • Also regurgitations (some flies) • But beware the Cubic Zirconia, ladies Sexual selection Types of sexual selection • Intrasexual selection – Contest competition -
Biol B242 - Coevolution
BIOL B242 - COEVOLUTION http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/Coevol/Coevol.html BIOL B242 - COEVOLUTION So far ... In this course we have mainly discussed evolution within species, and evolution leading to speciation. Evolution by natural selection is caused by the interaction of populations/species with their environments. Today ... However, the environment of a species is always partly biotic. This brings up the possiblity that the "environment" itself may be evolving. Two or more species may in fact coevolve. And coevolution gives rise to some of the most interesting phenomena in nature. What is coevolution? At its most basic, coevolution is defined as evolution in two or more evolutionary entities brought about by reciprocal selective effects between the entities. The term was invented by Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven in 1964 in a famous article: "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution", in which they showed how genera and families of butterflies depended for food on particular phylogenetic groupings of plants. We have already discussed some coevolutionary phenomena: For example, sex and recombination may have evolved because of a coevolutionary arms race between organisms and their parasites; the rate of evolution, and the likelihood of producing resistance to infection (in the hosts) and virulence (in the parasites) is enhanced by sex. We have also discussed sexual selection as a coevolutionary phenomenon between female choice and male secondary sexual traits. In this case, the coevolution is within a single species, but it is a kind of coevolution nonetheless. One of our problem sets involved frequency dependent selection between two types of players in an evolutionary "game". -
Mate Choice | Principles of Biology from Nature Education
contents Principles of Biology 171 Mate Choice Reproduction underlies many animal behaviors. The greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Female sage grouse evaluate males as sexual partners on the basis of the feather ornaments and the males' elaborate displays. Stephen J. Krasemann/Science Source. Topics Covered in this Module Mating as a Risky Behavior Major Objectives of this Module Describe factors associated with specific patterns of mating and life history strategies of specific mating patterns. Describe how genetics contributes to behavioral phenotypes such as mating. Describe the selection factors influencing behaviors like mate choice. page 882 of 989 3 pages left in this module contents Principles of Biology 171 Mate Choice Mating as a Risky Behavior Different species have different mating patterns. Different species have evolved a range of mating behaviors that vary in the number of individuals involved and the length of time over which their relationships last. The most open type of relationship is promiscuity, in which all members of a community can mate with each other. Within a promiscuous species, an animal of either gender may mate with any other male or female. No permanent relationships develop between mates, and offspring cannot be certain of the identity of their fathers. Promiscuous behavior is common in bonobos (Pan paniscus), as well as their close relatives, the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes). Bonobos also engage in sexual activity for activities other than reproduction: to greet other members of the community, to release social tensions, and to resolve conflicts. Test Yourself How might promiscuous behavior provide an evolutionary advantage for males? Submit Some animals demonstrate polygamous relationships, in which a single individual of one gender mates with multiple individuals of the opposite gender. -
Women's Sexual Strategies: the Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex
Women's Sexual Strategies: The Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex Elizabeth G. Pillsworth Martie G. Haselton University of California, Los Angeles Because of their heavy obligatory investment in offspring and limited off spring number, ancestral women faced the challenge of securing sufficient material resources for reproduction and gaining access to good genes. We review evidence indicating that selection produced two overlapping suites of psychological adaptations to address these challenges. The first set involves coupling-the formation of social partnerships for providing biparental care. The second set involves dual mating, a strategy in which women form long term relationships with investing partners, while surreptitiously seeking good genes from extrapair mates. The sources of evidence we review include hunter-gather studies, comparative nonhuman studies, cross-cultural stud· ies, and evidence of shifts in women's desires across the ovulatory cycle. We argue that the evidence poses a challenge to some existing theories of human mating and adds to our understanding of the subtlety of women's sexual strategies. Key Words: dual mating, evolutionary psychology, ovulation, relationships, sexual strategies. Hoggamus higgamus, men are polygamous; higgamus hoggamus, women monoga71Jous. -Attributed to various authors, including William James William James is reputed to have jotted down this aphorism in a dreamy midnight state, awaking with a feeling of satisfaction when he found it the next morning. The aphorism captures a widely accepted .fact about differences between women and men: Relative to women, men more strongly value casual sex (Baumeister, Catanese, & Vohs, 2001; Buss & Schmitt, 1993; Schmitt, 2003). James's statement, how ever, is dearly an oversimplification. -
Human Sexual Selection
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Human sexual selection David Puts Sexual selection favors traits that aid in competition over Here, I review evidence, focusing on recent findings, mates. Widespread monogamous mating, biparental care, regarding the strength and forms of sexual selection moderate body size sexual dimorphism, and low canine tooth operating over human evolution and consider how sexual dimorphism suggest modest sexual selection operating over selection has shaped human psychology, including psy- human evolution, but other evidence indicates that sexual chological sex differences. selection has actually been comparatively strong. Ancestral men probably competed for mates mainly by excluding The strength of human sexual selection competitors by force or threat, and women probably competed Some evidence suggests that sexual selection has been primarily by attracting mates. These and other forms of sexual relatively weak in humans. Although sexual dimorphisms selection shaped human anatomy and psychology, including in anatomy and behavior may arise from other selective some psychological sex differences. forces, the presence of sexually dimorphic ornamentation, Address weaponry, courtship displays, or intrasexual competition Department of Anthropology and Center for Brain, Behavior and indicates a history of sexual selection [3]. However, men’s Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, 15–20% greater body mass than women’s is comparable to USA primate species with a modest degree of mating competi- tion among males, and humans lack the canine tooth Corresponding author: Puts, David ([email protected]) dimorphism characteristic of many primates with intense male competition for mates [4]. Moreover, humans exhibit Current Opinion in Psychology 2015, 7:28–32 biparental care and social monogamy, which tend to occur This review comes from a themed issue on Evolutionary psychology in species with low levels of male mating competition [5]. -
Factors Influencing the Diversification of Mating Behavior of Animals
International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology ISSN: 2639-216X Factors Influencing the Diversification of Mating Behavior of Animals Afzal S1,2*, Shah SS1,2, Afzal T1, Javed RZ1, Batool F1, Salamat S1 and Review Article Raza A1 Volume 2 Issue 2 1Department of zoology, university of Narowal, Pakistan Received Date: January 28, 2019 Published Date: April 24, 2019 2Department of zoology, university of Punjab, Pakistan DOI: 10.23880/izab-16000145 *Corresponding author: Sabila Afzal, Department of zoology, University of Punjab, Pakistan, Email: [email protected] Abstract “Mating system” of a population refers to the general behavioral strategy employed in obtaining mates. In most of them one sex is more philopatric than the other. Reproductive enhancement through increased access to mates or resources and the avoidance of inbreeding are important in promoting sex differences in dispersal. In birds it is usually females which disperse more than males; in mammals it is usually males which disperse more than females. It is argued that the direction of the sex bias is a consequence of the type of mating system. Philopatry will favor the evolution of cooperative traits between members of the sedentary sex. It includes monogamy, Polygyny, polyandry and promiscuity. As an evolutionary strategy, mating systems have some “flexibility”. The existence of extra-pair copulation shows that mating systems identified on the basis of behavioral observations may not accord with actual breeding systems as determined by genetic analysis. Mating systems influence the effectiveness of the contraceptive control of pest animals. This method of control is most effective in monogamous and polygamous species. -
SPORULATION in MATING TYPE HOMOZYGOTES of Diploids Enter
Heredity (1974), 32 (2), 241-249 SPORULATIONIN MATING TYPE HOMOZYGOTES OF SACCHARQM YCES CEREV!SIAE W. L. GERLACH Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, South Australia Received5.v.73 SUMMARY Diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous for mating type and capable of sporulation have been isolated. Tetraploid inheritance studies suggest that the ability to sporulate is controlled by a recessive gene unlinked to the mating type locus. The symbol sea ("sporulationcapable ")hasbeen assigned to this gene. I. INTRODUCTION Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally heterothallic. Haploid strains contain one of two allelic mating type genes,or a (Lindegren and Lindegren, 1943 a, b, c, d). Mating may occur between haploid cells of opposite mating type to produce diploids heterozygous for the mating type alleles. These diploids enter meiosis and sporulate under appropriate conditions (see review, Fowell, 1969). Diploids homozygous for mating type have been isolated both from haploid cultures (Roman and Sands, 1953) and from tetraploid segregations (Pomper, Daniels and McKee, 1954; Roman, Phillips and Sands, 1955) but these diploids are incapable of sporulation. It has been reported hitherto that heterozygosity for mating type is a neces- sary prerequisite for meiosis and sporulation (Roman and Sands, 1953; Friis and Roman, 1968; Roth and Lusnak, 1970). This paper describes a recessive gene designated sca (" sporulation capable ") which appears to relieve the normal control functions of the mating type alleles, since diploid strains homozygous for mating type and for this gene can sporulate. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS (i) Strains Strains used: Number Genotype Origin 1 a his3 Dr G. Rank 2 his3 Dr G. -
Sexual Selection and Mate Choice
Review TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol.21 No.6 June 2006 Sexual selection and mate choice Malte Andersson1 and Leigh W. Simmons2 1Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden 2Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia The past two decades have seen extensive growth of characterization of genes and their effects, from DNA sexual selection research. Theoretical and empirical sequences via protein to phenotypic expression at the level work has clarified many components of pre- and of the individual, with possible consequences at the postcopulatory sexual selection, such as aggressive population level and above. competition, mate choice, sperm utilization and sexual conflict. Genetic mechanisms of mate choice evolution Evolution of mate choice have been less amenable to empirical testing, but Although mate choice occurs in males and females [4], for molecular genetic analyses can now be used for incisive convenience we refer here to female choice of male traits. experimentation. Here, we highlight some of the As experimental evidence accumulated, mate choice currently debated areas in pre- and postcopulatory became widely recognized, but the genetic mechanisms sexual selection. We identify where new techniques underlying its evolution remain the subject of debate can help estimate the relative roles of the various (Box 1). Showing how mating preferences evolve geneti- selection mechanisms that might work together in the cally is harder than showing that they exist, and the evolution of mating preferences and attractive traits, problem is aggravated by the possibility that several and in sperm–egg interactions.